Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
CH 01 CAO1
CH 01 CAO1
Capítulo 1 – Introducción
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-2 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-3 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Definición:
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-4 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Algunas Definiciones
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-5 Chapter 1 - Introduction
ARQUITECTURA DE COMPUTADORAS
RENDIMIENTO Y COSTO
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-6 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Arquitectura de Computadoras
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-7 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Arquitectura de Computadoras
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-8 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-9 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Palos Tallados
• Palillos originales de
madera para contar
(1250–1275 D.C.)
(© SSPL/The
ImageWorks.)
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-10 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Abaco Chino
• Representación del número 39,017 en un ábaco Chino.
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-11 Chapter 1 - Introduction
ABACO ROMANO
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-12 Chapter 1 - Introduction
ABACO TRADICIONAL
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-13 Chapter 1 - Introduction
ABACO MODERNO
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-14 Chapter 1 - Introduction
ABACO CHINO
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-15 Chapter 1 - Introduction
(Source: IBM
Archives
photograph.)
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-16 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-17 Chapter 1 - Introduction
“LA PASCALINA”
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-18 Chapter 1 - Introduction
“LA PASCALINA”
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-19 Chapter 1 - Introduction
(Source: http://www.liveauctioneers.com/auctions/ebay/497199.html.)
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-20 Chapter 1 - Introduction
• Máquina de Jacquard
(año 1804).
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-21 Chapter 1 - Introduction
COMPUTADORA DE BABBAGE
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-22 Chapter 1 - Introduction
(© SSPL/The ImageWorks.)
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-23 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-24 Chapter 1 - Introduction
MAQUINA ANALITICA
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-25 Chapter 1 - Introduction
MAQUINA ANALITICA
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-26 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Sistemas
0 hasta 1945 mecánicos y
electromecánicos
Tubos de vacío,
1 1945 – 1955 tableros
Transistores y
2 1955 – 1965 sistemas por lotes
Circuitos
3 1965 – 1980 integrados y
multiprogramación
Computadores
4 desde 1980 personales
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-27 Chapter 1 - Introduction
GENERACION CERO
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-28 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Enigma
• Siemens Halkse T-52 esturión (Enigma) máquina de cifrado.
Colossus
• La Colossus (año 1944).
(Source: http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/electronic.html.)
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-30 Chapter 1 - Introduction
HARVARD MARK I
“La Computadora Electromecánica”
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-31 Chapter 1 - Introduction
HARVARD MARK I
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-32 Chapter 1 - Introduction
PRIMERA GENERACION
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-33 Chapter 1 - Introduction
ENIAC
Primera Computadora de Propósito General Decimal
UNIVAC (1946)
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-35 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-36 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-37 Chapter 1 - Introduction
EDVAC
Primera Computadora con Programa Almacenado
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-38 Chapter 1 - Introduction
SEGUNDA GENERACION
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-39 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Transistor (1947)
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-40 Chapter 1 - Introduction
EL PRIMER TRANSISTOR
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-41 Chapter 1 - Introduction
EL PRIMER TRANSISTOR
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-42 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-43 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-44 Chapter 1 - Introduction
IBM 7094
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-45 Chapter 1 - Introduction
GRANDES COMPUTADORAS
TERCERA GENERACION
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-47 Chapter 1 - Introduction
CIRCUITOS INTEGRADOS
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-48 Chapter 1 - Introduction
IBM 360
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-49 Chapter 1 - Introduction
GRANDES COMPUTADORAS
4K de palabras de 18
bits.
DEC PDP11
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-51 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-52 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-53 Chapter 1 - Introduction
INTEL (1968)
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-54 Chapter 1 - Introduction
#include
main()
{
for(;;)
printf("Hello world..."\n);
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-55 Chapter 1 - Introduction
CUARTA GENERACION
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-56 Chapter 1 - Introduction
COMPUTADORAS MODERNAS
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-57 Chapter 1 - Introduction
LA PRIMERA COMPUTADORA
APPLE
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-59 Chapter 1 - Introduction
IBM PC (1981)
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-60 Chapter 1 - Introduction
IBM PC AT (1983)
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-61 Chapter 1 - Introduction
SONY CD (1984)
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-62 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-63 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-64 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Diseño de la UltraSPARC IV +
• foto de UltraSPARC IV +, 295 millones de transistores, 19,7 mm x 17,0 mm.
Ley de Moore
• La potencia informática se duplica cada 18 meses, por el mismo precio.
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-66 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-67 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-68 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-69 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-70 Chapter 1 - Introduction
IAS
(una mejora al modelo de Von Neumann)
• En este modelo de máquina la palabra de memoria es un
registro de 40 bits
• Si se trata de datos, tiene un bit de signo y 39 bits de magnitud
• Si se trata de una instrucción, cada una tiene 20 bits, con lo
cual al extraer una palabra de memoria se sacan 2
instrucciones al mismo tiempo
• Cada instrucción tiene dos partes:
• OP (Operation Code) tiene información de la instrucción que
se quiere ejecutar. Tiene en total 8 bits
• AD (Address) nos indica la posición de memoria en la cuál se
encuentra el operando. Tiene 12 bits, es decir que se cuenta
con una memoria de 4K palabras
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-71 Chapter 1 - Introduction
39 0
Signo
Palabra instrucción
0 8 19 20 28 39
OP AD OP AD
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-72 Chapter 1 - Introduction
OP AD
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-73 Chapter 1 - Introduction
IAS
(una mejora al modelo de Von Neumann)
• IAS permite obtener 2 instrucciones de la memoria en el
mismo ciclo de búsqueda.
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-74 Chapter 1 - Introduction
IAS
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-75 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-76 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-77 Chapter 1 - Introduction
Niveles de Computadoras
Un sistema
informático
típico
La placa base
• Una Placa Madre basada en un AMD Opteron 200.
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-80 Chapter 1 - Introduction
End-to-End Network
• La comunicación End-to-end en una red. Se visualizan elementos
destacados de arquitectura como ser: computadoras, hubs, switches,
routers, firewalls, multiplexores, y
switches telefónicos.
Source: MSG
Scott Bramwell.
Computer Architecture and Organization by M. Murdocca and V. Heuring © 2007 M. Murdocca and V. Heuring
1-82 Chapter 1 - Introduction