Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
2023
Material exclusivo para los
Sergio F. ZANINETTI
szaninetti@frc.utn.edu.ar
INTRODUCCIÓN
Bienvenidos a los cursos de Inglés I año 2023. Esta recopilación y ejercitación está pensada como una guía y
soporte de clases presenciales y virtuales, en las cuales procuraremos desarrollar tus propias habilidades lectoras
e interpretativas de textos escritos en idioma inglés sobre cuestiones relacionadas a tu opción de estudios
universitarios: las ingenierías. Aplicando técnicas y principios de Aula Invertida (FLIPPED CLASSROOM) y
BLENDED LEARNING podrás reforzar tus capacidades de lector autónomo y competente y desarrollar tus
habilidades intelectuales superiores: reconocimiento, comprensión, aplicación y análisis, síntesis y evaluación de
información relevante y moderna en idioma extranjero. También realizarás ejercicios de comprensión auditiva y
sencillas práctica de rol-play oral.
Te invito a compartir este módulo de aprendizaje en un ambiente de respeto y cordialidad, para que la instancia
áulica resulte satisfactoria para todos quienes participan.
Lo que se transmite con pasión y se aprende con alegría, es para toda la vida! Adriana Deza
TE INVITO A DARTE CUENTA CUÁNTO NO SABÍAS QUE SABÍAS…
1. Analice el Contexto del cual fue extraído. ¿De qué sitio Web fue extraído?
2. ¿Cuál es el tema general? Marque y explique los cambios de tipografía;
3. Subraye en el texto que sigue las palabras transparentes o Cognados1;
4. ¿Cuáles palabras son sustantivos? ¿Cuáles son artículos y adjetivos?
5. Recuerde la función que cumple el adverbio en la oración. En Castellano, la terminación más
usual de adverbio es el sufijo –mente. ¿Y en inglés? ¿Hay adverbios en este texto?
6. ¿Qué inferencia puedes hacer en relación a la sintaxis de la frase sustantiva más simple
(sustantivo + modificadores) en castellano y en inglés?
[1] The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the International 1
Telecommunication Union (ITU) jointly made a definition of smart sustainable cities. They 2
defined a smart sustainable city as an “innovative city that uses information communication 3
technologies (ICTs) and other means to improve quality of life, efficiency of urban operation 4
and services, and competitiveness, while ensuring that it meets the needs of present and future 5
generations with respect to economic, social, environmental as well as cultural aspects.”. 6
[2] We are all familiar with the term information technology (IT), which refers to the use of 7
technological infrastructures for storing, retrieving, and sending information. However, we are 8
less so of the term ICTs, which is more than just the collection and transmission of information, 9
but also includes the sharing of information between stakeholders through communication 10
with the help of technology. 11
[3] Smart city concepts have been increasingly adopted as a way for cities and urban environments 12
to reduce their carbon footprint, energy consumption, and pollution. So for a city to be more 13
environmentally-friendly, we must, first, collect data about the environment. For example, 14
sensors that measure air quality around a city can provide information that we need to identify 15
the causes and consequences of air pollution. Then, the next step would be to analyse the data 16
in order to come up with practical solutions and evaluate the action plans. 17
[4] Data associated with the environment is not limited to objects, but also applies to humans. City 18
planning can be much more efficient if data on civic behaviours is retrieved and examined. For 19
instance, transportation companies can modify their schedules, such as routes and the number 20
of shifts based on the needs of citizens. Having such data, we can efficiently allocate resources 21
and prevent significant amounts of waste. It is estimated that each person will generate 10- 22
15% fewer greenhouse gas emissions, 30-130 fewer kilograms of solid waste per year, and 23
consume 25-80 litres less water per day by optimising the use of energy, and tracking the 24
carbon footprint of electricity, water, and waste. 25
[5] Despite the enormous environmental benefits that will be derived from the development of a 26
smart city, questions regarding privacy must also be addressed. Whereas for a transparent 27
country free access to data can improve the quality of life, for an authoritarian regime a smart 28
city may be used as a tool to manipulate information and control its citizens. 29
➢ Repase primero los TEMAS del apunte para estar seguro de que los entiende.
➢ REALICE LA EJERCITACIÓN DENOMINADA “AUTOEVALUACIÓN” EN SU CURSO DE
LA UNIVERSIDAD VIRTUAL (UV)
➢ Si Ud. no obtiene al menos un 75% de las respuestas correctas, reconsidere si se
encuentra en condiciones de rendir y aprobar la Prueba de Suficiencia.
6 Apunte Inglés I 2023 – Prof. DEZA & ZANINETTI
SINONIMIA Y ANTONIMIA
Los sinónimos son palabras o expresiones que tienen significados equivalentes o muy similares, y
además pertenecen a la misma categoría gramatical. En consecuencia, es posible substituirlos o
permutarlos en un texto sin que se altere el sentido del mismo.
La contraparte del sinónimo es el antónimo, es decir, un vocablo o expresión que representa ideas
opuestas o contrarias.
ACTUAL
SPECIAL
CAN
TINY
SWITCH ON
PLAUSIBLE
METAVERSE
1
Imagine a three-dimensional online world where you teleport from your London office
2
to a meeting room in Singapore, shop at a digital replica of your favorite clothing store
3
then join a friend for a round of virtual golf. To some, this aspirational version of the
4
internet known as the metaverse is the future of human interaction. Facebook founder
5
Mark Zuckerberg changed the company’s name to Meta Platforms Inc. and is pouring
6
billions of dollars a year into efforts to dominate this “next frontier.” But it’s unclear what
7
a unified virtual universe would look like, or whether people really want it.
SINÓNIMO ANTÓNIMO
EL CONCEPTO DE REFERENCIA
1. The method of partial fractions can be used in the integration of a proper algebraic fraction.
This technique allows the integration to be done as a sum of simple integrals.
2. The engineer sent the results to Alice when he received her questions by email.
3. After he received her questions by email, the engineer immediately sent back the results
to Alice.
4. This page explains the terms strong and weak as applied to bases. We are going to use
the Bronsted-Lowry definition of a base as a substance which accepts hydrogen ions
(protons). [el autor] o [the author]
5. To integrate an improper algebraic fraction, one (1) first needs to write the fraction as a sum
of proper fractions. You (2) can do this first step by using polynomial division. (1) [el autor] /
(2) [el lector] o [the reader]
6. Let me(1) explain the concept to you(2). (1) [el autor] / (2) [el lector]
8 Apunte Inglés I 2023 – Prof. DEZA & ZANINETTI
EJEMPLOS
How would the metaverse work? It would combine technologies including video-conferencing, games
like Minecraft and Roblox, crypto tokens, email, virtual reality, social media and live-streaming. Just as
you might create a document in Microsoft Word and send it via Google’s Gmail to a colleague to read
on an Apple iPad, items in the metaverse would be able to move across an ecosystem of competing
products, holding their value and function. Nevertheless, when it comes to its vision for a virtual future,
Meta still has very little to show.
2. Systems Engineering is the field which / that focuses on the design of complex systems.
3. Systems Engineering focuses on the design of complex systems over their life-cycle.
5. Elasticity is the way materials initially respond when they are subjected to stresses.
6. Steel experiences less stress than rubber before it reaches its elastic limit.
7. A Robonaut is a humanoid robot who / that / which is capable of using space tools.
8. Robonauts are humanoid robots who / that / which are capable of using space tools.
Apunte Inglés I 2023 – Prof. DEZA & ZANINETTI 9
9. Steel objects experience less stress than rubber ones before they reach their elastic limit.
10. Buses are central to our transit system. They are key to daily life in many cities, which makes them
11. When working with rational functions, we / (one) often need(s) to solve equations that involve
algebraic fractions.
12. In Example 7.72 of Section 7.4, we / I wrote a function that gave the time Francine needs for a 60-
The term “metaverse” was originally coined by science fiction writer Neal Stephenson in his 1
influential 1992 novel Snow Crash to represent a virtual reality environment connected 2
through the internet and accessible from any device such as a computer or smartphone with 3
an internet connection. The metaverse is an entirely new virtual reality ecosystem being built 4
at this very moment. What is so exciting about it is that its future potential is tremendous. 5
Participants in the metaverse have the ability to create their own user-generated content 6
around just about anything they can imagine. In the case of the Facebook Metaverse, it is 7
The Sandbox is a metaverse example that lets users play and build virtual worlds with the 9
option to monetize their experiences, services, and products for sale or trade. It allows users 10
to own non-interchangeable in-game assets such as non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and buy 11
Purchase options on the metaverse are as limitless as people's imaginations. You can sell 13
anything if you can add value to it. Some platforms allow us to purchase a physical item. 14
through a virtual shopping experience. In other cases, the products one buys exist only in 15
the metaverse 16
10 Apunte Inglés I 2023 – Prof. DEZA & ZANINETTI
SUSTANTIVA
BLOCKCHAIN
ESTE TEXTO SE TRABAJA EN EL EJERCICIO OBLIGATORIO 2 DE LA UV.
[1] Blockchain, or block chain (BC), is a distributed ledger system that processes and 1
preserves data and their transactions using time-stamped blocks in decentralized 2
method, a system which is able to address many traditional issues of information 3
systems design. Since the introduction of the digital currency or cryptocurrency 4
“bitcoin” in 2008, its foundation, the BC technology has gained tremendous interest, 5
both in industry and academia. 6
[2] Blockchain is a system of recording information in a way that makes it difficult or 7
impossible to change, hack, or cheat. A blockchain is essentially a digital ledger of 8
transactions that is duplicated and distributed across an entire network of computer 9
systems on the blockchain. 10
[3] You can think of the blockchain as a specific type of database. It is storing data using 11
blocks that are chained together. New data is entered into new blocks, and once the 12
block is filled with data, this is chained onto a previous block and this makes the data 13
chained together in chronological order. 14
[4] Simplified, it is a list of data blocks that are linked together with a timestamp. 15
[5] As common databases have already known data types, the most common use for 16
blockchain so far has been as a ledger for transactions. Decentralised blockchains are 17
immutable, which means that the data entered is irreversible. For Bitcoin, this means 18
that transactions are permanently recorded and viewable by anyone. 19
[6] The history of blockchain as a popular trend started with the publication of Satoshi 20
Nakamoto´s whitepaper “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System”, in 2008. The 21
bitcoin project started the cryptocurrency era, being the first implementation of a peer- 22
to-peer network as a solution to the double-spending problem. Even though this 23
project continues to function and circulate successfully to date, Nakamoto’s ideas 24
behind the creation of bitcoin have exceeded the original use case. Now, these ideas 25
are known collectively and independently as the blockchain. 26
En inglés encontramos el Artículo Definido “THE” (que se puede traducir como el, la, los, las, lo,
según el contexto), y el Artículo Indefinido (un, una) que en Inglés tiene dos formas, “A” y “AN”,
según acompañe a un sustantivo que comience con un sonido consonante o vocálico.
PÁRRAFO ARTÍCULO
1 _________ system
1 _________ digital currency
2 _________ blockchain
2 _________ digital ledger
2 _________ entire network
4 _________ list of data blocks
4 _________ timestamp
5 _________ data entered
6 _________ history of blockchain
6 _________ peer-to-peer network
6 _________ solution
PREFIJOS Y SUFIJOS
Los prefijos cambian el significado de una raíz o palabra. Los sufijos cambian la función de dicha
palabra dentro de una oración.
EJERCICIOS
1. OBSERVE EL TEXTO “BLOCKCHAIN” Y SUBRAYE QUÉ PALABRAS NUEVAS SE
FORMARON MEDIANTE SUFIJOS O PREFIJOS A PARTIR DE:
PÁRRAFO 3: CHRONOLOGY
2. PALABRAS COMPUESTAS
En Inglés es muy frecuente que a partir de dos palabras se forme una nueva palabra con
significado propio. OBSERVE EL TEXTO “BLOCKCHAIN” E INDIQUE QUÉ PALABRAS
COMPUESTAS POR OTRAS ELIGIÓ EL AUTOR (se da la primera letra como orientación):
1. Párrafo 1
2. Párrafo 2 – Definic. 1
3. Párrafo 2 – Definic. 2
4. Párrafo 3
5. Párrafo 4
Muchos sustantivos en inglés forman su plural agregando una –s, –es; otros cambian su -y final por la
terminación –ies; o la terminación –f o –fe por –ves. Los sustantivos de origen griego o latino
conservan sus formas plurales del idioma original.
Recordar que en inglés, los adjetivos no asumen formas diferentes por género ni número.
Apunte Inglés I 2023 – Prof. DEZA & ZANINETTI 15
Las funciones comunicativas responden a la pregunta ¿Qué hacemos cuando escribimos? O ¿Qué
hacemos cuando hablamos?
Al hablar o escribir utilizamos diferentes recursos retóricos (funciones comunicativas) para tratar un
tópico determinado: definimos sus palabras claves, narramos su historia o antecedentes, lo
comparamos y contrastamos con otros tópicos similares, realizamos descripciones físicas o
describimos los procesos involucrados, damos instrucciones, enumeramos elementos o conceptos, los
clasificamos, etc.
El lingüista L.Trimble2 define “función retórica” como una unidad de discurso con un objetivo
determinado en el texto, que puede ser “general” (establecer el marco teórico de una investigación,
plantear un problema, mostrar los resultados, etc.) o “específico” (definir, describir, clasificar, etc.). Entre
las funciones retóricas sobresalientes del lenguaje técnico-científico Trimble destaca:
• Definición,
• Clasificación,
• Descripción física,
• Descripción de funciones y de procesos,
• Instrucciones,
• Enumeración
Los modos de argumentación también están determinados por el género y las funciones retóricas, entre
ellas,
A los fines de este curso nos concentraremos en sólo ocho de ellas, a saber:
DEFINICIÓN, NARRACIÓN, DESCRIPCIÓN FÍSICA, DESCRIPCIÓN DE PROCESOS,
COMPARACIÓN (incluye contraste), ENUMERACIÓN, CLASIFICACIÓN, INSTRUCCIONES.
EJEMPLOS:
• Definición:
1. A chemical element, or an element, is a material which cannot be broken down or changed into
another substance using chemical methods.
2. Agile Methodology is known as a people-focused, results-focused approach to software
development that respects our rapidly changing world.
• Descripción física:
3. An atom is made up of ‘Electrons, Protons and Neutrons’
4. Agile Methodology is flexible, fast, and aims for continuous improvements in quality, using tools
like Scrum and eXtreme Programming.
2
Trimble, L.(1985).English for Science and Technology. A discourse approach,Cambridge: CUP.
Apunte Inglés I 2023 – Prof. DEZA & ZANINETTI 17
• Clasificación:
5. Compounds can be classified as acids or bases according to three different theories.
6. Most software development can be classed as either Agile or Waterfall types of methodologies.
7. Here is a list of the top 5 types of Agile Methodology:
a. Kanban
b. Scrum
c. Extreme Programming (XP)
d. Crystal
e. Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM)
f. Feature Driven Development (FDD)
g. Lean Software Development
h. Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe)
• Descripción de funciones y de procesos:
8. Gases may also be ionized by intermolecular collisions at high temperatures. Ionization, in
general, occurs whenever sufficiently energetic charged particles or radiant energy travel
through gases, liquids, or solids.
9. Agile Methodology relies on trusting employees and teams to work directly with customers to
understand the goals and provide solutions in a fast and incremental way.
• Instrucciones:
10. Pour a solution into a graduated cylinder or volumetric flask containing about 80ml of water.
Once the sodium chloride has dissolved, add water to bring the volume.
11. Lean Software Development is based on seven main actions to be taken: Delete what doesn’t
matter; develop Quality; create Knowledge; defer Commitments; Deliver promptly; Respect the
team; Optimize the whole.
• Enumeración:
12. The EERC conducts research, development, demonstration, and commercialization activities
involving zero-emissions coal conversion; CO2 capture and sequestration, etc.
13. The most popular and common examples of Agile Methodology are Scrum, eXtreme
Programming (XP), Feature Driven Development (FDD), Dynamic Systems Development
Method (DSDM), Adaptive Software Development (ASD), Crystal, and Lean Software
Development (LSD).
• Narración:
14. Antoine Lavoisier, in full Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, (born August 26, 1743, Paris, France—died
May 8, 1794, Paris), prominent French chemist and leading figure in the 18th-century chemical
revolution who developed an experimentally based theory of the chemical reactivity of oxygen
and coauthored the modern system for naming chemical substances.
15. In 2009, a group working with Martin wrote an extension of software development principles,
the Software Craftsmanship Manifesto, to guide agile software development according to
professional conduct and mastery. In 2011, the Agile Alliance created the Guide to Agile
Practices (renamed the Agile Glossary in 2016.
• Comparación:
16. The knowledge economy is characterized by the presence of a higher percentage of highly
skilled employees whose jobs require special knowledge or skills.
17. Traditional software development relied on phases like outlining the requirements, planning,
design, building, testing, and delivery. Agile methodology, by contrast, promises the first results
in a couple weeks and the entire piece of software in a couple months.
18 Apunte Inglés I 2023 – Prof. DEZA & ZANINETTI
Tarea: Identificar las diferentes funciones comunicativas en el texto y completar con ellas los espacios
en blanco entre corchetes.
databases of knowledge and imitating animal behavior [__________]. In the first decades of 37
the 21st century, highly mathematical-statistical machine learning has dominated the field, and 38
this technique has proved highly successful, helping to solve many challenging problems 39
throughout industry and academia.
40
The various sub-fields of AI research are centered around particular goals and the use of 41
particular tools. The traditional goals of AI research can be classed as reasoning, knowledge 42
representation, planning, learning, natural language processing, perception, and the ability to 43
move and manipulate objects. [__________] General intelligence (the ability to solve an 44
arbitrary problem) [__________] is among the field's long-term goals. To solve these problems, 45
AI researchers have adapted and integrated a wide range of problem-solving techniques – 46
including search and mathematical optimization, formal logic, artificial neural networks, and 47
methods based on statistics, probability and economics. AI also draws upon computer science, 48
psychology, linguistics, philosophy, and many other fields [____________].
49
The field was founded on the assumption that human intelligence "can be so precisely 50
described that a machine can be made to simulate it". This raised philosophical arguments 51
about the mind and the ethical consequences of creating artificial beings endowed with human- 52
like intelligence; these issues have previously been explored by myth, fiction and philosophy 53
since antiquity. Computer scientists and philosophers have since suggested that AI may 54
become an existential risk to humanity if its rational capacities are not steered towards 55
beneficial goals.
56
To keep on reading about the subject, please refer to the article Artificial Intelligence Philosophy 57
[___________]. See also AI Control Problem [___________].
2. Indique si las siguientes oraciones son VERDADERAS (V) o FALSAS (F) según el texto.
V/F ORACION
Líneas IDEA
A medida que las máquinas se vuelven cada vez más capaces, las tareas que se
consideran que requieren "inteligencia" a menudo se eliminan de la definición de IA,
un fenómeno conocido como el efecto IA.
Para resolver los problemas que plantean los objetivos de la IA, los investigadores
de IA han adaptado e integrado una amplia gama de técnicas de resolución de
problemas, incluida la búsqueda y la optimización matemática, la lógica formal, las
redes neuronales artificiales y los métodos basados en estadísticas, probabilidad y
economía
Ejemplos:
Galileo's relativity principle _____________________________________________
Ejemplos:
▪ CAUSA: (En general se encuentran en relaciones causa-efecto. Estos nexos introducen una
CAUSA y el EFECTO es la oración a la cual se vincula para completar el significado).
owing to on account of
▪ EFECTO (situación “espejo” con relación a la anterior. Estos nexos introducen un EFECTO y la
CAUSA es la oración a la cual se vincula para completar el significado)
so therefore hence
and so consequently
▪ CONDICIÓN: Introducen la condición que debe cumplirse para que se cumpla una Predicción.
▪ CONTRASTE: vinculan frases cuyos contenidos son opuestos, adversos, contrarios, prevaleciendo
la idea introducida por el conector.
instead instead of
so that so as to
▪ REPETICIÓN O ÉNFASIS:
Digital twins are virtual replicas of physical devices, i.e., assets, systems, or processes that 1
data scientists and IT personnel can use to run simulations. Digital twins are designed to 2
detect and prevent problems, predict performance, as well as to optimize processes 3
through real-time analytics to deliver business value. 4
If you have not heard of digital twin technology yet, you will surely hear from it pretty 5
soon. While there is plenty of exaggerated and hypothetical talk about a virtual reality 6
world called metaverse, scientists are busy building a three-dimensional simulation of 7
Earth. In other words, they are creating our planet’s digital twin. 8
A Digital Twin is a virtual representation of real-world entities and processes, synchronized 9
at a specified frequency and fidelity. Actually, it is an exact digital replica of a physical 10
object. Engineers use digital twins as part of digital transformation in aerospace 11
manufacturing and, more broadly, Industry 4.0, the fourth industrial revolution. 12
Nevertheless, scientists, doctors, designers and other experts are also starting to use 13
digital twins to monitor and understand the physical world on a deeper level. 14
When defining what a digital twin is, it’s important to realize that we can create digital 15
twins at various levels. Moreover, digital twins can range from the tiniest transistor on a 16
computer chip to something as vast and complicated as our planet’s weather pattern. 17
Digital twins take 3D simulation farther in the life cycle because they reflect changes in the 18
real world. For example, when an architect designs a home, he/she can create a 3D model 19
of that house and even simulate how the structure will hold up as weather and time erode 20
the materials. A digital twin may help us if we want to know how the actual house will be 21
after it is built. If we fear a severe storm may be able to blow a few shingles off the roof, a 22
digital twin may help us include the necessary changes. 23
Engineers use the virtual model to run simulations, and also to apply artificial intelligence 24
and analyze the data they receive. Those insights are then shared with the physical object 25
in the real world, creating a smart system and a constant feedback loop. 26
Digital twins are particularly helpful for projects that involve physically large structures or 27
mechanical complex systems. Therefore, it’s no surprise that the aerospace industry, 28
which involves large and complex designs, is quickly adding digital twin technology to its 29
toolkit.
EJERCICIO 1:
Como vimos arriba, los nexos vinculan 2 ideas. Si llamamos IDEA 1 a la que NO contiene al
nexo e IDEA 2 a la que SÍ lo contiene,
a) marca con una cruz [X] dónde se encuentra la IDEA 1 en relación a las siguientes IDEAS 2 que
se traducen (si se localizan ANTES o DESPUES).
b) Escribe en el casillero del NEXO, el TIPO DE RELACIÓN que ese nexo establece, y su
traducción.
Ejemplo:
i.e. activos, sistemas o procesos que los científicos de
X
1.
Aclaración - Es decir
datos y el personal de TI pueden usar para ejecutar
simulaciones
EJERCICIO 3:
Transcriba el nexo de la línea que se indica, diga qué tipo de relación lógica establece Y
TRADUZCA el contexto que le da sentido (IDEA 1 + NEXO + IDEA 2 o NEXO + IDEA 2 +
IDEA 1, según esté en el texto)
EJEMPLO:
RELACIÓN
NEXO TRADUCCIÓN DEL CONTEXTO QUE LE DA SENTIDO
LÓGICA
Los gemelos digitales son réplicas virtuales de dispositivos físicos,
Línea i.e. es decir, activos, sistemas o procesos que los científicos de datos y
1 Aclaración el personal de TI pueden usar para ejecutar simulaciones.
Línea
5
Línea
13
Línea
16
Línea
20
Línea
24
Línea
25
Apunte Inglés I 2023 – Prof. DEZA & ZANINETTI 27
A. Se provee la IDEA 1 (la que NO contiene al nexo). Para facilitar la localización de la IDEA 2
se colocan puntos suspensivos entre corchetes […] adelante o detrás de la misma, según
dónde se localice la otra idea.
B. En el primer casillero de abajo, se debe TRANSCRIBIR (COPIAR) el NEXO (en INGLÉS)
C. En el segundo casillero de abajo (a la derecha del primero) se debe ELEGIR el tipo de
RELACIÓN que ese nexo establece, a partir de un menú desplegable.
D. En el tercer casillero (debajo de los 2 anteriores) se debe elegir la oración que representa la
IDEA 2 (atención, hay 2 oraciones iguales, pero sólo una tiene el nexo correcto en español)
E. Se repite el mismo procedimiento con las otras 2 IDEAS 1 provistas.
(MODELO)
SINONIMOS ANTONIMOS
1. may (2) 1. intangible (1)
2. forecast (3) 2. imaginary (9)
3. so far (5) 3. hypothetically (10)
4. magnified (6) 4. largest (16)
5. occupied (7) 5. easy (17)
2. Indique si las siguientes oraciones son VERDADERAS (V) o FALSAS (F) según el texto.
V/F ORACION
that (l. 1)
you (l.5):
it (l. 5):
they (l.8)
it (l.10)
we (l. 15)
they (l. 18)
he/she (19)
it (l.22)
1y2
9 y 10
16 y 17
25 y 26
Apunte Inglés I 2023 – Prof. DEZA & ZANINETTI 29
También podríamos decir que A corre mas veloz que B, [COMPARATIVO DE SUPERIORIDAD]
A corre menos veloz que B, [COMPARATIVO DE INFERIORIDAD] o
A corre tan veloz como B [COMPARATIVO DE IGUALDAD]
En estos 3 casos estaríamos comparando la forma en que corre el sujeto A y el sujeto B, por medio de
un adverbio (veloz, que modifica al verbo correr) en los grados comparativos de superioridad,
inferioridad e igualdad, respectivamente.
2. Digital twins can range from the tiniest transistor on a computer chip to something as vast and
complicated as our planet’s weather pattern.
3. Insider compiled a list of tech breakthroughs that are far less expensive than the metaverse.
4. Facebook's Metaverse Is Apparently Filled with Mostly Empty 'Sad' Worlds. Zuckerberg's big VR
investment is less popular than Second Life.
5. Digital twins can take real-time IoT data and apply AI and data analytics. Digital-twin scenarios can
include smaller and less complex objects.
7. In contrast with many emerging technologies that are driven by the tiniest startups, commercial
digital-twin offerings are coming from some of the largest companies in the field.
8. On Wednesday, Meta reported a quarterly loss of $3.67 billion in its Reality Labs, the unit
responsible for delivering on Mark Zuckerberg’s metaverse plans. Those losses, in part due to lower
sales of the Quest 2 virtual-reality headset, added to Meta’s overall disappointing financial
performance.
9. Interactions of VR are making the world feel a little bit smaller. “If I could be with you in a physical
room right now, that’s going to be better than this,” Vishal Shah, the vice president, metaverse at
Meta, says to me as I sit across from his avatar in a virtual meeting room. “But this is far better than
a video call. As humans, we do crave this social connection—and this is the best way to experience
that in a digital form.”
Apunte Inglés I 2023 – Prof. DEZA & ZANINETTI 31
Electric vehicles are not just the wave of the future, they are saving lives today.
Things to know about electric vehicles — and how you can make the future electric.
Electric vehicles now include cars, transit buses, trucks of all sizes, and 1
even big-rig tractor trailers that are at least partially powered by 2
electricity. 3
Electric vehicles fall into three main categories: 4
• Battery electric vehicles are powered by electricity stored in a battery 5
pack. 6
• Plug-in hybrids combine a gasoline or diesel engine with an electric 7
motor and large rechargeable battery. 8
12
17/18
21
22
24
25
29
31
33
2. Funciones Comunicativas: diga qué funciones se han utilizado en las líneas siguientes
4a8
23
30-31
Los vehículos eléctricos dejan una huella de carbono menor que los demás.
La huella de carbono de un vehículo eléctrico depende de la fuente de
electricidad que utiliza.
Sólo nos queda una década para revertir los peores impactos del cambio
climático
Angelenos es la marca del primer camión de bomberos eléctrico que se
pondrá en funcionamiento durante 2021.
4. REFERENCIA – (¿A qué remiten los siguientes términos?)
de http://www.nmsu.edu/~ucomm/Releases/2006/november/clean_water.htm
Students investigate methods to remove arsenic and fluoride from water
CONSIGNAS
1. Identifique los verbos, la Voz y el Tiempo en que se encuentran.
2. ¿Cuales verbos indican FUTURIDAD?
3. Identifique todos los verbos en INFINITIVO
4. Que función cumple el infinitivo en cada caso? (Sujeto de la oración, completa el significado de otro
verbo, indica própósito, complemento indispensable del predicado)
5. ¿Qué otra forma de indicar propósito encuentra en el texto?
6. ¿Qué funciones comunicativas predominan en este texto?
34 Apunte Inglés I 2023 – Prof. DEZA & ZANINETTI
1. ¿Cual es la motivación que tiene A.M. Torres para dedicarse al tratamiento de aguas?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. ¿Que problemas enfrentan las comunidades fronterizas pequeñas en Nuevo Méjico?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Enumere los problemas que ocasiona el Arsénico.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. ¿Qué influencia tiene el tamaño del poro del oxido de aluminio que se tutiliza en el tratamiento de
aguas?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. ¿Cómo es el método de osmosis inversa?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
REFERENCIA – (¿A qué remiten?)
1. her (l. 2) __________________________________________________________________
2. our (l. 5) __________________________________________________________________
3. they (l.16) __________________________________________________________________
4. them (l. 21) __________________________________________________________________
5. it (l. 27) __________________________________________________________________
6. my (l. 33) __________________________________________________________________
5. Torres tiene fuertes motivaciones personales y familiares para participar de los proyectos
Apunte Inglés I 2023 – Prof. DEZA & ZANINETTI 35
11. Como QUE + VERBO CONJUGADO, cuando se usa para simplificar una oración adjetiva
post-modificadora
a) Mixtures containing a solid and a solvent can be separated by using a decanter, and then simply
pouring the liquid off
b) Using complex models for "projects" (or rather "tasks") spanning a few weeks has proved to
cause unnecessary costs and low maneuverability in several cases.
c) Supersonic aerodynamic problems are those involving flow speeds greater than the speed of
sound.
EJERCICIO
Veamos ejemplos del texto “Students investigate methods to remove arsenic and fluoride from
water”
5. Small communities along the border are suffering from a lack of practical water purification methods.
6. High quantities of arsenic and fluoride in water are harmful when used for cleaning.
9. students may be able to remove fluoride by modifying the sol-gel alumina’s surface area.
38 Apunte Inglés I 2023 – Prof. DEZA & ZANINETTI
You can go to New York - Puedes ir a New York (posibilidad física /o/ permiso)
I could go to New York - Podría ir a New York (opción personal /o/ posibilidad en pasado)
You may go to New York - Puedes ir a New York (posibilidad física /o/ permiso)
You must be from New York – Debes ser de New York (deducción)
Un Verbo Modal (modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) es un tipo especial de verbo auxiliar
que se usa para imprimir modalidad al verbo principal al cual acompaña (posibilidad, habilidad, permiso,
obligación, necesidad). Componen una clase diferente de verbos en el idioma inglés.
Los verbos modales, en general, comparten ciertas características gramaticales entre sí:
1. Son verbos “auxiliares” como be, do, y have, es decir, que acompañan a un verbo principal, portador
del sentido principal, pero a diferencia de éstos, imprimen al verbo principal una modalidad,
modificando el sentido funcional.
2. Como “auxiliares”, permiten la inversión necesaria para armar interrogaciones, y aceptan la forma
de negaciones (la partícula negativa “not”)
3. Son verbos defectivos, y como tales, no son conjugables en tiempos distintos. Existen, no obstante,
expresiones modales sinónimas que pueden ser usadas en todos los tiempos conjugados, e incluso
aceptan ser acompañados por verbos modales.
Apunte Inglés I 2023 – Prof. DEZA & ZANINETTI 39
EJERCICIOS
a) Observa qué tipo de modalidad imprime cada uno de los verbos modales marcados en el texto.
b) Determina si se trata de modalidad sobre el eje del Poder / Deber / Necesidad, y la subcategoría.
c) Traducelos en el contexto que les da sentido.
DESARROLLO DE COMPETENCIAS DE
COMPRENSIÓN AUDITIVA
EJERCICIO LISTENING COMPREHENSION EN LA UV
La comprensión auditiva es otra de las destrezas lingüísticas fundamentales. Se refiere a la
interpretación del discurso oral contextualizado. En ella intervienen, además del componente
estrictamente lingüístico, factores cognitivos, perceptivos, de actitud y sociológicos.
EJERCICIO:
Se ha seleccionado una presentación referida al tema ECONOMÍA CIRCULAR. El
vocabulario allí contenido no debería resultarle ajeno ni desconocido si ha realizado
previamente los ejercicios previstos en la unidad correspondiente.
En su curso de la Universidad Virtual busque el ejercicio correspondiente a LISTENING
COMPREHENSION (Ejercicio Obligatorio N° 6) y siga estas consignas:
2) Abra la ejercitación y trate de completar todos aquellos ejercicios sobre los cuales se
siente seguro de haber entendido lo que se espera que responda.
4) Vuelva a los ejercicios y responda los que hayan quedado sin responder.
5) Escuche la PRESENTACIÓN una tercera vez, esta vez sin tapar la transcripción, y
corrobore la veracidad de sus respuestas.
Résumé vs CV in brief
A résumé, sometimes spelled resume (or alternatively resumé), in some parts of the world also 1
called a curriculum vitae (CV), is a document created and used by a person to present his/her 2
background, skills, and accomplishments. Résumés can be used for a variety of reasons, but most 3
often they are used to secure new employment. 4
Among the key differences between a Resume and a curriculum vitae, or CV, we include the 5
document’s length, its contents and purpose. You should take note of which region of the world 6
you’re applying in, plus your career path, when deciding which is more appropriate to use. 7
Most notably, in the United States, a Resume should be a concise and curated collection of your 8
professional experience, skills and qualifications that are strictly relevant to the job you’re applying 9
for. In contrast, a CV is more comprehensive, presenting an in-depth history of your professional 10
and academic credentials and accomplishments. 11
1. Length 12
Since a resume includes your skills and qualifications for a specific role, it should typically be just 13
one or two pages. A CV won’t have a length limit and is much longer than most Resumes because it 14
includes more information and more detailed descriptions of coursework, research, publications or 15
presentations. 16
2. Experience/career type 17
Resumes are used when applying for jobs in the private or public sectors which are often referred 18
to as “industry positions” in contrast to academia. By contrast, CVs are mostly used to apply for 19
academic roles or programs, grants, fellowships and research or teaching positions. You may have 20
a CV if you’re currently applying to or have graduated from a master's or doctoral program, or if 21
you work as a professor or researcher at an academic institution. 22
3. Geographic location 23
In the U.S., a Resume and CV are two distinctly different types of documents used for different 24
purposes. In other regions of the world, such as the UK, New Zealand and parts of Europe, 25
employers use the term CV to describe both CV and Resume-style documents and don’t use the 26
term “Resume” at all. In South Africa, Australia and India, the terms CV and Resume are often used 27
interchangeably. 28
An undergraduate CV is a document that outlines your academic career and gives the hiring 30
manager an idea of your skills, work ethic, knowledge, and accomplishments. Students in 31
undergraduate programs may choose to create a CV as an alternative to a Resume when applying 32
for internships, fellowships, and volunteer opportunities. The CV can help compensate for a lack of 33
work experience by focusing on positive academic experiences. 34
42 Apunte Inglés I 2023 – Prof. DEZA & ZANINETTI
1. IDEA PRINCIPAL E IDEAS SECUNDARIAS: diga cuál de las siguientes es la idea principal
del texto y LOCALICE la idea principal y las siguientes ideas secundarias en el texto.
PRINCIPAL / líneas
SECUNDARIA
Los estudiantes en programas de pregrado pueden optar por crear un CV como
alternativa a un currículum al solicitar pasantías, becas y oportunidades de voluntariado
Los Résumes se utilizan para presentarse a empleos en los sectores público o privado, a
menudo denominados "puestos de la industria" en contraste con puestos académicos.
En los Estados Unidos, un Résume debe ser una colección concisa y específica de su
experiencia profesional, y las habilidades y calificaciones que sean estrictamente
relevantes para el trabajo que está solicitando.
Las diferencias principales entre un Résume y un currículum vitae, o CV, se centran en la
longitud del documento, su contenido y su propósito.
Un CV no tendrá un límite de longitud y es mucho más largo que la mayoría de los
Resumes porque incluye más información y descripciones más detalladas de cursos,
investigaciones, publicaciones o presentaciones.
SINONIMOS ANTONIMOS
6. NEXOS: Transcriba el nexo, diga qué tipo de relación establece y tradúzcalo con el
contexto que le da sentido
RELACIÓN
NEXO TRADUCCIÓN DEL CONTEXTO QUE LE DA SENTIDO
LÓGICA
Línea
7
Línea
10
Línea
13
Línea
14
Línea
19
Línea
21
inicio
Línea
25
Línea
32
44 Apunte Inglés I 2023 – Prof. DEZA & ZANINETTI
Here are 10 steps you can take to write an effective CV that outlines and highlights your undergraduate experience and skills:
Since you use a CV when applying for work or experience opportunities, it's important to ensure the reader knows who you
are and how to contact you. Provide your full name, professional email and primary phone number. Make sure that all your
information is accurate and formatted correctly so that others can contact you about your application.
Your CV explains your education in greater detail, but you can begin with a brief summary. This section includes the name of
your university, your major, any minors, your expected graduation year and your GPA. This provides hiring managers with
basic information about your goals, abilities and graduation date at a glance. You can provide further detail about exact
courses and academic achievements in later sections.
If you're using your CV to apply for opportunities, outline the specific areas or topics that interest you. Specifying an area of
specialty shows a passion for the topic and knowledge of the field. This section can also include any college courses you took
that address your areas of interest. Having training and experience in your areas of interest shows you possess the
foundational knowledge and skills to succeed in your chosen field and expertise.
Add any previous research positions to your CV. For each position, include the official title of the position, the months or
years that you served in the role and a detailed description of the duties, skills and results of your research. Highlighting your
experience and including an account of your work abilities can distinguish you as an experienced candidate for new
opportunities.
In your undergraduate career, you may work on published papers, reports and presentations. Include links and descriptions
of these published materials that highlight your skills and accomplishments. This allows the reader to see your previous work
and establishes your ability to produce high-quality work.
Highlight any skills acquired throughout your college courses, internship experiences, research roles and academic journey
on your CV. List all of your applicable skills and use action verbs that convey a strong work ethic. This provides the hiring
manager with a summation of your skills and shows your ability to meet the needs of the position.
Listing all your extracurricular activities provides an idea of your interests, personality and skills. Include both activities related
to your areas of interest and activities that aren't directly related. Having a list of activities and group memberships shows
you're an active participant and you have the ability to interact with and get along with others.
Academic accomplishments such as a high Grade Point Average (GPA), class rank, honors award and additional certifications
can distinguish you as a candidate with high-level knowledge in your area of expertise. List these accomplishments and
Apunte Inglés I 2023 – Prof. DEZA & ZANINETTI 45
provide the date for the given award. Highlighting academic achievements shows your ability to work hard and achieve
results.
A CV offers the opportunity to display any fellowships or scholarships that you earned in your undergraduate career. List the
title of the awarded scholarship, the amount earned and the date given. Providing this information conveys your skills in
acquiring funding and writing scholarship requests.
The end of a CV typically includes a list of references. For an undergraduate, your references may include professors, advisers,
researchers or coworkers who can attest to your skills, work ethic, interpersonal skills and knowledge. Try to provide a
minimum of three professional references who can talk to hiring managers and advocate for your candidacy on your behalf.
Ensure that each reference listing includes their full name, position and contact information, such as email or phone number.
TE ADJUNTO UN MODELO, SÓLO COMO REFERENCIA. Crea tu propio modelo! Recuerda que es tu carta de presentación y
que definirá si te convocan o no a la entrevista.
STUDENT CV
BY RESUME GENIUS
Soon-to-be graduate with a BA in English, specializing in creative writing. Have over one year of
experience working in journalism with Skyline Publishing Press. Strong oral and written
communication, creative writing, and copy-editing skills. Seeking to leverage my academic
background and writing skills to fill a journalism position at New York Publishing Press.
WALMART, Newark, NJ
Door Greeter
January 2016–June 2018
[1] Renewable energy is a practical, affordable solution to our electricity needs. By ramping up 1
renewable energy, we can: 2
• Reduce air pollution. 3
• Cut global warming emissions. 4
• Create new jobs and industries. 5
EJERCITACIÓN
Elabora ejercicios de lecto-comprensión sobre las palabras subrayadas, siguiendo el esquema
propuesto en clases para cada tipo de estructuras, a saber:
1) Referencia
2) Nexos
3) Usos de las formas –ing e infinitivo
4) Comparativos y superlativos
5) Antónimos y sinónimos
6) Preguntas y respuestas
7) Verdadero / Falso y localización de información