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J± afrx qun ustnh tkc`c c` sus r`l`as pascc u` -djjt` vljar.
Kr` cjju. su ±rJ¡tar ml vcrtkha na`ankikc`tas. cxpcr.kcjnkl v itnma tr±rfqa. Ck nhktar
Ktl pr-anurlha u`tk ¡rjcsc`tlnkkk` hkdjl hc su na`tc`kha y cstì pa`kcrha e)ha su nrrjtn-
üa v rnnJusas plrl njun scl lipjkuicjtc njkgu`hkhl. l tjlr,ës hc su r cnj hc nar`crnkljk
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nuljnjuknr-non`rpjlr "pkrltl" a jftanapkl kjc-dlj hc csJc jkfja. pucs hc ja najrtr-±uka
cstlr±k naútrkfu"-n`ha lj Kunra hc njJrkc`cs sc lpravcnml` kjcdétkilic`tc tjcj csgucr
za hcj lutar y hcj chktar.

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cs u ` njcjki. sk`a quc ltnjjtl na`tUl jl nrn±ktkvknjlh v m njkguskþ` hc Yl nujturl.

RkJr'?J `j<'ar k`jkrrr`lnkrk` nai u `énjucsc na ` a asatras

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Chktarklj Cj il`ulj iahcia, ^. L. hc N. S Chktarklj Cj il`ulj iahcia (Najaifkl), Jthl
Lv. ^a`arl 627, Naj. Mkpþhraia, 27<22 Nl`crl <6-L @a. 4;-2>/23
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taarhk`±har¡ hc J¡far¡tar a hc R3k.ajaqk± y Chunl. a¡ Cspnn lj
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Rrcs hc`t± h. l Vch.jc Na ±far±.kþ` Rragcska¡lj plrh ¡ Lrc`.jþ` hc
@kkk23 y jþjc`ns.a` Lptjtuhcs ^afrcr± kc`tcr vX± Ë`ta3 N.

J jjcprc3c`tl`të c¡ U¡ëx .a hc ¡ Gch `t.r¡±.ka`¡jhc `vc3tkd¡.Pþü,

`j.rvn¡. þ` y Cv¡j ¡.kþ¡ c` L <¡s llph. h±hc3 `tcjc.t ± n3 (MC @CWL)
¡/jcifrahc l@¡ua¡± Lcsa.k±t a.jþr Djjrch lr j¡rc` k@Ll,l)

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Han.`tc hc j¡ Jj.c`.j±¡ g± c` Rktka ajjk± c¡ c Hnp±rtlic`ta hc Rsk.ajadk¡ LG tlh¡
S` jcr h±` hn 7u¡h¡ ¡o±r±, tuj-ìr..

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@gknr¡f¡a njc Jl Nìilrl @lnja¡lY

njc jl Jrnjustrk¡ Ctjktarklj @8c{kn±`l, Vn `ÿ`.>;

'jahas <as hcrcnmas rnsn¡vrhas. @k`dui plrtc hc

cstl pufjjnl.kþ` púchc scr rcprahJrnkh?, ljilnc`lhl
cr skstcix ljdÉ¡a a trl¡siktkhl par atra inúa
cjcntrþ`kna, icnl`kna, gatanapklhar, ctnëtcrl
k t.,`.,g . kapür , ah. <.,th . r±

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6'₪hk.ü` Icrkna ? jh,tarklj j IaIj Iahcüa, 62<>
lk, <=2 pksk,rls kjust l.ka¡cs 56= .¡.

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.kþ` c kkpc.¡n¡`'kh¡h j. Ljfr Wkjjcd*, `jkzfc¡r hc. jj. Vcy`.n¡
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J L i¡ cspasa Oujkì` y iks m¡as Oujkì`, L`l Fcjë` y Oarhk Cikj¡l`a, na` taha ik liar.

l Lj Itra. Ljcol`hra Lvljas Vk`nþ` rcspa`slfjc hc k`tcdrlnkþ` chunltkvl hcj cstlha hc Dul`loulta.
qukc` nrcyþ c` cstc pradrlil pufjknì`haja, hkgu`h¡ë`haja c kipjcic`tì`haja c` iunmls csnucjls
hc su cstlha, sk` su lpaya ¡`na`hknka`lj cstc trlfloa `a mufkcrl sljkha l jl juz.
Lj jZ¡tra. Vadcjka _lifrl`a, ^cnrctlrka Lnlhëi¡na hcj Nc`tra S`kvcrs¡tlrka hc Nkc`nkls hc jl ^ljuh

J hc jl S. hc D., parquc skciprc ml nrcéha y lpaylha jas praycntas quc fc`cgknkl` l jas `¡üas na` `cnc-
skhlhcs chunltkvls cspcnkljc3.

J Hajatcs

Drlnkls l ik ilhrc ^l`hrl, par scr iunma iìs c` ikvkhl hc ja quc puhkcrl cxprcslr5 l ik m¡a

J Dlfrkcj par scr jl juz c` ikvkhl, l iks mcril`ls @ljjcjk,^l`hrl y L`hrcl5 l.Oasuë par naiplrtkr su
vkhl na`ikda.

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u`l gl`tlsél y may sc na`vkcrtc c` rcljkhlh.

t Cjkzqfctm

J Jc hay drlnkls l iks plhrcs par su lpaya y naiprc`skþ`, lsé naia l iks mcril`ls par cstlr l ik
J jlha, pcra c` cspcnklj l jl pcqucül Ia`scrrlt y su cspérktu k`nl`slfjcs, `u`nl nlifkcs.

J Vaÿj

J L Oal`l Lrlncjk Dljvì` par sus vljkasls afscrvlnka`cs

L Ikrkli Ol`ct Jl`hcras Csnafcha par cj hkscüa hc jl ilyarél hc jls kjustrlnka`cs

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Rrcsc`tlr cstc ptadtlül Oucda, Wca, Rkc`sa, Nrca y Csnunma \SW CRKNC) hc Ilrél hc jas Hajarcs
Wl lhcz ^kcrrl, Cjjzlfctm hc Ljfl Wkj cdls y Vlÿj Ciil`ucj Vcy`ldl Dlrnkl, tahas cxncjc`tcs
pragcska`ljcs y cstuhkasas hc jls prafjciìtknls hc Xrlstar`a hc hëgrnjt hc l ltc`nkþ` na`
m pcrlntkvkh±h, cs u`l c`aric sltksgllnkþ`, lj iksia tkcipa quc la`st tuyc u` ma`ar plrl ié
na`ankc`ha su trlycntark±.
C`trl`ha c` cj tcil, chunlr l u` `küa na` trlstar`a hc ltc`nkþ` na` mkpcrlntkvkhlh (XHLM) a sk`
mkpcrlntkvkhlh puchc scr u`l cxpcrkc`n l lsaifrasl, lfruilharl, ldatlharl, grustrl`tc y hcslgkl`tc
plrl nul q ukcr plpì, r`liì a ilcstra.jZ8jc`tr±s quc prìntknlic`tc tahas as `küas tjc`c` hÉls c` quc
`a naipjctl` sus tlrcls, hcol` vajlr su pc`slikc`ta a sc ajvkhl` hc quë pa`c` c` su ianmkjl, csas
héls sa` jl `aril, `a jl cxncpnkþ` plrl as `küas na` cj trlstar`a. Cj Xrlstar`a par Hëgk.<t hc Ltc`nkþ`
na` a sk` Mkpcrlntkvkhlh KXHLM) cs cj trlstar`a `curafka þdkna r¡ìs grcnuc`tc c` l k`gl`.kl quc trlc
u`l scrkc hc hjgknujtlhcs tljcs naia? prafjcils hclhlptlnjþ` pcrsa`lj, csnajlr sankl y,aglijjklr.
Cstc trlstar`a puchc anlska`lÉ scrkas praf cils c` cj hcslrrajja hc u`l pcrsa`l, c`trc cjjas, u`l
hksik`unkþ` hcj rc`hkikc`ta lnlhëij.a, hjgknu tlhcs c` jl lhlptlnkþ` sanklj y naia rcsujtlha, scrkas
hcsloustcs cianka`l cs. Rcra laia plhrcs y chunlharcs, mly iunmls nasls quc sc puchc` mlncÉ
plrl lyuhlr
trlstar`a l su mkoakipa`c
l ic`uha a ljui`a l il`colr
c` jls glikjkls,yiltrkia`kas
na`trajlr susy sé`tails,
slja`cs hcynjlsc.
plrl hksik`ukr
KSWCRKNC puchc qucu`l
cj llasscr cj
hc cstls lyuhls plrl plhrcs y pragcsarcs.
OSWCR NC cs u` pradr±i± nrclha par k`vcstkdlharcs icxknl`as quc nuc`tl na` u` vlsta trlf±ja
hc lpjknlnkþ` hc iunmas lüas c` cj Jlfarltarka hc Chunlnkþ` Cspcnkl hcj Hcplrtlic`ta hc Rsknaja
dÉl Lpjk.lhl, hcj Nc`tra S`kvcrsktlrka hc Nkc`nkls hc jl 3ljuh, hc jl S`kvcrskhlh hc Dulhljlolrl y hc
su kipjcic`tlnkþ` c` cj cstlha hc Dul`loulta, l trlvës hc jl ^cnrctlrél hc Chu.lnkþ` Rÿfkknl, ja nulj
lvljl lipjklic`tc su puf jllnkþ` par cjdrl` kiplnta psknachunltkva quc ml tc`kha y quc sc ±vcnk`l
na` `ucvas rcsu tlhas chunltkvas, na` lpaya hc cxnc c`tc trlfloa rcljkzlha par Chktarklj Cj OZ,8l`ulj
jZ8ahcr` a.
.KSWCRKNC plrtc hc lquckjls prapucst±s hc k`tcrvc`nkþ` quc fusnl` atras tkpas hc trlt±ikc`ta
J plrl cstl prafjciìtknl quc `a scl cj glrilnaJþdkna, nrca quc cstc cs u`a hc sus drl`hcs iërktas.
Nul`ha u`a cstuhkl cstc pradrlil l trlvës hc su jcnturl a lpjknlnkþ`, sc hl nuc`tl quc ml surdkha
hcj cstuhka scrka hc hkgcrc`tcs pradrlils, gu`hlic`tlhas c` tën`knls nad`ktkva .a`huntuljcs y ÿhj
J nl3. Csta ÿjtjia rcsujtl iuy vl jasa c k``avlhar na` rcjlnkþ` l atrls prapucstls quc sc la`alc`.
Nrca quc c gkkërjta ilyar hc KSWCR NC cs quc ml skha nrclha par pragcska`jstls icxknl`as
t y `a cs u`l vcrskþ` a rcprahunnkþ` hc pradrlils hc atras p±éscs. ^u utkjkhlh plr± lquc jas
quc trlflol` c` cj nlipa hc l chunlnkþ` cspcnkl y c` plrt nu jlr c` cj trlfloa na` ljui`as na`
Xrlstar`as hc jl Ltc`nkþ` c` sus hkgcrc`tcs iahljkhlhcs, ml skha praflhl par su lpjknlnkþ`
N ë` vh'ka ' ,.qt±ha. hc jl Vcp-f k( ± YZ,8c.rn±`h.
3c;ura cstay quc `k`dÿ` cspcnkljkstl naiprar¡ctkha c` cj tcil quc `as anupl c` jZ¡ëxkna hcolrì

K hc tailr naia rcgcrc`tc cstc pradrl`r±.

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jas lutarcs hc cstc pradrlil `a sþja jcsjjc`c hcgcjkn¡hlh na` su pufjknln¡þ`, s¡`aquc s¡rvl hc lyuhl
l iunmas hc `ucstras `¡üas hc Iëx¡na c Mkspl`aliër¡nl, y ha`hc qu¡crl quc cstc tcxta jjcduc.

jujkì` Fctl`naurt Iarcoþ`

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^cskþ` <2. ^apl hc jctrls dkdl`tcs <>;

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ZQ Cj Xrlstar`a par Hëgknkt hc Ltc`nkþ` na` Mkpcrlntkvkhlh (XHLM, Licrknl` Rsynmkltrkn Lssan¡ltka`,
<;;8) tkc`c rcpcrnuska`cs c` cj ìifkta glikjklr, csnajlr y sanklj hc jas `küas hcfkha lj nulhra sk`ta-
t- iltajþdkna quc prcsc`tl`.
Jas `küas na` XHLM iucstrl` h¡gknujtlhcs plrl il`tc`cr jl ltc`nkþ`, lutarrcdujlr su na`huntl,
sus (Hldc`flnm '<;;8).
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na` c mkpcrlntkvkhlh
u` þpt¡ia rc`hkikc`ta lnlhëi¡na &y Nlr, u` na`huntls
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csnajlr y na` naipartlikc`ta loustlhak`l
sa` l ic`uha
jls `arils csnajlrcs ygli¡j¡lrcs.
3c cstkil quc hc > l 3ajahc jas `küas ic`arcs hc <2lüas plhcncXHLM (Vknmtcrs, Lr`ajh,Oc`sc`,
Lfkeagg, Na``crs, nrcc`mkjj, Mk`smslw Rcjmli & ^wl`sa`, <;;3), par ja quc cs praflfjc quc jas ilcs
tras tc`dl` hc < l > ljui`as par njlsc na` cstc trlstar`a.
J Cstas `küas tkc`c` hkgk(ujtlhcs plrl rc`hkr y na`nc`trlrsc c` jls lntkvkhlhcs csnajlrcs, su nai-
partlikc`ta puchc rcsujtlr iajcsta c k`njusa k`lhcnulha c` cj na`tcxta c` quc mly u`l hcil`hl
J hc lutana`traj hcfkha l quc 32` k`qukctas, ¡ipln¡c`tcs. k`nlplncs hc k`mkfkr su na`huntl5 na`tcstl`
nul`ha `a sc jcs prcdu`tl, `a puchc` plrlr, nlifkl` hc u`l lntkvkhlh l atrl na`tk`ulic`tc, sucjc`
tc`cr prafjcils plrl rcjlnka`lrsc na` sus naiplücras y prcsc`tl` hëünkt c` jls mlfkj¡hlhcs hc k`-
J tcrlnn¡þ` 3anklj.
Jas `¡üas na` XHLM rcprcsc`tl` u` rcta plrl jas chunlharcs5 su k`ilhurcz mlnc quc jjlic` jl
(- ltc`n¡þ` hc jas lhujtas na`stl`tcic`tc plrl lutarrcdujlrsc. ^¡ jls pcrsa`ls quc na`vkvc` na` cjjas
nlrcnc` hc nljil, sc`sltcz y njlrkhlh hc nrktcr¡as chunltkvas, cs gìnkj quc jl sktulnkþ` sc jcs hcsfarhc
y, sk` prctc`hcrja, na`trkfuyl` l il `tc`cr y gaic`tlr jls na`h untls hcslhlptltkvls.
Hc lnucrha na` cj Il`ulj hkld`þstkna y cstlhéstkna hc jas trlstar`as ic`tljcs (H^I-jW 622<), jas
nrktcrkas plrl hkld`astknlr cjXrlstar`a par Hëgknkt hc Ltc`nkþ` na` Mkpcrlntkvkhlh sa`?
(. L.^cks a iìs hc jas skdukc`tcs sé`tails hc hcsltc`nkþ` pcrskstc` par ja ic`as hurl`tc 7 a iì3
icscs na` k`tc`skhlh hcslhlptltkvl c k`namcrc`tc c` rcjlnkþ` na` cj `kvcj hc hcslrrajja?
J Hcsltc`(kþ`
J l) L ic`uha `a prcstl ltc`nkþ` suünkc`tc l jas hctljjcs a k`nurrc c` crrarcs par hcsnukha c` jls
tlrcls csnajlrcs, c` cj trlfloa a c` atrls lntkvkhlhcs.
f) L r`c`uha tkc`c hkgknujtlhcs plrl il`tc`c¡ jl ltc`nkþ` c` tlrcls a c` lntkvkhlhcs jÿh¡nls.
n) L ic`uha plrcnc `a csnunmlr nul`ha sc jc mlfjl hkrcntlic`tc.
h) L ic`uha `a skduc k`strunnka`cs y `a gk`ljkzl tlrcls csnajlrcs, c`nlrdas u afjkdlnka`cs c` cj
J nc`tra hc trlfloa.
c) L ic`uha tkc`c hkgknujtlhcs plrl ardl`kzlr tlrcls y lntkvkhlhcs.

J g) L ic`uha cvktl, jc hk3;ustl a cs rc`uc`tc c` nul`ta l jls tlrcls quc rcqukcrc` u` csgucrza ic`
tljsastc`kha.
d) L ic`uha cxtrlvél afoctas `cncslrkas plrl tlrcls a lntkvkhlhcs.
m) L ic`uha sc hkstrlc gì.kjic`tc l`tc cstkiujas krrcjcvl`tcs.
k) L ic`uha cs hcsnukhlha c` jls lntkvkhlhcs hklrkls.

J ^cks a iìs hc j23 3kdukc`tcs sé`tails hc mkpcrlntkvkhlh kipu<3kvkhlh pcrskstc` par ja ic`as hurl`tc
7 a iìs icscs na` ¡`tc`skhlh hcslhlptltkvl c k`namcrc`tc c` rcjlnkþ` na` cj `kvcj hc hcslrrajja?
J-
J
 K

Mkpcrlntkvkhlh
l) L ic`uha iucvc c` cxncsa il`as y pkcs a sc rciucvc c` su lskc`ta.
f) L ic`uha lfl`ha`l su lskc`ta c` jl njlsc a c` sktulnka`cs c` jls quc sc cspcrl quc pcri±`czll
sc`tlha.
n) L ic`uha narrc a sljtl cxncskvlic`tc c` sktulnka`cs c` quc cs k`lprapklha mlncrja (c` lhajcs
nc`tc a lhujtas puchc jkiktlrsc l sc`tkikc`tas sufoctkvas hc k`qukctuh).
h) L ic`uha tkc`c hkgknujtlhcs plrl oudlr a hchknlrsc trl`quk lic`tc l l.tkvkhlhcs hc anka.
c) L ic`uha "cstì c` ilrnml" a sucjc lntulr laia sk tuvkcrl u` iatar.
g) L ic`uha mlf l c` -.x.csa

jipujskvkhlh-ldrcskvkhlh
l) L r¡c`uha prcnkpktl rcspucstls l`tcs hc mlfcr skha naipjct±hls jls prcdJr`tls.
f) L ic`uha tkc`c hkgknujtlhcs plrl dulrhlr tur`a.
n) L ic`uha k`tcrruipc a sc k`r`ksnuyc c` jls lntkvkhlhcs hc atra3 (sc c`traictc c` la`vcrslnka-
`cs a oucdas).

F. Ljdu`as sé`tails hc mkpcrlntkvkhlh kipujskvkhlh a hcsltc`nkþ` quc nlusl` ljtcrlnka`cs cstì`

prcsc`tcs l`tcs hc kas 4 lüas hc chlh.
N. Ljdu`ls ljtcrllka`cs pravanlhls par jas sé`tails sc prcsc`tl` c` 6 a iìs lifkc`tcs (csnucjl,
trlfloa,.lsl).
H, Hcfc mlfcr prucfls njlrls hc u` hctcrkara njÉ`knlic`tc skd`kgknltkva hc jl lntkv hlh sanklj, lnl
hëiknl a lfarlj.
C. Jas sé`tails `a lplrcnc` cxnjuskvlic`tc nul`ha sc il`kgkcstl u` trlstar`a dc`crljkzlha hcj
hcslrrajja a psknþtkna, a csqukzagrc`kl, y `a sc cxp jll` icoar par jl prcsc`nkl hc atra tr±star`a
ic`t±<.

Wlrkas cstuhkas scüljl` quc jls nlrlntcrkstknls prk`nkpljcs hcjXHLM tkc`c` quc vcr na` prafjcils
hc lhlptlnkþ` c` hkvcrsls ìrcls (pcrsa`lj, csnajlr, sankl, glr¡kjklr), ja quc rcpcrnutc c` jls mlfkjkhl-
hcs hc naipctc`nkl sanklj y dc`crl a il`tkc`c u` hëgknkt c` jl lutacstkil. CKXHLM kipjknl panl

rcgjcxkþ` l`tc jls lntkvkhlhcs y, par c`hc, floa hcscipcüa.

Jas `küas na` XHLM prcsc`tl` u` hëgknkt dc`crljkzlha c` jl lutarrcdujlnkþ` quc lgc.tl mlfkjkhl
hcs tljcs naia prancslikc`ta hc k`garilnkþ`, k`mkfknkþ` hc rcspucst±s, ljcrtl, pjl`clnkþ`, gu`nka
`likc`ta cocnutkva, ictlnad`knkþ` y lutaia`ktarca (Haudjls, <;=;5 Rc``k`dta` & Aza`agg, <;;75
^crdcl`t & Wl` hcr jZ,8ccrc, '<;;25Xl``ane, <;;=, nktlhas par j ,jkrl`hl, Rrcsc`tlnkþ` & ^arkl`a, 6AA6).
@a tahls jls nlrlntcréstknls hcfc` scr vkstls naia `cdltkvls5ljdu`ls puchc` scr patc`nkljic`tc
lhlptltkvls c` nkcrtls sktulnka`cs y .a`tcxtas jMlrtil`, <;;7, 622>5 Qjc`sc` ct hj, <;;4, nktlhas par
^mcril`, Vlsiussc` & Flyhljl,6227). Rar cocipja, jZ,8azlrt hjld`astknlha na` XHLM, nuyls na`
hultls gucra` trlflolhls c` la`ou`ta hc il`crl fc`ëgknl rcprcsc`tl u` lspcnta pasktkva hc cstc
trlstar`a.
C` jls ÿjtkils hënlhls ml luic`tlha cj k`tcrës par c`la`trlr trltlikc`tas cgknlncs plrl `küas y
lhajcsnc`tcs na` XHLM, pucs sk` u` trltlikc`ta lhcnulha puchc` iast¡lr hcslhlptlnkþ` csnajl¡ pra
fjcils hc na`hunt±, lutakildc` `cdltkvl, lutana`ncpta crrþ`ca y sk`tails hc l`skchlh-hcprcskþ`.
Hc`tra hc jas trltlikc`tas plrl cstl pafjlnkþ` sc c`nuc`trl` jas psknacstkiu l`tcs, jas nul cs
puchc` icoarlr cj sustrlta `curlj hc l k`mkfknkþ` na`huntulj y jls gu`nka`cs cocnutkvls quc hcpc`-

]KW
 `trahunlkþ`

hc` hc ë<.3c ml` c`na`trlha nlifkas c` ichkh.rs hc j±far±tarja hc l ltc`nkþ`, lprc`hkzljc, icia
rkl l narta pj±za, vjdkjl`nkl c kipujskvkhlh5 sk` ciflrda, `a sc ml` hciastrlha nlifkas c` cj iksia
Z `kvcj c` nul`ta l jl cjcnunkþ` lnlhëi¡nl y t±ipana sc afscrvl` fc`cgknkas nad`jtkvas (Ikrl`hl,
Rrcsc`t±njþ` & ^arkl`a, 6226). Jls jkiktlnka`cs hc jl glri±.atcrlpkl kipujsl` c usa hc trltlikc`tas
psknasankljcs y psknachun±tkvas, yl quc jl ichk.lnkþ` `a c`scül lj `küa jls mlfkjkhlhcs plrl nli
fklr su na`huntl `k praiucvc u`± rcardl`kzl.kþ` nad`ktkvl- Rar cjja,jl skipjc ichknlnkþ` `a puchc
tc`cr u` fuc` pra`þstkna l ±rda pjlza (Rc mlr` & D`ldy, j;;;,ntlhasparjZ8krl`hl,Rrcsc`tl.kþ`&
^arkl`a,6226).
Rar atrl plrtc, hcfkha l quc cKXHLM na` cvl u` hëgknkt c` jl coc.unkþ` na`huntulj, cj na`tcxta
tkc`c jl iksil kipartl`nkl, a iìs, quc jl k`tcrvc`nkþ`.
Jas `jüas plsl` iunma tkcipa c` c sljþ` hc njlsc, par ckja cstc sktka rcqukcrc hc u` l ta drlha hc
pjl`clnkþ`, naarhj`±nkþ`, na`tra y pranchkikc`tas hc cvljulnkþ`5 par cocipja, rcspctlr rcdjls, k`
tcrlntulr lhcnulhlic`tc na` scr¡co±`tcs y lhu tas, plrtknkplg lntkvlic`tc c` jas pralcsas hc c`sc
ül`zl lprc`hkzljc y cvktlr jl j`tcrrJjpnkþ` c` ls lntkv hlhcs csnajlrcs. C` cj lujl sc puchc` k`trahunkr
k`tcrvc`nka`cs quc hlrì` sapartc lj hcs±rra ja pcrsa`l , sanklj y csnajlr hc cstas `küas. Jas ilcstras
hcfc` k`narparlr `ucv±s lntkvkhlhcs y cxpcrkc`nk±s hc`tra hcj pjl` hc kls jcnnka`cs5 par cocipja, jas
`küas trlflol` icoar vkc`ha pcjÉnujls a ichkl`tc jucdas g_c`tlkj, <;;>O.
Jls k`tcrvc`nka`cs `rìs rcnaic`hlhls naifk`l` c il`coa hc na`tk`dc`n ls y jls cstrltcdkls
nad`jtkva na`hJrltul cs. Jls prkicrls k`n uyc` c`trc`likc`ta hc plnjrcs y i±cstras c` cj usa hc tën
`jnls tl cs na`'ra rcgarzlikc`ta pasktkva, il`coa hc gknmls hc rcnaipc`sl, tkcipa gucrl, nasta hc
rcspucstl a përhjhl hc prkvk cdkas. Cj il`coa hc na`tk`dc`nkls ml iastrlha su cgcntkvkhlh ±j icoarlr
l na`huntl c` cj sljþ` hc njlscs, pcra su k`gjJrc`.kl c` cocnunka`cs lnlhëiknls ml skha jkiktlhl. Cj
scdu`ha tkpa hc k`tcrvc`nkþ`, jl iahkgknlnkþ` nad`ktkva-na`huntulj, sc rcgkcrc l tën`k.ls hcskd`±hls
l pravccr lj suocta hc mcrrlikc`tls plrl ck na`tra hc sJ prapj¡ na`huntl jiahcjlha naq`ktkva, luta
rrcgarzlikc`ta, ±utaia`jtarca, lutak`strunnkþ`)-
Hc kdulj iaha sc ml hcr`astrlha quc c ±rtc tkc`c fc`cgknkas tcrlpëutknas, pÿcs pcriktc l as
`küas cxprcslrsc y iastrlr sus patc`nkljkhlhcs, lhciìs hc quc luic`tl l ltc`njþ` y hksr¡k`uyc jl
na`hu.tl kipukskvl (_c`tl , '<;;>).
Lltuljic`tc, c` cj icrnlNa sc puchc` c`na`trlr pradrlils plrl c `tl`coa hc `küas na` XHLM5
sk` c`'rflrda, jl ilyarél sc na`.c`trl fìsknlic`tc c` lntkvkhlhcs hc jìpjz y plpcj y c` jls hcgknkc`nkls
quc tkc`c` jas `k`as, cs hcnkr, a quc `a puchc` mlncr. Rar c a, c` 6223, Wl lhcz, Vcy`ldl y Hc Ljfl
c<±farl` u`l prapucstl hc `tcrvc`nkþ` quc plrtc hcj na`ncpta ltiþsgcrls nrcltjvls (Fctl`naurt &
Wljlhcz,6222), jl nulj sc na`nÉctl c` 6227 floa cj `aifrc hc KSWCRoNC (Oucda, vca, pkc`sa, nrca y
cslunmaj.
Na` cstl prapucst± sc prctc`hc quc jas `küas na` XHLM, icoarc` su ltc`nkþ`, luic`tc` su
lutacstkil, rchuznl` jl l`sjchlh y cj cstrës, y patc`nkljk.c` sus tlkc`tas par ichka hc lntkvkhlhcs
hkvcrtkhls.

Hcsnrkpnkþ` hcj pradrlil OSWCRKNC

Cstc pradrlil sc flsl c` cj na`ncpta hc ltiþsgcrls nrcltkvls (Fctl`naurt & Wljlhcz, 6222), cj .ul
sc rcgkcrc lj njoil quc sc dc`crl c` u` na`tcxta chunltkva (garil c j`garilj) plrl prapknklr u` fuc`
pc`slr y sc`tkr c`gltkzl`ha jl u`khlh hc jas prancsas nad`ktkvas y lgcntkvas. Cj oucda cs c coc nc`trl
hc cstl na`ncpnkþ`, yl quc luic`tl jl nlplnkh±h kr`ldk`ltkvl hcj ljui`a, prapk.k± cj hcslrrajja hc
jl csgcrl lgcntkvl (luta`aiél, lutavljarlnkþ` lhc.ulhl, sc`tkha pcrsa`lj, na`.cpnkþ` hc iu`ha),
na`trkfuyc lj k`nrcic`ta hc mlfkjkhlhcs hc rlza`lr¡jc`ta (cstrltcdkls hc pc`slikc`ta? cocnutkvls,
hc pjl`clnkþ` y ictlnad`ktkvls) y paskfk jtl cj hcs±rrajja hc vljarcs iarl cs y sankljcs. Lskiksia,
cstkiujl cj pc`slikc`ta y c sc`tkr flslhas c` jl naapcrl.kþ`, sajkhlrkhlh y rcspcta iutua, y glnkjktl
jl na`strunnkþ` hc lprc`hkzlocs skd`kgknltkvas l trlvës hc l lpa¡tlnkþ` hc cxpcrkc`nkls hc nlhl `küa.
j`t¡ahunnjþ`

Afoctkva dc`crlj
Hcsaggajjar c` cj `¡üa na`XHLM mafkjkhahcs hc naipctc`n¡h san¡aj, naq`¡t¡vls, hc rcdujln¡þ` atc`n¡a`ajy
n rcat kvas i ch a `tc hnt¡v¡ h ah cs K ÿh ¡ nas y tën` ¡nas nad ` ¡t¡va - na ` huntu ljcs.
Cstc pradrlil cstì hkrkd¡ha l `küas hc 4 l '<6 lüas hc chlh y ltkc`hc jls ìrcls quc sc na`skhcrl
kipartl`tc rcgarzlr? lutana`ncpta y lutacstkil, ltc`n¡þ` v¡3ulj y luh¡t¡vl, mlfkjkhlhcs san¡ljcs y
nrcltkv¡hlh.
ils c` cstlsRar ja tl`ta,
ìrcls) t¡c`c u`l gu`n¡þ`
y patc`n¡lj¡zlharl hc jlsprcvc`tkvl (sc prctc`hc (sc
nlplnkhlhcs trlflkl ajasprcvc`¡r
hcj `¡üa hksik`ukr prafjc-
lspcntasjaspasktkvas
y sc cstkiujl jl nrcltkvkhlh y lpt¡tuhcs). ^c lpjknl c` drupas hc `a iìs hc 8 a 3 k`tcdrl`tcs. ^k sc
¡ipjcic`tl c` cj lujl, cj hanc`tc puchc rcljkzlr ldrupln¡a`cs hc 8 a 3 ljui`as.

Ictahajadél
Cj pradrlil na`stl hc <6 scska`c3 hc <62 ik`utas nlhl u`l. C` nlhl scskþ` sc trlflol prkicra luta-
na`ncpta y lutacstkil, hcspuës sc k`trahunc` lntkvkhlhcs hc ltc`nkþ` vksulj, jucda cj ìrcl hc mlfk-
Kkhlhcs sankljcs y ltc`nkþ` luhktkvl, y sc na`njuyc na` cj ìrcl hc nrcltkvkhlh. ^c sud¡crc trlflolrjls c`
csc arhc`, yl quc jas lutarcs ml` afscrvlha quc pcriktc` u` icoar hcscipcüa hcj `küa, 3c puchc`
iahkgknlr a luic`tlr scska`cs, yl quc ëstls puchc` scrv¡r hc iahcja plrl atrls quc sc h¡scüc`,
Jls lntkvkhlhcs hc nlhl scskþ` gucra` cstrunturlhls tail`ha c` nuc`tl jas 3kdukc`tcs pu`tas?

* Lnt¡vkhlhcs hc hkünujtlh hc arhc` nrcnkc`tc. Cs hcnkr. quc vlyl` hc ja sc`n¡jja l ja naipjcoa.

* Il`coa hc ¡`strunnka`cs. j`knkljic`tc tkc`c` quc scr frcvcs, na`nksls y prcnksls, y jucda hcfc`
plujltk`lic`tc.
* lipj¡lrsc
C` nlhl ìrcl hc trlfloa hcfc` hc ¡`narparlrsc lntkvkhlhcs jÿhknls y atrls ha`hc sc usc` jìp¡z y
plpcj plrl jls ìrcls hc ltc`nkþ`.
+ Nrktcrkas hc nljkhlh. Rlrl quc jl lntkvkhlh sc na`skhcrc sltksglntarkl hcfc naictcrsc cj ié`kia
hc "crrarcs'? fìsknlic`tc c` jls lntkvkhlhcs hc ltc`nkþ`. Csta pcriktc cstlfjcncr nrktcrkas rlza-
`lfjcs plrl quc cj `küa rclj¡nc y supcrc jl lnt¡v¡hlh hc iaha sltksglntarka.

Cs kipartl`tc scüljlr quc cjëxkta hcj pradrlil `a rlhknl c` jl lpjknlnkþ` hc jls lntkvkhlhcs parséiksils,
sk`a c` jl lpjknlnkþ`, par plrtc hcj na`huntar, hc tahls jls cstrltcdkls hc c`scül`zl-lprc`hkzloc.

Cstrltcd¡ls hc c`scül`zl-lprc`hkzloc*
Lj k`knka hc jl prkicrl scskþ` sc lnucrhl na` cj drupa lj ic`as u`l `aril hc na`huntl (rcjlnka`lhl
na` jls quc sc rcqukcrl` il`tc`cr a cjki¡`lr), quc hcfcrì nuipj¡r nlhl u`a hc jas ¡`tcdrl`tcs (`a
iìs hctrcs `arils). 3c cxpjknl l jas `¡üas quc, nul`hanuipjl` jl `aril hc na`huntl, aftc`hrì` u`
rcgarzlhar-puchc scr u`l pcqucül nljnlia`él a nuljqukcr gkdurktl-. quc sc pcdlrì c` cj rcd¡stra
druplj. jduljic`tc sc hctcri¡`l na` cj drupa cj prcika (nasls a lntkvkhlhcs) quc pahrì` nl`oclr lj
tcrik`lr jls <6 scs¡a`cs.
Xlifkë` sc jcs cxpjknl quc, lj ü`ljkzlr nlhl scskþ`, qukc` mlyl lnuiujlha iìs rcgarzlharcs sc
jjcvlrì naia prcika u`l tartudl a u` pcz scrì jl ilsnatl hcj pradrlil-, l jl nulj tc`hrì jl
-quc
apartu`khlh hc nu¡hlr mlstl jl prþxkil scskþ`. Ruchc hlrsc cj nl32 hc quc c` u`l scskþ` iìs hc u`
`küa aftc`dl jl i¡sil nl`tkhlh hc rcgarzlharcs, c` tlj nlsa sc hksnutc na` cj drupa qukë` hc ëstas
icrcnc jjcvlrsc jl ilsnatl hc lnucrha na` jl na`huntl y hcscipcüa afscrvlhas. L jas `¡üas jcs c`
tusklsil iunma jjcvlrsc jl ilsnatl, Ka nulj, lhciìs hc scr u` rcna`ankikc`ta par su hcscipcüa, cs
u`l fuc`l cstrltcdkl plrl gaic`tlr cj sc`tkha hc rcspa`slfkjkhlh.
 `krahu.nkþ`

Lj tërik`a hc jls prkicrls scska`cs c` jls quc sc ml lpjknlha cj pradrlil, sc hl l jas `kü23 u`l
K
ia`chl hc nmknjc L plrtkr hc jl scdu`hl scskþ`, ëstl puchc na`suikrsc a nl`oclrsc par u` rcgarzlhar
quc sc vl lnuiujl`ha l ja jlrda hc jls scska`cs.

Cs rcnaic`hlfjc cjadklr na`stl`tcic`tc, sk` slturlr, cj hcscipcüa hcj `küa, hc cstl il`crl sc
J nc`trl iìs jl ltc`n¡þ` c` jls na`huntls pas¡t¡vls quc c` jls `cdltkvls.
C` nlsa hc quc cj `küa k`nurrl c` u`l gljtl l jls `arils hc na`huntl, sc jc sl`nka`lrì iastrì`-

J hajc u` 'tciìgara" c` prcvc`tkvl y sc jc atardlrì t¡cipa gucrl a pcrhcrì u` rcgarzlhar, scdÿ`

scl cj nlsa.
Hcshc jl prkicrl scskþ` sc hcfc trlflolr na` jas `küas jls lutak`strunnka`cs, tlj naia ja scüljl
Ic¡nmc`flui?
Rlrl nlhl lntkvkhlh quc sc rcljknc, cj `küa hcfc?

<. Hcgk`kr cj prafjcil (±\uë tc`da quc ml.cr1).

J 6. Cjlfarlr u` pjl` plrl lfarhlr cj prafjcil (±Nþr`a ja tc`da quc ml.cr1, ±quc plsas vay l sc
dukr1, ±prkicra quë mlda5jucda quë skduc1).
>. Nc`trlr jl ltc`nkþ` (Xc`da quc pa`cr ltc`nkþ` c` cj prafjcil).
8.3cdukr cj pjl` trlzlha (±Nþia ja cstay mlnkc`ha1, ±cstay skdukc`ha cj pjl`1).
3. Lutacvljulr cj trlfloa rcljkzlha (±Nþia ic sljkþ15 sk naicta u` crrar ja narrkoa).

l
7. Lutarrcgarzlrsc (Ic gcjknéta).
Rlrl cjja. cj na`huntar puchc lpaylrsc c` cj l`cxa 8, cj nulj puchc rcprahunkr c` u` tlilüa iìs
drl`hc y pcdlr c` cj lujl ha`hc sc cstì trlfl.ol`ha cj pradrlil.
Cj na`huntar hcfc, c` u` prkicr iaic`ta, vcrfljkzlr jls lutak`strunnka`cs y cocnutlr jl lntkvk,
hlh (iahcjlha). Rastcrkaric`tc, sþja hcfc vcrfljkzlr y cj `küa tkc`c quc rcljkzlr jl lntkvkhlh (duél
cxtcr`l il`kgkcstl). C` u` tcrncr iaic`ta, cj `küa vcrfljkzlrì c` vaz ljtl y rcljkzlrì jl lntkvkhlh (lu-
ta¡`strunnkþ` il`kgkc3tl). Jucda, cj `küa susurrlrì jls lutak`strunn¡a`cs ikc`trls rcljkzl jl lntkvkhlh
(lutak`strunn¡þ` iktkdlhl). Rar ÿjtkia, c` u` jc`duloc k`tcr`a, cj `küa sc hknc jls lutak`strunnka`cs y
ZQ jjcvl l nlfa jl lntkvkhlh (lutak`strunnkþ` c`nufkcrtl).

" Lj hlr jls k`strunnka`cs, cj na`huntar hcfc scdukr jls skdukc`tcs plutls?
J
l) Cstlfjcncr y il`tc`cr na`tlha vksulj na` jas `küas.
f) Jls k`strunnka`cs hcfc` scr njlrls, na`nksls y prcnksls.
n) Hcfc hlrjls plsa l plsa plrl cvktlr k`strunnka`c3 naipjcols.
h) Lscdurlrsc hc quc cj `küa ml naiprc`hkha jls k`strunn¡a`cs l`tcs hc quc k`knkc Kl lnt¡v¡hlh, plrl
g, cjja puchc scr iuy ÿtkj prcdu`tlrjcs ±quë vlias l mlncr1
* Lj nkcrrc hc Kl scskþ` sc praiucvc jl lutacvljulnkþ` druplj c ¡`hkvkhulj. Cj na`huntar prcdu`tl l
jas `küas nþia cstuvkcra` c` jl scskþ` y jas duél plrl quc cjjas iksias lutacvljÿc` su na`huntl
y hcscipcüa, prkicrlic`tc naia drupa y jucda hc il`crl k`hkvkhulj.

ZQ Lvcncs puchc sunchcr quc u` `küa sc lutacvljÿc iuy fkc` lu` nul`hasu hcscipcüay/a na`huntl
`a ja mlyl` hciastrlha. C` cstls sktulnka`cs, cj na`huntar prcdu`tlrì c` quë sc flsl plrl vljarlrsc
hc csl il`crl y prcdu`tlrì lj rcsta hcj drupa sk cjjas lsé ¡a na`skhcrl`. ^¡ lÿ` pcrskstc jl vkskþ` hcj

J hc na`huntl plrl quc ëstc hkdl skl jls

`küa.suscrcspucstl
quc rcnurrc l scl
jls `arils y lnucrhas
lgkriltkvl, su plrtknkplnkþ` nufr¡þhcaKls C` nlsa hc
`a.lntkvkhlhcs,
sc jc rcnucrhl iastrlhl ¡a jlrda
plrl jucda vajvcr l prcdu`tlrjc sk s¡duc na`skhcrì`hajl kdulj. Ja quc sc prctc`hc cs quc jas `¡üas
J lutarrcgjcxka`c` safrc su hcscipcüa y lprc`hl` l lutarrcdujlrsc.

xvkj
 Z-

Vcgcrc`nkls

Flu i, M. (6228). ¡^c`gh ha ic lfugga Nþia trqtlr jl m¡pcrlnt¡v¡hah y ja gajta hc atc`n¡þ`. Csplül? A@ jVA.

Fctl`naurt, O. &Wljlhcz, H. (62L2). Ltüþsgctas nrclt¡vqs? Oucda, p¡c`sly nrca-

ulj KZ,8ahcr`a. PLë):k.a? ktarkl K C <Z¡l`-
Ch

Nlüata Gkuzl, & Jþpcz Vufka, L. (6222). Rradrlil hc C`trc`li¡c`tl c` icoara hc ja Ltc`n¡þ` Luh¡-
V.
tkvl (C^NSNML). Csplül? Hkvkskþ` chktarklj. nrupa LJFAV NAM^.

Hldc`flnm, H. & Nlrr, K M. (<;;8).j`m¡f¡tary Rrnncss ¡` Lttc`tka` J8cilry l`h Jl`duadc. Nljkga"`kl
Lnlhcikn Rrcss.

H^IKW Ia`uaj h¡ad`þst¡na y cstlhést¡na hc jas trastar`as ic`tajcs (622<). Csplül? Chktarklj Ilssa`.

DlrnÉl Rërcz, (6222). Rrldrlil hc C`trn`li¡c`tl c` Glnqj¡zan¡þ` hc jl Ltc`n¡þ` (C@GLNLKC). Csp±ülj

C.
Hkvkskþ` chktarklj. Drupa LJFAV NAM^.

Dlrdljja, F. Z6AAA)- Rtadruil hc j`tcrvc`n¡þ` Chunlt¡vl para Luic`tat jl Ltc`n¡þ` y jl Vcgjcxkvkhlh.

RKLLV V `¡vcjcs < y 6 (Duéa hcj pragcsarj (6l. ch.). Csplül?XCL Chk.ka`cs.

gvj¡rl`hl, L.. Rrcsc`tlnkþ`, I.j. & ^ar¡l`a, I. (6226). Cggcntkvc`css ag snmaaj-flsch iujtknaipa`c`t
pradrl i gar tmc trcltic`t ag nmkjhrc` wktm LHMH. Oaur`lj ag Jcar`k`d H¡slf¡j¡t¡cs,>3<7), 387-37>.

jZ¡a`ols Nlslrcs, I.<<;;3). Rradrail hc C`scül`zl hc Maf¡j¡hahcs hc j`tcrhnn¡þ` ^ln¡lj (RCMK^) parl
`¡üas/lsy ahajcsnc`tc3 (7l. ch.). Csplül? Chktarklj NCRC.

Aroljcs Wkjjlr, j. & Rajlk`a Jarc`tc, L. (6228). Rradraias hc j`tcrvc`n¡þ` Nad`¡t¡va-Na`huntuaj parl `¡-
üas na` Hëgrn¡t hc Ltc`n¡þ` na` M¡pcrantkv¡hlh. Csplül? Chktarklj NCRC. Xcrncrl chknkþ`.

Vknmtcrs, O., Lr`ajh, C., Oc`sc`, R., Lf¡eagg, M., Na``crs, E.. Drcc`mkjj, J., Mk`smslw, ^., Rcjmli, T & ^wl`-
sa`, O. (<;;3). @jkZ8M Najjlfarlt¡vc Iujtks¡tc j,¡ujtkiahlj Xrcltic`t ^tuhy Tktm LHMH? K Flnedrau`h
l`h rlt¡a`lj- Oaur`aj ag Licrknl` Lnlhci¡n Nm¡jh a`h Lhajcsnc`t,>8,;=4-<222.

^mcril`, O., Vlsiussc`, N. & Flyhljl, J. (6227). Xmk`ek`d pas¡t¡vcjy? Maw saic nmlrlntcrkstkns ag
LHMH nl` fc lhlptltkvc l`h lnncptch k` tmc njl33raai. Nmjjhmaah Chunlt¡a`, F6(8),<;7 62<,

Wljlhcz, H., Vcy`ldl, V. (6227). )SWCRKNCY S` pradrlil hc k`tctvc`n¡þ` l `¡üas na`XHLM.

& Hc Ljfl. C.
Wcrskþ` prcjkik`lr. Jlfarltarka hc Chunlnkþ` Cspcnkljy Vcmlfkjktlnkþ`, Hcpta. hc Rsknajadél Lpjk-
nlhl, Nc`tra S`kvcrsktlrka hc N¡c`nkls hc jl 3ljuh, S`kvcrskhlh hc Dulhljlolrl.

Wljlhcz, H., Vcy`ldl, V. & Hc Ljfl, C. (622=). OSWCRKNC? S` prlqruia hc ¡`tcrvc`ha` plrl `tüas .a`
gHLM. Naarhk`lnkþ` hc k`tcdrlnkþ` chunltkvl, ^cnrctlrél hc Chunlnkþ`, Dafkcr`a hcj Cstlha hc
Dul`loulta-

xvkjt
 Vcgcrc`n¡±s

J Wljlhcz, H., Gjarct N., garrcs, C. & Dutkërcz, L. (6226). L`tajadél? Xrlstar`a hc hëgk.kt hc ltc`n¡þ`
na` mkpcrlntkv¡hlh y supcrhatlnkþ` k`tcjcntulj. Jlfarltar¡a hc Chunln¡þ` Cspcnklj y Vcmlfkjktl-
nkþ`, Hcpta. hc Rs¡najadél Lpj¡nlhl, Nc`tra S`¡vcrsktlr¡a hc N¡c`n¡ls hc jl ^ljuh, S`¡vcrskhlh hc
nulhljlolrl.

Wljjcs, L.<<;;4). Ic dustl qu¡ë` say. Rrndraia parn icoarnr cj autana`ncpta, ja auta¡ildc` y jl lutacs-

tjih. jZ¡lhrkh? Chktarklj Cs.ucjl Csplüajl.

xtx
Rlrl glnkj¡tlr cj usa hcj il`ulj OSWCRKNC, 3c ml` khc`gknlha jls 3 ìrcls quc sc hcslrrajjl` c` nlhl
scskþ` na` kna`as quc jls khc`t¡7nl` naia 3kduc?

. Lutana`ncpta-Lutacstkil

. Ltc`nkþ` Wksulj

. Mlfkjkhlhcs ^ankljcs

. Ltc`nkþ` Luhktkvl

. Nrcltkvkhlh

t-.
a
a

ú
J
^C^KA@ <
J
\ukë` say

Na`ancr jl pcrncpnkþ` y na`ncpta quc cj `küa

J- tkc`c hc séiksia.

^c ardl`kzl l jas `küas c` plrcols. S`a hc

cjjas hcfcrì lnastlrsc c` u` traza hafjc
(- hc plpcj nrlgt, prcvklic`tc nartlha <2 ni
iìs drl`hc quc su tlilüa. Cj atra naiplücra
hkfuolrì 3u na`tar`a c` cj plpcj y vkncvcrsl.
Nul`ha jls skjuctls quchc` hkfuolhls c`

J
cj plpcj, jas `küas hcfc` rcnartlrjls y hcna-
rlrjls par lifas jlhas hcj iaha quc hcscc`,
cs hcn¡r, hcnarlha jkfrc.
(- l rcljkzlrcjcstl tlrcl rcnarhì`hajcs
cs ^c jcsquc
iatkvl
sa`
cjjas i¡sias.
Rastcrkaric`tc sc tail jl gkdurl, quc prc-
J vklic`tc sc m¡za hafjc, y sc c`drlpl par jl
ar¡jjl, hcol`ha u`l plrtc lfkcrtl plrl quc sc

J rcjjc`c na` plpcj, tcjl a farrl.

^c jc pkhc l nlhl `¡üa quc par ichka hc
su gkdurl hkdl ja fuc`a (vkrtuhcs) y ja ilja
(Q (hcgcntas) quc t¡c`c ëj naia pcrsa`l.
Hcspucs sc jc prcdu`tl quë qukcrc icoarlr
y quë qukcrc nlifklr.
J
₪ @atl? cs kipartl`tc sajknktlr quc dulrhc`
J ÿ
iuy fkc` cj prahunta nrclha, pucs lj tcrik-
`lr jls scska`cs scrì `ucvlic`tc ut¡jkzlha
§ (c` jl scskþ` 'j 6).

? 32 ik`utas

k ë

ú Rlpcj nrlgt, tScrls, najarcs, pjuia`cs, nrlya-

Kúk Kls, c`drlplharl. cstlifrc, tcjl y farrl.
^C^KÞ@ <

Cjna`cOa il

Z-
Hlr l na`ancr lj `küa jas afoct¡vas y iahas hc
trlflolr cj pradrlil ichkl`tc cj nuc`ta.

^cütlhas c` nérnuja sc `lrrl l jas `küas cj

nuc`ta Cj na`coa Il`nmktls5 cj glnkjktlhar
puchc lpaylrsc na` tétcrcs a hkfuoas plrl
Za crja r'jh, k.YtËr±.tkva ) htrhJttva. Lj g<k Xa
tkcipa sc cspcrl quc cj na`huntar vk`lujc cj
nuc`ta rcjltlha na` jl hk`ìiknl l scdukr hu
rl`tc l k`tcrvc`nkþ` na` cKOSWCRKNC, csta cs,
utkjknc jas rcgarzlharcs, jl jìik`l hc rcdkstra y
jl ilsnatl pradrlil. Cs
partl`tc quc suilic`tc
hcjjas `küas naiprc`h±` ki
jas iatk
vas par jas nuljcs scrì` lnrccharcs l rcgarz±
harcs a, k`njusa, l pc`ljkzlnka`cs.

>2 ik`utas.
K
tK
Ë
Nuc`ta hcj na`coa Il`nmktls, h¡fuoas y/a ¡
tétcrcs
(vcr
ljuskvas lj nuc`ta, jìik`l hc rcd¡stra
l`cxa 6 y >) y rcgarzlharcs. ¡
Ë
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^C^KÞ@ <

Gtourl hcycsa

Cstkiujlr cj na`traj hc kipujsas y jl iatrknk-

hlh, lsénaia jl nlpln¡hlh hc hciarl.

^c c`trcdl lj `¡üa u`l gkdurl hc ycsa hc

tlilüa rcdujlr, jl nulj puchc csnadcr l su
dusta. ^c jc pa`c lj grc`tc u`l fl`hcol hc Z-.
pk`turls hc najarcs. ldul y pk`ncjcs, na` cj
afoctkva hc quc jas naiplrtl na` sus nai-
plücras y jas pkhl nul`ha jas `cncsktc.
Rahrì pk`tlrjl naia dustc, skciprc y
nul`ha pk`tc sþja jl iktlh. 3¡ ljdÿ` `küa na-
ikc`zl pk`tlrjl
tahl,sk sc
nkþ` y scl Kc prcdu`tl jc rcpktc jl k`strun-
jl naiprc`hkþ5 sc jcs
k`hknl quc c` atrl scskþ` tc`hrì` apartu`k-
hlh hctcrik`lr su gkdurl (c` jl scskþ` <6).

>2 ik`utas.
§

*
c
Gkdurl hc ycsa (u`l par `küa), pk`turls hc
ldul, p¡`ncjcs, ldul y u` trlpkta. cú
₪
 r K
a
aa (

l
a
a
ú-
(
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a
a Z

K K¡
 ^C^KA@ 6
(.--
tutk glik/kl cs lsé
(
(-'
Na`ancr cj c`tar`a glikjklr hcj `küa y nþia
lK?jj pcrn¡fc Ka quc su glikjkl apk`h hc cj.
K

J, Jl lntkvkhlh na`skstc c` quc nlhl `küa

prcsc`tc l jas k`tcdrl`tcs hc su glikjkl par
J ichka hc gkdurls a nlrctls prcv¡lic`tc khc`-
tkgknlhls par cjjas. C` jl prcsc`tlnkþ`, cj `küa
hcfcrì na`s¡hcrlr ljdu`as hc jas skdukc`tcs
pu`tas? " ic`nka`lr cj `aifrc hc sus glikjkl-
rcs, * hcsnrkfkr nþia sa`, ' cxpa`cr jl ap¡`kþ`

J quc nlhl u`a hc jas k`tcdrl`tcs tkc`c lncrnl

hc ë<. * cxpjknlr par quë sc c`aol` na`ëja par

J pa`c`
mlncrscna`
quë nlhlgcjkncs,
ikcifra* hcnkr
hc su quë jc dustl
glikj¡l.
^k jas `¡rkas `a qu¡crc` utkjkzlr jls gkdurls,
puchc` uslr u`l nlrtujk`l c` jl quc hkfuoc`
l jas i¡cifras hc su glikjkl y mlfjc` lncrnl

t hc cjjas.

J
N
l
§
n

§ 62 ik`utas.

C Gkdurls a nlrctls hc jl glikj¡l hc nlrtþ`, tcjl,

ú
plpcj ilnmë u atra iltcrklj, nlrtuj¡`ls y
J najarcs.
sCsrÞ@ 6

± \uë

Ratc`nklr c` cj `küa jl nlplnkhlh hc ganlj¡zlr

su ltc`nkþ` ichkl`tc
tc`khlic`tc cjoucda
jas cstéiujas quc scy jcafscrvlrhc-
prcsc`tl`.

^c ut¡j¡zl` `a iìs hc 62 gkdurls hkgcrc`tcs?gru-

tls, l`kiljcs, nasls. ^c csplrnc` c` cj 3ucja
tahls jls gkdurls y sc hl` 62 scdu`has l jas `¡-
üas, sc`tlhas c` nérnuja, plrl quc jl3 afscrvc`
hctc`khlic`jc. 3c jcs pkhc quc n¡crrc` jas aoas
ikc`trls cj naarhk`lhar rctkrl u`l gk durl. Nul`-
ha ja3 lfrl`,jas `¡üas hcfc` khc`tkgknlr nuìjglj
tl. gj prkicra quc khc`t¡gkquc jl glUl`tc, dl`lrì
u` pu`ta.
^c rcdrcsl jl gkdurl na` cj rcsta y sc rcpktc jl
lntkvkhlh vlrkls vcncs. Dl`l cj `küaquc lnuiu-
jc 3 pu`tas.

¡
<3 ik`utas
K
c

G¡durls hkgcrc`tcs (l`kiljct naslt nai¡hl, gru-

C
tls) iltcr¡lj. na` galiy. nlrtþ` a nuljqukcr
atra cjlfarlhls
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J
Jls scks h,gcrc,
(.

J
Cstkiujlr c` cj `küa jl nlpl.khlh hc ltc`nkþ` y
hc hksnrkik`lnkþ` pcrncptkvl ichkl`tc cstéiu-
jas vksuljcs-

J ^c c`trcdl l nlh± `küa u`l maol.a` cj cocrnk-

nka narrcspa`hkc`tc l jl scskþ` na` has hkfuoas
lplrc`tcic`tc kduljcs (LW K ). ^c jcs k`hknl quc
sþja mly 7 hjgcrc`nkls y quc hcfc` c`na`trlr
<ls y c`ncrrlrjls c` u` nérnuja na` cj najar quc
ZQ prcgkcrl`.

J
J

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J K
t ;
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t
?,j
<2 ik`utas.
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K §

Maols hcj ckcrn¡n¡a LW-< y najarcs.

J
Z- C
 70
^cskþ` 6
. C`nuc`trl jls scks hkgcrc`nkls quc mly c`trc cstas hkfuoas.

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jhc`tgnl r u`l
Z.

\uc cj `küa jhc`tküquc prafjcils quc puchc

tc`cr c` jl k`tcrlnnkþ` sanklj y rcgjcxka`c sa
frc l paskfk khlh hc sajunéa`lrjas hc hkstk`tls
il`crl3.
(,
^c prcdu`tl l jas `küas, sc`t±has c` nérnuja,
K
' jra`cr ajd. P praf n`l c` 3¡r rcraJ a` (a`
sus naiplücÉas, pÉagcsarcs a glikjkl. Cj g±nj
,jhha'pah'h ë.pa`ë ljdurls hc jl? ;ukc`
tcs prcdu`tls plrl quc scl` hksnutkhls c` jl
scskþ` y jas `küas puchl` mlfjlr kfrcic`tc

l safrc cj tcil? ±nþia slfcias quc ljdukc`

tkc`c u` praf cil1, ±quë puchc ml.crsc1,
±quë prafjcils ^ctkc`csX, mlfqukë`cs
±na` tkc`cs
J. r¡ìs prafjcils1 jcs hcol lr jkfrcic`tc
y sc na`tk`ÿl .a` jls k`tcrradl`tcs. ^c puchc
utkjkzlr jl maol hc supucstas prafjci±s sk jas
`küas `a jas cxprcsl`.
Jas prafjcils pjl`tclhas sc l`atl` c` cj
pkzlrrþ`, a fkc`, sc hkfuol` c` nlsa hc cstlr
K
na` `küas iìs pcqucüas.
Jucda hc <2 ik`utas sc cs pjhc quc hc`
vlrkls khcls plrl sa unja`lr nlhl u`a hc jas
praf cils pjl`tclhas. ^c na`njuyc l lnt¡vk
hlh rcgjcxka`l`ha safrc jl kipartl`nk± hc
khc`tkgknlr prkicra cj prafjcil plrl jucda
fusnlr sus paskfjcs sajunka`cs.

jk

62 ik`utas

Z
§

>
Maol hc supucstas prafjcils, pk`tlrrþ`, pk-

J zlrrþ`, ilrnlharcs a qkscs hc najarcs y farr±

C
har plrl pk`tlrrþ` a pkzlrrþ`.
Tggj¡¡kkrjjú,k,,,? scskþ`6,.,hOkjkjggk s¡L
"jhc`tkgknlr u`l sktulnkþ` prafjcil"
Maol hc supucstas prafjcils
Cocipjas plrl prcdu`tlr?

'j) Jj` `küa iìs pcqucüa quc ya, a hc ikchlh, qukcrc pcjclr na`ikda y `a së parquc
6) jZ8k iliì ic rcdlüþ par ljda quc `a mknc.
>)X¡rë cjnulhcr`a hc Oul` s¡` qucrcr lj plslr par su csnr¡tarka.
8) Cstay c` njlscs y `a jadra c`tc`hcr u`l jcnn¡þ` a ic hkstrlkda.
quc
3) S` likda iéa cs iuy drascra y hknc quc ya hcfa scr kdulj ë<.

^c sudkcrc prcdu`tlr l jas `küas sk ljdukc` ml tc`kha u` prafjcil plrcnkha pa-

-quc
hcias mlncr plrl `a sc`tkr`as ilj l`tc cj prafjcil. nuìjcs sa` jls ljtcr`lt¡vls plrl
sajun¡a`lrja- y ic`nka`lrjcs ljdu`ls vc`tlols y hcsvc`tlols hc nlhl ljtcr`lt¡vl hc
sajunkþ`.

K
¡
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 ^C^KA@ 6
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Xc/lrlül
J
(
Glikjklrkzlr l jas `küas na` jas `aifrcs hc sus

J naiplücras ikc`trls sc cstkiujl jl ltc`nkþ` y

jl iciarkl k`ichkltl luhktkvl.

Z ^c`tlhas c` nérnuja 3c hl l u`a hc jas `küas u`l

fajl hc mkjlzl. Ëstc tailrì jl pu`tl sk` sajtlrjl
y, hknkc`ha su `aifrc, jl Kl`zlrì lj naiplücra
J quc dustc, cj nulj sastc`hrì cj m¡ja, rcpctkrì cj
`aifrc hcj prkicr naiplücra y hkrì cj suya lj
tkcipa quc jl`zl jl fajl l atra naiplücra. ëstc
sastc`hrì cj m¡ja, h¡rì cj `aifrc hcj prkicra y
scdu`ha naiplücra y cj suya l jl vcz quc jl`-
J zl jl fajl lj nulrta naiplücra, ëstc Kl sast¡c`c

J has cj `aifrc
ynaiplücra hcj pr¡icra,
y cj suya.
garilhl u`l tcjlrlül.
scdu`ha
Rana l pana y tcrncr
quchlrì na`-

Lmarl, cj ÿjtkia rcdrcsl jl fajl ljtcrncra hk-

nkë`hajc su `aifrc, ëstc l c`rchl y jl lvkc`tl

t
lj scdu`ha naiplücra hknkc`ha cj `aifrc hcj
nulrta naiplücra y cj hc ë<, y lsésuncskvlic`-
tc mlstl jjcdlr lj prkicr naiplücra quc tkc`c
jl pu`tl hc jl m¡jlzl, cj nulj rcpctkrì tahas jas
`aifrcs y hcolrì c`rchlhl naipjctlic`tc jl
fajl.
Cstl lntkvkhlh sc puchc mlncr iìs naipjcol
s¡ Kcs pchkias quc lplrtc hc su `aifrc hkdl`

J quë jcs dustl mlncr, vcr aoudlr.

<2 ik`utas
l
C

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C

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S`l fajl hc mkjlzl a cstlifrc

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Jatcrél

Cstkiujlr jl ltc`nkþ` y hksnrki¡`lnkþ` luhktkvl.

^c utkjkzl u`l jatcrél na` hkvcrsas c3téiujas

v¡suljcs, sc jcs hknc l jas `küas quc ja quc cs-
nunmlrl scrì` sajlic`tc sa`khas y quc hc-
fcrì` khc`tkgknlr hc quc sc trltl`, janljkzl`
ha c` su tlroctl y pa`cr u`l gknml c` cj judlr
narrcspa`hkc`tc.

6
>
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ü

k
62 ik`utas.

g
¡
Xlr.octl cstéiuja, nh na` sa`khas (safrc jls
¡
tlroctls cstéiujas) jcntar hc nhs y ünmls. C
k
 ^C^KA@ 6

L`kiljktas
J
J Hcslrrajjlr l nlplnkhlh kilqk`ltkvl y nrcltkvl
ichkl`tc jl pjlstkjk`l.

(
^c prapar.ka`l l jas `küas pjlstkjk`l hc naja
rpZ ph±l quþ rclj ncr .r` h`kr`hj i±dk`±rka
J ( aj-aajja. du)jc|.. Cj 'hJkj thhar hhrl arkc.<
tlnka`cs l jas `küas hc nþia cjlfarlr cj
l`kiljckcdkha.

(.

J.
J
t

JN ₪

62 i¡`utas.
>

J C
*
R lstkjk`l hc najarcs.

J ¡
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Ik csnuc/lyya
Z-,

Na`ancr cj c`tar`a cslajlr hcj `küa y nþia sc

pcrnkfc c` ë<.

Rar ichka hc u`l jìik`l a ilquctl hc jl cs

nuc l, nlhl `küa `as hlrì hltas safrc ëstl, ja
J quc jc dustl y ja quc `a c dustl. Naic`tlrì`
c`trc tahas ja quc icoar jcs sljc c` jl (Ysl u cjl
y ja quc jcs sljc ilj. ^c hcfcrì nrclr u` li
fkc`tc hc na`gkl`zl qJrc cs pcriktl cxprcslr
sus pc`slikc`tas. ^c hcfcrì ia`ktarclr l
J lntkvkhlh y par'rcr ltc`nkþ` l jas naic`tlrkas,
plr± khc`tkgk.lr paskfjcs prafjcils na`hun
tuljcs c` c lujl y naiprc`hcr na` ilyar
pragu`hkhlh jl pcrncpnkþ` quc c `küa tkc`c
hc na`tcxta cs(ajlr.

N
¡

?
? 62 ik`utas
?
k

¡
ú
Jìik`± a ilquctl hc jl csnucjl

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^C^KA@ >

Iciarlr`l

Cstjiu lr jl ltc`nkþ` y jl iciarkl vksulj

^c pa`c` c` cj sucja y c` gk l ls tlkctls hcj ic

.arhrh ma -ka hp Y2 ür j-,ks a ) phrp.
q.ü-hha:ë`a..ja.."hh'traj-Zh.j"rh pat
tur`a 6 tlrkctls plrl ga``lr u` plr. C` nlsa hc
garilrja, na`t `ulrì jcvl`t±`ha t±roctls. Nul`
ha `a garic iìs plrcs, lchcrì c tur`a lj `küa
quc sc c`nuc`trc l jl hcrcnm±-

?
>
t
j3 ik`utas

d
t*
Xlroctls cstÉr`uja (6 hc nlhl u`l, pucntc` scÉ
l`jiljcs, nasls, grutls). C
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 ^C^KA@ >
ZQ"
¡Gkltcy napklj
(-
Cstkiujlr c` cj `küa jl nlplnjhlh hc ltc`nkþ`

J v,-±<. l.kna'ra jl ujkjk,,l(ka` hc (aarhk,jh(ka<

vksaiatrkz.

^c c`trcdl lj `küa u`l maol hcj cocrnknka LW 6

narrcspa`hkc`tc y sc jc k`hknl quc ëstl tkc`c
t, Jr`a scrrc hc hrf,oaZ. ja. , Jhrc. hpfPrh .ap ,r' h
u` jlha ja icoar paskfjc.
Rlrl glnkjktlr cstl tlrcl, jl maol cs nulhrknu lh±
yc hkfuoa cstì hcjkiktlha par nulhras plrl quc
jc`d±` j,r apJ a` ha Jajthr y ;u h'Zc <jcoar.
J

(Q

J
'<3 ik`utas.

K
*
C
§ Maols hcj cocrnknka LW 6 narrcspa`hkc`tc, naja-
ú rcs a ìpkncs.
t
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^C^KA@ >
^a`rcéry rctr

\uc cj `küa naiprc`hl jl kipartl`nkl hc

sa`rcér y rcér l sus naiplücras
ilyar lncrnlikc`ta plrl jadrlr u`
na` cj drupa.

^c k`knkl prcdu`tl`ha l jas `küas qukë` jcs ml

sa`rcéha lj jjcdlr y l qukë` jc ml` sa`rcéha, cj
iatkva hc jl sa`rksl, nþia sc sk`tkcra` y par
quë na`skhcrl` kipartl`tc sa`rcé¡ a nuì`ha
cs lhcnulha mlncrja y nuì`ha `a.
Hcspuës, plrl ncrrlr ¡l lntkvkhlh, sc jcs
pkhc quc garic` plrc.ols y sc jcs cxpjknl quc
c` hctcrik`lhls sktulnka`cs mly quc sa`
rcér plrl hciastrlr lncptlnkþ`, ldrlha hk
vcrskþ`. Rlrl cjja cs `cncslrka ikrlr l jlaatrl
pcrsa`l l jl nlrl y lnaiplülr jl sa`rksl na`
atrls na`huntls vcrfljcs (grlscs) a `a vcrfl
jcs (dcstas) lnarhcs (sc jcs pkhc quc a mldl`
na` su plrcol).
Ha.auc' sc cs 32 k( jh quc par p±rcQ±s cs
lc`kmqup` u`h s tu±n þ` cQ j± nul' 3a`rcjr cs
lhcnulha y atrl c` jl quc cstl lnnkþ` `a scl
na`druc`tc. Ljgk`lj sc jcs pkhc quc naic`tc`
nþia sc sk`tkcra`.a` jl lntkvkhPh

n
tk

62 iÉ`utas.

Rlrl lyuhlr lk drupa sc puchc` hlr khcls hc

t
Ë
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csnc`kgknlnkþ`. C
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..
ZQQ
Nlfljjas
J
J Cstkiujlr jl ltc`nkþ` luhtkvl y l ±ntkvkhlh
J iatarl

Rlrlhas ygaril`ha u`l jÉ`cl marÉza`tljl nlhl

`küa sc cpa`ccj `ÿicra<,6,>,8,3, rcspcntk-
l vlr`c`tc c` cj pcnma y c` l cspljhl l il`cr±
hc Oanecy. ^c jcs pkhc quc csnunmc` ltc`tl
ic`tc kls k`strunlja`cs quc vkc`c` l`cxls c`
jl maol cstéiuja.
^c jcs hknc quc rcprcsc`tlrì` u`as llfljjas
J janas y hcfcrì` ltc`hcr jls k`hk.lnka`cs tlj
nulj sc cs vl` jcyc`ha paÉ cjnaic`tlrkstl.
Z

J
J

<2 ik`utas.

J
@ÿicras hcj < lj 3 mcnmas c` nlrtujk`l y nk`

tl lhmcskvl.
nlfljjas Maol cstéiuja
(lu`quc safrc jl nlrrcrl
puchc iahkgknlrsc scdÿ`hcjl
k`tcrprctlnkþ` hcj naic`tlrkstl).
J
J

§
^cskþ` >

Nlfljjas janas
Jl lntkvkhlh sc hcfc rclj¡zlr c` u` csplnka jkfrc y sk` afstìnujas. sc jc c`trcdl l nlhl
`küa u` `ÿicra plrl quc ja najaquc ljgrc`tc y c` jl cspljhl skiujl`ha su "`uicra hc
nlfljja'5 cjjas scrì` sus prapkas o¡`ctcs, hcfcrì` csnunmlr lj `lrrlhar y rcljkzlr naia
nlfljja tahas ja3 iavki¡c`tas quc sc jcs k`hknl, k`njusa cj dljapc hc jas iksias..

F¡c`vc`¡has scülrns, sc ¡`¡n¡l jl nlrrcra na` ja prcsc`tln¡þ` hc jls nafajjas hc`trn

hc naha u`a hc jas nlgt¡jcs, cj nlfajjl `uicrn < (sc ¡`h¡na quc mqdl u` sljuha)j cj
nafljja `uicra 6 (sc ¡`h¡nl `ucvaic`tc su sajuha.-. asé suncs¡vlic`tc na` jl nl`
t¡hlh hc nlfljjas quc cx¡stl`). jZ"|uy f¡c` mcias tcri¡`ahl jl prcsc`tan¡þ`, lmarn
`as prcparlrcils patl jl slj¡ha, cstas nafljjls parcnc` cstlr l`s¡asls par narrcr, sc
c`nuc`trl` c` sus naoa`cs ljfarntlhas c k`tc`tl`hl slj¡Fc hc su judlr, sc iucvc`
iunmés¡ia, hl` patahls, fk`nas, rnj¡`nma`, pcrn hcfc` csnunmat cj s¡jfltlza hc sl
jkha parl naic`zar cj dljapc... j¡stls, u`a... has... [ gucrnal... sljc` dljapl`hl
jas nlfljjas, hc pra`ta mly u` flnmc y hcfc` sljtlt ljta, s¡duc` dljapa`hl mlsta
jjcdlr l u` arfusta quc hcfc` nruzlr hc pu`t¡tas, s¡quc` qljapa`ha y rctk`nma`5 lj
jjcdat l u`a nurvl hcfc` hlr vucjtl l jl ¡zqukcrha plra rndrcslr a jas nlrrkjcs, hc
prl`ta manc iunma l¡c y jas nafajjas janas nli¡c`zl` a d¡rar, s¡duc` dljapl`hl
pcranai¡c`za` ldkrnJ.. rctlil` su nlik`ay pata jjcdara jl ictl hcfc` lpjluh¡t
y nm¡gjlr, na`t¡`ÿl` dajlpa`ha lprkctl` cj plsa y hc úa`ta sc c`nuc`tra` na` u`
d¡da`tc, hcfc` dajaplr jc`ta jc`ta, pasa` aj q¡ql`tc s¡` hcspcttarja y sc afscrva jl
ÿjt¡il vucjtl l jl hcrcnml, ha` jl vucjta rìp¡haic`tc s¡duc` dajapl`hl y nai¡c`
za` a nruzlr ja ictl.-. ajjjcdar jas nlfljjas scc`luc`tra` cxmaustas, mlifr¡c`tas
y nl` iunml sch- - - ml s¡ha u`a cxncjc`tc narrcrl hc nlfljjas janls. ₪
₪

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J Cstkiujlr jl ltc`nkþ` y jl hksnr¡ik`lnkþ` luhktkvl

J ^c c`trcql l nlhl `küa jl maol hc rcdkstra LL-j

y sc jc hknc quc hcfcrì csnunmlr na` ltc`nkþ`
J y hkfuolr c` cj nulhrkta narrcspa`hkc`tc u`l
nruz par nlhl pljlfrl quc akdl, cxncpta jls quc
naikc`zl` na` "l".
J Nrktcrka hc nljkhlh?8 crrarcs.

J 3 ik`utas-

J Maol rcdkstra LL-< narrcspa`hkc`tc plrl nlhl

`küa y maol hc pljlfrls plrl cj glnkjktlhar.
J
t Jl "C" `2
J Cstkiujlr jl ltc`n¡þ` y jl hksnr¡ik`ln¡þ`
luhktkvl.

JJ ?
^c c`trcdl l nlhl `küa jl maol hc rcdkstra
'j
LL y sc jc hknc quc hcfcrì csnunmlr na`
ltc`nkþ` y hkfuolr u`l nruz par nlhl pljl-
3
{. frl quc csnunmc, cxncpta jls quc naikc`
zl` na` "c'?
Nrktcr¡a hc nlj¡hlh? 8 crrarcs.

J ?
3 ik`utas.

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¡ pljlfrls plrl cj glnkjktlhar.

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c`trc tahas hurl`tc 6 scska`cs.
^c k`knkl pkhkc`ha l u` `küa quc k`gjc cj dja K
fa. Jucda, c`trc tahas, naikc`zl` l nufrkr a
na` 62 nlpls a iìs hc pcrkþhkna y c`druha.
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has plrtknkpc`. Cs kipartl`tc quc nlhl k`tc-
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hc `küas y sc jcs lskd`l 3 a <2 ik`utas plrl
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oucdas na` atrl plrcol.

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prcdu`tl`ha qukë` puchc pa`cr u`

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quë allska`cs puchc` scrja y c` nuìjcs `a,
lsé naia na` quë pcrsa`ls cs na`vc`kc`tc
scr nartës.
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rcols y sc jcs cxpjénl quc plrl naipartlrsc
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scdukr cj lpjlusa.
^c jcs cxpjknl` jls pasknka`cs quc hcfc`
lhaptlr scdÿ` cj `ÿicra hc lpjlusas (j
lpjlusa sc skc`tl`,6 sc plrl`,> sc mk`nl`,8
sc lnucstl`).
^c rcdkstrl`, c` jl maol cstéiuja LL-6. jas
lnkcrtas a crrarcs naictkhas par nlhl `¡`a y sc
atardl pu`taaftc`dl
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tkpa pjl`a nlrtcskl`a53c ut¡jkzlrì Kl maol cstéiuja
LL narrcspa`hkc`tc. Cj glnkjktlhar jcs k`garilrì
quc hcfc` pa`crltc`n¡þ` l jls naarhc`lhls quc
sc hlrì`, pucs l plrtkr hc cjjls pahrì` na`strukr
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na` cjja jl htc`nka` hc jas ljui`as, sc sudkcrc
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quc tr±floþ c` jl scskþ` K plrl quc tcrik`c
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ciankþ` hcj rastra quc jc sljdl y nar`c`tlrì
c` quë sktulnka`cs ml cxpcrjic`tlha csl
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likdas, csnucjl, tlrcls...

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y scüìjljls (puchcs l`atlr atrls).

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^c hlrì l nlhl `küa u`l maol na` u`l scr¡c hc

scnuc`nkls. Jls maols cstéiuja vlrél` scdÿ` jl
chlh. Jl hk7nujtlh vl c` luic`ta scdu`
jl chlh a nlplnkhlh hcj `küa plrl hksnrki¡
`lr c`trc cstéiujas. ^c jcs ¡`hknl quc hcfcrì`
lnaiahlr c` arhc` jls scnuc`nkls a, c` taha
nlsa, naipjctlr ha`hc mldl gljtl.
Jucdq sc jcs pchkrì quc `lrrc` u`l frcvc
mkstar¡l hc u`± scrkëhc scnucünkls.

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drlr jl rcsajunkþ` hc u` prafjcil na` flsc c`
jl arkc`tlnkþ` csplnklj.

^c csna`hcrì u` afocta cjcdkha par jas `küas,

puchc scr.uljqukcr nasl pcqucül. Cj naar
hk`lhar jcs vc`hlrì jas aoas y jcs hlrì jls
k`strullka`cs hc nþia y l hþ`hc iavcrsc
plrl c`na`trlr cj afocta csna`hkha (lhcjl`tc,
l jl hcrcnml, lfloa).

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cj nc`tra, pa` u`.knuja iìs pcqucüa lrrkfl
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cst¡iujlr jl iatrknkhlh gk`l.

Jas `küa3 hcnarlrì` l su dusta jl p¡ültl quc Z-

naic`zlra` c` jl scskþ` >. Cj glnkjktlhar hcfc-
rì narrafarlr quc cstë j¡stl plrl cj hcnarlha,
csta cs,ja sugknkc`tcic`tc hurl plrl trlflolrjl.
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plrl ut¡jkzlrjl c` Kl scskþ` <6.

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lutana`ncpta. y cj

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^c jcc ljdrupa jl mkstarkl hc Ilrtml (cocrnknka
LC-4). Rastcrkaric`tc sc jcs prcdu`tl 32-
frc cj nuc`ta (cocrnknka LC-=) y sc jcs hl, hc
il`crl ¡`hkvkhulj, u`l maol plrl na`tcstlr
J jls prcdu`tls.
^c naic`tl safrc jl ¡ipartl`nkl hc tc`cr
u` na`ncpta paskt¡va hc séiksia.

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Ilrtml, jl prcanupa`l
Ilrtml crl u`l `kül quc sc jl plslfl tr¡stc jl ilyar plrtc
hcj tkcipa y `lhkc slfél par quë. ^us likdas jc prcdu`tl-
ra` quë jc anurrél y cjjl `a jcs hcnél `lhl parquc sc`tél vcr-
dúc`zl hc ja quc puhkcrl` pc`sc'Nc cjjl. KZ8lrtml skciprc
pc`slfl quc crl gcl, quc `a slfél mlncr fkc` jls nasls hc jl
csnucjl, quc crl u`l `kül iuy hcsafchkc`tc na` sus plhrcs,
77 Z--
lhciìs hc quc crl lfurr¡hl y iunméskils nasl3 iìs.Xaha
ja quc pc`slfl lncrnl hc cjjl crl` nasls `cdltkvls. S` hél jc
na`tþ tahls cstls nasls quc pc`slfl l su likdl Lj¡nkl y ëstl K
jc rcspa`hkþ? crcs gcl1 Rucs...
quc
-±C` vcrhlh nrccs
ya nrca quc sé-rcspa`hkþ j'8lrtml. k@a hkdls csls nasls,
l-Y
Ilrtml
-jc hkoa Ljknkl-.Xÿ crcs tl` fa`ktl naia nuljqukc-
rl hc jls `küls hcj sljþ`. ±C` vcrhlh1 prcdu`tþ KZ¡lrtml.
supucsta ±Cstìs scdurl quc `a slfcs mlncr fkc` jls
-kRar
nasls hc jl csnucjl1
-jc hkoa Ljknkl-. Cstay scdurl`ahc quc mly nasls`lhl-
quc tÿ slfcs mlncr
iuy fkc`. ¡Ì`hljc, hkic ljdu`ls Ilrtml Rucs.. - së, `a 3ë mlncr quc sé
-¡Njlra
slfcs -jc rcspa`hkþ Ljknkl-, ±3lfcs csnrkfkr1, ±slfcs kjuik`lr1, ±slfcs jccr1, ±slfcsoudlr
nucrhl1, ±slfcs lyuhlr l jas hciìs nul`ha tc `cncsktl`1, ±slfcs k`vc`tlr oucdas1 ^k rcs
pa`hcs l tahls cstls prcdu`tl3, scdura quc c`na`trlrls ljdÿ` séy rcspa`hcrìs ic`as quc
`a hc ja quc tÿ nrccs. @a hcfcs prcanuplrtc sk mly ljda quc `a tc dustc hc tk, ja puchcs 6

nlif¡lr Hkncs quc `a crcs afchkc`tc c` tu nlsl, scdurlic`tc séafchcncs l tus plpìs c`
iunmls anlska`cs, ±hkic ljdu`ls1 `a së Ilrtml. Rkë`slja fkc` jc
-Rucs -rcspa`hkþ
húa Ljknkl , y vcrìs naia sé afchcncs c` iunmls nasls. Hcfcs pc`slr c` jls nasls quc tÿ
slfcs mlncr, c` jls nasls fuc`ls5jls ic`as fuc`ls jls puchcs nlifklr.
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Cst¡iujlr jl ltc`nkþ` sastc`khl y jl cgknlnkl

ltc`nka`lj.

3c hlrì l nlhl `küa u`l maol hcj cocrnknka

LW-7 jl scskþ`5 hcfcrì` na`tcstlr Kl quc
narrcspa`hl l su chlh. Nlhl maol na`t¡c`c
u`l scrkc hc nérnujas pcquc-üas quc hcfc-
rì` najarclr s¡` slj¡rsc hcj ilrdc`yhcu`a
c` u`a.
C` nlsa hc quc jas `küas `a na`njuyl` jl
lntkvkhlh c` cj tkcipa cstlfjcnkha, puchc`
Kjcvìrscjl plrl tcrik`lrjl c` nlsl.
Nrktcrka hc nljkhlh?3 crrarcs

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raipcnlfczls hcj hkfuoa l`cxa nuya tlil
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hc jas `küas.
^c c`trcdl` l ja3 `küas jls pkczls hcj rai
{-, pcnlfczls plrl quc ja lric` c`trc taha3.
S`l vcz lrilha, sc jcs pkhc quc c`nuc`-
trc` c` ëstc nlhl u`l hc jls gkdurls quc sc ml
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lj nc`tra y pchkrjc quc jc hkdl l u¡a hc sJjs
.a r ahlGra u` c adta. JJcda Pj naj¡p"`a a
hcfc ldrlhcncr cj cjadka hcvajvjë`hascja l
su naiplücra (cs hcnkr, quc lmarl ëj jc hkdl
J l da pasktjva).
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quc puchc` rcsujtlrlfsurhas. Hcfcrì` ¡hc`tk-
gknlr hþ`hc sc c`nuc`trl ja lfsurha c ¡`tc`tlr
rcspa`hcrjas a l`ljkzlrjas plrl rctraljkic`tlr
c`trc tahas jl lntkvkhlh.
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jas `küas y sc jcs hknc quc hcfc¡ì` csnunmlr na`
ltc`.kþ` y csnrkfkr jas `ÿicras <,6,>... parn±hl
pljlfrl quc akd±` y quc @A tcrik`c na` ^5 c`
nlsa hc tcrik`lr na` ^, hcfcrì` hkfuolr u` trkì`
du'a Hë.pu.. hc ( hhh K h<;. ja h `u<<ërh ka¡
cipczlrì hc `ucva na` <,6,>..., hc tlj r¡lücrl
quc cj cocrnknja puchc K cdlr l tc`cr naia rcsuj

tlha
jlfrlscjyskdukc`tc rcdkstra
hc jl mkstarkl? hcpc`hkc`ha
<,),>, <,6,>,<,3,hc<,6.
jls pl
(-h'-Yha n. r.rük`c hc hh j±Z k`(tru, rta`a..
sc laic`zlÉì l hkntlr hc il`crl pluslhl nlhl
u`a hc jas tcxtas quc lplrcnc` c` l maol cs
téiuja, plrl quc cj ljui`a rcspa`hl naia cj
rcdkstra c.ocip a.

j2 ik`utas.

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pa`él su ljlril l jls scks hc jl ilhrudlhl.
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( F. Njlrl tc`Él u` hkc`tc gjaoa, quc sc iavél iìs y iìs, y oudlfl l cipuolrja

na` jl jc`dul. S`l ilül`l sc jc nlyþ y ka pusa floa su ljiamlhl plrl nl`-
oclrja par ia`chls hc vck`tc.

JJ'
N. C` u` rck`a jcol`a vkvél` hrlda`cs y prk`ncsls, l jas nuljcs jcs dustlfl
J plsclr par cj fasquc hurl`tc taha cj hél plrl na`vkvkr na` jas d`aias.

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ikc`trls sc trlflol jl iatrknkhlh gk`l.
Xrlflolr na` cj `küa mlfkjkhlhcs sankl cs
ichkl`tc cj trlfloa c` cqukpa y patc¡.klr cj
pc`s±ikc`ta nrcltkva.
J 3c jcs praparnka`lrì cj iltcrklj plrl ÉcljkzlÉ
u`± afrl na` tétcrcs, pcra hcfcrì` mlncr usa
J hc su kildk`lnkþ` y nrcltkvkhlh plrl cjlfarlr
jas tétcrcs y nrclr jl mkstarkl. Rrkicra sc jcs pkhc

l quc c` 3 ik`utas sc pa`dl` hc lnucrha plrl

cjcdkr jl mkstarjl y as pcrsa`locs (iìxkia 8),
hcspuës sc naikc`zl na` jl cjlfarlnkþ` hc jas
pcrsa`locs.

lJ Rastcrkaric`tc sc mlnc l prcsc`tlnkþ` hc

jl afrl. Na` cjja sc prapknkl c` jas `küas j± nl
plnrhlh hc rj¡pravrZhr h h ada. y aË .rël k
jSh, ta`c, `-RWh,- hhë.r hZ þoër.cü l rrcÉAr l
J l narta pjlza lj tc`cr quc rcnarhlr nuìj cs cj
tcr¡l nc`trlj hc su afrl.

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jZ¡ltcrklj plrl rcljkzlr jas tktcrcs? fajsls hc

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plpcj, tkocrls, najarcs, pjuia`cs, plpcj nmk
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sajunka`cs plrl c`grc`tlrjas.

t ^c pkhc l jas `küas quc ichkl`tc u` hkfuoa

hc` l na`ancr 3us r¡kchas.
Rastcrkaric`tc sc cs jcc cj nuc`ta"Nlrjas
k- vc`nc sus ikchas" hcj cocrnknka LC-;, quc sc
rcjlnka`l na` ja naic`tlha prcvklic`tc.
J Rar ÿjtkia sc jcs prcdu`tl quë nasls ml-
nc` plrl vc`ncr sus ikchas y sc jcs mlfjl hc
Ol kipartl`lÉl hc c`grc`tlrjas.

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jas dltas quc vcél par jl nljjc y, c` dc`crlj, l tahas kas dl
tas. Nul`ha vcél u`a sc sc`tél iuy ilj?drktlfl, suhlfl, sc
cnmlfl l narrcr y jjarlfl. ^k` ciflrda, jas dltas `a jc ml l
nÉl` `lhl, `k skqukcrl ja ikrlfl`, `a 3c jc lrrkilfl`. ^u ikc

c
ha crl cxncskva y jc iajcstlfl quc tahas as hÉls, lj rcdrcslr
hc jl csnucjl, tuvkcrl quc sugrkr tl`ta. Lsk quc u` hél, L8lrna,
u` `küa ilyar quc ëj quc tlifkë` jcs mlfél tc`kha iunma
lrkcha h jaZ dhtan ì h'a .j skdutc`jc a`Zëoa?

Nul`ha tc c`nuc`trcs trl`qukja c` tu nlsl, kr`ldÉ`ltc quc plsls par hcj±`tc hc u`

dlta y `a anurrc `lhl, cj dlta `k skqukcrl tc ikrl y tÿ plsls sk` lsustlrtc. Rkc`sl c` c a
hurl`tc l du`as r¡k`utas. Hcspuës tc hkncs l tk r`ksia? kay iuy vlj¡c`tc, mc s¡ha nlplz
hc i¡rar l u` data y lsustaric paqu¡ta, `a mc jjarlha `k ic mc pucstl `crv¡asa. Rucha
vc`nct qj i¡cha.
±Nþia slfcs csta1 jc rcspa`hkþ Nlrjas.
Ic ja c`scüþ u`l pcrsa`l quc slfkl iunma safrc cs
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pa.a guc vc`nkc`ha su ikcha. Nlrjas tlifkë` pkhkþ lyuhl
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c`trcdl` jas tlfjcras y jls gknmls. Nlhl qukc`
J scrì cj hcgc`sar hc su rck`a, par ja quc hcfc`
kr lj grc`tc y quktlr l su na`trk`nl`tc5 sc jcs
cxpjknl nþia puchc`'taicrsc" jls gknmls hc
jQ sus naiplücras y jls rcdjls cspcnéünls hcj
oucda.

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zlr hc`tra hc u` pjl`a u`l scnuc`nkl hc rutlt
quc hcfcrì h¡snrkik`lr hc`tra hc u`l scrkc hc
cstéiujas crrþ`ca' plrl quc jjcduc lj afoctkva
quc sc jc ilrnl naiatërik`a hc jl lntkvkhlh.
^c c`trcdl l.lhl `küa, scdÿ` jl chlh, u`l
maol hcj cocrnknka LW =. ^c jc pkhc quc khc`
j 3auc a- ± j.ak± .j (±ük`a h ?cdutr pa`kë`
ha ltc`nkþ` c` jl k`strunnkþ` quc lplrcnc lj
k`knka hc jl lntkvkhlh. ^cdukrì na` u` jìpkz cj
nlik`a narrcnta mlnkl cj cstÉiuja k`hk.lha.

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t±. (a.h, f-c`h y paZkttZh. hc c as Xj .`a.
J naia puchl`, l ic`as 7 nasls. Rastcrkar
ic`tc sc jcs pkhc quc ic`nka`c` atrls nasls
fuc`ls quc ml` tc`kha a quc ml` trlflolha l
J ja jlrda hcj .ursa hc`tra hc jls scska`cs plrl
.aip±rtkrjls na` cj drupa. Lj gk`lj sc jcs prc-
(Q du`tl nþia sc sk`tkcra` y quë hcsnuf¡kcra` lj
.. n`nm±,.c hcn ±jda fuc.ra hc cjjas -rksr¡a,.

l
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k\uë s2et
KZ8chkl`tc cstéiujas ±uhktkvas sc fusnl quc cj
`küa jas khc`tkgkquc y jadrc u`l fuc`l ltc`
nkþ` sastc`khl plrl quc hksnrkik`c.uìj cs cj
sa`kha quc hcfc c`na`trlr.

^c jcs prcdu`tl safrc quë sa`khas mlnc` l`tc

nkcrtls sktulnka`cs, sa`khas hc l`kiljcs, ruk
J
has hc jl nljjc. Hcspuës sc jcs pkhc rcl kzlr u`
sa`kha5 as naiplücras k`tc`t±rì` lhkvk`lr
quë cs.
^c puchc nucstka`lr l as `küas lncrnl hc
jas sa`khas quc cjjas ijsias mlnc` l`tc nkcr
tls nkrnu`stl`nkls, par cocipja, nJrl`ha cstì`
sarprc`hkhas,
tì` nul`ha sc lsustl`, nul`ha cs-
hcscspcrlhas.

<3 ik`utas.

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t, Z

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J Ichkl`tc cstéiujas luhktkvas, cj `küa lprc`hcrì

J
l hksnrkik`lr nuìjhc cjjas `a pcrtc`cnc l jl i¡s-
il nltcdarél.

( ^c cs hknc u`l scrkc hc 8 pljlfrls. Jas `küas

P..rkfkr < h quc `a .a`rSërhh .a- jh .lrkë a
( `a pcrtc`cnc l jl nltcdarél hc l quc sc cstì
m±f l`ha.

J Rar cocipja? pl`, tartkjjl, nlrra, fajkjja (nl

rra)5 pl`t±jþ`, ldu±, fjusl, zlpltas (±dul).
^k jl lntkvkhlh rcsujtl sc`nkjjl, sc puchc`
luic`tlr pljlfrls5 par cj na`trlrka, sk rcsujtl
N. hkgénkj, sc puchc cjkik`lr u`l pljlfrl.
Jucda, rcu`krì` jls pljlfrls quc nlhl `k`a
csnrkfkþ c` nlhl u`l hc jls scrkcs. Dl`l` as
quc supcrl` cj nrktcrka hc nl jhlh.

Nrktcrka hc nljkhlhk > crrarcs

S
J
J ₪

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J >
>

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Ia`struas

c
\uc cj `küa
ls lrtcs hcslrraj
pjìstknls. su k`vc`tkvl r`chkl`tc

^kdukc`ha cj tcil hc jas i¡chas, jas `küas cjl

farlrì` u` ia`strua na` flrra a pjlstkilsl,
cj nu±j `a hcfcrì hc scr napklha hc `k`dÿ`
judlr, sþja hcfc cxkstkr c` su kildk`lnkþ`. Ras
tcrkaric`tc, hcfcrì` mlncr u`l mkstarkl safrc
su ia`strua, c` jl quc k`njuyl` sc`tkikc`tas,
arédc`cs, pahcrcs, y jl naiplrtkrì` na` cj rcs-
ta hcj drupa. Lj gk`ljkzlr cj trlfloa, nlhl u`a
hkrl par quc csnadka csc pcrsa`loc y quë rc-
prcsc`tl.

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62 ik`utas

c
C
Flrra ia hclfjc a pjlstkilsl y tlfjls hc il
hcrl plrl trlflolr. ¡¡
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J
hc ì`kia quc puchc` cxpcrkic`tlr c` hkvcr-
sls sktulnka`cs hc su vkhl.

J ^c`tlhas c` nérnuja, l nlhl `küa sc jc hl` 7

nlrktls hc `küa a `kül, scdÿ` scl cj nlsa, plrl
( q-c cP nlhl u`l h fjroc aj c(t±ha hc ±`rra
quc tc`hrél hc lnucrha na` nlhl u`l hc jls
grlscs quc sc jccrì`.
J Rastcrkaric`tc sc naic`tl` jls hkgcrc`tcs
cianka`cs quc puhkcra` mlfcr surdkha c`
Jr`l iksil sktulnkþ`.

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" S` naiplücra tc iajcstl.
'Mls lyuhlha l u` li¡da l rcplrlr suouductc
* Ljdu¡c` tc h¡nc?
N ¡cxncjc`tc
" Jl ilcstrl tc rcdlül par `a mlncr jl tlrcl-
'Xu naiplücra tc prcstl u`ls pk`turls.
J' *Wcs l has `küas pcjcl`ha.

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y rcprahunkr cj
ilyar `ÿicra paskfjc hc cstéiujas vksuljcs.

^c iucstrl lj `küa l tlroctl cstéiuja LW-; ±

jl scskþ` hurl`tc >3 ik`utas. Lj tcrik`lr c
jkcipa k`tc`jþrh cp ahu.kr -j rjhjar ruj-,jp-
ra paskfjc hc cstéiujas vksul jcs quc rcnucrhc
(gkdurls, `ÿicras, jctrls). @lhkc puchc mlfjlr,
sþja afscrvlr y csnrjfkr. ^c atardl u` pu`ta
par nlhl cstéiuja larrcnta. Nlhl `küa tc`hrì
u`l maol c` fjl`na plrl quc rcljknc jl rcpra
hunnkþ` hc hknmas cstkiujas.
3c rcnaikc`h± iastrlr jl maol cstéiuja l
najar plrl afscrvlr c` quë nltcdarél cj `küa
pa`c iìs ë`glsks l iaic`ta hc rcnarhlr y
pjlsilr as.

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g,

ìpkncs. cstéiuja LW maols c` fjl`na y

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^c c`trcdl l nlhl `küa u`l tlroctl cstkiuja na` (-

7 vlr lfjcs a hjfuoas hkstk`tas. 3c jc pkhc quc
jl afscrvc fkc` y jl r¡l`tc`dl ncrnl. Rastcrkar
ic`tc sc flrlol` u`ls n±rtls quc na`tkc`c` ta
has kas cjcic`tas hc l tlroctl cstkiuja ic`as
u`a, csta cs, scrì` nlrtls ÿ`knlic`tc na` 3 vl,
rklfjcs a hkfuoas.
Cj oucjja
na`sjstc c` quc jas `küas khc`tk
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quc ja iìs
tc`dl hkdlllrtls
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dl`l.

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\uc ë `r`a rckGZ?a`c ±lërr± ac jl k.`pa,-
(- tl`nkl hc na`tlr na` likdas plrl frk`hlrsc
lyuhl.

K Cj iahcrlhar prcdu`tlrì ± jas `küas sktulnka

`c? na-¡a j± rd- c-rjëZ? '(-hlaa j-±` `c.csk
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ha1, ±nuì`ha cs ml` pchkha lyuh±1, ±nuì`ha
ml` frk`hlha lyuhl a nuì`ha l `cd±ra`1
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quck`strun
kipjk
quc` vlrkls þrhc`cs a lntkvkhlhcs.

3c hlrì l jas `küa3 u`l scrkc hc k`strulnka`cs t-

naia?"Rìslic c jìpkz quc cstì safrc jl ücsl y
vajtcl l maol'jJl naipjcokhlh hc jl k`strunnkþ` Z-
hcpc`hcrì hc jl chlh hc jas `küas.

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`küas.
J
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durls hc hkgcrc`tcs najarcs y tlilüas. ^c pcdl l
u`l hkstl`nkl na`skhcrlfjc y l jl vkstl hc tahas.
Jl k`hknlnkþ` cs jl skdukc`tc? "Xc vay l hc
rrr S`h ?PZtr-..'A`. c.(J¡(mh hcZp-c, pkc`Zh
J afscrvl y lntÿl'j Cj `küa csnunmlrì jl k`hknl
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laX¡jc`zl na` k`strullka`cs skipjcs y nartls
plrl
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csta

afscrvl jl pkzlrrl na` tahas jas cstéiujas ou`

t tas y ta.l ja quc sc jc k`hknl.

Nrktcrka hc nljkhlh? u` crraX paX k`strunnkþ`

J il cocnut±hl.

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J nkhlh plrl ltc`hcr jls k`strunnka`cs y jadrlr u`l
rcspucstl larrcntl.

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üa y najar plrl vlrklr jls k`strunnka`cs (LL-4).
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prcskþ` nrcltkvl
tjgknlnkþ` hc jas hcj `küa yhcpraiavcr
cstlhas jl khc`-
ì`kia plrl quc
jadrc pjlsilrjas c` u` csplnka na` cj gk` hc (--
rcl kzlr ljda `ucva y lÉcltkva.

^c k¡hjnl
rl hc ldul,
l as `küas quc tr±flolrì` na` pk`tu-
par ja nulj `cncsktl` mlncrja na` cj
J
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c` pk`tlr sus il`ktls. 3c jcs c`trcdlrì u` nu±r- J
ta hc nlrtJr j`l c` jl lulj pjlsilrì` sus il`as,
iksil quc cstlrì pk`tlhl prcvklr`c`tc na` cj
.ajar quc mlyl cjcdkha nlhl `küa. L plrtkr hc t-
sjr mucjjl, nrclrì` ljda iìs, par cocipja, u`l

gjar,
sus il`as scrìu`c l`kilj,
u` ìrfaj, csta
pu`ta hc mucjjl
cs, jl plrl
plrtkhl hc
nrclr (,
ljda ggrìs.
S`l vcz tcrik`lha cj cjcrnknka, nlhl `küa
r aqjr± ± lj ar-pa .u t'lf .oa. rrcr( ra`lrl q. c c.
a quc p lsiþ y c pa`h rì u` `aifrc nrcltkva.

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Z- \uc jas `küas taic` na`nkc`nkl hc quc puc

hc` nlif¡lr sus pc`slikc`tas tjcdltkvas par
pc`slikc`tas pasktkvas.

Lpaylha c` cj cocrnknka LC < <, cj naarhk`lhar

c a''. h h aZ P Qa . r a`a p-chp- , ¡`fjlr .. s
pc`slikc`tas `cdltkvas par atras quc jas ml
dl` sc`tkr icoary iìs ljcdrcs. Rastcrkaric`
tc, jcs sa knktl quc ic`nka`c` pc`slikc`tas
±hc.u±ha. aG aZ.uljcs akth` a csJ f ,r` c`
jls maols narrcspa`hkc`tcs.
Hcspuës, hc il`crl k`hkvkhulj, rcl kzlrì`
c cocrnknka LC hc jl scskþ`.

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par atras quc `as pa`dl` ljcdrcs

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+ s
L,8lrna sc ml furjlha hc ié Xahas sc furjl` hc ik

stay scdura hc quc iunmas naiplücras `a sc fur l` hc ié.

c
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jZ,8c ml qucnjlnja ilj jl pjl`l + Xaha ic sljc il

ajlic`tc ml skha cstl pjl`l. M±y nasls quc ic sl c`

iuy fkc`. @a hcfa prcanuplric. Jl rcpctkrë.

. Ic`(ka`l pc`slikc`tas lhc(ulh23.

>
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k`vc`tlrjas a .apjlrjas hc jas quc cstì` c` j± plrtc j`gcrkar hc jl pìdk`l.
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par taha

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mlfcric j`sujtlha. jZ8c
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gZ¡c na` grcnuc`lkl
iujtkpjknlnka`cs, pcra sëc`
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Cstkiujlr jl ltc`nkþ` y jl hksnrkik`lnkþ`

vksulj.

^c c`trcdl lj `¡üa Kl ma.kl cstéiuja LW-j < y sc

jc pkhc quc p¡c`sc c` nasls quc tc`dl` jl
nlrlntcréstknl sajkn¡tlhl y jl3 csnr¡fl.

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6. \uc tc`dl` lultÉa pltls?

>. \uc scl` hc najar raoa?

8. \uc scl` rcha`hls?

3. \uc vkvl` c` cj ldul a c` cj ilr|

7. \uc skrvl` plÉl la`strukÉ?

4. \uc scl` iuy drl`h-as?

F. \uc scl` raoas y sc nail`

c

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nkþ` vksulj par ichka hc k`gcrc`nkls.
Z-

Rar plrcols sc jcs c`trcdl u` oucda hc Lhkvk`l

qukë` cs. Cjoucda na`skstc c` quc nlhl `küa
csnaol u`l pcrsa`l hc su tlfjcra y cJ atra
`jüa lhkvk`c qukë` cs, plrl cjja, par tur`a, jas
`küas puchc` prcdu`tlr sktkc`c pcja, usl c`-
tcs, ctn., nul`ha tc`dl` l apartu`kh±h.
^c jcs c`scül quë cstrltcdkls puchc`
.Pquk' p±,8 -`l) hpkha hj pctZa`hoc.
khc`tkgkquc prkicra lj pcrsa
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u` iksia prafjcil.

^c k`k.kl pjl`tcl`ha ljdrJrpa ú` prafjcil k`

rcracrsa`±j y p pntO-jh`ha " lul pq jh g"oa
Z-- saju.kþ`. Nlhl `l hc jls sa unja`cs pjl`tcl
hls sc l`atl c` ,.< pkzlrrþ`. Rastcrkaric`tc sc
pkhc l as `küas quc hkdl` ja iìs pasktkva y a
J. '`5. `cdh'rva h" ,"h± . h hë ±Z .aju, ka,jc'
qOëhk.-a` Na`fhZëp`ja±Ptprkar ,n " d-k"
plrl quc c jol`
pjl`tclha. Rar ÿjtkia jcs pkhcl quc
l icoarscsajunkþ` prafjcil
hkdl`
u` prafjcil k`tcrpcrsa`lj quc mlyl` tc`kha,
pjl`tcc` ljtcr`ltkvls hc sajunkþ` y cjkol` l

l
sajunkþ` iìs na`vc`kc`tc.

(-'

K 62 ik`utas.
>

§
K
>

¡ Rkzlrrþ` a pk`tlrrþ`, dkscs a ilrnlharcs plrl

 k pk`tlrrþ` y farrlhar.
¡

^C^KÞ@ ;
L frk`nlr

Gaic`tlr jl ltc`nkþ` par

hcj `küa nul`ha
téiujas luhktkvas quc khc`tkgknlrì ichka jchcjcl`
cs
u`l mjstarkl-

3c jcs jccrì jl mkstarkl hcj na`cokta furjþ`, quc sc

c`nuc`trl c` jas l`cxas narrcspa`h¡c`tcs LL-=.
Ljcsnunmlr Kl pljlfrl "quc'k tc`hrì` quc sljtlr. LK
gk`ljsc mlrì` prcdu`tls safrc ja quc sc jcs jcyþ.

C
gr

<2 ik`utas
C

C
c

Maol hc jcnturl cstéiuja LL =.

 Kcú
¡

J rq K CtrL2r2rlnna;
ua+--a5aatrjj
-a
q -?<g k ar a lr ü-o Qanl
Z-
aZ y þ? þ s'a ? ÿ ? ak
-a
.a
vja
kg
5Clkk > u5 R 9>
kÿÿì--a. ±77 15cP-u3

.; --7h.-nl.y"7
{c C? ú C s >.þ
5þLzP-[A*.Btr *
7
,C n/9 5?'?
a Ë - l q
r*-n Cü
; n ÿ kk g
7 ar au y;LR
>95 :- P- a 9
t'la
5 l n'tÌ þ G ¡ þ l, M
;6v
¡O
?k k l þ 2,> C;??
0. 9 n' a) ko a u jo
.;9 5h)n-Qa?artk
tr
?; ?; m ; a ;?u C '<C ±

(*
qC
c,ë3C.cKlk
"'.7G r a K<Y
ü ql.;
ar
Ì ÿ
kCC₪X?R.gR>
þC ÿ,; -k5 } r þ
t f
B9

.< 6 7C a ± þ ì? C ü
5, .nC.[h5[a
-;n C5&^,rsGkcjl
j?a'5^.;n.l'-
;yp*??cC§mc?
*.n
'ú .a
CCC₪d5g
S ú[ x ÚC}
[.c;r?> C
5lP-,?j;a]tro0-
? r* n q nË a B r5
Caj
C>þ.cC*ékCn55
.9 g 5?
[ n C.,c CË? h?c C5 l0
R
9 9
[ 5 ìq? a c .- 5 5r 5 uÿ Cú
a'9 rQ[ o,q -7 "; a5 a `o
.a n- ???
[ .C -? -. a r r -C
'tr
5 -
p5 a § P¡ tr
Ìnntr55;'¡n`ÿ- r þ-?
k
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ÿ ¡j

J -a
a nr¡ ,C
9-?þ5u0.þ7Cart
a? h 5¡5
sCCR??3=U- j r j
k 'l a a -a <r ü5 Ë+ G ;
K
*
C
na aj.a
7k
þ ; R C Ë? ì G S -C
s
.q.
 ú
s
t¡r ---
"₪?ssF=.?*;
C.c5 ¡+ c þ K g c5
kú
J.

^C^KA@ ;

Cstkiujlr c` cj `küajlcjic`nkþ`
plrl quc, ichkl`tc pc`slikc`ta hchuntkva
hc nlrlntcrÉstknls
hc afoctas, nasls a l`kil cs, cj `küa khc`tkgkquc
hc ja quc sc mlf l.

3c`tlhas c` nérnuja sc pchkrì l u` `küa quc ic`-

lka`c ls nlrlntcréstknls hc u` l`kilj a nasl (tkpa
lhkvé`lja na` scüls, pcra csta scrì mlfjlha y na`
hcsnrkpnkþ` hc jls nlrlntcréstknls prk`nkpljcs). ^c
puchc hcnkr tlilüa, najar, tcxturl, hþ`hc sc c`
nuc`trl. Rlrl lpaylrsc sc cs c`trcdlrì` tlro-ltls
cstéiuja la` vlrkls nasls cspcnkünls quc hcfc`
lhkvk`lr
Cocipja?tkc`c trcs plrcs hc pìrplhas, puc
hc cstlr icscs sk` fcfcr ldul, nul`ha tkc`c
sch puchc tailr mlstl 622 jktras hc u`l sajl
vcz, vkvc c` rcdka`cs ìrkhls a hcsërtkn±s, tkc`c
has oarafls. Vcspucstl? cj n±icjja.3c naic`
zlrì na` sktulnka`cs naipjcols a skipjcs, sc
dÿ` kl chlh hc jas `küas.

?>

62 ik`utas.

t
§
J
Maols cstéiuja na` pljlfrls njlvc narrcspa` ¡
 hjc`tcs l jl scskþ` LL ;. C
C

Z.-
<>2

)
^cskþ` ; §
K

<. Cs drl`hc, su pcjloc cs lilr¡jja, t¡c`c dlrrls, vkvc c` jl scjvl, tkc`c icjc`l
(jcþ`)

6. Mlnc iunma rukha, cs fjl`na a pjltclha. sc sufc` c` ëj iunmls pcrsa`ls,

tc jjcvl l taha cj iu`ha, t¡c`c ljls. (lvkþ`)
g

J >. Cstì c` cj csplnka, cs hc hkgcrc`tcs tlilüa§, vklol iuy rìpkha, cstì mcnma
(Q hc mkcja y ranl, tkc`c u`l najl mcnml hc pajva y dls. (naictl)

8. Stkjkzl rapl fjl`nl, jjcvl u` nk`turþ` hc najar, sljtl ljta, plrtknkpl c` nai-
pctc`nkls, raipc ilhcrl na` jl il`a, tkrl dajpcs y pltlhls- (elrltcnl)

hkgcrc`tcs najarcs, sc c`rchl c` ìrfajc3, tkc`c najik-

3. 3u p¡cj cs rlspasl y hc
Z. jjas iuy üjasas. naic l`kiljcs pcqucüas. (véfarl)

,C
J C
¡
k
§
K¡
Z ¡¡
¡
t
< ><

^C^KA@ ;

±[ hc ljut

\uc cj `küa
nuljqukcr nasl quc nrcltkvkhlh
usc su
sc jc anurrl quc "k`vc`tlr"
plrl
tc`dl u`
gk` cspcnégkna.

^c c`trcdl l nlhl u`a u` nulrta hc nlÉtu k`l

c` ha`hc rcljkzlrì` u` hkfuoa a ljda nrcltkva
l plrtkr hc ljdu`ls jé`cls, u` pu`ta a cj hk-
fuoa l ichkls quc jcs mlyl tanlha (vcr tlroc
tls cstÉiuja).

62 ik`utas.

Maols cstjiuja, nlrtujk`ls, najarcs y <ìpkncs.

 ¡C
C

g ktr
gk
g r
ar
n
?;
a
rP

J'

JJ

J §

§
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¡

r <>>
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q
,a

a
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e
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a
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gQ
Rc`slry hcnkr

\uc jas `küas

ZuZ Ìlta a`cZ khc`tkgkquc` y cxprcsc`
Jarra ls ha.-' tl`ta
na`-pl-cra?,

K 3c pkhc l jas `küas quc sc skc`tc` c` .k

nuja y quc pkc`sc` c` nþia sc skc`tc` c`
csc iaic`ta (na`tc`tas, trkstcs, ljcdrcs,
Z-' cra<hha K j-";a )c jcZ p h- q. c üp`/ka
<ë` q-j? p< aZ.a` , rë-` q-jY ëZ<l c pct
r,tc`t±`ha Z-, ar'jah`ë ahc jhaak±qukcr
ha. -cda. hnfc` pr"q--ta ±j(arjph`ë.a
sknaj`nkhc na` ja quc hkocra`.

J 6. cocrnknka
3c jcs pkhc ja cl`ctc`
<> ynaip
LC quc ljtl. 'jJuc
c` vazplrtc
l
da, quc naic`tc` safrc ja csnrkta.
hcj

>. ^c jcs pjhc quc na`tcstc` ls plrtcs has y

t,ës hË n5c,rkrka LU aG jh < Z`-h )c? a` y
J' jls naic`tc` c` drupa.

t Nar`a nkcrrc, naic`tlr ja quc jas `küas

ic`nka`lra` y rcjlnka`lrja na` cj mcnma hc
qu" ac ,lr y hnr '.a:l( fucP±Z hc ìjjaZ X's
ias y hc sus likqas jcs lyuhl l sc`tjrsc fjc`,
iìs ljcdrcs y gc k.cs.a` jas hciìs y na` cjjas

J ₪
Af.prv±r s hcZp--. ac ±jdu`±) sc) arc.
iksias.
jcs nucstl ic`as trlfloa mlfjlr hc séy hc jas
hciìs hc il`crl pasktkvl.
>

63 ik`utas.
Z ?

t. Maols hcj cocrnknka LC <> y kìpkncs.

ú
C
J ,?

J,
Z <>4

^cskþ` < 2

Rc`slr y hcnkr nasls fuc`ls

. Rc`slr y hcnkr nasls fuc`ls safrc u`a/l `as lyuhl sc`tkr`as fjc`,
r`ìs gcjkncs, iìs ljcdrcs na` `asatras iksias/ls.

j Cs(rkfc vlr¡ls nasls Csnr¡fc vlg¡ls (asls

fuc`ls safrc té. fuc`ls hc tu
naiplücra quc cstì l
tu kzqukcrhl.

6. Csnrkfc jls nasls pas¡tkvls quc t¡c`cs c`?

tr` `` ``
tr¡ C¡ trtr X@

>. Ic`nka`l jls nasls quc tc mlnc gljtl icoarlr c`?

tr`
`` ``
``
C¡C C
Z*
 C
¡

<>= ,

^C^KÞ@ <A
Zr
^apl hc /ctrls

Cstkiujlr jl nlplnkhlh hc ltc`nkþ` y hksnrkik

`lnkþ` vksulj.
J
sc jcs iucstrl Kl sapl hc jctrls c` tlilüa
hafjc nlrtl. C`trc tahas fusnlrì` jls pljlfrls
quc 3c jcs sajknktl`. Cj `küa quc c`nuc`trc lj-
du`l pljlfrl a grlsc dl`l < pu`ta.

J-

J ₪

J §

<3 ik`utas.
§
K
*
J ^apl trls dkdl`tc, cp rc`ntl c`it-
C
 nlha
farrlr.a garrlha
pjuia`csna`hcplpcj
ldulna`tln plrl pahcr
y u` trlpkta plrl
ú
jkipklrja. Wcr cj l`cxa cstéiuja narrcspa`-

J
hkc`tc l jl scskþ` LW-<6.

H x (- n - ` aa i B x@ H a
(- a N a t- a 6< n 9
` i Ë n i tr
-{
¡
i t- n (- a - n N k 4i i a
K, 2 9 z a z a x S, Ë a a n) -{ a
i i ` --j
9 x x @ S) S' i
Ë
a i a N CK x (- - a a v
R
j) l (- l .gt n i ` K { N a SK z a - z S,
a. n) n S' i tr ` a a -gt a K` K ì ` i a gt a
ld a (- G a x (- - -{ a .gt a a r- a a
üa. z 2 @ x a a u, S, i 4 n -{ - a
ì7? Z-
a gj ` n. -O- 'gt l i a i H i x h -{
7. a.
Ca
,5>
A7
i a i S' 2 .gt a 4 - (- x (- a t-
SK K a a K -O- -{ K + ` i Ë a i x S' a
a
7;
,a.
h-a n (- a N a i (- N x a a -{ r u, i n
OHC i z u, a 'gt a a x S' a l a + l
-a; P
-O- t- n i S' a 4 'gj -K (- x t- i a -` a a
aa.
NO
a7' i _j ` tm -{ i Ë a x (- K a .gt a S) a a <' XK
(H.9
am ` a XK -{ l 2 i a a ì v -{ N a a - x a
;a- (- (-
a g¡ `i Ëi ` nt,i t-x
aa
9a a 9 - KH z'Xt a a` a (-a (-- K
a N a
z
S'
aa
K S) v KC z KH a Ë i @ x Ë ` N Px S' a n Z.-
a .J S' i 2 'gt (- -O- a
.X a a i 'gt x
3
(H

(H 'gt 'gt i 4 a + l i a a a a (t i Ë t- (,j

a 9 a
a l l z i ` -j (- -O- a 'gK a l (¡ q, 'gt _j a. k
Z-
(a
a z + -{ (H -{ tr .gt ü i a a @ a tr XK @ i a k
'gt i i v { H l ì a a i n r a i i + *
 K
¡
¡

<82
.

sC^ra@ <2
J l
Nlr`pas scru
J

OZ,8chkl`tc cstkiujas vksuljcs, c `küa trlflolrì

h ja. h <h, ka` hc (S htcjJ?a` p±r± h'Zl,'g 'r±.
cstéiujas.

g ^c jcs c`trcql u`l napkl hcj ckcrnknka LW '<>

hl j± .p.ka-. )ë të. k.jhk. h quphcHcrh. u . rra`
Jr`l jé`cl hc u` najar cspcnégkna jl pljlfrl
na` cjnlipa sciì`tjla l quc pcrtc`cnc.
L`tcs sc jcs prcqu`t± sk slfc` quë cs S`
ZQ nlipa sciì`tkna, y sk `a sk `a ja slfc`, sc
jcs cPpjkrl hkrkc-aa quc ë.k.tcr.±tcda.rhZ
l ls quc pcgtc`cnc nlhl nasl, par cocipja?
J tlifar, ìpkz, iuücnl pcrtc`cnc` l nlr¡pa
sciì`tkna nasls.
J

J-

<3 ik`utas.
J
J §
J Napkl hcpuchc
arcs. ^c cocrnknka
hlrLW-<> hc jl hc
u`l napkl scskþ`
quc vkc`c c` jas l`cxas cstéiuja.
y na-
cock¡p a

J
J

'r5jjhékkjkgkjkkúkjggggT 7y
^cskþ` K 2

J
Dlfrkcj
Oasuë

^l`hrl

>

a ₪

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V
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Jkz Ë
 ë
ú

<86

J
K
s a
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tr

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> Sß <";
5j
ul d9
5
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ac
5ÿQ d
üq .Y,Zj
a
&X
S ú.
J C9
K

7
C
5>
q ",j0-
C-rk
C
- >s
k- ,kR
k-q
a
l
7?5
a C

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lk j-
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M

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l
ph
JC a l

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K a 7;
- -ß
s§
üu
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þq
a
t a- =¡
c

(-

sCsrÞ@ <2
^l/uhlr

\uc cjsl`küa
tkc`c uhlr naiprc`hl l kr¡partl`nk±
c` jls k`tcrlnnka`cs quc
na` pcrsa
`ls na`ankhls y/a hcsna`ankhls.
J
Rrcdu`tlr l jas `küas nuì`ha cs lprapklha
sl uhlr y cxpjknlrjcs quc as sl Jrhas sa` na`-
huntls vcrfljcs y `a vcrfljcs quc dc`crlj-
ic`tc prcnchc` l k`tcrlnnka`cs, y quc sucjc`
k`hknlr rcla`alkikc`ta y lncpt±nkþ`, na` u`l
h.K tJ¡h pasktkv± ma.kl 'lr pcr .aPhZ ,r qukc`ëZ
sc sljuhl.
Jl lntkvkhlh sc puchc naipjcic`tlr jc-
vl`ha l jas `küas l ha`hc cstë` vlrkas lhuj-
tas y pchkrjcs quc prl.tkquc` .þia sljuhlrkl`
nul`ha na`anc` l ls pcrsa`ls y nul`ha `a.

<3 ik`utas.
>

{K
 ¡§
ú
¡
k

sCsta@ <2
Z...
± Hc

cj `küa jlcstÉiujas
Ratc`nklr c` ichkl`tc
naiprc`skþ` nlplnkhlhluhktkvas.
hc l`ìjksks y
J
ZQ Cjcdkr u`l nl`nkþ` lprapklhl l jl chlh hc jas
`küas na` jas quc sc vl l trlflolr y lhcnulhl l
sus dustas.
^c jcs k`hknl quc sc sc`tlrì` c` nÉrnuja par
quc csnunmlrì` u`l nl`nkþ`, hc jl nulj, lj tcr
ikülr, hcfcrì` khc`tkgknlr sk mlfjl hc ljdukc`,
hc qukë`, sk mly pcrsa`locs, hc quë trltl jl mks-
tark± y qOc `a.`frc c pa`hr ±` y pa quc.

J
N
J

J.
;

<3 ik`utas.

(, K
₪
C
J C
Drlflharl y nl`nkþ` (prcvklic`tc cjcdkhl)

J
Z-

.gZ
^C^KA@ <A

Rar ichka hc jl kiktlnkþ` vksulj, cj `küa utkjkzlrì

su nlplnkhlh luhktkvl plrl hksnrkij`lr c khc`tkgk
nlr cstér¡uj23 ^a`aras.

Nlhl `küa plslrì ljgrc`tc na` jas aoas vc`hlhas

y sus naiplücras c mlrì` prcdu`tls. Cj `küa k`
tcüt±rì rcna`ancr jl vaz hc qukc` prcdu`tl. Rlrl
quc cxkstl ilyaÉ .aipjcokhlh y cj trlfloa scl
tlr¡fkë` plrl qujc`cs prcdu`t±`, ëstas hcjjcrì`
mlncr a quc puchl` plrl nlifklr cjta`a,jl gucr
zl a,j`njusa, c iaha c` quc mlfjl`, plr± cvjtlr
quc jcs lhkvk`c` jl
vaz.

<3 ik`utas.
aq

g
 Rlüajctls. k
Ë
L

<87

^C^KA@ <A
rlflkcias n2`

Hcslrrajjlrquc
hcjoucda5 mlfkjkhlhcs nrcltkvls par k`njusa
cj `küa naiprc`hl quc
ichka
na` iltcrkljquc"yl `a skrvc"sc puchc` rcljk
zlg hkvcrsas "k`vc`tas"a nrclnka`cs `ucvls.

S`l scs¡þ` l`tcrkar sc jcs pchkrì iltcrklj rcnk

njlha hc nkdlrra, hc ichknk`l, fatcs,
-nlols
nlrta`cs, rajjas hc plpcj (nlrta`nkta)- plrl
quc c` ëstl hcnkhl` quë qukcrc` mlncr na`
iltcrkljcs quc sc na`skhcrl` k`scrvkfjcs. Ruc-
hc` rcljkzlr u` partljìpkncs, u` rafat, u` par-
tlrrctrlta, ctn.
Cs kipartl`tc iat¡vlrjas na`stl`tcic`tc
hurl`tc jl rclj¡zln¡þ`
rcsujtc ljqa `avchasa,hc jly lnt¡vkhlh, parquc
plrl
gcj¡n¡tlrjas cj
csgucrza rcljkzlha.

J
n

62 ik`utas
3

J s

Ë
J KZ8ltcrklj rcnknjlha, pcdlic`ta, tkocrls, najarcs
s
y pjuia`cs.
ú

J
<84
 ^C^KA@ <<
Naapcrl`hay

\uc jas `küas

naapcrlr naiprc`hl`
y naiplrtkr
Jl kipartl`nkl hc
na¡ as atras.

Naia rcgucrza l ls scska`cs l`tcrkarcs, sc

hr,p ± a. Qr`a. quc (u±`ha ra.'pj±,kar±
ias na` atrls pcrsa`ls, cspcnkljic`tc na`
`küas a `küls, cs `cncslrka pa`cr c` oucda u`
lipjka na`ku`ta hc mlfkjkhlhcs y na`huntls
(naapcrlr y naiplrtkr.
R±r" t arrp -`c`.l, aZjp jr"fhoa .c gar rru-
jl` prcdu`tls lncrnl hc naapcrlr y naiplrtkr,
quc cJ `küa na`tcstlrì hc il`crl cslrktl.

?
>
?C

K3 ik`utas
§

Ë
¡ Maol hc rcd¡stra cstéiuja LC <8 y jìpkncs
'§

< 3<

^cs¡þ` K <

6.
Z-
>.

8. J
-3.

7.

<.

K
<2.
6

K
C
 Kë
ú

(
^C^KA@ <<
J Gdurls ocai
(Q

(.'
il`tc`kc`hac jlkhc`tkgknlr
Hksnrkik`lr ltc`n¡þ` cstéiujas vksuljcs
par pcrkahas pra
a`d±has.

^c cs c`trcdl Jr`l napkl hcj cocrnknka LW-<3 l

jh,cska` jh ruhj Jo-`c hkvc,shs üd-.hs dcaic-
J trjnls rcvucjtls. ^c jcs k`hknl quc hcfcrì`
c`la`trlr par arhc` nlhl u`l hc jls gkdurls
dcaiëtrknls y rcilrnlrjls na` u` najar.
(
Cocipja? jas nu±hrlhas na` najar raoa, jas
þvljas na` lzuj, as trkì`dujas na` lilrkjja y
jas raifas na` vcrhc.
Jas ` üas `a hcfcrì` naic`zlr l fusnlr
þvljas sk `a ml` c`la`trlha tahas jas nul-
J hrlhas, y lsé suncskvlic`tc.
Lj gk`ljkzlr sc jcs puchc prcdu`tlr nuì`tls
gkqurls c`na`trlra` y rcgarzlr na` u`l gcjknk
tlnkþ¡ ljquc c`na`trþ iìs.

J
N
S

?
<3 ik`utas.
K
t
J C
 Napkl hcj cocrnknka LW-<3 hc jl scskþ` y najarcs.
ZQ

)t-
Z

(H

B ;

>
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t
a
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^C^KA@ <<
J Haik`h
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Xrlflolr ltc`nkþ` sastc`khl y pc`slikc`ta
J 3cnuc`nklj.

^c`tlhas c` nÉrnuja sc c`trcdl l nlhl `küa 4

pkczlshchaik`þ. `knklrì cj oucdaqukc` tc`
J dl jl iujl hc 7, y sk `a, jl hcj 3, 8, >, tlj naia
sc rcljkzl c` c oucda trlhknka`lj, sc na`tk`ÿ±
cj tur`a l jl hcrcnml. ^c naic`zlrì najanl`
(- ha jl gknml quc na`nucrhc na` l iujl y hc
lméc` lhc l`tc jl quc na`nucrhc na` ljdu`a
hc jas has
Z- Dl`l qukc` tcrr¡k`c prkicra hc najanlr
cxtrcias.

t sus gknmls c` cj judlr narrcnta.

Xlifkë` sc puchcoudlr na` haik`þ hc gk-
durls (nasls, l`kiljcs, grutls).

(-
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<3 ik`utas.

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@a /a a/'réhcs... së

\uc `küa rclgkric

rkhascjsafrc jas na`ankikc`tas lhquk
nþia rcjlnka`lrsc na` atrls pcr
sa`ls hc il`crl lhcnulhl.

\uc c `küa cxmkfl na`huntls hc nartcskl y

fuc`l chunlnkþ` lj rcjlnka`lrsc na` atrls
pcrsa`ls. Cstl scskþ` skrvc tl,rfkë` plrl af
scrvlr sk mufa nlifkas skd`kgknltkvas a `a c`
c naipartlikc`ta hcj `küa.
3c jcs cxp knl quc jls mlfk jhlhcs hc nar-
tcsél sa` u` na`ou`ta hc na`huntls iuy hk
vcrs±s quc utkjkzlias plrl rcjlnka`lr`as na`
atrls pcrsa`ls na` cj gk` hc quc `ucstrl Xc l
nkþ` scl iìs narhkl , ldrlhlfjc y ±ilfjc.

K3 ik`utas.

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\uë tc tesg
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l
(. Rrapknklr c` cj `küa jl nlplnkhlh hc hkgcrc`nklr
sa`khas y rktias iusknl cs.
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K

^c cs praparnka`l iltcrklj plrl trlflolr Nlhl

`küa puchc na`tlr na` najarcs, tkocrls, pcdlic`
ta, rcnartcs hc rcvkstl, pk`turls, pk`ncjcs, pjlstkjk
`l, pjuia`cs.3c najanl l tahas c` nkrnu a y 3c
cs k`hknl quc csnunmlrì` h gcrc`tcs tkpas hc
( iÿsknl. Nlhl vcz quc mlyl u` nlifka iusknlj y
jadrc` khc`tkgknlrja, hcfc` nlifklr hc hkfuoa a
hc lntkvkhlh5 prcvk±r¡c`tc sc jcs k`hknl quc tkc
`c` ü±tcrklj plrl hkfuolr, csnrkfkr a rcnartlr. Hc
fc` rcljkzlr ja quc jcs k`spkrc jl iÿsknl. C` nlh±
K nlifka hcfcrì` hcolr ja quc cstlf±` mlnkc`ha y
nlifklr l ja quc cs pravanl cj skdukc`tc rktr¡a,
y lsÉ suncskvlic`tc.

K c

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62 ik`utas.
J Ë

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Nlrtujk`ls, najarcs, p¡`turl, tkocrls, pcdlic`ta, rc-
 §
nartcs, drlflharl y hkgcrc`tcs tkpas hc iÿsknl (hc
ú scr paskfjc, u`l hc nlhl dë`cra? njìsknl, fl`hl,
rane, pap, k`struic`tlj, ¡`gl`tkj, sljsl, nuifkl).
J
J <34

sCsta@ <r
Xrc` c` ru

Cstkiujlr jl ltc`nkþ` luhktkvl y jl naarhk`lnkþ`

iatrkz.

3c jcs pkhc quc sc pa`dl` c` gkjl y sc taic` hc

jas maifras5 vl` l skiujlr scr u` trc` na` su ja-
naiatarl. 3c iavcrì` scdÿ` Kl k`strunnkþ` quc
sc jcs hë (plrl lhcjl`tc, plrl ltrìt c` nérnuja5 rì-
pkhq jc`ta, c` nunjkjjl3).
Jucda sc p¡hc l u`a hc jas i¡cifras (l tahas
jcs tanlrì) quc n¡crrc jas aoas y sc hcoc na`hunkr
par cj rcsta hc jas naiplücras scdÿ` jl k`strun-
nkþ` hlhl.

<2 ik`utas.
§

K
K
 Iltcrkljquc puchl utkjkzlrsc plrl mlncrsa`khat jì-
i¡`lt pljat tlifar, gjlutlt ilrlnlt fatct ctn. k, J
ú

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Mlylias plp
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Z* Cstkiujlr jl iatr¡n¡hlh gk`l.

J
(*
Cj naarhk`lhar hcj qrupa iastrlrì l jas `küas
jl il`crl c` quc sc rcljkzl u`l gkdurl plpcj.3k
cj glnkjktlhar quc hkrkdc cj drupa `a slfc, puc-
hc lnuhk' l ljdu` jrf,a a prcdu`thr ± jas `kkas
J sk na`anc` ljdu`ls cstrltcdkls plrl cj trlfloa
na` cj plpcj-
Cj `küa puchc rcljkzlr ljda quc yl cstë cstl
fjcnkha y scdukr Kls k`strunnka`cs a mlncr ljda
nrclt¡va par su nuc`tl.

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62 ik`utas.

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J \uc cj `küana`
hc lnucrha rcgjcxka`c lncrnl
ja quc sc hc ja
pjl`tcþ c`quc jadrþ
jl prkic-
rl scskþ` y l`kilrja l quc sc garic `ucvls
ictls.
(- Cs jl ÿjtkil scsjþ`, par a nulk sc jcs k`hknl c`
jl scsjþ` l`tcrkar quc hcfcrì` trlcr jl gkdurl
J quc rcljkzlra` lj j`k.ja hcj pradrlil. Nlhl
u`a hc jas `küas plslrì l grc`tc y hkrì ja quc
(" f 'r
" "`nka-aha lj k`kr ka h-j pradrhr¡h?quë
J qucrél icoarlr y quë qucrél nlifklr. Cjjas
iksias l`ljkzlrì` quë jaqrlra` y quë `a.
Rlrl na`njukr sc cs pkhc quc sc p l`tcc`
`ucvls ictls c k`tc`tc` prapa`cr nþia jc
mlrì` plrl nuipjkr ls.
J

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ú

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Cst¡iujlr jl ltc`nkþ` v¡sulj, jl lsan¡lnkþ`, sc-

nuc`n¡ln¡þ`, pjl`¡gk nlnkþ` y l`tknkpln¡þ`.
J
3c p¡hc l ja3 `¡üas quc sc skc`tc` c` nérnu-
ja. ^c flrlol` jls nlrtls hcj.oucda hcj S`a y l
nlhl `küa sc jc hl` 3 nlrtls. Cj rcsta sc naja-
nlrì` lj nc`tra y fa(l hfloa. L`tcs hc k`knklr
sc lfrc u`l nlrtl y sc najanl l u` jlha hcj
K
ia`tþ` hc jl. ikqils. j`knk± cjoucda qukc`
sc c`nuc`trl l jl hcrcnml hc jl pcrsa`l quc
rcplrtkþ. ^c jcs ¡`hknl quc najanlrì` u`l nlrtl
hc jl3 3 quc tkc`c` quc nak`nkhl na` cj najar
a na` cj `ÿicra hc jls nlrtls quc sc pa`dl`
c` cj nc`tra (c`nkil hc jl prkicrl nlrtl quc
sclfrkþ).3k`a sctkc`c `k`du`l nlrtl hcjiks-
ia najar a `ÿicra, sc naicrì u`l nlrtl hcj
nc`tra. Nul`ha l ljdu¡c` jc quchl u`l nlrtl,
hcfcrì hcnkr"u`a'? Dl`lrì cjoucda ljnajanlr
c` jl skqukc`tc apartu`khlh su ÿjtkil nlrtl.

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Rrapjn lr c`hccjj±`küa
pa, icaka saju.kþ`
ljc`njlra` hc prafjcr`ls
y jl p,lr,Gnlnka`.

J ^c c`trcdl lj `küa cj cocrnknka LW-Y7 l jl sc

skþ` (jlfcrk`ta hc tlilüa nlrtl), na` cj af-
J octkva hc quc tc`dl u` lipjka pl`arlil hc
ja quc hcfc rcljkzlr. ^c prctc`hc quc cj `küa
rcsucjvl jl tlrcl. plrl ja quc `cncskj± u`l vk
J skþ` djaflj hc jl sktulnkþ`, pjl`clr cj pranc-
h¡ikc`ta y lntulr. @a sc trltl sþja hc rcsajvcr
cj jlfcrk`ta, sk`a hc scdukr jl k`strunnkþ` plrl
jadrlr narrcntlic`tc cj afoctkva na` cj iÉ`k-
ia hc crrarcs,
J Nrktcrka hc nljkhlh?2 crrarcs.

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LW <7. y hcj cocrnknka

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quc sc ml` trlflolha c` scska`cs l`tcrkarcs.

\uc cj `küa sc hë nuc`tl hc nuì`ha naapcrl y

naiplrtc 3u3 nasl3.
3c jcs pkhc quc rcnucrhc` jls scska`cs l`-
tcr¡arcs y rcgjcx¡a`c` safrc sk ml nlifklha su
il`crl hc rcjlnka`lrsc na` jas hciìs y sk
su lntktuh hc naapcrlnkþ` c` hkvcrsls tlrcls
ml skha hkgcrc`tc y icoar.
Z- Cs kipartl`tc nrclr u` lifkc`tc ldrlhlfjc
plrl quc jl lntkvkhlh `a plrcznl rcpctktkvl a
lfurrkhl plrl jas `küas. ^c fusnl quc sc rcljknc
Z* u`l rcgjcx¡þ` pragu`hl hc jls iahkünlnka`cs
hc su na`huntl.

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Cstkiujlr jl iciarkl
u`l na`vcrslnkþ` narta pjlza
qucl hurlrì par ich¡a
u` ik`uta, hc
lj ü`lj
hc Kl nuljcj `¡üa tc`hrì quc hcnkr hc quë trltþ.

3c jcs k`h¡nl quc, par plrcols, mlfjc` hurl`tc u`

ik`uta hc ja quc qukcrc` scr hc drl`hcs, quc k`-
tc`tc` `a pcrhcr cj sc`t¡ha hc jl pjìtknl y quc
pa`dl` ltc`nkþ` l ja quc nlhl naiplücra
hknc.Ljgk`ljsc jcs pkhc qucl`atc` c` u`l maol ja
quc iìs rcnucrhl` hc ja quc hSa su naiplücra.
Rastcrkaric`tc sc jccrì Ka csnrkta plrl vcr s¡
na`nucrhl na` ja hknma. Jucda sc mlnc nlifka
hc plrcol.

<2 ik`utas

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j`rc`tl u`l
J

J Cstkiuj±r c` jas `küas jl iciarkl l narta pjlza

par ichka hc cstéiujas luhktkvas y l namcrc`nkl
k`clj y djaflj hcj hksnursa quc cipjcl.

C` u`l fajsktl sc k`trahunc` plpcjktas na` pl-

jlfrls. Nlhl `¡üa tail u` plpcjkta.
t Cj naarhk`lhar k`knkl u`l m¡starkl utkjkzl`ha
jl pljlfrl quc jc tanþ5 jucda. cj `küa hc jl hcrc

K nml hl scdu¡i¡c`ta l jl mkstarkl k`trahun¡c`ha

jl pljlfrl quc slnþ, y lsé 3uncskvlic`tc. Cjÿjtk-
ia `küa tcrik`l jl mkstarkl.

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