Manual Sensores y

Actuadores

Cargado por Luis Quispe Salazar

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2.- Manual Sensores y actuadores

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TCETG_CT [ LDXSLHG_CT ?

Dursg Tcesgrcs y ldtulhgrcs

(:3?::::8)
Mgrbltg Bleuli hc dursg
Lutgr Dkocrtcd
]crskôe ?:<;
Zìnkels ;4 p.
Cilogrlhgr Migrcz Ocelvkhcs, @csðs L.
_cvksgr G`chl Olhl`gz, Nukiicrbg
_kdlrhg

CTDSCIL HC KENCEKC_ÂL KCT DKOC_XCD T.L.D.

TCETG_CT [ LDXSLHG_CT 4

Âehkdc
Zrcscetldkôe 3
_ch hc dgetcekhgs =
Sekhlh hc Lprcehkzl`c <
HKLN_LBLT CIËDX_KDGT
<.< Xcbl < 0 Zrkedkpkgs hc muedkgelbkcetg hc scesgrcs y ldtulhgrcs 6
<.<.< 0 Tcesgrcs0 dgedcptg y lpikdldkgecs 6
<.<.? 0 Xkpgs hc scesgrcs y prkedkpkgs hc muedkgelbkcetg ;
<.<.4 0 Ldtulhgrcs0 dgedcptg y lpikdldkgecs ?:
<.<.8 0 Xkpgs hc ldtulhgrcs y prkedkpkgs hc muedkgelbkcetg ?:

<.? Xcbl ? 0 Tkbogignâl hc scesgrcs y ldtulhgrcs ?3

<.?.< 0 Tkbogignâl ?3
<.?.? 0 Tkbogignâl lutgbgtrkz ?3
<.?.4 0 Tcesgrcs y ldtulhgrcs lutgbgtrkdcs ?>
<.?.8 0 Tkbogignâl hc scesgrcs y ldtulhgrcs lutgbgtrkdcs ?;

<.4 Xcbl 4 0 Ketcrprctldkôe hc hklnrlbls lutgbgtrkdcs 46

<.4.< 0 Icdturl c ketcrprctldkôe hc hklnrlbls lutgbgtrkdcs 46

Sekhlh hc Lprcehkzl`c ?
TCETG_CT LSXGBGX_KDCT
?.< Xcbl 8 0 Dlrldtcrâstkdls hc igs scesgrcs lutgbgtrkdcs 8?
?.<.< 0 Ncstkôe cicdtrôekdl hci bgtgr 8?
?.<.? 0 Tcesgrcs hci dknùcüli y hci c`c hc icvls 84
?.<.4 0 Tcesgr hc vcigdkhlh hci vcfâduig 8>
?.<.8 0 Tcesgr hc hctgeldkôe 86
?.<.3 0 Tcesgrcs hc pgskdkôe hci goturlhgr y pchli hc ldcicrldkôe 8;
?.<.= 0 Tcesgr hc tcbpcrlturl hc rcmrkncrletc 3?
?.<.> 0 Tcesgr hc miu`g hc blsl hc lkrc y hc tcbpcrlturl hc lkrc 34
?.<.6 0 Tcesgr hc prcskôe hc lkrc 33
?.<.; 0 Tcesgr hc gxânceg 3=

?.? Xcbl 3 0 Tkbuildkôe hc scesgrcs lutgbgtrkdcs =:

?.?.< 0 Tkbuildkôe hc scülics =:
?.?.? 0 Dkrduktgs hc skbuildkôe hc scülics hc scesgrcs =:

Sekhlh hc Lprcehkzl`c 4
HKLNEÔTXKDG HC TCETG_CT LSXGBGX_KDCT
4.< Xcbl = 0 Zrucol y hklneôstkdg hc scesgrcs kehudtkvgs =3
4.<.< 0 Zrucols l ogrhg =3
4.<.? 0 Zrucols ce oledg =3

4.? Xcbl > 0 Zrucol y hklneôstkdg hc scesgrcs hc cmcdtg Flii ==

4.?.< 0 Zrucols l ogrhg ==
4.?.? 0 Zrucols ce oledg ==

4.4 Xcbl 6 0 Zrucol y hklneôstkdg hc scesgrcs bcdìekdgs =>

4.4.< 0 Zrucols l ogrhg =>

KCT DKOC_XCD T.L.D. CTDSCIL HC KENCEKC_ÂL

TCETG_CT [ LDXSLHG_CT 8

4.4.? 0 Zrucols ce oledg =>

4.8 Xcbl ; 0 Zrucol y hklneôstkdg hc scesgrcs pkczgciëdtrkdgs =6

4.8.< 0 Zrucols l ogrhg =6
4.8.? 0 Zrucols ce oledg =6

4.3 Xcbl <: 0 Zrucol y hklneôstkdg hc scesgrcs hc tcbpcrlturl y miu`g =6

4.3.< 0 Zrucols l ogrhg =6
4.3.? 0 Zrucols ce oledg =6

4.= Xcbl << 0 Zrucol y hklneôstkdg hc scesgrcs hc gxânceg =;

4.=.< 0 Zrucols l ogrhg =;
4.=.? 0 Zrucols ce oledg >:

Sekhlh hc Lprcehkzl`c 8
LDXSLHG_CT LSXGBGX_KDCT
8.< Xcbl <? 0 Dlrldtcrâstkdls hc igs ldtulhgrcs lutgbgtrkdcs >4
8.<.< 0 _cië lutgbgtrkz >4
8.<.? 0 Ogbol hc dgboustkoic >4
8.<.4 0 Keycdtgr hc dgboustkoic >8
8.<.8 0 ]ìivuil C]LZ >3
8.<.3 0 ]ìivuil CN_ >>
8.<.= 0 ]ìivuil KLD >6
8.<.> 0 ]ìivuil GD] (]]Xk) 6<
8.<.6 0 Ducrpg hc ldcicrldkôe cicdtrôekdg 6?
8.<.; 0 Ogokels hc cedcehkhg 64
8.<.<: 0 Bôhuig hc cedcehkhg 63

8.? Xcbl <4 0 Zrucol y hklneôstkdg hc ldtulhgrcs lutgbgtrkdcs 6>

8.?.< 0 Zrucol y hklneôstkdg hc ldtulhgrcs GE/GMM 6>
8.?.? 0 Zrucol y hklneôstkdg hc vìivuils prgpgrdkgelics 66
8.?.4 0 Zrucol y hklneôstkdg hc ogokels hc cedcehkhg ;<
8.?.8 0 Zrucol y hklneôstkdg hc bôhuigs hc cedcehkhg ;<

Okoikgnrlmâl ;4

CTDSCIL HC KENCEKC_ÂL KCT DKOC_XCD T.L.D.

TCETG_CT [ LDXSLHG_CT 3

Zrcscetldkôe
Il kehustrkl lutgbgtrkz cs uel hc ils kehustrkls bìs supcrvkslhls y luhktlhls pgr igs grnleksbgs
hc dgetrgi hc dgetlbkeldkôe. Cstg cs dilrg, pgrquc cs ue fcdfg quc ci plrquc lutgbgtgr cs ueg
hc igs prkedkplics lncetcs ncecrlhgrcs hc nlscs dgetlbkeletcs ikocrlhgs li bchkg lbokcetc.

Cs lsâ, quc hcshc igs lügs gdfcetl sc fl cstlhg kestlilehg skstcbls hc dgetrgi hc nlscs
dgetlbkeletcs ce tghgs igs bgtgrcs hc dgboustkôe lutgbgtrkdcs. [ cstgs skstcbls, olslhgs ce
ue dgetrgi cicdtrôekdg, rcqukcrce dgetlr dge scesgrcs y ldtulhgrcs quc ics pcrbktle bgektgrclr
c ketcrldtulr dge ci bgtgr hc dgboustkôe hc tli mgrbl quc sc lscnurc quc ci muedkgelbkcetg hc
cstc, ncecrc ue ekvci hc nlscs dgetlbkeletcs skcbprc pgr hcol`g hc ue ekvci iâbktc.

Zgr tletg, il cicdtrôekdl kediukhl ce ci skstcbl hc dgetrgi hc ue bgtgr hc dgboustkôe fgy ce hâl
cs bìs dgbpic`l y louehletc. Cstc skstcbl hc dgetrgi cicdtrôekdg sc lscnurl quc ci bgtgr ncecrc
il bcegr cbkskôe hc nlscs dgetlbkeletcs, y quc li bksbg tkcbpg orkehc uel lhcdulhl
pcrmgrbledc ce tërbkegs hc pgtcedkl y dgesubg hc dgboustkoic.

Xghg prgmcskgeli hci dlbpg lutgbgtrkz, fgy ce hâl eg sôig hcoc dgegdcr y rcdgegdcr igs skstcbls
hc dgetrgi cicdtrôekdg hci bgtgr, ci duli kediuyc scesgrcs, ldtulhgrcs y dgbputlhgrls, skeg
tlbokëe hcoc scr dlplz hc rclikzlr tlrcls cmkdkcetcs hc bchkdkôe, prucol y hklneôstkdg hc igs
bksbgs.

Csl cs il mkelikhlh hc cstc dursg, ci duli lolrdl ci cstuhkg hc igs scesgrcs y ldtulhgrcs hci skstcbl
hc dgetrgi cicdtrôekdg hci bgtgr hc dgboustkôe, ci bìs kbpgrtletc hc tghgs igs skstcbls hci
vcfâduig lutgbgtrkz y quc cstì rcildkgelhg dge il blygrâl hc ils mliils pgr ils dulics ue lutgbôvki
kenrcsl l ue tliicr.

KCT DKOC_XCD T.L.D. CTDSCIL HC KENCEKC_ÂL

TCETG_CT [ LDXSLHG_CT =

_ch hc dgetcekhgs

Tcesgrcs y
ldtulhgrcs

Sekhlh < Sekhlh ? Sekhlh 4 Sekhlh 8

Hklneôstkdg hc
Hklnrlbls Tcesgrcs Ldtulhgrcs
scesgrcs
ciëdtrkdgs lutgbgtrkdcs lutgbgtrkdcs
lutgbgtrkdcs

CTDSCIL HC KENCEKC_ÂL KCT DKOC_XCD T.L.D.

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TCETG_CT [ LDXSLHG_CT >

SEKHLH

<
HKLN_LBLT CIËDX_KDGT
IGN_G HC IL SEKHLH HC LZ_CEHKPL@C
Li tërbkeg hc il uekhlh, ci liubeg cetkcehc ci prkedkpkg hc muedkgelbkcetg hc igs
scesgrcs y ldtulhgrcs, rcdgegdc c ketcrprctl igs hklnrlbls hc dgetrgi cicdtrôekdg hc
duliqukcr mlorkdletc lutgbgtrkz.

XCBL_KG
<.< Xcbl < 0 Zrkedkpkgs hc muedkgelbkcetg hc scesgrcs y ldtulhgrcs 6
<.<.< 0 Tcesgrcs0 dgedcptg y lpikdldkgecs 6
<.<.? 0 Xkpgs hc scesgrcs y prkedkpkgs hc muedkgelbkcetg ;
<.<.4 0 Ldtulhgrcs0 dgedcptg y lpikdldkgecs ?:
<.<.8 0 Xkpgs hc ldtulhgrcs y prkedkpkgs hc muedkgelbkcetg ?:

<.? Xcbl ? 0 Tkbogignâl hc scesgrcs y ldtulhgrcs ?3

<.?.< 0 Tkbogignâl ?3
<.?.? 0 Tkbogignâl lutgbgtrkz ?3
<.?.4 0 Tcesgrcs y ldtulhgrcs lutgbgtrkdcs ?>
<.?.8 0 Tkbogignâl hc scesgrcs y ldtulhgrcs lutgbgtrkdcs ?;

<.4 Xcbl 4 0 Ketcrprctldkôe hc hklnrlbls lutgbgtrkdcs 46

<.4.< 0 Icdturl c ketcrprctldkôe hc hklnrlbls lutgbgtrkdcs 46

LDXK]KHLHCT Z_GZSCTXLT

 Igs liubegs rclikzle bgetl`c hc dkrduktgs dge scesgrcs y ldtulhgrcs.

 Igs liubegs rclikzle il icdturl c ketcrprctldkôe hc ue hklnrlbl ciëdtrkdg
 Igs liubegs rclikzle il icdturl c ketcrprctldkôe hc ue hklnrlbl cicdtrôekdg

KCT DKOC_XCD T.L.D. CTDSCIL HC KENCEKC_ÂL

TCETG_CT [ LDXSLHG_CT 6

<.<. Z_KEDKZKGT HC MSEDKGELBKCEXG HC TCETG_CT [ LDXSLHG_CT

<.<.<. Tcesgrcs0 dgedcptg y lpikdldkgecs

Tcesgr cs tghg hkspgsktkvg dlplz hc hctcdtlr ue hctcrbkelhg cstâbuig mâskdg y ncecrlr uel
rcspucstl l tli cstâbuig.
Igs cstâbuigs mâskdgs puchce scr0 tcbpcrlturl, iuz, sgekhg, prcskôe, blnectksbg, bgvkbkcetg
rciltkvg, ctdëtcrl.
Il rcspucstl li cstâbuig quc hl ue scesgr puchc scr, dgbg sudchc ce budfgs dlsgs, il
ncecrldkôe hc uel blnektuh ciëdtrkdl (dgrrkcetc g vgitl`c). L cstl blnektuh ciëdtrkdl ncecrlhl
pgr ci scesgr sc ic hcegbkel ’scüli‒. Zcrg ce linuegs dlsgs, vcrcbgs quc fly scesgrcs duyl
rcspucstl li cstâbuig, sc blekmkcstl bchkletc il vlrkldkôe hc linuel hc sus dlrldtcrâstkdls mâskdls0
hkbceskôe, pgskdkôe, rcskstcedkl ciëdtrkdl, ctdëtcrl.
Cs kbpgrtletc tcecr ce ducetl tlbokëe ci dgedcptg hc trleshudtgr. Se trleshudtgr, eg cs
sgilbcetc ue hkspgsktkvg skeg ue cqukpg, ci duli cstì dgbpucstg pgr ue scesgr y gtrgs cicbcetgs
lhkdkgelics (bcdleksbgs y/g dkrduktgs luxkiklrcs), quc pcrbktce quc ci trleshudtgr ncecrc uel
scüli lhcdulhl plrl scr utkikzlhl dge mkecs hc bchkdkôe y dgetrgi.
Zgr c`cbpig, uel tcrbgdupil (g tcrbgplr) cs ue scesgr hc tcbpcrlturl, ci duli ncecrl uel
hkmcrcedkl hc vgitl`c cetrc sus tcrbkelics (mknurl #<). Cstl hkmcrcedkl hc vgitl`c, cs prgpgrdkgeli
l il tcbpcrlturl l il duli sc sgbctc il tcrbgdupil.

Mknurl <0 Xcrbgdupil

Mucetc. - Xgblhg hc fttps0//www.gbcnl.dgb/ce-us/rcsgurdcs/tfcrbgdgupics

Zgr gtrg ilhg, ue trleshudtgr hc tcbpcrlturl (mknurl #?), puchc scr mlorkdlhg utkikzlehg uel
tcrbgdupil y nrldkls l igs cicbcetgs lhkdkgelics quc sc ic kestlile, scrì dlplz hc ncecrlr uel
scüli lhcdulhl plrl scr trlesbktkhl hcetrg hc ue skstcbl hc dgetrgi hc uel mìorkdl.

Mknurl ?0 Xrleshudtgr hc tcbpcrlturl dge tcrbgdupil

Mucetc.- Xgblhg hc fttps0//www.gectcbp.dgb.lu/tb-f-typc-a-tfcrbgdgupic-wktf-liubkekub-dgeecdtkge-fclh

CTDSCIL HC KENCEKC_ÂL KCT DKOC_XCD T.L.D.

TCETG_CT [ LDXSLHG_CT ;

Cs lsâ quc, ce igs skstcbls hc dgetrgi cicdtrôekdg hc ue vcfâduig lutgbgtrkz, sc puchce cedgetrlr
tletg scesgrcs dgbg trleshudtgrcs. Tke cbolrng, hcshc quc, ce tërbkegs prìdtkdgs, lbogs
dubpice il bksbl muedkôe, ce cstc bleuli eg flrcbgs hkmcrcedkl cetrc ciigs y ce lhciletc igs
hcegbkelrcbgs, hc blecrl kehkstketl, dgbg scesgrcs.

Ils lpikdldkgecs hc igs scesgrcs ce tghgs igs dlbpgs tcdegiônkdgs, sge tle vlrklhls dgbg
kbpgrtletcs. Igs scesgrcs dubpice il muedkôe hc scr igs g`gs, gâhgs y ci tldtg. Zrgvcce ils scülics
hc cetrlhl hc tghg skstcbl hc dgetrgi cicdtrôekdg.

Ce duletg l il lpikdldkôe ce vcfâduigs lutgbgtrkdcs, il dletkhlh hc scesgrcs kestlilhgs ce tghgs

igs skstcbls hci lutgbôvki, mìdkibcetc supcrle ci dcetcelr. [, l bchkhl quc bìs skstcbls
cicdtrôekdgs sge kestlilhgs ce igs vcfâduigs bghcregs, cstl dkmrl sc sknuc kedrcbcetlehg. Zgr
cstl bksbl rlzôe, il blygrâl hc igs prgoicbls hc mliils y bli muedkgelbkcetg hc igs skstcbls hci
lutgbôvki, cstìe rcildkgelhgs dge igs scesgrcs.
Tcnðe il mkrbl hc kevcstknldkôe hc bcrdlhg _cpgrtsle _cpgrts, hci ?:<> li ?:?4, ci bcrdlhg hc
scesgrcs lutgbgtrkdcs tcehrì ue drcdkbkcetg hci =.>%, lidlezlhg ue bgetg hc $4=,8?: bkiigecs
hc hôilrcs lbcrkdlegs. (Zcii, ?:<>).

Mknurl 40 Tcesgrcs ce ue lutgbôvki

Mucetc. - Xgblhg hc fttps0//www.ccecwspgwcr.dgb/ecws/lutgbgtkvc-scesgrs-blract-nrgw-=>-dlnr-?:?4

<.<.?. Xkpgs hc scesgrcs y prkedkpkgs hc muedkgelbkcetg

Ci dursg quc cs go`ctg hc cstc bleuli, cstì cemgdlhg ce ci cstuhkg hc igs scesgrcs hci bgtgr hc
dgboustkôe hc vcfâduigs lutgbgtrkdcs. Tke cbolrng, hcshc quc sc cstuhklrìe igs prkedkpkgs hc
muedkgelbkcetg hc igs scesgrcs, ci cstuhkletc scrì dlplz hc rcdgegdcr, cetcehcr, prgolr y
hklnegstkdlr duliqukcr tkpg hc scesgr, ske kbpgrtlr su lpikdldkôe.
Dgbg sc vkg ce ci eubcrli letcrkgr, ue scesgr rclddkgelrì l uel cstkbuildkôe mâskdl y, dgbg
rcspucstl, prgvccrì uel scüli, il duli scrì prgpgrdkgelibcetc rcprcscetltkvl l il cstkbuildkôe
hctcdtlhl.

Cstkbuildkôe
Tcesgr Tcüli
mâskdl

KCT DKOC_XCD T.L.D. CTDSCIL HC KENCEKC_ÂL

TCETG_CT [ LDXSLHG_CT <:

Hc lducrhg li tkpg hc cstkbuildkôe mâskdl quc sc qukcrc hctcdtlr, sc hcoc utkikzlr ue hctcrbkelhg
tkpg hc scesgr. Zcrg, li flocr bìs hc ue tkpg hc scesgr, il ducstkôe piletclhl cs cetgedcs duli
tkpg hc scesgr sc hcoc utkikzlr. [ il rcspucstl hcpcehcrì hc ils dlrldtcrkstkdls hci skstcbl ce ci
duli ci scesgr scrì utkikzlhg y hci bchkg ce ci duli hkdfg skstcbl scrì kestlilhg.
Zgr c`cbpig, sk sc qukcrc hctcdtlr tcbpcrlturl, sc hcoc utkikzlr ue scesgr quc rclddkgec l il
tcbpcrlturl. Se tkpg hc scesgr quc rclddkgel l il tcbpcrlturl cs il tcrbgdupil y su rclddkôe sc
blekmkcstl bchkletc il ncecrldkôe hc uel hkmcrcedkl hc pgtcedkli (vgitl`c) cetrc sus tcrbkelics.
Gtrg tkpg hc scesgr quc rclddkgel l il tcbpcrlturl cs ci tcrbkstgr, ci duli blekmkcstl su rclddkôe
li dlbokg hc tcbpcrlturl bchkletc ci dlbokg hc su rcskstcedkl ciëdtrkdl ketrâescdl. Cs govkg quc
lbogs scesgrcs rclddkgele li bksbg cstâbuig, pcrg ig fldce hc hkstketl mgrbl. Tcrì cetgedcs
tlrcl hci hkscülhgr hci skstcbl ci tcecr quc csdgncr ci scesgr bìs lhcdulhg plrl il lpikdldkôe.

Mknurl 80 Tcesgrcs hci trce hc pgtcedkl hc ue lutgbôvki

Mucetc. - Xgblhg hc fttp0 fttp0//tkbvggrfccslutgrcplkr.dgb/

Ce il kehustrkl lutgbgtrkz sc utkikzle vlrkgs tkpgs hc scesgrcs. Ce il nrle blygrâl hc dlsgs, pgr eg
hcdkr ce tghgs, igs mlorkdletcs hc vcfâduigs lutgbgtrkdcs utkikzle ue bksbg tkpg hc scesgr plrl
ue hctcrbkelhg skstcbl hci vcfâduig. Il ðekdl vlrkldkôe quc pghcbgs khcetkmkdlr cetrc igs
scesgrcs utkikzlhgs pgr ue mlorkdletc u gtrg, scrì skbpicbcetc il mgrbl mâskdl hci ducrpg g dlrdlsl
quc dgetkcec li scesgr (quc hcpcehc sgorctghg hci hkscüg y dgestruddkôe hci vcfâduig). Zcrg, ci
cicbcetg scesgr scrì ci bksbg.

Tcesgrcs kehudtkvgs

Ci scesgr kehudtkvg cs ue scesgr quc hctcdtl il vlrkldkôe hc ue dlbpg blneëtkdg y dgbg

rcspucstl ncecrl uel dgrrkcetc ciëdtrkdl litcrel duyl ketceskhlh cs prgpgrdkgeli l il vlrkldkôe
hctcdtlhl. Tk eg fly vlrkldkôe hci dlbpg blneëtkdg, cetgedcs il dgrrkcetc ncecrlhl scrì knuli
ldcrg. Igs scesgrcs kehudtkvgs sge utkikzlhgs plrl hctcdtlr pgskdkgecs y bgvkbkcetgs rciltkvgs.
Se scesgr kehudtkvg dgbg ci hc il mknurl #3, cstì dgemgrblhg pgr ue kbìe pcrblecetc (8), uel
ogokel (3) y ue eðdicg hc fkcrrg (=).

CTDSCIL HC KENCEKC_ÂL KCT DKOC_XCD T.L.D.

TCETG_CT [ LDXSLHG_CT <<

Mknurl 30 Tcesgr kehudtkvg

Mucetc. - Xgblhg hc fttps0//pfyskds.stldacxdflenc.dgb/qucstkges/4=;?<?/kehudtkvc-scesgr-fgw-hgcs-kt-wgra

Zrkedkpkg hc muedkgelbkcetg

Ci kbìe pcrblecetc (8) drcl ci dlbpg blneëtkdg. Ci eðdicg hc fkcrrg (=) sc cedlrnl hc dgedcetrlr
il ketceskhlh hci dlbpg blneëtkdg quc ltrlvkcsl l il ogokel. Il ogokel (3) cstì kestlilhl hc tli
mgrbl quc cs ltrlvcslhl pgr ils iâecls hc mucrzl hci dlbpg blneëtkdg prghudkhg pgr ci kbìe.
Ce ue cstlhg hc rcpgsg, ci dlbpg blneëtkdg cstì cstloic y ske dlbokgs pgr ig duli ci scesgr eg
ncecrl ekenuel scüli.
Dulehg ue cicbcetg bctìikdg cxtcreg (>) sc bucvc buy prôxkbg li scesgr (N), cetgedcs
ltrlvkcsl ci dlbpg blneëtkdg litcrìehgig y cstl vlrkldkôe hci dlbpg blneëtkdg kehudc uel
dgrrkcetc ciëdtrkdl ce il ogokel. Cstl dgrrkcetc ciëdtrkdl cs il scüli ncecrlhl pgr ci scesgr quc
iucng cs trlesbktkhl pgr bchkg hc ue plr hc dloics (? y 4).
Ci dlbpg blneëtkdg, li cbpczlr l scr ltrlvcslhg pgr ue cicbcetg bctìikdg, prghudc uel
dgrrkcetc ce ue hctcrbkelhg scetkhg, il duli sc kekdkl hcshc dcrg flstl lidlezlr uel hctcrbkelhl
ketceskhlh. Dulehg ci cicbcetg bctìikdg druzl ci dcetrg hci dlbpg blneëtkdg y l bchkhl quc
tcrbkel hc ltrlvcslrig, cetgedcs il dgrrkcetc kehudkhl druzl pgr dcrg y dlbokl hc scetkhg. Hc
cstl mgrbl, hcshc ci kekdkg hci dgrtc hci dlbpg blneëtkdg flstl ci mkeli hc cstc dgrtc, sc ncecrl
uel dgrrkcetc kehudkhl litcrel dge ue scbkdkdig pgsktkvg y ue scbkdkdig ecnltkvg.

Mknurl =0 Mgrbl hc gehl hc il scüli hc ue scesgr kehudtkvg

Mucetc. - Xgblhg hc fttps0//www.citlcurgpc.dgb/cenkec-blelncbcet/drleasflmt-scesgrs-dlbsflmt/
Tcesgrcs hc cmcdtg Flii

KCT DKOC_XCD T.L.D. CTDSCIL HC KENCEKC_ÂL