Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
INGLÉS JURÍDICO
IJ - s e g u n d o c u at r i m e s t r e
Índice
Presentación 4
Macrobjetivos 4
Programa 4
Mapa Conceptual 7
Agenda 7
Material 8
Glosario 8
Módulos *
Módulo 1 8
Módulo 2 15
Módulo 3 23
Módulo 4 34
Módulo 5 44
Módulo 6 55
Referencias
Macroobjetivos
Con el estudio de esta materia Ud. podrá:
UNIDAD 2: SUBORDINACIÓN
1. Definición de subordinación
2. Nexos subordinantes
3. Proposiciones subordinadas sustantivas
4. Proposiciones subordinadas adjetivas:
4.1. Especificativas
4.2. Explicativas
UNIDAD 6:
En este módulo Ud. podrá ejercitar todo lo aprendido en los módulos
anteriores, aplicando vocabulario y textos relacionados con su carrera.
Agenda
Módulos MÓDULO 1
M1 Microobjetivos
Ejemplo: “She said my song was better.” (Ella dijo que mi canción era
mejor.)
“My elder brother is 25.” (Mi hermano mayor (que yo) tiene 25
años.)
1.2.4. a bit / a little / a lot / much / far / a great deal / a good deal / rather
/ slightly + comparativo
Actividad 1
Adjetivos y Adverbios.
2. Tradúzcalo.
Actividad 2
¿Comparativos o Superlativos?
1. Each year, there are approximately 1.5 million felony cases (crimes
potentially punishable by imprisonment for more than one year)
prosecuted; less than three percent of these are prosecuted in the Federal
system.
3. The two gunmen left the shop with more than U$S 10,000 worth of
watches and jewellery.
Actividad 3
Comprensión de texto.
MÓDULO 2
M2 Microobjetivos
M2 Contenidos
SUBORDINACIÓN
1. Definición de subordinación
2. Nexos subordinantes
3. Proposiciones subordinadas sustantivas
4. Proposiciones subordinadas adjetivas:
4.1. Especificativas
4.2. Explicativas
1. Subordinación
2. Nexos subordinantes
• Nexos compuestos con that opcional: now (that) (ya que, ahora que),
provided / providing (that) (siempre que, con tal que, a condición que),
supposing (that) (suponiendo que), considering (that) (considerando,
en vista que), seeing (that) (visto que, puesto que, ya que), etc.
• Nexos compuestos con than: rather than (+ verbo sin conjugar o frase
sin verbo) (en vez de, antes que)
• Nexos correlativos: so ... (that) (tan ... que), such ... (that) (tan ...
que), no sooner ... than (apenas ..., tan pronto como ...), whether ...
or (si ... o)
“I told him (that) he was wrong.” (Le dije que estaba equivocado.)
(La palabra “that” entre paréntesis indica que es opcional en inglés.
Ello no es posible en castellano, idioma en el cual se traduce “que”.
Si no está presente en la oración en inglés, nos daremos cuenta de
su ausencia por la falta de sentido al traducir. Por ejemplo, si
leemos “I’m sure she’ll come”, y traducimos literalmente “Estoy
seguro/a ella vendrá”, podemos comprender lo que se pudo haber
querido decir. Sin embargo, para que tenga sentido completo, la
oración debe traducirse “Estoy seguro/a de que ella vendrá”.)
“He couldn’t remember on which shelf she kept it.” (Él no podía
recordar en/sobre qué/cuál estante ella lo guardaba.)
“He couldn’t remember which shelf she kept it on.” (En este ejemplo
la preposición “on” está al final de la proposición subordinada, lo
cual es muy habitual en inglés. No obstante, en la traducción al
castellano no podemos dejarla en esa posición, ya que diríamos
“Él no podía recordar qué/cuál estante ella lo guardaba en/sobre”.
La traducción correcta es “Él no podía recordar en/sobre qué/cuál
estante ella lo guardaba”.
“I don’t care whether or not your car breaks down.” (No me importa
si tu auto se rompe o no.)
“The car which crashed into mine belonged to Ted.” (El auto que chocó
contra el mío pertenecía a Ted.)
“A baby whose mother had left him was crying loudly.” (Un bebé cuya
madre lo había dejado estaba llorando ruidosamente.”)
“There are several reasons why we can’t do that.” (Hay varias razones por
las cuales no podemos hacer eso.)
“They were all friends, many of whom had known each other for
years. (Eran todos amigos, muchos de los cuales se habían conocido
durante años.)
Actividad 1
Nexos subordinantes
A B
1 A jury is a group of people who A ... defends or prosecutes
... decides if someone is guilty or
2 A lawyer is a person who B
innocent
3 A fine is the money which C ... trials a place.
4 A court is the place where D ... sentences a criminal.
5 Witnesses are the people who E ... is paid as punishment.
6 A judge is the person who F ... what they know about a crime.
Actividad 2
One night a burglar broke into a house. While he was stealing things, the
telephone rang. The burglar answered the phone and said that there was nobody
in. The caller asked who the burglar was and he answered he was a gardener.
The caller was suspicious and wondered why there was a gardener there at
night. After he had finished talking to the burglar, he rang the police and the
burglar was arrested.
2. Tradúzcalo.
Actividad 3
3. A buyer is liable for the difference between the contract and the market
prices if he refuses to accept delivery and the market price is lower.
7. Since the fashion was set by the Code Napoleon many continental
countries have codified much of their law, public and private.
10. The range of subjects on offer is wide – from Family Law to International
Law – though in practice most undergraduates take Contract Law o
Land Law.
11. Although many undergraduates who read law do so with the intention
of practising, many do not, preferring instead to go into administration
or accountancy.
Actividad 4
Lectocomprensión
The relationship between employer and employee is one of contract. Since the
Contracts of
Employment Acts of 1963 the employee must be given a written statement of
certain important terms such as hours, wages, holidays, etc., but the contract
itself may be made orally and many more important right and duties, on both
sides are often not stated but left to be implied by law.
The most important implied duty of the employer is to provide a safe system of
work and the
most important duties of the employee are to render faithful service and obey
lawful orders. This complex web of rights and duties between the employer and
employee has been evolved by the common law - that is to say, as a result of
judicial decisions.
The Acts of Parliaments, that is, The Factory Act, 1961 and the Offices, Shops
and Railway
Premises Act, 1963 make employers criminally liable for failing to take certain
measures for the health, safety and welfare of their employees a right to sue
for damages.
The Acts give employees greater protection than the common law not only
because they cover health and welfare in addition to safety, but also because
the duties laid on the employer are stricter.
5. Inferencias:
a) Con ayuda del diccionario bilingüe, y haciendo inferencias del texto
analizado establezca la diferencia entre los vocablos LAW and ACT
en inglés.
b) ¿Puede distinguir cuál es la forma de designar una ley en los países
anglosajones y en los de tradición romanista como el nuestro?. Diga
en cuál de ellos se utiliza el año como forma de individualización.
Actividad 5
Traducción
Actividad 6
Comprensión de texto.
MÓDULO 3
M3 Microobjetivos
2.1. De tiempo
2.2. De lugar
2.3. De condición
Ejemplo: “If you drove more slowly, you would have fewer
accidents.” (Si condujeras más lento, tendrías menos accidentes.)
[If you drove] = proposición subordinada – el
verbo está conjugado en pasado, pero no se traduce “condujiste” (modo
indicativo), sino “condujeras”, es decir, modo subjuntivo en castellano
“Mickie would have understood if you had told her the truth.” (Mickie
habría comprendido si le hubieras contado la verdad.) (En este caso,
“would have understood” podría traducirse “hubiera comprendido”,
que es la forma más usual en Argentina. “Had told” se traduce en el
pretérito pluscuamperfecto del modo subjuntivo (hubieras contado) y
no en el modo indicativo (habías contado). Esto se debe nuevamente
a que no existe una conjugación de verbos en “modo subjuntivo” en
inglés, y otros tiempos verbales suplen su ausencia. El sentido del
contexto con el que estamos trabajando nos indicará cuál de los modos
(indicativo o subjuntivo) tendremos que elegir para la traducción.)
2.6. De propósito
M3 Actividades
Actividad 1
1. The jurors couldn´t see Peter´s expression, because his head was
turned.
2. The suspect acted as though he knew the place.
3. When he opened the door, she shot him three times in the chest.
According to the pathologist´s report he died instantly.
4. The workers obeyed him with such a willingness that the strike went
on for over a year.
Actividad 2
Terminología aplicada
1. Elija del casillero la palabra que más se adecúe para completar cada
oración.
Actividad 3
Proposiciones Condicionales
3 If you ______ (be) at a bus stop and a car ______ (park) there illegally,
would you...
a) take the car number and tell the policeman?
b) Ask the driver to move the car?
c) Ignore it?
Actividad 4
Comprensión de texto.
A
Customs officials found 5 kilos of marihuana
hidden inside the tyres of the car.
B
When she opened the door, he shot her
two times in the chest. The doctors said
she died immediately.
C
The four gunmen left the shop with more
than U$S 30,000.
D
Forrest said she would publish
the photos unless he gave her
another 5500 dollars.
E
A ransom of $ 1,500,000
Dollars was demanded for the child´s release.
F
G
Shortly after take-off, they produced guns and forced the pilot
to fly to London, where the plane was given permission to land,
and surrounded by armed troop.
H
When the Law school was reopened after the weekend,
staff found that three classrooms had been completely
wrecked: furniture and windows were broken, and
graffiti had been sprayed on the walls.
3. Marque con una cruz (X) los extractos que contienen proposiciones
subordianadas y tradúzcalos.
Actividad 5
Lectocomprensión.
A serious breach of contract by one party may give the other party a right to treat
himself as released from any further obligations, thereby bringing a contract to
and end. A contract may also be discharged by agreement, performance or
frustration.
M4 Microobjetivos
M4 Contenidos
VOZ PASIVA
Decimos que una oración está en “voz activa” cuando la acción expresada
por el verbo es realizada por el sujeto.
Decimos que una oración está en “voz pasiva” cuando la acción expresada
por el verbo es sufrida por el sujeto.
Para formar la voz pasiva en inglés se conjuga el verbo “to be” (en el
tiempo verbal de la oración en voz activa) seguido del participio pasado
del verbo principal en la voz activa.
“The painting had been given to the gallery by her late husband.”
(El cuadro había sido regalado a la galería por su difunto marido.)
(Voz pasiva - Sujeto: the painting, que era el objeto directo en la
voz activa)
“The gallery had been given the painting by her late husband.”
(La galería había sido regalada el cuadro por su difunto marido.)
(Incorrecto)
Esta estructura nos permite expresar que “algo es hecho por alguien”
sin mencionar quién es ese “alguien”. Observe como llegamos a este
significado cambiando la forma de la siguiente oración:
Con verbos como believe (creer), know (saber), say (decir), think (pensar),
etc., que se utilizan para expresar la opinion de otras personas, con
frecuencia se utiliza una construcción pasiva para evitar un sujeto poco
preciso y para dar una opinión generalizada. Esta construcción puede
tener dos formas, una de las cuales es muy parecida a la del castellano,
pero ambas se traducen igual: “Se cree / creyó / creía que ...”, “Se sabe
/ supo / sabía que ...”, “Se dice / dijo / decía que ...”, “Se piensa / pensó
/ pensaba que ...”, etc.
“It is thought that Smith is in England.” (Se piensa que Smith está en
Inglaterra.) (Voz pasiva) (Esta construcción es similar a la del castellano,
pero debe prestarse atención de no traducir “Es pensado que ...”)
“People know that Mary is living in Scotland.” (La gente sabe que Mary
está viviendo en Escocia.) (Voz activa)
“It is known that Mary is living in Scotland.” (Se sabe que Mary está
viviendo en Escocia.) (Voz pasiva)
Ejemplo: “People believe that Smith left England last week.” (La
gente cree que Smith salió de Inglaterra la semana pasada.) (Voz
activa) (El verbo believe está en presente porque la gente “cree” ahora,
en tiempo presente, pero left es el que indica la acción principal que se
quiere comunicar en la oración.)
“It is believed that Smith left England last week.” (Se cree que Smith
salió de Inglaterra la semana pasada.) (Voz pasiva)
“Smith is believed to have left England last week.” (Se cree que Smith
salió de Inglaterra la semana pasada.) (Voz pasiva) (Es INCORRECTO
decir “Smith es creído de haber salido de Inglaterra la semana
pasada”.)
“People thought Sue had paid too much.” (Voz activa) (La gente pensó
que Sue había pagado demasiado.) (El verbo thought está en pasado
porque la gente “pensó” en un momento de tiempo anterior al
presente.)
“It was thought that Sue had paid too much.” (Se pensó que Sue había
pagado demasiado.) (Voz pasiva)
“Sue was thought to have paid too much.” (Se pensó que Sue había
pagado demasiado.) (Voz pasiva) (Es INCORRECTO decir “Sue fue
pensada haber pagado demasiado”.)
“Prices are expected to rise soon.” (Se espera que los precios suban
pronto.) (Se espera una suba en los precios.) (Voz pasiva) (Es
NCORRECTO traducir “Los precios son esperados subir pronto”.)
“After the accident the police found out that someone had tampered
with the car engine.” (Después del accidente la policía descubrió
que alguien había tocado el motor del auto / alguien había realizado
cambios en el motor del auto.) (Voz activa)
“After the accident it was found out that the car engine had been
tampered with.” (Después del accidente se descubrió que el motor
había sido tocado.) (Voz pasiva) (En ese caso, al traducir al castellano
no necesitamos la preposición with, por lo cual simplemente la
omitimos.)
M4 Actividades
Actividad 1
a) A sixteen year old girl was seriously injured after being knocked off
her motorcycle by a motorist. It is feared that she may never be able
to walk again. The motorist failed a breathalyser test.
b) An innocent man was released from prison today after serving ten
years of a 30 year prison sentence for murder. The man had been
found guilty on false police evidence. Before leaving the court, the
man´s solicitor spoke to reporters: “Thanks God we don´t have
capital punishment any more”, he said.
Actividad 2
Actividad 3
Comprensión de texto.
United Kingdom
English law and Scots law are very different form each other in form and
substance. The separate evolution of the two legal systems, both before
and after the Union, has resulted in different principles, institutions
and traditions. Although in modern times Scots law has been greatly
influenced by English law, it is still based upon principles of Roman or
Civil law and upon rules of Canon, feudal or customary law origin. In
spite of the existence of a Common Parliament for England and Scotland
for over 250 years there has been no assimilation of the legal systems
of the two countries. A fusion of law has, however, taken place between
England and Wales, as a consequence of the subjugation of the latter
country in the middle ages.
French secret agents attacked the boat Rainbow Warrior with explosives
while it was moored in Auckland Harbor, New Zealand.
Two agents using false names were arrested in New Zealand on 12 July
1985 and duly charged with false passport and offences. On 23 July
they were further charged with conspiracy to commit arson, with willfully
damaging the Rainbow Warrior by means of explosives, with the murder
of Fernando Pereira, a crew member, the Greenpeace photographer on
the expedition. The plead not guilty and remanded in custody. In mid-
August the French press identified them as Alain Mafart and Dominique
Prieur. On 13 August New Zealand demanded extradition of all those
involved, but the French government replied that it could not extradite
French nationals.
M5 Microobjetivos
• Reconocer las formas de los verbos en infinitivo, los terminados con el sufijo
-ing, y los participios pasados.
• Aprender las diferentes funciones que cada uno de ellos puede cumplir y
cómo esas funciones afectan su traducción al castellano.
• Reconocer las diferencias de significado que se producen al colocar un verbo
en infinitivo o uno terminado con el sufijo -ing después de un verbo principal
en una oración.
M5 Contenidos
• sin sujeto: “The best thing would be to tell everybody.” (Lo mejor
sería decirles a todos.)
• con sujeto: “The best thing would be for you to tell everybody.” (Lo
mejor sería que tú les digas a todos.) (En este caso, no podemos
traducir “decirles” en infinitivo porque hemos incluido “que tú”, y ello
nos obliga a conjugar el verbo “decir” como “digas”.)
• en construcciones que comienzan con it: “It would be better (for you)
to tell everybody.” (Sería mejor decirles a todos. / Sería mejor que tú
les dijeras/digas a todos.)
• sin sujeto: “All I did was hit him on the head.” (Todo lo que hice fue
golpearlo en la cabeza.)
• con sujeto: “Rather than John do it, I’d prefer to give the job to Mary.”
(En lugar de que John lo hiciera/haga, preferiría darle el trabajo a Mary.)
La frase “in order to” también se utiliza para indicar el motivo por el cual
se realiza una acción y se traduce “para”.
Ejemplo: “They bought the car in order to avoid taking the bus.”
(Compraron el auto para evitar tomar el ómnibus.)
2. Sufijo -ing
d. Verbos que pueden ir seguidos por un infinitivo o -ing pero con cambio
de significado:
Ejemplo: “I’ve tried to talk to him but he’s never in.” (He
tratado de hablar con él pero nunca está en su casa.) (No he
podido hablar con él. “Try + infinitivo” indica que “se intenta
hacer algo” pero puede o no hacerse la acción expresada por
el infinitivo, como “hablar” en el ejemplo.
“I’ve tried talking to him but he won’t listen to me.” (He hablado
con él pero no quiere escucharme.) (Literalmente debería traducirse
“He tratado de hablar”, pero el significado puede ser ambiguo. “Try
+ -ing” indica que se “intenta algo haciéndolo”, es decir, se realiza la
acción expresada por el verbo con -ing.)
“She regrets to tell you the meeting has been canceled.” (Ella
lamenta decirles que la reunión ha sido cancelada.) (Lamenta el hecho
de tener que decirles algo.)
“I forgot to mail the card.” (Me olvidé de enviar la tarjeta.) (Me olvidé
que tenía que hacerlo.)
M5 Actividades
Actividad 1
Traducción de –ING.
Actividad 2
1. The judge told Peter not to be so silly in the future and then let him go.
2. The men were caught and sent to prison for two years.
3. The burglars left the bar and wen to the bank.
4. To get his revenge the thief went into the toilet at the tax office and
replaced the soap with a joke soap that turned people´s hands black.
5. The two men were charged with robbery, illegal parking and trying to
steal a car.
6. The assistant watched, as the suspects rolled up the expensive carpet
and carried to the door.
Actividad 3
Participio Pasado.
At all periods in English history it has been necessary for the legislative
and executive to act in harmony if the government is to be carried on
efficiently. It is in order to effect this object that constitutional conventions,
which have varied from age to age, have been devised. Today, as in the
past, much of the practical working of the constitution depends less upon
substantive law enforced by the courts than upon conventional usages
founded partly upon the precedents afforded by history and partly upon
the needs of the time, which may be said for practical purposes of
government to have acquired the force of customary law.
The rules and principles embodied in these conventional usages have
been found in experience to be essential to the cooperation of the three
parties whom the legislative and executive functions of government are
vested, namely the Crown, the Lords and the Commons.
Actividad 5
Comprensión de texto.
6. De 2 ejemplos de:
a) Voz Pasiva.
b) Nexos subordinantes.
c) “To” en frase verbal.
d) “To” como preposición.
e) ING . Explique en cada caso la función que está cumpliendo ING
(como gerundio, verbo conjugado, adjetivo, etc.)
MÓDULO 6
M6 Microobjetivos
M6 Contenidos
En este módulo Ud. podrá ejercitar todo lo aprendido en los módulos anteriores,
aplicando vocabulario y textos relacionados con su carrera.
M6 Actividades
Actividad 1
Comprensión de texto
Lease
Third: The price of this lease shall be ............... per annum, payable
............... without any reduction whatsoever, the first payment to be
made on the ............... day of............... 19......
Fourth: The lessee undertakes the obligation to care for the trees on
the property and to repair the fences, avoiding whatever may cause
damage to the property.
Fifth: The lessee cannot cut down trees nor exploit the stone or
quarries on the estate without an express agreement with the-owner.
Sixth: All the improvements which are made shall remain to the
benefit of the property, without the right of indemnity whatsoever.
( Signatures)
Actividad 3
Comprensión de texto
This is the contract for your loan from The Rockson Bank. If you agree
to its terms, sign in
the space provided.
I promise to pay The Rockson Bank at its Salt Lake City office the
amount of $2,410.00 plus interest (finance charge) from the date the
loan is made on the unpaid balance of the amount financed at the
annual percentage rate of 12.25% shown below. I will pay the bank in
36 equal monthly installments of $80.53 each, beginning October 5,
1984, and continuing an the same day of each month and will pay a final
installment of $73.27 (estimated) on September 5, 1987.
I have received and read a copy of this contract prior to signing it. I
agree to its terms.
___________________ ___________________
___________________
Date Borrower Address
Actividad 4
Glosario
Actividad 5
Comprensión de textos
Damages. The employer has the right to sue the employee for damages
for any breach of his contract of employment, whether or not the
employment has come to an end. But it is very rare for this to be done.
One reason is that the amount of damages would normally be small.
Actividad 6
Comprensión de texto
Lawyers at work
Professional titles
Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are
referred to as lawyers, the word really describes a person who has
become officially qualified to act in certain legal matters because of
examinations he has taken and professional experience he has gained.
Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a
particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In
Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination
to become an attorney, a public prosecutor or a judge. In England,
the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers
specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to
be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are
not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are
usually chosen from the most senior barristers, and once appointed
they cannot continue to practice as barristers. Solicitors do much of the
initial preparation for cases which they then hand to barristers, as well
as handling legal work which does not come before a court, such as
drawing up wills, and dealing with litigation which is settled out of court.
Solicitors also have a right of audience in lower courts, but in higher
courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister argue
their client’s case. In general, it can be said that a barrister spends most
of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the
court and a solicitor spends most of his time in an office giving advice
to clients, making investigations and preparing documents. Many
Actividad 7
What is insurance
Actividad 8
Comprensión de texto
FAMILY HOUSE
SPECIAL CONDITIONS:
In view of the general and special conditions of this policy the .....
.................................... COMPANY LIMITED (hereinafter called the
Company) insures ............................... (hereinafter called the Assured)
domiciled at ......................................... against THEFT AND ROBBERY
and or ATTEMPT AT ROBBERY AND THEFT of the thing or things
specified below an which occupy .............................. situated at
.............................. .
The thing or things referred to hereinafter described are those which the
Assured wishes to include in the insurance all in accordance with the
form which he signed, filed in the Company and which forms an integral
part of his Insurance Policy.
DETAILS OF INSURANCE
Examined ....................................
The Argentine Superintendence of Insurance has approved this policy by
Resolution Nº ....................... dated .......................th 19......
Comprensión de texto