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En1992 2
En1992 2
C30/37 C70/85
(Durability) (Ductility)
- Geometrical imperfections
in plastic
hinges
0.30 for concrete strength classes ≤ C50/60
xu
≤
d 0.23 for concrete strength classes ≥ C55/67
γcf = 1.1 γs / γc
⎛ qud ⎞
R⎜ ⎟
⎝ γ0 ⎠
⎛ qud ⎞
( )
γ Rd E γ G G + γ Q Q ≤ R ⎜ ⎟
⎝ γO ⎠
⎛ qud ⎞
( )
E γ GG + γ QQ ≤ R ⎜
γ .γ
⎟
⎝ Rd O ⎠
⎛ qud ⎞
(i.e.) R ⎜ ⎟
⎝ γO' ⎠
⎛ qud ⎞
( )
γ Rd γ Sd E γ g G + γ q Q ≤ R ⎜ ⎟
⎝ γO ⎠
With γSd = 1.15 partial factor for model uncertainties (actions side)
γ0 = 1.20 structural safety factor
R ⎛⎜ ⎞
qud
γ O ⎟⎠ E D A
⎝
R (qud γ O )
γ Rd F’ G’
H’’ H’ C B
(γ +γ ) qud qud q
(γ +γ ) γO
R ⎛⎜ ⎞
qud
⎝ γ O ⎟⎠ E D
R (qud γ O ) F’ G’
γ Rd
F’’ G’’
R (qud γ O )
γ Rd γ Sd
H’’ H’ C B
(γ +γ ) qud q
γO
(γ +γ )
IAP
M (q ud )
⎛q ⎞
M ⎜⎜ ud ⎟⎟
⎝ γO ⎠ A
B
⎛q ⎞ D
M ⎜⎜ ud ⎟⎟
⎝ γO ⎠ C
γ Rd a
O ⎛q ⎞ N (q ud ) N sd,N rd
N ⎜⎜ ud ⎟⎟
⎝ γO ⎠
γ Rd ⎛q ⎞
N ⎜⎜ ud ⎟⎟
⎝ γO ⎠
M sd ,M rd
a IAP
M (qud ) A
b
⎛q ⎞
M ⎜⎜ ud ⎟⎟
⎝ γO ⎠ B
C
D
⎛q
M ⎜⎜ ud
⎞
⎟⎟ γ
O
⎛q ⎞ ( ) N sd,N rd
N ⎜⎜ ud ⎟⎟ γ Rd
⎝ γO
Rd
⎠ ⎝ γO ⎠
⎛q ⎞
N ⎜⎜ ud ⎟⎟
⎝ γO ⎠
⎛ qud ⎞
M ED ≤ M Rd ⎜ ⎟
⎝ γ 0' ⎠
and
⎛ qud ⎞
N ED ≤ N Rd ⎜ ⎟
⎝ γ 0' ⎠
110
g = 101.4 kN/m
8 9 10 11 20 21 22 23 24 30 31
10,80
Load distribution for the design of the region close to the central support 12,00
300 kN 300kN
q = 32.75 kN/m
g = 101.4 kN/m
8 9 10 11 20 21 22 23 24 30 31
8,00
Load distribution for the design of the midspan
9,20
12000 12000
10000 10000
8000 8000
6000 6000
4000 4000
Sectio n 30
Sectio n 8
2000 Sectio n 31
2000 Sectio n 9
Sectio n 10
Sectio n 10
Sectio n 11
Sectio n 11
Sectio n 20
0 0 Sectio n 20
Sectio n 21
Sectio n 21
Sectio n 22
Sectio n 22
Sectio n 23
-2000 -2000 Sectio n 23
Sectio n 24
Sectio n 24
-4000 -4000
-6000 -6000
-8000 -8000
-10000
-10000
-12000 -12000
-14000
-14000
1.00 1.28 1.50 1.71 1.93 2.14 γQ 1.00 1.28 1.50 1.71 1.93 2.14 γQ
Bending moment for load case X (max. negative t = t 1) Bending moment for load case W (max. positive t = t 1)
12000 12000
10000 10000
8000 8000
6000 6000
4000 4000
Sectio n 8
2000 Sectio n 30 2000 Sectio n 9
Sectio n 31 Sectio n 10
Sectio n 10 Sectio n 11
0 Sectio n 11 0 Sectio n 20
Sectio n 20 Sectio n 21
Sectio n 21 Sectio n 22
-2000 Sectio n 22 -2000 Sectio n 23
Sectio n 23 Sectio n 24
Sectio n 24
-4000 -4000
-6000 -6000
-8000 -8000
-10000 -10000
-12000 -12000
-14000 -14000
1.00 1.28 1.50 1.71 1.93 2.14 γQ 1.00 1.28 1.50 1.71 1.93 2.14 γQ
Bending moment for load case Y (max. negative t = ∞) Bending moment for load case Z (max. positive t = ∞)
EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008 28
Prof. Ing. Giuseppe Mancini - DISTR - Politecnico di Torino
Example 2: Set of slender piers with variable section
¾ Depth: 82 / 87 / 92 / 97 m
4.0E+05
Collapse surface
for section11
3.5E+05 82 m Pier
87 m Pier
Bending moment [kNm]
3.0E+05
92 m Pier
97 m Pier
2.5E+05
2.0E+05
1.5E+05
1.0E+05
5.0E+04
0.0E+00
0.0E+00 -5.0E+04 -1.0E+05 -1.5E+05 -2.0E+05 -2.5E+05 -3.0E+05 -3.5E+05 -4.0E+05
4.0E+05
3.5E+05
Bending moment [kNm]
3.0E+05
Collapse surface
for section11
82 m Pier
2.5E+05 87 m Pier
92 m Pier
97 m Pier
2.0E+05
1.5E+05
-9.0E+04 -1.1E+05 -1.3E+05 -1.5E+05 -1.7E+05 -1.9E+05 -2.1E+05 -2.3E+05
3 different approaches
M rep ⎛ Ap ⋅ Δσ p ⎞
As ,min = ⎜− ⎟
zs f yk ⎜⎝ f yk ⎟
⎠ Δσp < 0.4 fptk and 500 MPa
M rep
As ,min =
zs f yk
End blocks
Pd Pd = Pd,c + Pd,t
Pd,t
θ2
θ1
Axes of theoretical
tension tie Axes of theoretical
compression struts
VEd
hred = ( cot θ + tan θ )
bw ν f cd
Semplified procedure
VEd
< 0.20
VRd ,max
The interaction can
When or be disregarded
M Ed
< 0.10
M Rd ,max
Q Qb0 Q Q Qb 0 Q
2 2h0 2 2 2h0 2
b0
Q Q D=
Q
2
2
Qb0 2
2h0 D
D
h0
≅
Q Q
α≅0
National authorities
⎛ f ⎞
fcd,fat = k1βcc ( t0 ) fcd ⎜ 1 − ck ⎟
⎝ 250 ⎠
0.50
0.45 Eq. 70
0.40 Eq. 72
Eq. 71
0.35
0.30 Eq. 69 ωx = 0.16
v 0.25 ωy = 0.06
0.20 nx = ny = -0.17
0.15 ϑel = 45°
0.10 Eq. 73
0.05
0.00
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0
θpl
σyr
τxyr
β
α
Plates
σxr σxr conventions
Y
θr
τxyr
σyr
X
Thickness = tr
ρβr σsβr br
1
β Equilibrium of the
α σxr sinθr
ραr σsαr ar
sinθr section parallel to
the compression
ar β τxyr sinθr field
θr
α τxyr cosθr
σyr cosθr
cosθr
β
θr ar ’ Equilibrium of the
σxr cosθr section orthogonal to
α ραr σsαr ar
’
sinθr
Quasi-permanent load
Frequent load combination
combination
0,3
XD1, XD2, XD3
Decompression
XS1, XS2, XS3
Note 1: For X0, XC1 exposure classes, crack width has no influence on durability and
this limit is set to guarantee acceptable appearance. In the absence of
appearance conditions this limit may be relaxed.
Note 2: For these exposure classes, in addition, decompression should be checked
under the quasi-permanent combination of loads.
⎛ σ3 ⎞
f ctb = ⎜1 − 0,8 ⎟ f ctk ,0.05
⎝ f ck ⎠
σ3 is the larger compressive principal stress
(σ3 > 0 and σ3 < 0.6 fck)
t = 14 gg
deformation σx σy
deformation
prestressing
t = 41 gg
two coupled tendons
over two
σx σy
deformation
prestressing
t = 42 gg
two coupled tendons
over two
σx σy
deformation
prestressing
t = 70 gg
two coupled tendons
over two
σx σy
deformation
prestressing
t=∞
two coupled tendons
over two
σx σy
t = 14 gg
deformation σx σy
deformation
prestressing
t = 41 gg
one coupled tendons
over two
σx σy
deformation
prestressing
t = 42 gg
one coupled tendons
over two
σx σy
deformation
prestressing
t = 70 gg
one coupled tendons
over two
σx σy
deformation
prestressing
t=∞
one coupled tendons
over two
σx σy
t = 14 gg
deformation σx σy
deformation
prestressing
t = 41 gg
two anchored
tendons over two
σx σy
deformation
prestressing
t = 70 gg
two anchored
tendons over two
σx σy
deformation
prestressing
t=∞
two anchored
tendons over two
σx σy
σx σy
Construction stages
Fall of formwork
For cantilever construction
Fall of one segment
Autogenous shrinkage:
related to process of hydratation
Distiction between
Drying shrinkage:
related to humidity exchanges
f cm ( t ) ε ca ( t , f ck ) = 0
< 0.1
f ck
f cm ( t ) ⎛ f cm (t ) ⎞
≥ 0.1 ε ca ( t , f ck ) = ( f ck − 20 ) ⎜ 2.2 − 0.2 ⎟10−6
f ck ⎝ f ck ⎠
For t ≥ 28 days
σ ( t0 )
ε cc ( t , t0 ) = ⎡⎣ Φ b ( t , t0 ) + Φ d ( t , t0 ) ⎤⎦
Ec 28
t − t0
Φ b ( t , t0 , f ck , f cm ( t0 ) ) = φb 0
⎡ t − t0 + β bc ⎤
⎣ ⎦
⎛ 3.6
⎜ f ( t )0,37 for silica − fume concrete
with: φb0 = ⎜ cm 0
⎜
⎜ 1.4 for non silica − fume concrete
⎝
⎛ ⎛ fcm ( t 0 ) ⎞
⎜ 0.37 exp ⎜ 2.8 ⎟ for silica − fume concrete
⎜ ⎝ fck ⎠
βbc =⎜
⎜
⎜ 0.4 exp ⎛ 3.1 fcm ( t 0 ) ⎞ for non silica − fume concrete
⎜ ⎜ f ⎟
⎝ ⎝ ck ⎠
Φ d (t , ts , t0 , f ck , RH , h0 ) = φd 0 ⎡⎣ε cd (t , ts ) − ε cd (t0 , ts ) ⎤⎦
At least 6 months
Experimental
Formulae
determination
0, 46. f ck2 / 3
. f cd (≤ 1)
1 + 0,1. f ck
Edge sliding
Pmax
≤ 0,6 ⋅ f ck (t )
c ⋅ c'
c/a c⋅c'
≤ 1, 25
c’/a’ a⋅a'
Pmax
AS = 0,15 γ P ,unf (with γP,unf = 1.20)
f yd
Pmax
Asurf ≥ 0, 03 γ P ,unf (in each direction)
f yd
The ageing coefficient method This mehod will be useful when only the
long -term distribution of forces and
stresses are required. Applicable to
bridges with composite sections (precast
beams and in-situ concrete slabs).
σ0 σ0 ⎛ 1
n ϕ (t , ti ) ⎞
ε c (t ) = + ϕ (t , t0 ) + ∑⎜ + ⎟⎟Δσ ( ti ) + ε cs ( t , ts )
Ec (t0 ) Ec (28) i =1 ⎝ Ec ( ti ) Ec (28) ⎠
⎜
- Incremental method
d ε cc (t ) ∂β c ( t , te )
= ε ∞cc ( t )
dt ∂t
S (t ) = Sel ( t )
t
D(t ) = EC ∫ J ( t ,τ ) dDel (τ )
0
D(t ) = Del ( t )
1 t
S (t ) = ∫ R ( t ,τ ) dSel (τ )
EC 0
Structure subjected to imposed constant loads whose initial
statical scheme (1) is modified into the final scheme (2) by
introduction of additional restraints at time t1 ≥ t0
S 2 ( t ) = Sel ,1 + ξ ( t , t0 , t1 ) ΔSel ,1
t
ξ ( t , t0 , t1 ) = ∫ R ( t ,τ ) dJ (τ , t0 )
t1
R ( t , t0 )
ξ ( t , t0 , t +
0 ) = 1 − E (t )
C 0
t ⎡ Ec (28) ⎤ ⎡ Ec (28) ⎤
∫ ⎢ E (τ ) + ϕ28 ( t ,τ ) ⎥ dσ (τ ) = ⎢ E (t ) + χ ( t , t0 ) ϕ28 ( t , t0 ) ⎥ Δσ t0 →t
τ = t0 ⎣ c ⎦ ⎣ c 0 ⎦
Y = 33
X = 22
0 0 0
Actions in Reinforcement
Internal actions on the Cracked Concrete
?
reinforcement calculated at
layer parameters
at tsup/2 c+φ/2
nsd22 nsd33 nsd23 case θ ν fcd σc(f) nR1(x) nR2(y) As(x)nec As(y)nec
(KN/m) (KN/m) (KN/m) (-) (°) (N/mm²) (kN/m) (kN/m) (cm2/m) (cm2/m)
-633 -4070 481 no. 65.0 17.6 17.6 0.0 0.0 15.7 15.7
Actions in Reinforcement
Internal actions on the Cracked Concrete
?
reinforcement calculated at
layer parameters
at tsup/2 c+φ/2
nsd22 nsd33 nsd23 case θ ν fcd σc(f) nR1(x) nR2(y) As(x)nec As(y)nec
(KN/m) (KN/m) (KN/m) (-) (°) (N/mm²) (kN/m) (kN/m) (cm2/m) (cm2/m)
909 -1064 -711 yes 23.1 11.1 11.1 1212.0 607.2 31.3 15.7
0 0 0
Actions in Reinforcement
Internal actions on the Cracked Concrete
?
reinforcement calculated at
layer parameters
at tsup/2 c+φ/2
nsd22 nsd33 nsd23 case θ ν fcd σc(f) nR1(x) nR2(y) As(x)nec As(y)nec
(KN/m) (KN/m) (KN/m) (-) (°) (N/mm²) (kN/m) (kN/m) (cm2/m) (cm2/m)
-695 -3904 474 no 45.0 17.6 17.6 0.0 0.0 15.7 15.7
Minimum reinforcement φ 20/20 = 15.7 cm2/m
Actions in Reinforcement
Internal actions on the Cracked Concrete
?
reinforcement calculated at
layer parameters
at tsup/2 c+φ/2
nsd22 nsd33 nsd23 case θ ν fcd σc(f) nR1(x) nR2(y) As(x)nec As(y)nec
(KN/m) (KN/m) (KN/m) (-) (°) (N/mm²) (kN/m) (kN/m) (cm2/m) (cm2/m)
956 -1229 -693 yes 20.6 11.1 11.1 1216.7 611.5 31.3 15.7
Minimum reinforcement φ 20/20 = 15.7 cm2/m
EUROCODES - Background and Applications - Brussels 18-20 February 2008 122
Prof. Ing. Giuseppe Mancini - DISTR - Politecnico di Torino
Dimensioning of
α reinforcement (transverse)
in the superior layer
0 0 0
Actions in Reinforcement
Internal actions on the Cracked Concrete
?
reinforcement calculated at
layer parameters
at tsup/2 c+φ/2
nsd22 nsd33 nsd23 case θ ν fcd σc(f) nR1(x) nR2(y) As(x)nec As(y)nec
(KN/m) (KN/m) (KN/m) (-) (°) (N/mm²) (kN/m) (kN/m) (cm2/m) (cm2/m)
-695 -3904 474 no 45.0 17.6 17.6 0.0 0.0 15.7 15.7
Minimum reinforcement φ 20/20 = 15.7 cm2/m
Actions in Reinforcement
Internal actions on the Cracked Concrete
?
reinforcement calculated at
layer parameters
at tsup/2 c+φ/2
nsd22 nsd33 nsd23 case θ ν fcd σc(f) nR1(x) nR2(y) As(x)nec As(y)nec
(KN/m) (KN/m) (KN/m) (-) (°) (N/mm²) (kN/m) (kN/m) (cm2/m) (cm2/m)
956 -1229 -693 yes 20.6 11.1 11.1 1216.7 611.5 31.3 15.7
Minimum reinforcement φ 20/20 = 15.7 cm2/m
0 0 0
Actions in Reinforcement
Internal actions on the Cracked Concrete
?
reinforcement calculated at
layer parameters
at tsup/2 c+φ/2
nsd22 nsd33 nsd23 case θ ν fcd σc(f) nR1(x) nR2(y) As(x)nec As(y)nec
(KN/m) (KN/m) (KN/m) (-) (°) (N/mm²) (kN/m) (kN/m) (cm2/m) (cm2/m)
-695 -3904 474 no 45.0 17.6 17.6 0.0 0.0 15.7 15.7
Minimum reinforcement φ 20/20 = 15.7 cm2/m
Actions in Reinforcement
Internal actions on the Cracked Concrete
?
reinforcement calculated at
layer parameters
at tsup/2 c+φ/2
nsd22 nsd33 nsd23 case θ ν fcd σc(f) nR1(x) nR2(y) As(x)nec As(y)nec
(KN/m) (KN/m) (KN/m) (-) (°) (N/mm²) (kN/m) (kN/m) (cm2/m) (cm2/m)
956 -1229 -693 yes 20.6 11.1 11.1 1216.7 611.5 31.3 15.7
Minimum reinforcement φ 20/20 = 15.7 cm2/m
reinforcement
longitudinal section