Lecture 2

M. Siddikov

Marat.Siddikov@usm.cl

August 26, 2021

Change of schedule
Our previous choice coincides with the .
so-called “protected blocks” reserved for
extracurricular activities
I got email requesting to change the RESOLUCIÓN DE VICERRECTORÍA ACADÉMICA N°50/2020.

schedule: REF.: Unifica bloques de horario protegido de clases a nivel

institucional a contar del año académico 2021.

Valparaíso, 19 de noviembre de 2020.

8/26/2021 Correo: Marat Siddikov - Outlook Vistos:

1. La necesidad de unificar, a nivel institucional, el denominado “Horario Protegido”,

Re: [FIS320] Reserva de salas cuya finalidad es facilitar el desarrollo de actividades extra programáticas de los
estudiantes, sin que sea posible durante él programar clases ni ningún tipo de
Maria Jose Ulloa <mariajose.ulloa@usm.cl> actividad académica.
Mar 24-08-2021 20:09 2. La modificación de los bloques horarios de clase, a contar del año académico
Para: Marat Siddikov <marat.siddikov@usm.cl> 2021, según Decreto de Rectoría N°325/2020 de 13 de noviembre de 2020.
CC: Patricia Arancibia <patricia.arancibiab@usm.cl>; Viviana Beltran <viviana.beltran@usm.cl>; Marcela Aguirre
<marcela.aguirre@usm.cl> 3. Las facultades que me confiere el artículo 20 del Título III del Reglamento
Orgánico de la Administración Superior, contenido en el Decreto de Rectoría
N°333/2019, de 26 de septiembre de 2019.
1 archivos adjuntos (687 KB)
FD Res. VRA 50-2020. Unifica horario protegido Campus y Sedes (Desde 1-2....pdf;

Estimado profesor, Resuelvo:

  1. Establécese como Bloque Horario Protegido, en todos los Campus y Sedes,
Junto con saludar y esperando se encuentre bien, comento que de acuerdo con los indicado en el a contar del año académico 2021, los días y horarios que a continuación se
documento RESOLUCIÓN DE VICERRECTORÍA ACADÉMICA N°50/2020 se unifica a nivel indican:
institucional, el denominado “Horario Protegido”, cuya finalidad es facilitar el desarrollo de actividades
Martes de 12:15 a 13:25 horas (Bloques 7 - 8)
extra programáticas de los estudiantes, sin que sea posible durante él programar clases ni ningún tipo y
de actividad académica. Jueves de 12:15 a 13:25 horas (Bloques 7 - 8)
 
Debido a lo anterior, no podemos programar la asignatura en el horario indicado.
Comuníquese y Archívese,
Quedamos atentos al nuevo horario.
 
Saludos cordiales,
  Eugenio González Vergara
María José Ulloa Rodríguez Vicerrector Académico
Subdirectora de Estudios

Dirección de Estudios, Edificio R

1 de 2
Av. España 1680 • Valparaíso • Chile • www.usm.cl
Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María - Campus Casa Central Valparaíso - www.usm.cl

 
 
De: Marat Siddikov <marat.siddikov@usm.cl>

Enviado el: lunes, 23 de agosto de 2021 18:04

Para: Marcela Aguirre <marcela.aguirre@usm.cl>; Patricia Arancibia <patricia.arancibiab@usm.cl>

Asunto: RE: [FIS320] Reserva de salas

 
Estimadas Marcela y Patricia,
Change of schedule
Result of our previous Doodle poll:

My suggestion of new schedule: Tuesday & Thursday 10:55-12-05 (80 minutes earlier
than agreed previously)
Please let me know if You agree with this new choice.
Outline of today’s lecture
Electro- and magnetostatics

Our goal
Learn how to solve different problems
Please focus
If in doubt, please ask
Try to identify the source of the
problem:
Physical issues:
What we know and don’t know ?
Which PDE* to use ?
Which border conditions should use ?
Mathematical issues:
How to solve PDE?
How to use border conditions?
*PDE=Partial Differential Equation
Electrostatics Equations (1-2) =a complete closed sys-
tem of PDEs, determine EM fields created
Gauss’ law: by given charges.
~ = ρ,
divE (1) Full solution: E = E homog + E part
ε0 particular solution:
ˆ
1 r − r1
E part (r ) = d 3 r 1 ρ (r 1 ) ,
4π0 |r − r 1 |3
~ =0
rotE (2) ˆ
1 ρ (r 1 )
φpart (r ) = − d 3r 1 ,
4π0 |r − r 1 |
(2) implies we can introduce potential
ˆ r  homogeneous part is a solution of:
d r 0 · E r 0 , (3)


φ(~r ) = −
r0 divE homog = 0, rotE homog = 0.
E (r ) = −∇φ
Need border conditions at all surfaces
so (1) turns into a Poisson (single, scalar, which surround the charge (including infi-
2nd-order equation) nite if necessary) to fix unambiguously the
solution (E homog )
ρ
∆φ = − (10 )
ε0
 Green function:
Electrostatics Solution of
Two types of boundary conditions: ∆G (r ) = δ 3 (r )
 Dirichlet boundary condition: fix poten-
tial, φ|S on surface S Can choose

as 1
G r, r0 = − +F (r , r 0 ),
 Neumann boundary condition: fix nor- 4π |r − r 0 |
mal component of E ∆F (r , r 0 ) = 0.

∂φ 
n · E |S = − n · ∇φ|S = − so that due to F (r , r 0 ) the whole solution
∂n S would satisfy boundary conditions
where n is a normal vector. ˆ GD |S = 0,
Dirichlet b. c.:
 If we have more than one surface, can ⇒ φ(r ) = dV 0 GD (r , r 0 ) ρ(r 0 )+
have different types of b.c. at different ˛
surfaces ∂GD (r , r 0 )
+ dS φ(r 0 ).
 Use either Dirichlet or Neumann, but ∂n
not both at the same surface (incompati-  ¸
−1
Neumann b. c.: ∂G N 
 = dS ,
ble or redundant) ˆ ∂n
S
⇒ φ(r ) = dV 0 GN (r , r 0 ) ρ(r 0 )+
Uniqueness theorem
˛
There is only one solution of the Laplace ∂φ(r 0 )
+ hφi − dS GN (r , r 0 ) ,
equation which satisfies all the Dirichlet ∂n0
or Neumann boundary conditions.
˛  ˛ 
hφi = dS φ / dS .
Method of images The electric charge e is located at a
The goal is to construct (1) the potential distance a from the plane metallic
φ = 0 for a point-like charge at a given surface. Evaluate the electric field in this
surface, or (2) the Green function GD = 0 system
at a given surface.
 In view of . The field of a single
ˆ charge is modified due
φ (r ) = GD (r , r 0 ) ρ r 0 d 3 r 0


to redistribution of free
lectrons inside the metal
and taking into account that for pointlike
charge ρ(r ) = eδ (r − r 0 ), the two prob-
lems are equivalent: when we evaluate
e θ(z) 1
φ(r ) for charge located at r 0 , in essence φ= p −
we evaluate GD (r , r 0 ) = φ(r , r 0 )/e 4πε0 x 2 + y 2 + (z − a)2
Idea of method of images:
!
1
 Add external (“imaginary”) charges to − p = e GD (r , a).
x 2 + y 2 + (z + a)2
satisfy the border conditions.
 Image charge should be external Can evaluate the distribution of surface
(6∈region where we seek solutions), oth- charges Σ from divE ~ = ρ/ε0 , so E⊥ ≡
erwise would contribute through ∆φ ∼ Ez = Σ/ε0
δ (r − r ext ) Can generalize to more complicated ge-
Sometimes we can “guess“ where to ometries (sphere, ...) - now we’ll see some
place the extra charges from symmetries. examples
Method of images: sphere
The image charge Q 0 must:
Be inside the sphere (outside the region
The electric charge Q is located at a of interest r > R)
distance d from the center of grounded On the axis z connecting Q and center
metallic surface of radius a. Evaluate the of the sphere (symmetry grounds)
electric field in this system outside the
sphere 1 Q
⇒φ= p +
4πε0 x 2 + y 2 + (z + d )2
!
Q0
+ p .
x 2 + y 2 + (z + d 0 )2

φ = const(= 0) at the surface of the

sphere, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 :

Q2 Q 02
⇒ =
x 2 + y 2 + (z + d )2 x 2 + y 2 + (z + d 0 )

a2 + d 2 + 2zd a2 + d 02 + 2zd 0
⇒ = ∀z
Q 2 Q 02
Method of images: sphere
Coefficients in front of O z 0 and O(z)


.
must coincide:
d d0 a2 + d 2 a2 + d 02
= 02 , =
Q 2 Q Q 2 Q 02
a2 a
⇒ d0 = , Q0 = − Q
d d

Q 1
⇒φ= √ −
4πε0 r 2 + d 2 + 2rd cos θ
!
1
− p .
a + r d /a2 + 2rd cos θ
2 2 2

where r , θ-spherical coords.

Note that E ⊥ ≡ −n · ∇φ is fixed at the
surface by the solution, Angular distribution of Er |r =a (in relative
units) as a function of angle θ. Inset in
Q d 2 − a2


1 right upper corner: electric field lines (tan-
Er |r =a = −
4πε0 a (a2 + d 2 + 2ad cos θ)3/2 gent vector coincides with E )
so we cannot/don’t need to introduce any
extra conditions for Er
Method of images: sphere
a2 a
⇒ d0 = , Q0 = − Q Control question
d d
 Distance between charges Assume that in the previous problem the
metallic sphere was isolated but not
a2
 
d − d0 = d 1 − 2 grounded. How your solution would
d change in this case ? Can we apply
⇒Force acting between the charge and the method of images for this problem?
sphere
1 Q Q0
|F | = =
4πε0 |d − d 0 |2
1 Q 2 /a2
= 2
4πε0

a2
(d /a)3 1 − d2

Asymptotic behaviour:
Please let me know your opin-
|F | ∼ 1/d 3 , d  a ions/suggestions
1
|F | ∼ , d ∼a
(d − a)2
Method of images: sphere Q

1
We have almost the same problem, the ⇒φ= √ −
4πε0 r 2 + d 2 + 2rd cos θ
only difference: φ = const 6= 0 1
physical intuition: charge of the sphere= −p
a2 + r 2 d 2 /a2 + 2rd cos θ
const, so need to add extra term which
a 
corresponds to Q 0 -contribution at the cen- + .
ter (in order not to break b.c.): dr
where r , θ-spherical coords with center at
1 Q the sphere.
⇒φ= p +
4πε0 x 2 + y 2 + (z + d )2 Can evaluate contribution of this term
to E , |F | etc.
Q0
+p − Effectively, the external charge Q in-
x 2 + y 2 + (z + d 0 )2 duces dipole moment
!
Q0
−p . a3
x2 + y2 + z Q 0d 0 = Q
d2
Q 0 must be compensated by the same without changing the total charge of the
2
sphere
a a
⇒ d0 = , Q0 = − Q In Jackson You may find many modifica-
d d tions of this problem (e.g. sphere at con-
stant potential, sphere in homogeneous
electric field, etc)
Method of images: Green function

A system with distribution of electric

charges ρ(r ) is located at some distance
from the center of a metallic grounded
surface of radius a. Evaluate the electric
field created by this system.
Method of images: Green function
Caution: Translation symmetry is bro-
ken by sphere (boundary conditions), ⇒
A system with distribution of electric GD (r , r 0 ) depends on two variables, not
charges ρ(r ) is located at some distance just r − r 0
from the center of a metallic grounded Solution of previous problem⇒ GD , just
surface of radius a. Evaluate the electric replace d → r 0 :
field created by this system. ⇒ GD (r , r 0 ) =

1 1
= √ −
4π r 2 + r 02 + 2 r r 0 cos θ
!
1
− p .
a2 + r 2 d 02 /a2 + 2 r r 0 cos θ
General solution:
ˆ Earlier we assumed that d points in di-
⇒ φ(r ) = dV 0 GD (r , r 0 ) ρ(r 0 )+ rection of ẑ, and θ is polar angle
˛ Now d → r 0 has arbitrary direction; θ-
∂GD (r , r 0 ) angle between r and r 0
+ dS φ(r 0 ).
∂n
∂GD (r , r 0 )  ∂GD (r , r 0 ) 
 
We need to construct GD (r , r 0 ) which ≡ =
∂n 
S ∂r 0 
r =a
satisfies:
r 02 − a2


∆GD = δ(r − r 0 ) outside of the sphere 1
=−
 GD |S = 0 on the surface 4π a (a2 + r 02 + 2ar 0 cos θ)3/2
Method of Images: Multiple surfaces
 So far we considered only a charge near
one metallic surface.
 The method of images might be also ap-
plied for the case when there is more
than one surface
Two parallel metallic plates are separated
by distance d . Evaluate the force acting
on the charge Q placed between the
plates at distance a from one of them.
For the sake of definiteness assume that
both plates are grounded.
Naive expectation:
 external field E = 0, so the force F = 0
More accurate reasoning:
need to fulfill φ = const at each surface
Q induces fictitious (image) charges
There is interaction between real and fic-
titious charges which induces force F 6= 0
Beware:
 adding “new” (fictitous) charge to fulfil
φ = const at one surface immmediately
breaks condition φ = const at another
⇒Need to add another “relected” charge
to compensate
⇒End up with a sequence of imaginary
charges (sort of “mirror room” effect)
Method of Images: Multiple surfaces
We’ll assume that:
 Qn are fictitious charges introduced
above upper plate
 Ln is their distance from upper plate
 qn are fictitious charges introduced be-
low lower plate
 `n is their distance from lower plate
Clearly, have recurrent relations:
Qn = −qn−1 , Ln = d + `n−1
qn = −Qn , `n = d + Ln−1
Initial conditions: Q0 = q0 = Q, L1 =
a, `1 = d − a

⇒ Qn = Qn−2, Ln = Ln−2 + 2d ,
⇒ qn = qn−2, `n = `n−2 + 2d ,

-all odd or all even images are separated by

the same distance, have the same charge

a − d + n d , n = odd
Ln = ,
−a + n d , n = even

−a + n d , n = odd
`n = ,
a − d + n d , n = even
Qn = qn = (−1)n Q.
Method of Images: Multiple surfaces Q2
(
X
"
1 1
#
= × −
 
 −
 4πε0 n=even (n d )2 (n d )2
a − d + n d , n = odd  
Ln = , "
1 1
#
−a + n d , n = even X 
−
 n=odd
(2a − d + nd )2 (d − 2a + nd )2 
−a + n d , n = odd
`n = ,
a − d + n d , n = even Now replace nodd → 2k − 1, k ∈ N
Qn = qn = (−1)n Q,
Q2 ∞
" #
X 1 1
The force which appears is due to interac- Fz =
16πε0 (a − d + kd )2
−
(−a + kd )2
k=1
tion of real and fictitious charges; acts in
Q2 a a
   
vertical direction. Its magnitude is given = ψ1−
(1)
, −ψ
(1)
16πε0 d 2 d d
by ∞ 2
1 d
   
1 X Q Qn Q qn (1)
X
ψ (α) ≡ = Γ(α)
Fz = − (k + α − 1)2 dα
4πε0 n (a + Ln )2 (d − a + `n )2 k=1

Some algebraic simplifications ψ (1) is polygamma function of the first order

Q2
Fz = ×
4πε0
( " #
Fz

X 1 1
× −
n=even (a + Ln )2 (d − a + `n )2
" #)
X 1 1
− − = 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
n=odd
(a + Ln )2 (d − a + `n )2 a/d
Laplace’s equation
 Now we’ll practice with solution of Laplace equation with different boundary con-
ditions

∆φ(~r ) = 0.
Its structure in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates {qi }:
Q !
j hj ∂φ
X 1 ∂
∆φ =
hi2 ∂q i
Q i
i j hj ∂q

where hi are Lamé coefficients (depend on coordinates in general)

Another method: obtain basis functions (eigenfunctions of ∆), decompose solu-
tion
 Method of separation of variables: Seek the solution in the form
Y
φ= fi (qi )
i

where each fi (qi ) is independent function of just one variable

Problem 4
Please let me know your suggestions
Control problem how we can solve this problem
A box of dimensions a × b × c shown
in the Figure has all surfaces except
one kept at zero potential. The
potential on the remaining sixth
surface (z = c) is given by some
function φ(x, y , z = c) = V (x, y ).
Find the potential φ inside the box.
Laplace’s equation in Cartesian coords
Separation of variables  One of κi has a sign different from the
Cartesian ({qi } = {x, y , z}, all hi = 1) others

∆φ 1 ∂ 2 f1 (x) 1 ∂ 2 f2 (y ) Form of solution depends on sign of κi :

= +
φ f1 (x) ∂x 2 f2 (y ) ∂y 2 √ √
+ βi e −qi κ
i , κi > 0
αi e qi κi √

1 ∂ 2 f3 (z) fi =
+ =0 αi sin qi −κi + φi , κi < 0
f3 (z) ∂z 2
Each term in rhs depends on its own Need boundary conditions to fix
variable⇒possible only if each of them is κi , αi , φi .
constant
⇒End up with 3 ordinary diff. equations Formal solution in vacuum (no bound-
(ODEs) aries): sum or integral over all possible
values of κi
1 ∂ 2 f1 (x) ˆ ˆ ˆ
= κ1 , d κ1 d κ2 d κ3
Y
fi (qi , κi ...)
f1 (x) ∂x 2
1 ∂ 2 f2 (y ) ´
= κ2 , In some
f2 (y ) ∂y 2 P problems instead of d κi could
have ; this happens if border conditions
1 ∂ 2 f3 (z) might be fulfilled only for certain values of
= κ3 ,
f3 (z) ∂z 2 κi
κ1 + κ2 + κ3 = 0.
Problem 4
 πn x   πn y 
. 1 2
X
⇒f = sin sin ×
n1 ,n2
a b
" r !
αn1 n2 n12 n22
× exp z + 2 −
2 a2 b
r !#
n12 n2
− exp −z + 22 =
a2 b
 πn x   πn y 
1 2
X
= αn1 n2 sin sin
Solutions depends on sign of αi : n1 ,n2
a b
√ √ r !
+ βi e −qi κ
i , κi > 0
αi e qi κi √ n12 n22

fi = × sinh z + 2
αi sin qi −κi + φi , κi < 0 a2 b
Boundary conditions: φ = 0 at surfaces
x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = b, z = 0  αn1 n2 must be fixed from b.c. at z = c.
´ πn2 y
dx dy V (x, y ) sin πna1 x sin



4 b
αn1 n2 =  q 
n2 n2
a b sinh c a21 + b22

⇒Solution completely fixed by Dirichlet

boundary conditions
Problem 5

. Please let me know your suggestions

how we can solve this problem

Evaluate the behaviour of the electric

potential φ near the corner made of two
conducting metallic planes connected at
angle β. The planes are grounded.
Laplace’s equation in cylindrical coords
Cylindrical coordinates, φ(r , ϕ, z) = Remaining equation:
R(r )F (ϕ)K (z)
R 0 (r ) m2
   
∆φ 1 ∂ ∂R(r ) R 00 (r ) + + κ2 − 2 R(r ) = 0
0= = r + r r
φ rR(r ) ∂r ∂r
1 ∂ 2 F (ϕ) For κ 6= 0: Bessel equation of order m,
+ +
r 2 F (ϕ) ∂ϕ2 solutions:
1 ∂ 2 K (z)
+ . R(r ) = α Jm (κr ) + βYm (κr ),
K (z) ∂z 2
Dependence on ϕ, z only in the 2nd and where Jm , Ym are Bessel and Neumann
3rd terms: functions
1 ∂ 2 F (ϕ) For κ = 0: Euler equation, solutions
⇒ = −m2 = const,
F (ϕ) ∂ϕ2
R(r ) = αr m + βr −m
F (ϕ) = e ±imϕ ,
Need boundary conditions to fix α, β, κ
F (ϕ + 2π) = F (ϕ) ⇒ m ∈ Z.

1 ∂ 2 K (z)
= κ2
K (z) ∂z 2
 Drop singular terms ∼ 1/r m , ∼ ln r as
Problem 5 unphysical
 Use cylindrical coordinates {r , ϕ, z}, α0 = 0 since planes are grounded (φ =
easier to formulate boundary conditions: 0).
φ(ϕ = 0) = φ(ϕ = β) = 0 (1) ∞
X
⇒φ= αn1 r πn1 /β sin (πn1 ϕ/β)
From previous slide: φ = n1 =0

Rm (r )e ±imϕ , m∈Z Need conditions at r → ∞ to fix αm

00 R 0 (r ) m2 Electric field E = −∇φ:
Rm (r ) + m − 2 Rm (r ) = 0
r r ∞
X πn1 αn1 πn1 /β−1
Er = − r sin (πn1 ϕ/β) ,
Rm6=0 (r ) = αm r m + βm r −m n =0
1
β
R0 (r ) = α0 + β0 ln r X∞
πn1 αn1 πn1 /β−1
Eϕ = − r cos (πn1 ϕ/β) ,
 In this problem ϕ ∈ (0, β), so we can’t n =0
β
1
request φ(r , ϕ) = φ(r , ϕ + 2π).
Should instead request b.c. (1). Behaviour in r → 0 limit:
πn1
−1
⇒φ = α0 + β0 ln r + lim E ∼ r m−1 ∼ r β
r →0
∞
+
X
αm r m + βm r −m sin (mϕ)

for β > π the field grows near the corner
n1 =0
πn1
m (n1 ) = .
β
Problem 5a

. Please let me know your sugges-

tions how we can solve this problem

We won’t solve this problem, just discuss

algorithm of solution

Evaluate the electric potential φ near the

vertex conducting metallic cone. The
cone is charged, so the potential at its
surface is V0 with respect to infinity.
Static electric fields
 Please let me know what do You
think
The equations

~ = ρ,
∇·E
ε0
~
∇×E =0

are (part of) the equations of Maxwell for

electostatics in the vacuum. With proper
boundary conditions they completely fix
the field E .

Control question 6
How the Coulomb’s law (and all the
equations shown in this slide) change
inside a dielectric medium ?
Static electric fields
Electrostatics in brief The equations

~ = ρ
∇·E ,
ε0
~ =0
∇×E

are (part of) the equations of Maxwell for

electostatics in the vacuum.
Inside infinite homogeneous isotropic
dielectric materials need to replace
ε0 → εr ε0 everywhere
εr -relative permittivity.
Border conditions
Electrostatics Control question 7
Assume that we consider a border of
ρ
∇·E = , two dielectric materials. Write out the
εε0 border conditions for the electric field.
∇×E =0

Additional useful quantitites:

F“electric displacement field”
~ = εr ε0 E
D ~ , so

∇ · D = ρ,
∇×E =0

Fχ = εr − 1 - electric susceptibility
FP~ = ε0 χ E
~ -polarization density (dipole
moment per volume)
Caution
Note that in general ∇ × D ~ 6= 0 near the
border of two dielectrics (εr 6= const).
For this reason we define potential φ as
E = −∇φ, NOT as D ~ = −∇φ
Border conditions . Evaluate the circulation
of electric field around a
small contour of length `
Electrostatics
and negligible width
ρ ˛  
∇·E = ,⇔ ∇ · D = ρ ~ =0⇒0= E
rotE ~ ·d~l ≈ E (1) − E (2) `
εε0 || ||

∇×E =0 (1) (2)

E|| = E||
~ = εr ε0 E
F“electric displacement field” D ~
. Evaluate the flux of elec-
tric field through the rect-
Control question 7
angular parallelepiped
Assume that we consider a border of
of area S and negligible height.
two dielectric materials. Write out the
˛
border conditions for the electric field. 
(1) (2)

divD~ = 0 ⇒ 0 = D·d ~ ~ S ≈ D⊥ − D⊥ S

(1) (2) (1) (2)

D⊥ = D⊥ ⇔ ε(1) (2)
r E⊥ = εr E⊥

If ∃surface charge with surface density

(1) (2)
Σ, then D⊥ − D⊥ = Σ
Static electric fields
Electrostatics in medium Control question 8
Assume that inside dielectric material
ρ ~ 0.
∇·E = ,⇔ ∇ · D = ρ there is a homogeneous electric field E
εε0 There are two cavities inside the
∇×E =0 dielectric:
(a) inifitely long needle-shaped cavity
~ = εr ε0 E
F“electric displacement field” D ~
whose axis is collinear to the direction of
the field.
Border conditions (b) inifitely thin wafer-shaped cavity
normal to the direction of the field.
(1) (2)
E|| = E|| Evaluate the electric field inside the
(1) (2) (1) (2) cavities
D⊥ = D⊥ ⇔ ε(1) (2)
r E⊥ = εr E⊥