INSTITUTO DE EDUCACIÓN SUPERIOR PEDAGÓGICO
PUBLICO ALIANZA ICHUÑA- BÉLGICA
CARRERA PROFESIONAL: IDIOMAS,
ESPECIALIDAD INGLÉS
Curso: Gramática
Estudiante: Efraín Villalta castro
Docente: Prof. Rubén Vidal Quispe
INTRODUCCIÓN.
Como todos sabemos el idioma inglés es el idioma más hablado
en el mundo; ya que muchas personas lo denominan el idioma
internacional es por ello muchas personas en los últimos años han
decido estudiar este idioma ya se por formación profesional, por
motivos de trabajo o por satisfacción personal. Sin embargo, no
siempre ha sido fácil aprender este idioma más aun cuando se ha
tenido una buena formación básica y cuando recién se empieza a
estudiar este idioma.
Es por tal razón que presento este trabajo denominado “guía de
tiempos verbales” que contiene todos los tiempos verbales en
inglés. Los tiempos han sido organizados en tres tiempos;
pasado, presente y futuro en cuadros que contienen los conceptos
básicos, estructuras y ejemplos para las tres formas de formular
oraciones afirmativas, negativas e interrogativas. Con este trabajo
se busca facilitar el aprendizaje de las personas que desean
aprender este idioma ya que es muy importante conocer y saber
los tiempos verbales y sus estructuras gramaticales para empezar
a formular raciones.
Es importante aprenderse sobre todo las estructuras gramaticales
como por ejemplo los auxiliares que se usan para las formas
negativas e interrogativas para no tener inconvenientes al
momento de escribir oraciones. Finalmente, lo más importante de
todo siempre será el gado de voluntad que tengas para aprender
el idioma ingles por que la voluntad se logra todo.
Efrain
 El reported speech o estilo indirecto sirve para contar
lo que ha dicho alguien sin emplear las palabras
CONCEPTO ESTRUCTURAS EJEMPLOS exactas pronunciadas por esa persona, por ejemplo:
 I have been learning  She said she was coming to class (ella dijo que
Se utiliza para English for 20 years.
iba a venir a clase).
acciones que AFFIRMATIVE:  You have been working.
 I told you I wouldn’t be able to come (te dije que
comenzaron en el S + Have o Has + Been  We have been working.
no podría venir)
pasado y todavía
+Ing.  He has been working.
 She has been working.
 You said you would help me! (¡dijiste que me
continúan o acaban ayudarías!)
 It has been working.
de suceder, Resalta
la duración de la RULES:
acción. Al pasar una oración a estilo indirecto se producen
cambios:
NEGATIVA. I have not been sleeping.
Otros. Estilo directo: repitiendo sus palabras exactas y se
S + Have o Has+ not You have not been utilizan las comillas mas no en el otro estilo:
Puede llevar just , for, working.
since, already, yet, etc. +Been + Ing. We have not been
“I have to go now,” she said.
working.
He has not been - “We lived in Paris for three years,” Peter said.
working. Estilo indirecto: contando la idea; pero no con las
Have you been reading? palabras exactas.
INTERROGATIVA. Have I been working?
Have o Has + S + Been Has he been working? - She said (that) she had to go.
+ Ing? - Peter told us (that) they had lived in Paris for
three years.
 ESTILO DIRECTO : HE ESTILO INDIERCTO: HE
SAID SAID THAT
Present simple Past simple
“She studies English.” … she studied English.
CONCEPTO ESTRUCTURAS EJEMPLOS
Present continuous Past continuous
“I am waiting for my sister.” … he was waiting for his sister. I played.
Present perfect simple Past perfect simple
Acciones que I ate.
“I have read the note.” … he had read the note. ocurrieron en el
Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous pasado. A veces Affirmative:
“She has been studying English.” … she had been studying English. acompaña al pasado S + Verb. + Regular
continuo.
I was reading the + ed.
Past simple Past perfect
“Kate arrived on Monday … Kate had arrived on Monday
morning.” morning. paper and then
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
“She was studying English.” … she had been studying English. I did not play.
Past perfect simple No cambia Le suelen acompañar: Negative. I did not eat.
“She had studied English.” last year, yesterday, S + Did + Not (didn’t)
Past perfect continuous No cambia two days ago etc. +
“She had been studying English.” Inf.
Future simple Conditional
“I’ll visit you soon.” … he would visit us soon. Did you play?
Can Could Interrogative. Did you eat?
“She can study English.” … she could study English.
Did + S + Inf?
May Might
“It may be a good proposal.” … it might be a good proposal.
Must / have to Had to
“I must brush my teeth.” … he had to brush his teeth.
Should, Could, Would, Might, No cambian
Ought to y
Used to
 CONCEPTO ESTRUCTURAS EJEMPLOS
Acciones que I had been
CONCEPTO ESTRUCTURAS EJEMPLOS estaban Affirmative: watching TV.
I had gone. en proceso antes S + Had + Been +
Acciones que Affirmative: que Inga.
ocurrieron antes S + Had + Past otra acción
que otra acción participle. pasada
pasada. ocurriera.
Otros: I had not been
Negative: I had not gone. Negative: watching TV.
Otros: S + had + Not + S + Had + Not + Been
Le suelen Past participle.
+ Ing.
acompañar:
when, before, by Had she gone? Had she been
the time etc. Interrogative: Interrogative: ironing?
Had + S + Past Had + S + Been +
participle? Ing?.
 2. Fill in the blanks with too or enough.
0. My roommate is too noisy. I can’t concentrate to do my
Evaluations with Evaluations with nouns assignments.
adjectives 1. The pizza is ___________hot to eat.
Evaluaciones con Evaluaciones con 2. The market is close __________to go on foot.
adjetivos sustantivos 3. This coat isn’t warm _________for me to wear in winter.
4. The film is ______scary for my children to watch.
Big houses aren’t The school doesn’t have 3. Imagine you are looking for a car to buy. Read the
convenient for students enough yard for the information Then rewrite the opinions below using the word
Las casas grandes no son Students. in parenthesis.
tan convenientes para los La escuela no tiene
estudiantes. suficiente patio para los
Estudiantes
The yard is too small for pets The bathroom is too old
El patio es muy pequeño El baño es muy viejo
para las mascotas

spacious, modern car small, older car 2 doors,

Comparisons with Comparisons with nouns
4 doors, expensive, cheap, slow,
adjectives
fast, comfortable uncomfortable.
Comparatives con Comparatives con
adjetivos sustantivos
Nissan isn’t as modern as Carlos Slim has just as many 0. Tsuru has only two doors. (not enough) Tsuru doesn’t have
Ferrari properties as enough doors.
El Nissan no es tan Bill Gates 1. Audi is too expensive. (not enough) -----------------------------------
moderno como el Ferrari Carlos Slim tiene tantas 2. Tsuru isn’t comfortable enough. (too) ---------------------------------
propiedades como Bill 3. Tsuru is not spacious. (too)-----------------------------------------------
Gates 4. Tsuru is too old. (not enough) -------------------------------------------
spacious, modern car----------------------------------------------------------
Nissan is just as convenient Carlos Slim has as much
4 doors, expensive, fast, comfortable, small, older car----------------
as Volkswagen money as Bill Gates 2 doors, cheap, slow, uncomfortable. -------------------------------------
El Nissan es tan conveniente Carlos Slim tiene tanto
como el Volkswagen dinero como Bill Gates
  If he comes home early, he sits in the garden. (Si viene
a casa pronto, se sienta en el jardín.)
 Podemos utilizar WHEN en lugar de IF.
 When / If I am tired, I get black circles under my eyes.
(Cuando / Si estoy cansado, tengo ojeras.)

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES FIRST CONDITIONAL. MAIN

IF-CLAUSE
CLAUSE
INTRODUCTION Utilizamos la First Conditional para
expresar algo que es posible probable Present Future
Las oraciones condicionales están formadas por dos partes: Simple Simple
que ocurra en el presente o el futuro.
 La if-clause (oración condicional) Imperative
 La main clause (oración principal)  If we finish early, we will go to
the cinema. (Si terminamos Modal Verb
Se puede comenzar la oración con la main-clause o por la if- pronto, iremos al cine.)
clause. Cuando la oración comienza con IF, WHEN O UNLESS
ponemos una coma entre la if-clause y la main clause. Pero si En estas oraciones utilizamos el Present Simple para la if-clause y el
la oración comienza por la main clause, no se separan las dos Future Simple para la main clause.
partes de la oración por una coma. If the temperature drops to  If he comes, I’ll go. (Si él viene, yo iré.)
0ºC, water turns into ice.  If we hurry, we won’t be late. (Si nos damos prisa, no
Water turns into ice if the temperature drops to 0ºC. (El agua se llegaremos tarde.)
congela si la temperature Baja a 0ºC.) Existen cuatro tipos de En la main clause también podemos utilizar el imperativo o un verbo
oraciones condicionales. modal (may, can, must, have to, etc.) seguido de infinitivo en lugar del
ZERO CONDITIONAL. Future Simple.
IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE  If you are hungry, make a sandwich. (Si tienes hambre, haz un
Present Simple Present Simple bocadillo.)
 If you don’t feel well, you must see a doctor. (Si no te
Utilizamos la Zero Conditional para expresar hechos que encuentras bien, debes ver a un médico.)
siempre ocurren de la forma indicada por la if-clause, como por En la if-clause también podemos utilizar Present Continuous en lugar
ejemplo verdades generales o leyes naturales, por ejemplo: de Present Simple.
 If you heat water, it boils. (Si calientas agua, hierve.) People  If they are comino for lunch, we’ll have to buy some more food.
wear lighter clothes when it is hot. (La gente lleva ropa más (Si vienen a comer, tendremos que comprar más comida.)
ligera cuando hace calor.)
El tiempo verbal utilizado en estas oraciones es el Present
Simple tanto para la if-clause y como para la main clause.
SECOND IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
CONDITIONAL Past Simple Conditional Simple
Modal Verb
Utilizamos la Second Conditional para:
 Hablar de algo que no se refiere el presente y es bastante
imposible que ocurra en el futuro, o para situaciones
imaginarias.
 If I were prime Minister, I would make school holidays
longer. (Si fuera Primer Ministro, haría las vacaciones
escolares más largas)
 If I had wings, I could fly like Peter Pan. (Si tuviera alas,
podría volar como Peter Pan)
 Hablar de algo que no se refiere al presente pero que
puede ocurrir en el futuro.
 If I became astronaut, I would travel into space. (Si
llegara a ser astronauta, viajaría al espacio)
 Dar consejos. En este caso, utilizamos If I were you en la
if-clause y would en la main clause.
 If I were you, I would study harder for this test. (Si fuera tú
/ Yo en tu lugar, estudiaría más para este examen.)
 En estas oraciones utilizamos el Past Simple para la if-
clause y el Conditional Simple (would) para la main
clause.If I had time, I would help you. (Si tuviera tiempo, te
ayudaría) En la Second Conditional podemos usar la forma
WERE en la if-clause para todas las personas. Esto es
obligatorio cuando se utiliza este tipo de oración para dar
consejos.
 If he weren’t so lazy, he would find a job. (Si no fuera
tan perezoso, encontraría un trabajo.)
 If I were you,
THIRD CONDITIONAL. IF-CLAUSE MAIN
CLAUSE
Utilizamos la Third Conditional para: Past Perfect Conditional
Perfect
 Referirnos a algo que podría Modal Perfect
haber sucedido en el pasado,
pero no sucedió, por ejemplo:
 If he had lent me the money, I would have bought that
car (Si me hubiera dejado el dinero, habría comprado
ese coche)
 Expresar como imaginamos que algo hubiera sido si las
cosas hubieran ocurrido de forma diferente.
 If he had left on time, he wouldn’t have missed his
flight. (Si hubiera salido a tiempo, no habría perdido
su vuelo)
 I would have gone on holiday if I hadn’t been ill.
(Habría ido de vacaciones si no hubiera estado
enfermo.)
 Expresar nuestro pesar por algo que hemos o no hemos
hecho o para ser críticos con las acciones de alguien.
 If I had been more careful, I wouldn’t have broken the
glass. (Si hubiera tenido más cuidado, no habría roto el
vaso.)
 If he had followed the instructions, he wouldn’t have
damaged the CD player. (Si hubiera seguido las
instrucciones, no habría estropeado el reproductor de
CD.)
 En la main clause también podemos utilizar un verbo
modal (could, might, should, ought to, etc.) + have +
participio en lugar del Conditional Perfect.
 If I had been more careful, I might not have broken the
glass. (Si hubiera tenido más cuidado, podría no haber
roto el vaso)
 IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE
Zero Conditional (always)
Present Simple Present Simple
First Conditional (present or future time)
Definición.
Present Simple Future Simple (will +
Past unreal conditional sentences express imaginary situations that
infinitive)
were actually not true in the past. In the if clause, the past perfect
Present Simple Modal verb + infinitive indicates the situation was unreal in the past. In the result clause,
Present Simple Imperative would have, could have, or might have also indicate the result was
Present Continuous Future Simple (will + unreal in the past. If I had been the boss, I would have fired him. (I
infinitive) wasn’t the boss, so I didn’t fire him.)
Second Conditional (present or future time)
Past Simple Conditional Simple (would Could have or might have in the result clause indicates one of several
+ infinitive) possible imaginary outcomes. Would have indicates that the speaker
Past Simple Modal verb + infinitive is more certain about the imaginary results.
Third Conditional (past time) If you’d had your car, you could have left earlier.
Past Perfect (had + past Conditional Perfect (would If you’d had your car, you might not have left so late. (Could have
participle) + have + past participle) and might have both
Past Perfect (had + past Modal verb + have + past express one of several possible imaginary outcomes.)
participle) participle If you’d had your car, you wouldn’t have left so late. (Would have
Mixed Conditional (past action, present result) expresses more certainty about the imaginary outcome.)
Past Perfect (had + past Conditional Simple (would
participle) + infinitive)
Past Perfect (had + past Modal verb + infinitive Giving Advice.
participle) Unreal conditionals beginning with If I had been you can be used as
an indirect way of giving advice. The if clause is often omitted. Unreal
conditionals sound softer than modals like should have.
Advice with Past Unreal Conditionals Advice with Modals
(If I’d been you,) I would have left early. You should have left early.
Restating Past Unreal Conditionals with But
Often, a sentence with would have is used without an if condition.
Instead, the main clause is joined to a true (not imaginary) sentence
with but. The true sentence with but implies the unreal past
condition.
True Sentence with But Past Unreal Conditional I would have
watched the tennis match, I would have watched the tennis match
but I had to study. if I hadn’t had to study.
I would have left earlier, but my car I would have left earlier if my
car
didn’t start. had started.