Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
ii
AGRADECIMIENTO
Reitero mi gratitud para con mis maestros y la extiendo a mis compañeros de aula, por
hacer posible el generoso intercambio de saberes que enriqueció incesantemente el proceso de
aprendizaje.
iii
AUTORIZACIÓN DE LA AUTORÍA INTELECTUAL
Los derechos que como autora me corresponden, con excepción de la presente autorización,
seguirán vigentes a mi favor, de conformidad con lo establecido en los artículos 5, 6, 8; 19 y demás
pertinentes de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual y su Reglamento.
iv
CERTIFICADO DE APROBACIÓN DEL TUTOR
Certifico que he analizado el Trabajo de Proyecto de Grado, presentado por Ivanova Mercedes
Monteros Altamirano con cédula de identidad 1712629870; dicho trabajo es requisito para optar
por el grado de Magister en Lingüística y Didáctica para la Enseñanza de Idiomas Extranjeros, el
cual cumple con los requisitos establecidos.
v
ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS
PORTADA i
DEDICATORIA ii
AGRADECIMIENTO iii
ÍNDICE DE ANEXOS x
ÍNDICE DE TABLAS xi
RESUMEN xiii
ABSTRACT xiv
INTRODUCCIÓN 1
CAPÍTULO I 2
EL PROBLEMA 2
OBJETIVOS 4
General 4
Específicos 4
Hipótesis 4
Justificación 5
vii
CAPÍTULO II 7
MARCO TEÓRICO 7
Fundamentación teórica 13
Aprendizaje en clase 22
Caracterización de categorías 43
viii
CAPÍTULO III 44
METODOLOGÍA 44
Diseño de la investigación 44
Campo socioeducativo 44
Tipo de investigación 45
Nivel de la investigación 45
Población y muestra 46
Operacionalización de categorías 47
CAPÍTULO IV 51
RESULTADOS 51
Presentación de resultados 51
CAPÍTULO V 66
CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES 66
CAPÍTULO VI 72
PRODUCTO INNOVADOR 72
REFERENCIAS 201
ANEXOS 206
ix
ÍNDICE DE ANEXOS
x
ÍNDICE DE TABLAS
xi
ÍNDICE DE GRÁFICOS
xii
UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR
FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA, LETRAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN
INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y POSGRADO
PROGRAMA DE MAESTRÍA EN LINGÜÍSTICA Y DIDÁCTICA DE LA ENSEÑANZA
DE IDIOMAS EXTRANJEROS
RESUMEN EJECUTIVO
xiii
UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR
FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA, LETRAS Y CIENCIAS DE LA EDUCACIÓN
INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN Y POSGRADO
PROGRAMA DE MAESTRÍA EN LINGÜÍSTICA Y DIDÁCTICA DE LA ENSEÑANZA
DE IDIOMAS EXTRANJEROS
ABSTRACT
This current research project, entitled “Use of activities based on the flipped classroom model for
the development of the lexical competence in English”, was conducted at the Language Institute
of Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial, within a population composed by sixty learners. This
research precised a quasi-experimental type of study, a cuali-cuantitative design, and a correlational
level of research, through which it was determined how the experimental intervention or the use of
the Flipped Classroom model enabled the development of the expected lexical competence in
English. In order to verify the obtained results, the statistics model adopted was the t-student,
which was implemented subsequently to the application of a pre and post-tests taken as evaluation
instruments to be directed to the control and experimental groups; therefore, the relevance of both
the model and the methodology of intervention project was evident as a result of an appropriate
use of collocations in real contexts of learning as well as of an effective application of cooperative
and solving problem strategies.
xiv
INTRODUCCIÓN
1
CAPÍTULO I
EL PROBLEMA
2
presencial con lo virtual) utilizando como apoyo didáctico material de estudio de la editorial
Cambridge, series Touchstone y Viewpoint, con el objetivo de obtener la suficiencia a un nivel B2
del MCER. Sin embargo, resultados preliminares del estudio del perfil de salida estudiantil para ese
mismo año (2014) realizados por el Departamento de Evaluación y Planificación de la UTE,
reflejan que el 84% de las/los estudiantes egresados no demuestran la competencia lingüística
esperada en idioma inglés, lo cual constituye una limitación en su competitividad profesional, en el
acceso al conocimiento globalizado y en la posibilidad de realizar estudios de posgrado en países
angloparlantes.
Conforme a los resultados de las evaluaciones realizadas a las/los estudiantes del último
nivel de inglés (octavo) por parte de la Coordinación Académica del Instituto de Idiomas en el
período Septiembre 2014-Febrero 2015, referidas a los estándares internacionales del MCER, con
la aplicación de los exámenes habilitantes First Certificate in English y Preliminary English Test,
se concluyó que la destreza con mayor debilidad es Use of English (vocabulario y gramática) con
un promedio de logro de apenas el 22,4%, seguida por Writing (escritura), con el 36,8%; Listening
(comprensión oral), con el 46,1%; Speaking (expresión oral), con el 47,4% y Reading (lectura), con
un promedio de adquisición del 57,9%. Con ello se evidenció que a pesar de que el Instituto de
Idiomas adoptó una nueva metodología, aún no se habían alcanzado los resultados de aprendizaje
que avalen la suficiencia de la lengua inglés a un nivel B2 del MCER, conforme a la oferta hecha
por el Instituto.
3
Formulación del problema
OBJETIVOS
Objetivo General
Objetivos Específicos
Hipótesis
4
Hipótesis Nula
Justificación
5
enmarcado en los paradigmas de la innovación educativa. Al ser un modelo didáctico de tipo
colaborativo, Flipped Classrrom tiende a que los alumnos aprendan de sus pares, a que adquieran
responsabilidad y confianza en su propio aprendizaje y a que desarrollen diversas habilidades
individuales que favorezcan su desarrollo integral (Wentzel y Watkins, 2002). Es un modelo
cercano a los principios del socio-constructivismo que impulsan el aprendizaje inspirado en la
potencia sensorial de la experiencia concreta y en el constante ejercicio y perfeccionamiento de
competencias transversales tales como la toma de decisiones, el trabajo cooperativo, el desarrollo
de las habilidades de comunicación como el debate y la mediación, entre otras (Gergen, 1996).
Por lo anteriormente expuesto, este proyecto de investigación busca determinar las posibles
ventajas pedagógicas de aplicar el modelo metodológico Flipped Classroom en el aprendizaje de
lenguas, y para ello se estudiará el efecto de su utilización en el caso concreto del incremento en el
dominio de la competencia léxica en inglés, en relación a la producción de colocaciones fijas, en
estudiantes de octavo nivel del Instituto de Idiomas de la Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial.
Propone, además, un micro diseño curricular como producto innovador que oriente la aplicación de
esta metodología en función de cumplir con los objetivos esperados del proceso de enseñanza-
aprendizaje del inglés. La aplicación de este producto permitirá evidenciar la factibilidad de esta
propuesta, para luego ser perfeccionado de acuerdo a los resultados obtenidos.
6
CAPÍTULO II
MARCO TEÓRICO
Un elemento común que atañe a profesores y profesoras de inglés como lengua extranjera
es la eficacia en su labor, evidenciada sustancialmente en su desempeño pedagógico así como en su
compromiso permanente con la actualización académica, en función de la evolución de las
necesidades e innovaciones didácticas y tecnológicas en la enseñanza de lenguas. En ambos casos,
un docente puede aprovechar los diversos elementos que las actuales tendencias de enseñanza de
lenguas ofrecen, bajo los preceptos del eclecticismo, a través de la integración de paradigmas que
suponen un mayor entendimiento de las necesidades de aprendizaje de las/los estudiantes de una
lengua extranjera (Jeremy Harmer, 2007)
Atendiendo a estos criterios surge la propuesta del modelo Flippled Classroom o Clase
Invertida como una alternativa para potenciar el aprendizaje de lenguas, inscrita en la Didáctica de
la Enseñanza de Idiomas Extranjeros como área de conocimiento, con el fin de indexar al proceso
de enseñanza estrategias didácticas que, centradas en la producción individual y colectiva de las/los
estudiantes, resulten adecuadas para mejorar su producción léxica, tanto oral como escrita. Como
punto de partida y para conocer los orígenes de Flipped Classroom como método de aprendizaje
del idioma inglés, se plantea una descripción del enfoque pedagógico que lo antecede, para luego
explicar sus más recientes aproximaciones a la didáctica de la lengua extranjera.
7
habitual de los más avanzados. Esta innovación pedagógica mereció para estos maestros el “Premio
Presidencia a la Excelencia en la Enseñanza de Matemáticas y Ciencias en los Estados Unidos”
(Bergmann & Sams, 2012)
La mayor parte de las investigaciones sobre la utilización del modelo Flipped Classroom se
han realizado en los niveles primario, secundario y universitario en los Estados Unidos y Europa,
reportando logros una vez adoptado el modelo, mismos que se han reflejado en el adelanto
académico, una mayor participación en el aula y la disminución de la deserción escolar. Antonio
Calvillo, por ejemplo, presenta su investigación intitulada “El modelo Flipped Learning aplicado a
la materia de música en el cuarto curso de educación secundaria obligatoria: una investigación-
acción para la mejora de la práctica docente y del rendimiento académico del alumnado”, realizada
en Valladolid-España en el año 2014. En dicho estudio el autor establece las ventajas de su uso,
hallando como resultados evidentes una visión objetiva en relación al cambio de actitud e
incremento en la motivación del alumnado hacia la materia de música y hacia su propio
aprendizaje; las ayudas que se prestan entre iguales así como la posibilidad de personalizar e
individualizar la intervención por parte del profesorado; la implicación de las familias en todo el
proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje; la autonomía e iniciativa personal del alumnado y la mejora,
tanto de la práctica musical (instrumental y vocal), como del rendimiento académico en general.
Además, se abordan temas como la satisfacción de los agentes que intervienen en el proceso; el
cambio de rol que se produce dentro del aula; la idoneidad, duración y naturaleza de los medios
didácticos empleados; el cumplimiento de los resultados académicos y la reducción de los
conflictos en el aula.
Los profesores Ed Ventry y Amy Kilmer del Niagara Falls High School, NY, USA,
viabilizaron la experiencia, en el año 2013, de optimizar el tiempo en el aula para la aplicación de
actividades y lograr una instrucción más individualizada en las áreas de álgebra, trigonometría y
geometría, para lo cual crearon videos, con el software Smart Notebook, de conferencias
tradicionales acompañadas de una guía de trabajo a ser completada por el estudiante fuera del aula
de clase. Estos videos fueron publicados en Edmodo, una plataforma de colaboración en línea, para
que las/los estudiantes pudieran verlos desde cualquier punto de acceso disponible, ya sea con sus
teléfonos móviles o tabletas electrónicas, o desde las computadoras escolares y de casa. En
definitiva, cada uno tuvo la oportunidad de acceder a la información, independientemente del
tiempo y lugar, cuantas veces quisiera hacerlo. Posteriormente, las/los estudiantes trabajaron en
actividades de clase con la guía directa de sus maestros. Los resultados positivos de esta práctica
8
fueron evidenciados al momento en que los alumnos fueron evaluados con las pruebas
estandarizadas del estado de New York (Regents Examinations), en las que el 83% de ellos
aprobaron el examen de algebra/trigonometría con puntajes superiores a 65 puntos, comparado con
el 71% del año 2012. (Western New York Regional Information Center, 2013).
En el estudio del año 2014, dirigido por Bryce F. Hantla, en el Southeastern Baptist
Theological Seminary, Wake Forest, NC, USA, titulado The effects of flipping the classroom on
specific aspects of critical thinking in a Christian College: a quasi-experimental, mixed-methods
study, se identificó el efecto del modelo Flipped Classroom en aspectos específicos del
pensamiento crítico, en un ambiente humanista y de educación cristiana, en áreas como teología,
literatura y composición, tomando en cuenta la visión del pensamiento crítico según la taxonomía
de Bloom, lo cual permitió establecer, en base a los criterios propuestos para el análisis de la
investigación, resultados satisfactorios en aspectos como el esclarecimiento de una problemática, la
argumentación con razonamiento y evidencia, el análisis situacional de perspectivas y la
explicación de implicaciones y aplicaciones, mismos que dejan en claro que el tiempo dedicado a la
clase presencial permite al docente intensificar el aprendizaje a través del razonamiento, en favor
de un entrenamiento apropiado y exitoso que se cotejó con los estándares propuestos por el
California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST)
Según los datos recabados por Flipped Learning Network Organization a través de una
encuesta realizada en los Estados Unidos a 109 profesores que aplican Flipped Classroom, su uso
se extendía un 37% a materias relacionadas con las Ciencias, el 33% a Matemáticas, el 20% a
Estudios Sociales y el 10% a Lenguas Extranjeras. El 83% de estos maestros habían adaptado
recursos en línea gratuitos ya existentes en la web, mientras que el 42.8% había creado sus propios
materiales, resumidos en videos, juegos instructivos e interactivos, tutoriales y pruebas.
9
Aunque el uso del modelo Flipped Classroom en la enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras es
todavía limitado, por sus características se muestra como una alternativa altamente pertinente para
este fin. A continuación se describen algunas experiencias al respecto.
Así por ejemplo, se puede citar The success and challenge of Flipping an ESL
Composition Program, a cargo de Ivan Stephano de Ohio State University, USA, en la que señala
los logros alcanzados en un programa de composición en inglés como segunda lengua utilizando el
aprendizaje de lenguas asistido por computador (Computer Assisted Language Learning, CALL), o
sea el estudio y desarrollo de aplicaciones informáticas para el aprendizaje y enseñanza de idiomas
como apoyo al modelo Flippled Classroom. El CALL incluye un amplio espectro de aplicaciones
tecnológicas de la información y las comunicaciones, que son utilizadas para crear, desde la óptica
de las diferentes teorías de la enseñanza-aprendizaje (conductismo, constructivismo, cognitivismo,
aprendizaje social), materiales y actividades de aprendizaje que van desde los tradicionales
programas de repetición y práctica ideados en los años 60 y 70, hasta sus más actuales
manifestaciones asociadas con el uso de ambientes virtuales interactivos de aprendizaje,
permitiendo centrar la práctica educativa en el estudiante gracias a la incorporación de dos aspectos
fundamentales: el aprendizaje interactivo y el aprendizaje individualizado.
Kari Richards y Denise Warner de Lansing Community College, USA, enfatizaron los
beneficios del uso de las nuevas tecnologías asociadas al modelo Flipped classroom para el
10
desarrollo de la lectura y escritura en inglés en su conferencia: A Journey toward Flipped Lessons
in Reading and Writing Courses, ratificando la facilidad con la que dichas tecnologías permiten la
creación de material para las lecciones. A propósito del uso de plataformas virtuales, entendidas
como la tecnología utilizada en el diseño y desarrollo de cursos o módulos didácticos en la Web,
Katie Mitchell y Anita Bowles, de Rosetta Stone, USA, expusieron en su conferencia Flipping the
Classroom to Support Communicative Language Teaching, que el adiestramiento en modalidad
individualizada en lenguaje comunicativo puede mejorar con el empleo de software online y apoyo
multimedia.
Por otra parte, organizaciones e instituciones como The Flipped Classroom Network, The
Flipped Institute y Pearson Education, constantemente brindan información a través de sus páginas
web sobre estudios realizados en los Estados Unidos, y cómo su equipo de investigadores ha
apoyado la compilación de la literatura del modelo Flipped Classroom para el aprendizaje del
inglés. Un ejemplo de ello es el documento digital publicado en la red por Robyn Brinks
Lockwood, de Stanford University, en octubre de 2015, intitulado Exploring the Potential of the
Flipped Classroom, (http://www.pearsoneltusa.com/webinar4October072015/), dando a conocer su
11
investigación-acción sobre el uso del modelo Flipped Classroom en la clase de lengua enfocada a
la escritura, lectura, comprensión oral y gramática, siendo posible integrar dicho modelo en clases
de inglés como lengua extranjera y como segunda lengua. Brinks enfatiza la importancia de
incorporar material contextualizado, pues el éxito del uso de Flipped Classroom radica, entre otros
factores, en que el estudiante aprende más a través de contenidos relevantes, usualmente
invirtiendo (flipping) parte de la clase y no necesariamente su totalidad.
En nuestro país, Kary Miller, presentó el 24 de septiembre de 2015, uno de los primeros
acercamientos al método Flipped Classroom realizados en el Ecuador, en el Centro de Estudios
para la Comunidad de la Universidad Politécnica Nacional, en Quito. El taller, denominado “The
Flipped Classroom y el aporte de este modelo a la clase de inglés como lengua extranjera, con un
enfoque gramatical y específicamente en el uso del presente continuo”, fue una propuesta basada
en investigación-acción, producto de su experiencia como docente de inglés como lengua
extranjera, y enfatizó en entender el cambio de rol entre el docente y el estudiante, en donde este
último es mucho más pro-activo, mientras que el docente es guía y monitor del proceso de
aprendizaje. Miller destacó, además, la importancia utilizar materiales de contexto relevante para
las/los estudiantes, buscando su involucramiento en tareas de opinión y toma de decisiones.
12
Fundamentación Teórica
13
Al respecto, The Flipped Learning Network lo concibe de la siguiente manera:
Flipped Learning is a pedagogical approach in which direct instruction moves from the
group learning space to the individual learning space, and the resulting group space is
transformed into a dynamic, interactive learning environment where the educator guides
students as they apply concepts and engage creatively in the subject matter (FLN, 2014: 5)
Desde el punto de vista de las/los estudiantes, un ambiente flexible implica escoger cuándo
y dónde aprender; pueden interactuar, reflexionar y apropiarse de la enseñanza escogiendo su estilo
de aprendizaje y demostrando dominio del contenido, tomando en cuenta que este último es de
acceso para ellos aún después del tiempo programado para la clase. Para el docente, un ambiente
flexible es aquel que permite crear espacios y márgenes de tiempo para el aprendizaje, de manera
que las/los estudiantes puedan alcanzar sus metas en un período apropiado. En el proceso, el
profesor puede monitorear el progreso de sus estudiantes y realizar los ajustes necesarios. Además,
incurre en la flexibilidad la posibilidad de utilizar diferentes medios para llegar a los alumnos,
verdaderos nativo digitales, con los contenidos de la clase.
14
han sido asimilados por la/el alumno y establecer los parámetros para la retroalimentación
adecuada, dependiendo de las necesidades individuales.
Dadas las características del modelo, en no pocos casos es probable que las/los estudiantes
profundicen en los temas y los relacionen con vivencias e intereses propios, demandando atención,
aprobación, opinión o ampliación durante el encuentro grupal. Es necesario saber canalizar estas
inquietudes para que constituyan un aporte al grupo y no se conviertan en distractores que resten
deferencia a los contenidos propuestos.
El rol del educador en Flipped Classroom demanda acción y compromiso para asumir
apropiadamente su papel como tutor de un proceso primordialmente ejecutado por las/los
estudiantes mediante su trabajo individual y colectivo. Un mayor nivel de profesionalización
docente facilita el que las/los estudiantes dispongan de recursos adecuados, reciban
retroalimentación inmediata y pertinente, sean evaluados con mayor frecuencia y reciban apoyo
personalizado para consumar exitosamente su aprendizaje.
En el aula, el tutor no permanece quieto frente a la clase, debe moverse con frecuencia,
determinando cuándo maximizar la proximidad con el estudiante y cuándo definir un espacio
autónomo de aprendizaje; guiándolos individual y grupalmente para encauzar su producción,
orientada a la comprensión de conceptos, desarrollo de destrezas y construcción de actitudes
vinculadas a su crecimiento académico y social (Achievement Services, 2013).
Se concibe a Flipped Classroom bajo los principios del Constructivismo en tanto las/los
estudiantes, motivados por un interés común, elaboran su aprendizaje como resultado de su
producción individual, fruto del trabajo autónomo; así como de la creación colectiva realizada por
el conjunto de actores del proceso, al interactuar en el aula. En este contexto, es válido referir las
15
teorías sociales del aprendizaje, ya que sostienen que éste, por naturaleza, es un fenómeno
eminentemente social. Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) y Jean Piaget (1896-1980) en su momento,
argumentaron esta visión, que actualmente se reproduce en el remate colectivo de las actividades
de aprendizaje del modelo Flipped Classroom, caracterizado por la interacción, negociación del
significado y, fundamentalmente, por el ejercicio permanente de la comunicación como esencia de
los procesos educativos (Lowell y Verleger, 2013). El aprendizaje característico de los entornos
flip, centrado en el estudiante y su interrelación con el medio, atañe a la asimilación y la
acomodación cognoscitiva propuestas por Piaget, es decir, a la interiorización de un nuevo
aprendizaje a partir de un esquema cognitivo preexistente, que sirve de sustento para que dicho
estímulo se integre a la estructura de conocimientos del individuo, en un equilibrio fluctuante que
se transforma de acuerdo a su realidad. Dicha perspectiva se complementa con los enunciados de
Vygotsky sobre la Zona de Desarrollo Próximo, que relaciona la construcción del aprendizaje con
la búsqueda del equilibrio entre el nivel de desarrollo real de los sujetos, determinado por su
autonomía individual para resolver problemas; y la reconstrucción interna promovida por el
entorno social que permite, en un proceso dinámico orientado a la acción, un superior nivel de
desarrollo potencial, tal como es determinado por la resolución de problemas bajo una guía
experta, o en colaboración con iguales más capaces.
16
La Teoría del Procesamiento de la Información, de Robert Gagné (1916-2002) concibe al
ser humano como un ente procesador de información, cuyo rol fundamental es recibirla, elaborarla
y responder conforme a ella, en un proceso de cuatro secuencias: atención (recibe, selecciona y
asimila los estímulos), codificación (da sentido a los estímulos según las propias estructuras
mentales), almacenamiento (retiene en la memoria, de forma organizada, los símbolos codificados)
y recuperación (usa posteriormente la información organizada y codificada). Desde esta
perspectiva, el individuo no interactúa realmente con el ambiente, sino con la representación
subjetiva que hace de él mediante procesos cognitivos internos de mediación, aunque en ello
intervienen, para favorecer el aprendizaje, condiciones externas propias del medio. La importancia
de esta teoría para el modelo Flipped Classroom radica en la valoración que hace de los procesos
cognitivos internos del individuo, centrando el aprendizaje en la/el alumno, así como el énfasis que
da a la motivación, la presentación de la información (contenidos de aprendizaje) con el uso de la
computación y el refuerzo interno como retroalimentación.
La Teoría del Conocimiento Situado, propuesta por Donna Haraway (1944- ) se basa en el
principio de que se aprende a través de la percepción y no del uso de la memoria. Se refiere a la
relación activa y directa entre un agente y su entorno, de manera que el aprendizaje ocurre cuando
el individuo participa activamente en el ambiente instruccional, complejo y real, que lo envuelve.
Con el advenimiento y difusión del internet, el entorno de la escolaridad convencional transgredió
sus predios ilimitadamente, en la medida en que alumnos y profesores pasaron a interactuar en la
red, estableciendo foros que los homologa en un sentido virtual. Esta teoría admite el desarrollo del
diseño instruccional con base al conocimiento disponible por internet, considerando las ventajas y
la continua perfectibilidad de la modalidad de estudio a distancia, fomentando el aprendizaje
autónomo y la legitimación de los ambientes educativos virtuales. Pondera, además, el uso de las
tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, especialmente de las redes telemáticas, en el
campo educativo, ya que despliegan un amplio rango de posibilidades en modalidades formativas
que pueden ser presenciales o a distancia, con la ventaja añadida de carecer de un paradigma
comportamental definido, lo cual permite a sus usuarios expresarse con libertad. La tecnología en
todos sus modos está cambiando los hábitos de vida de las sociedades, pues la modificación
17
vertiginosa del entorno presiona la adaptabilidad de los individuos a vivir con estas nuevas
condiciones. De este contexto, el modelo Flipped Classroom aprovecha las posibilidades
tecnológicas y los preceptos epistemológicos para fundamentar su pertinencia, validez y eficacia.
El siguiente esquema resume sus características, así:
El proceso pedagógico que desarrolla el modelo Flipped Classroom incluye dos grandes
momentos secuenciales, el primero es la “formación previa fuera de clase” (At Home Pre-training),
y consiste en una etapa de preparación. El segundo momento es una etapa de organización,
consolidación y aplicación de los aprendizajes llamado “aprendizaje en clase” (In Class Learning).
Las ventajas de la formación previa son más evidentes en los ambientes actuales de
aprendizaje, en los cuales el número de estudiantes por aula se ha incrementado notablemente,
factor que incide en el desempeño educativo al interior de la clase. En estas condiciones resulta
18
difícil para el docente atender las necesidades individuales de sus alumnos. Surge entonces la
necesidad de asegurar el éxito educativo de cada estudiante y que su perfil de salida corresponda
con los objetivos planteados.
Para que la formación previa fuera de clase sea eficaz, es recomendable reducir la carga
cognitiva (conocimientos previos) y la presión asociada a las tareas de refuerzo habitualmente
acostumbradas en los modelos educativos tradicionales, ya que es más eficiente permitir que las/los
estudiantes adquieran su propio conocimiento en la medida en que procesan, con sus propios
medios y capacidades, la información disponible (Hamdan et al, 2013); considerando además que
hay un límite a la cantidad de información que puede ser usada, procesada y almacenada por la
memoria operativa de un individuo, de lo contrario la sobrecarga debilitaría el proceso de
aprendizaje, especialmente al tratarse de materias complejas (Chaudry, 2010).
En esta línea, las/los estudiantes necesitan únicamente los recursos cognitivos y los
estímulos conceptuales suficientes y necesarios para adquirir un nuevo aprendizaje, por lo cual se
debe buscar que el material a ellos proporcionado no solo despierte su interés, sino que también
posibilite la vinculación de los nuevos aprendizajes con la carga de conocimientos previos
intrínseca de cada uno de ellos, con la finalidad de favorecer una asimilación significativa con un
menor empleo de tiempo. El uso de videos tutoriales (video lectures) apropiadamente diseñados es
un recurso adecuado para potenciar este momento, ya que en los individuos expuestos a un
estímulo audiovisual en particular, la comprensión y la retención de los contenidos mostrados
tiende a ser mejor que con otros medios, como respuesta a la experiencia multisensorial directa y a
la acelerada progresión de experiencias previas (Hamdan et al (2013). A este respecto, el
Departamento de Educación de los Estados Unidos enfatiza en un aprendizaje independiente a
través de una acertada combinación entre el contenido, la instrucción tecnológica apropiada y los
ritmos de aprendizaje; los que a su vez deben permitir el desarrollo propio de las habilidades de
la/el estudiante en función de sus intereses y necesidades. La tecnología de aprendizaje adaptada a
las necesidades de la enseñanza se ha ido implementado cada vez más con el fin de mejorar los
espacios y experiencias educativas a los que las/los estudiantes pueden estar expuestos; esto no
significa que el docente está siendo reemplazado, sino que los métodos de aprendizaje necesitan ser
invertidos, es decir, mientras el docente usa el tiempo de clase para revisar y practicar, el proceso
de aprendizaje en sí lo realiza cada alumno, de manera independiente (U.S. Department of
Education, Office of Educational Technology, 2015).
19
Recursos multimedia.
Un recurso multimedia es todo aquel producto comunicacional que integra al menos dos de
los cinco medios fundamentales: texto, imagen estática, audio, animación y video; y su creciente
uso en la oferta de ambientes de aprendizaje virtuales sume al estudiante de hoy en una inmensa
comunidad global de comunicación, que tiende a expandirse aún más debido a factores
socioeconómicos tales como la movilidad humana en las esferas educativas, la internacionalización
del conocimiento, la elevada demanda de la población por el acceso a las nuevas tecnologías de la
comunicación y el reconocimiento social del potencial que éstas tienen para mantener a los actores
del proceso educativo permanente y apropiadamente informados (Harmer, 2007).
Para Flipped Classroom, el principal medio del cual dispone el docente para interactuar
con sus estudiantes fuera del aula es el video tutorial. Ya sea que lo cree en su totalidad o que
escoja y adapte alguno ya existente, el docente debe asegurar que este recurso tenga pertinencia
respecto a los objetivos curriculares y a los contenidos propuestos, abordándolos con una
metodología pedagógicamente sustentada, a fin de que constituyan verdaderos mentores del
proceso autónomo de aprendizaje y garanticen que las/los estudiantes adquieran los insumos
necesarios para el posterior trabajo en el aula. Un video tutorial debe caracterizarse por su
secuencialidad en los contenidos y por su afinidad con las necesidades de instrucción de la/el
alumno y su particular ritmo de aprendizaje. Además, por su naturaleza y accesibilidad, este
recurso siempre estará a disposición de sus usuarios, siendo susceptible su repetición y difusión por
diversos medios (Brecht, 2012). Es un medio audiovisual que promueve el autoaprendizaje, ya que
emula el rol de la/el docente, pero en un ambiente distendido, ajeno al aula escolar y sus
imposiciones propias, que corresponde esencialmente a la realidad y modo de vida de cada
estudiante, empoderándolo para asumir su aprendizaje con motivación y complacencia por sus
logros. Haciendo una adaptación de la propuesta de Sánchez (2011), el video tutorial debe incluir
las siguientes fases:
FASE DESCRIPCIÓN
Genera motivación, informa el objetivo propuesto y aborda solo
Introducción.
aspectos generales de la temática del video tutorial.
Orientación Explica detenidamente y con la profundidad deseada cada tema del
inicial. contenido de clase.
Muestra la transferencia de los aprendizajes mediante aplicaciones
Aplicación.
concretas; se proporcionan ejemplos o datos.
Retroalimentación. Confirma lo aprendido; se recapitula y se refuerza el conocimiento.
20
Walsh (2015), sostiene que al momento de seleccionar el material multimedia es más
importante el contenido de aprendizaje que su presentación, es decir vale más el fondo que la
forma, por lo cual el contenido debe ser fiel a los propósitos del curso. No por ello se deben
descuidar los aspectos motivacionales y técnicos que hacen atractivo al material y posibilitan su
comprensión, facilitados por herramientas tecnológicas de fácil acceso y uso, asociadas con el
aprendizaje asistido por computador, que no necesitan de un elevado perfil técnico. Además del
ampliamente difundido software del entorno Microsoft Office y similares, algunas herramientas
gratuitas pueden encontrarse en la red y permiten combinar material creado por el profesor con
otros existentes en la web, por ejemplo Tackk, LessonPaths, Blendspace y Movenote, Slideshare y
You Tube.
Si el docente pretende crear material más elaborado puede usar herramientas para la
realización de videos e inclusive libros electrónicos educativos con Windows Movie Maker, iMovie,
iBooks, iBooksAuthor o Booksmart software. Además existen opciones para la creación de
caricaturas e historietas como 20 Free Tools for Making Comics and Cartoons for Teaching and
Learning, Camtasia, www.pixton.com, Storify, Videolicious y Powtoon. Por otra parte, hay cursos
completos y gratuitos en la red, respaldados por organizaciones sin fines de lucro y reconocidos
institutos virtuales como The Khan Acadeny, TED (Technology, Education, and Design), The Open
CourseWare Consortium, WartchKnowLearn.org, YouTubeeducation channel, Academic Earth,
Creative Commons y Open Educational Resources.
Una vez que las aplicaciones y recursos antes mencionados han permitido digitalizar un
contenido de aprendizaje, se debe identificar los medios a través de los cuáles las/los estudiantes
accedan a él. Así, las ya conocidas Learning Management Systems o plataformas virtuales como
Blackboard, Moodle, Edmondo, Desire2Learn y los entornos virtuales privados institucionales,
permiten compartir documentos, realizar discusiones en foros, completar tareas y evaluar
aprendizajes, entre otras funciones. En caso se desee un contacto más interactivo, o simplemente la
entrega de material multimedia, es posible el uso de correo electrónico, nubes de almacenamiento
como Dropbox y Google Drive, redes sociales como Facebook y otros sistemas de comunicación
que no necesitan la creación de una cuenta, como Socrative y Plickers, que solo requieren de una
computadora, un teléfono inteligente o una tableta electrónica.
Una preocupación frecuente radica en el tiempo que el docente debe dedicar para la
creación de las videoclases, sin embargo existen instituciones académicas que promueven sitios
web interactivos y gratuitos que dan acceso a materiales y entornos elaborados, como videos
tutoriales y de entrenamiento, posters digitales, plataformas virtuales y comunidades en línea.
Incluso se puede acceder a cursos preparatorios para la certificación como instructor con Flipped
Classroom.
21
Aprendizaje en clase (In Class Learning)
Las estrategias de aprendizaje que se utilicen es este momento del proceso educativo
deben apoyar el perfeccionamiento de los resultados de aprendizaje, y a este propósito sirven
aquellas empleadas en el Aprendizaje Cooperativo (Cooperative Learning) y Aprendizaje Basado
en Problemas (Problem Based Learning).
22
Otro aspecto importante del aprendizaje grupal es su organización en el aula, pues una vez
que el docente aclara qué es lo que se espera de la labor de la/el estudiante en función de las
estrategias a utilizar, es importante que estos últimos asuman sus roles durante el trabajo en grupo,
para lo cual el docente puede entregar tarjetas que describan sus responsabilidades, mismas que
pueden ser rotativas; sin embargo, los grupos pueden mantener los mismos integrantes por un
periodo de tiempo de manera que, paulatinamente, aprendan a trabajar mejor entre ellos y a
convivir con personas de diferente género, etnia, condición social o nivel académico (Uhl y
O´Malley, 1994; Larsen-Freeman, 2008). Un ejemplo de estos roles grupales se detalla a
continuación:
- Rol de coordinador o líder del equipo, quien organiza el trabajo y se asegura de que todos
cumplan con su parte. Presenta el reporte del grupo.
- Rol de reportero, quien toma nota y presenta los resultados del trabajo en grupo a la clase.
- Rol de monitor, quien realiza el seguimiento de procesos, incluyendo el nivel del trabajo en grupo
y el uso de estrategias de aprendizaje para luego reportarlo a la clase.
- Rol de animador, quien anima a los miembros del grupo a través del uso de lenguaje positivo en
relación a la contribución en el éxito de la actividad de cada uno de los miembros.
- Rol de cronometrador, quien se encarga de controlar el tiempo y prevenir que cada actividad
planificada se cumpla a cabalidad.
DEFINICIÓN DE LA
ESTRATEGIA DESCRIPCIÓN RESULTADO
ESTRATEGIA
- Trabajar en grupo para completar
- Coopera.
una tarea.
- Trabaja en grupo.
- Intercambiar información. - Metacognición.
- Aprende entre
Cooperación - Asignación de roles y - Habilidades
pares.
responsabilidades. comunicativas.
- Aprende
- Obtener retroalimentación.
autónomamente.
- Resolver un problema.
23
La resolución de problemas en el modelo Flipped Classroom
ESTRATEGIA DESCRIPCIÓN
Pensar ¿Cómo resolver el problema?
Entender ¿De qué se trata el problema?
Buscar y sistematizar información, datos y hechos que permitan
Investigar
resolver el problema.
Definir opciones, desglosar el problema, descartar posibilidades,
Realizar un plan realizar listas, tablas, dibujos, resolver el problema más simple,
adivinar, encontrar patrones…
Definir la mejor opción, volver a revisar, re-direccionarse al
Responder
problema inicial.
24
DEFINICIÓN DE LA
ESTRATEGIA DESCRIPCIÓN RESULTADOS
ESTRATEGIA
- Trabaja en grupo. - Trabajar en grupo para
- Aprende entre pares. completar una tarea.
- Metacognición.
Resolución de - Aprende autónomamente. - Intercambiar información.
- Habilidades
problemas - Integra conocimientos. - Obtener retroalimentación.
comunicativas.
- Conecta con el mundo - Definir el problema
real. - Crear una solución
25
ESTRATEGIAS ESTRATEGIAS
METACOGNITIVAS COGNITIVAS
A través de las cuales las/los estudiantes
A través de las cuales las/los estudiantes reflexionan sobre su propia comprensión; cómo
reflexionan sobre cómo realizan, planifican, pueden recordar, aprovechar su conocimiento
monitorean y evalúan su propio aprendizaje. previo y el trabajo en grupo; además de inferir,
predecir y resumir ideas nuevas.
Recursividad para la generación y
Identificación los principios de obtención de material.
organizar ideas. Agrupación de ideas.
Se resumen en:
Se resumen en:
Planificación de tareas. Toma de notas.
Selección de información. Uso del conocimiento previo.
Auto control sobre su propio Resumen.
aprendizaje. Deducción e inducción.
Auto evaluación. Visualización de la información.
Monitoreo de la información y Realización de inferencias.
producción léxica. Reflexión sobre su propio aprendizaje
y uso de estrategias.
ESTRATEGIAS SOCIO-AFECTIVAS Y DE ESTRATEGIAS DE RESOLUCIÓN DE
COOPERACIÓN PROBLEMAS
A través de las cuales las/los estudiantes pueden
A través de las cuales las/los estudiantes pueden
definir cómo ayudar a otros a aprender y
entender situaciones problemáticas, resolver
viceversa, cómo preguntar por clarificación,
problemas, encontrar información, hacer planes,
cómo conseguir información adicional,
descubrir respuestas, precisar propuestas y ser
cooperar, interactuar y reducir la ansiedad al
proactivos.
incrementar su conocimiento.
Verificación de información.
Se resumen en:
Se resumen en:
Establecimiento de iniciativas.
Cooperación con sus compañeros.
Definición de pasos a seguir.
Interacción.
Sustentación de ideas y decisiones.
Seguridad en el aprendizaje.
Superación de retos.
Desarrollo de la competencia léxica.
Toma de acciones.
“Coaching” con sus compañeros.
26
alumnos atendieron y entendieron por igual el mensaje transmitido. Con ello, los alumnos estarían
listos para aplicar lo aprendido. Para ello realizan los ejercicios de práctica planteados por un texto
o por el profesor, para verificar si los contenidos fueron aprendidos. Finalmente se envían tareas a
casa para consolidar conocimientos, lo que en varios casos no ocurre, ya que el procedimiento no
fue exitoso. Este es un proceso más bien pasivo, y su limitada eficacia puede alentar la
desmotivación y el fracaso instruccional.
27
A continuación se muestra una tabla que resume lo antes expuesto.
En este marco, el modelo Flipped Classroom, permite al estudiante de inglés integrar sus
habilidades cognitivas con actividades de cooperación y resolución de problemas. Enfatiza los
criterios psico-educativos de las modernas teorías de la enseñanza para optimizar el proceso de
28
aprendizaje. Dicho proceso se identifica por un esquema organizacional fundado en un ciclo de
aprendizaje experiencial basado en la teoría de Kolb (1984) en donde el conocimiento se logra a
través de la transformación de la experiencia, de ese modo el estudiante se enfrenta a una situación
nueva, o reproduce y reinterpreta una ya vivida, con una visión holística que combina aspectos
cognitivos, experimentales, afectivos y perceptivos, a través de una actividad creativa y
motivadora. Gerstein (2012), propone una redirección a la exploración de conocimiento, en espera
de que el estudiante realice autónomamente su aprendizaje, utilizando recursos tecnológicos que lo
conecten con un universo de experiencias. Se espera, así, dar soporte a la construcción del
significado de los aprendizajes propuestos, es decir, generar un análisis de los temas tratados, cuya
reflexión se socializa en espacios interactivos adaptados a la realidad social del educando, en los
que la aplicación de los conceptos y la demostración de los aprendizajes conducen a un nuevo
proceso de exploración cognitiva. Este modelo de aprendizaje del idioma inglés proporciona un
contexto dinámico, afín a la realidad y a la transformación de la experiencia. Se crea así un ciclo
permanente de aprendizaje, esquematizado de la siguiente manera:
29
del aprendizaje, dentro y fuera de clase, interviniendo menos y estimulando más (Gerver, 2014;
Santiago, 2014b; Kolb, 1984). Con ello se maximiza la cantidad de tiempo utilizado por las/los
estudiantes para la comunicación en inglés en clase, a la vez que se reduce el tiempo que el
profesor usa para hablar (Teacher Talking Time).
30
Elementos que caracterizan al modelo Flipped Classroom aplicado al proceso de enseñanza-
aprendizaje de inglés como lengua extranjera
Barry Katzen (2015) puntualiza los elementos que caracterizan a este modelo partiendo del
rol de sus actores fundamentales. Por una parte, los estudiantes de inglés como lengua extranjera,
quienes deben mostrar disposición para interrelacionarse activamente entre sí y utilizar sus
conocimientos y habilidades para articular los contenidos propios de este idioma con temas
interdisciplinarios y situaciones de la vida real que precisan de la comunicación oral y escrita, de
manera que su aporte constante enriquezca el universo educativo en el que todos se desenvuelven.
Además, deben desempeñarse con autonomía y suficiencia para aprender por sí mismos utilizando
recursos tecnológicos como videoconferencias, video-tutoriales, presentaciones multimedia y otros
documentos en formato digital.
Por otra parte, la/el docente tiene que identificar claramente los objetivos del curso para
poder diseñarlo. Debe encontrar los mecanismos para que la/el estudiante se comprometa y cumpla
su rol mediante estrategias de motivación adecuadas. Es importante recordar que si bien en este
modelo la/el estudiante avanza a su ritmo y aprende de sus errores, la/el docente puede involucrarlo
en actividades que le supongan retos lo suficientemente difíciles como para estimular su interés,
pero no tanto como para desalentarlo o producir resistencia al aprendizaje del inglés.
Materiales.
La/el docente puede desarrollar su propio material o hacer uso del ya existente adaptándolo
a sus intereses y necesidades. Es admisible hacer uso de un texto si por intención propia o por
requisito institucional se lo venía utilizando, ya que la metodología permite también profundizar las
temáticas tratadas en el texto de clase con un menor uso del tiempo.
Contenido transferible.
Es posible hacer que los estudiantes combinen lo que conocen de su propio campo de
profesionalización y de las experiencias de su vida laboral y académica con el aprendizaje del
idioma inglés, siempre y cuando se definan los espacios propicios para ello, a sabiendas del gusto
que ellas y ellos tienen por compartir lo que saben, especialmente sobre temas que dominan y son
de su agrado, desarrollando en el proceso las habilidades léxicas y ampliando sus conocimientos
generales.
31
Tecnología.
Es posible realizar una clase de inglés con el modelo Flipped Classroom sin tecnología. De
acuerdo a indagaciones realizadas, algunos docentes lo han hecho sin siquiera haberse percatado;
sin embargo, la experiencia indica que el apoyo tecnológico potencia su eficacia. Bergmann y
Sams, (2012) creadores de este modelo lo asumen como una solución didáctica con un componente
tecnológico, el mismo que puede crecer de acuerdo a la infinita oferta de herramientas
especializadas. Por otra parte, el acceso a la tecnología no necesariamente implica un amplio
conocimiento de la misma, ya que con las herramientas actuales de hardware y software hacen cada
vez más intuitivo su manejo.
Las dinámicas del aula flipped permiten un mejor uso del tiempo, para lo cual es necesario
reinventar y redistribuir la clase en relación al espacio y tiempo. El trabajo en equipo tiende a
ocupar la atención de los alumnos y liberar el tiempo del maestro, que puede reinvertirlo en
actividades de apoyo individualizado.
Aprendizaje colectivo.
Una de las mayores ventajas del método es que todos los actores se benefician del trabajo
entre pares, que a más de estimular la instrucción, permite un ambiente apropiado para la
resolución de problemas y el conocimiento interpersonal, lo cual fomenta la recursividad, la
proactividad y el respeto mutuo, teniendo como centro el aprendizaje del inglés.
32
El modelo Flipped Classroom, está diseñado para usar tiempo de clase para alentar a
las/los estudiantes a ser participantes activos, lo que les permitiría desarrollar su necesidad de
autonomía y competencia. Además, al ser agentes activos, es más probable que experimenten
grandes niveles de afinidad entre ellos mismos y con el profesor, de tal manera que el modelo
Flipped Classroom facilitaría y generaría motivación tanto intrínseca como extrínseca en las/los
estudiantes debido al ambiente de aprendizaje que se propone (Ryan & Deci, 2000).
Por otra parte, el hecho que las/los estudiantes experimenten una motivación extrínseca
bajo el modelo Flipped Classroom, puede ser un reto bastante grande al tratarse de despertar el
interés motivacional de la persona mediante alguna recompensa externa, sumado al interés que el
estudiante debe desarrollar para acceder a los videos tutoriales en casa y estar listos para discutirlos
en clase, el éxito dependerá que tan atractivo y afín al objetivo de estudio son los materiales
utilizados tanto dentro como fuera de clase, y el valorar su uso para sea cual fuere el progreso o
resultado deseado.
Con el objetivo de sobrellevar los retos que el modelo Flipped Classroom pudiera tener en
una clase de lengua se sugieren considerar los siguientes elementos para permitir que el ambiente
de aprendizaje creado dé paso al desarrollo de la motivación en el aprendizaje, así se proponen los
siguientes supuestos adaptados de Dornyel, Z. (2010) y Ferlazzo, L. (2013).
- Desarrollar una buena relación con las/los estudiantes, con normas apropiadas para el
grupo.
- Presentar las tareas de manera apropiada: señalado el propósito, como una oportunidad no
como una obligación y conectarlas a la realidad de la/el estudiante.
33
- Dar una retroalimentación (feedback) positiva, demostrando satisfacción en su éxito y
progreso.
- Promover la autoevaluación.
- Enseñanza Directa, a través de material que promueva el aprendizaje sin vigilancia por
medio de la indagación y el descubrimiento.
34
Indudablemente, estos ítems léxicos pueden ser entendidos por las/los estudiantes en su
forma escrita, su forma hablada y su significado más usual; sin embargo, no hay que descartar la
complejidad que estos pueden tener al combinarse con otros aspectos importantes de tomar en
cuenta al referirnos al léxico de un idioma como son: gramática, enlaces con colocaciones,
connotaciones, uso apropiado, relación con otros ítems en inglés y con aquellos de su propia lengua
por lo que un estudio profundo sobre cada uno de sus elementos puede ser oportuno (Ur, 2012a).
Al respecto, hay que tomar en cuenta que un estudiante de inglés como lengua extranjera,
necesita mayor exposición al estudio de vocabulario, puesto que las oportunidades para interactuar
con el idioma muchas veces se limitan al aula de clase, lo que no permite un contacto más
frecuente con la lengua escrita y hablada, condición necesaria para asimilar el léxico. A diferencia,
un nativo hablante del idioma e incluso quien aprende inglés como segunda lengua tienen más
oportunidad de ejercer la comunicación. Normalmente un estudiante no aprende una palabra la
primera vez que se encuentra con ella; necesita de varios reencuentros para llegar al dominio del
vocabulario deseado y más aún, si este es cada vez más complejo, por lo que sería importante
considerar el uso de actividades de vocabulario sistemáticas y acumulativas (Ur, 2012a; Laufer,
2003, Zahar, 2001).
En este orden de ideas, conocer una lengua es también conocer el léxico, por esta razón es
importante saber cómo usarlo y cómo utilizar las reglas que rigen la combinación correcta de sus
elementos para asegurar que lo que se desea expresar sea coherente a su significado. El uso de
actividades basadas en el modelo Flipped Classroom apunta con este objetivo, desarrollando un
enfoque comunicativo, que es el sustento ideológico o conceptual en el que se basa la enseñanza de
lenguas extranjeras actualmente, de manera que la riqueza del vocabulario facilite una
comunicación eficiente, convirtiéndose la competencia léxica el eje central de la didáctica del
inglés.
35
La práctica que reconoce que el uso del modelo Flipped Classroom en la instrucción
permite al estudiante comunicarse claramente en inglés sin restricciones expresivas lo que desea
decir a través de sus destrezas receptivas (escuchar, leer) o destrezas productivas (hablar, escribir).
Es decir, el modelo debe asegurar que las/los estudiantes logren un uso apropiado del léxico en
inglés en tres aspectos principales: en su forma (hablada, escrita y partes de la palabra), en su
significado (forma y significado, conceptos y referencias; y asociaciones); y en su utilización
(funciones gramaticales, colocaciones, restricciones en el uso, registro y frecuencia), (Nation y
Meara, 2010; O’Keeffe, 2012).
Para esto es primordial reconocer los elementos de la competencia léxica a los que las/los
estudiantes pueden estar expuestos según los establece el Council of Europe (2001). Un primer
grupo comprende las expresiones hechas (fixed expressions) en las que se encuentran las fórmulas
fijas (sentetial formulae) tales como saludos, proverbios o arcaísmos. También los modismos
(phrasal idioms) como metáforas o intensificadores. Además, de las estructuras fijas (fixed frames)
que incluyen frases ya establecidas y que se insertan para formar oraciones con sentido, sumado a
las frases verbales, las preposiciones compuestas y las colocaciones fijas, entendiendo estas últimas
como aquellas palabras que usualmente se usan juntas.
En un segundo grupo está la Polisemia (Single word forms) en la que una sola palabra
puede tener más de un significado, incluyen clases de palabras como sustantivos, verbos, o aquellas
relacionadas a días de la semana, meses, medidas y peso; a la vez que pueden estar establecidas por
propósitos semánticos y gramaticales pertenecientes a clases de palabras como artículos,
demostrativos, pronombres, etc.
36
Colocaciones y su importancia en el aprendizaje del inglés
Tipos de colocaciones.
37
Colocaciones fuertes, fijas y débiles.
Una colocación fuerte es aquella que indica que las palabras están asociadas muy
cercanamente una de otra. Por ejemplo el adjetivo mitigating (mitigante) casi siempre se asocia con
circumstances o factors (circunstancias o factores), muy rara vez se combinan con otra palabra.
Algunas colocaciones son fijas o muy fuertes, como por ejemplo: take a photo (tomar una foto), es
decir no existe ninguna otra palabra que reemplace la palabra take, de modo que es la única opción
para dicha combinación. Otras colocaciones son más abiertas o débiles, es decir diferentes palabras
pueden ser usadas para dar un significado similar por ejemplo: keep to the rules o stick to the rules
(atenerse a las reglas)
Si una/un estudiante comete un error en el uso de colocaciones, podría aún ser entendido
por un hablante nativo o fluido del inglés, pero su producción no sería natural y siempre queda el
riesgo de ser mal interpretado o de simplemente no ser comprendido. Por ejemplo la combinación
powerful tea (té poderoso) no es apropiada ante la expresión strong tea (té fuerte o concentrado), a
pesar que las ambas dan a la palabra té la connotación de fuerza (Béjoint, 2010). Otros ejemplos
como: release from prison, (salir de prisión), discharge from hospital (salir del hospital), check out
of hotel (salir del hotel), comparten la relación semántica de leaving (salir), pero sintácticamente las
palabras release, discharge y check out, se colocan de manera diferente y en contextos diferentes
(O’Keeffe, 2012)
El modelo Flipped Classroom propone una formación progresiva y de solo una temática de
clase a la vez como complemento del currículo, lo cual encaja perfectamente con la idea de
enfocar, de manera específica, el estudio de colocaciones fijas para el desarrollo de la producción
oral y escrita en estudiantes de nivel avanzado de inglés. En relación con lo dicho, el cómo hacerlo
puede tomar como punto de partida el referirse, en primer lugar, a las colocaciones con alta
frecuencia. Otra manera de entender y estudiar colocaciones en inglés es reconocer su utilidad
según la realidad de la/el estudiante (Ur, 2012a).
38
probabilidad de ocurrencia en el currículum, lo cual contribuye a optimizar la asimilación de
contenidos significativos en el lapso de tiempo disponible.
Igualmente, se debe considerar el hecho que un estudiante de inglés como lengua extranjera
aprende mejor cuando es expuesto a una carga de información moderada, antes que a listas
interminables de palabras o colocaciones que pueden perder sentido para el estudiante al estar fuera
de contexto; sin embargo, a mayor repetición, mayor contacto, mientras más sean las oportunidades
en las que el estudiante pueda aprender cada palabra, el conocimiento se fortalecerá más, y el
dominio de las colocaciones sería cada vez mayor (Nation y Meara 2010). En esta línea, el modelo
Flipped Classroom permite al estudiante inmiscuirse en un aprendizaje a través de un input con
enfoque significativo incidental, en función de la exposición de videos tutoriales en inglés, lo que
involucra la repetición de la información sobre el uso de colocaciones, las mismas que son
reforzadas en las actividades de clase en un proceso de trabajo cooperativo.
Las colocaciones más comunes pueden encontrarse en páginas web (por ejemplo
http://www.lextutor.ca/freq/) o de un corpus lingüístico entendido como el conjunto de ejemplos
reales de uso de una lengua, entre los cuales se encuentran The Contemporary American English
(COCA), Cambridge International Corpus, o Cambridge Learner Corpus, que además muestran
las colocaciones más significativas y aquellas en las que las/los estudiantes cometen la mayoría de
errores. El uso de diccionarios como referencia puede ser otra opción, un ejemplo es el Oxford
Collocations Dictionary for Students of English (Ur, 2012a). Estos recursos pueden ser utilizados
como herramientas para la elaboración de los videos tutoriales para la conceptualización de la
información por parte de la/el estudiante cuando realiza su aprendizaje autónomo.
39
relación entre el número de palabras que un estudiante de lengua posee, con su producción
lingüística; sin embargo, el uso apropiado del léxico es sumamente importante, inclusive en una
primera lengua, lo que es vital para la comunicación, destreza que puede reflejarse directamente en
los logros académicos y profesionales de los educandos (Matsuoka y Hirsh, 2010)
El octavo nivel de inglés (B2), objetivo experimental en esta investigación, sigue una
planificación, implementación y sistema curricular que abarca los estándares internacionalmente
establecidos por el Marco Común Europeo (CEF). Como material complementario se utiliza el
texto Viewpoint 1-A (Cambridge), en paralelo con el curso en línea, bajo un enfoque
constructivista. Al incorporar el modelo Flipped Classroom a la clase, se proponen determinadas
tareas para que las/los alumnos trabajen en casa y después en clase, desarrollando progresivamente
contenidos que apuntan al fortalecimiento de su competencia léxica y al uso de colocaciones fijas.
Dichas actividades pueden complementarse con el uso del texto de clase, aprovechándose también
los complementos del mismo, como el Whiteboard Software, pistas de audio y video, CR-ROM,
Workbook Online y el Cambridge online course arcade; además de las actividades en línea que
ofrece la plataforma virtual Viewpoint. Se espera que los participantes se familiaricen con esta
metodología para que comprendan, valoren y sustenten sus estrategias, en la premisa de su aporte
positivo al desarrollo lingüístico y socio-cultural de los actores del proceso educativo. Una
profundización sobre la propuesta microcurricular planteada se incluye en el capítulo seis.
En este punto es importante recordar que el aprendizaje resulta mejor cuando se trabaja en
conjunto, tanto maestros como estudiantes. Se debe entender que el modelo Flipped Classroom no
se limita a fomentar la instrucción mediante recursos multimedia, sino que busca además
maximizar el tiempo de clase para un involucramiento más profundo de la/el alumno (Bergmann y
Sams, 2012). El docente debe ser previsor y creativo para multiplicar las oportunidades en las que
las/los estudiantes puedan convertirse en protagonistas activos, responsables y seguros del proceso
de apendizaje, incorporando al mismo diversas actividades que favorezcan su desarrollo integral
(Wentzel y Watkins, 2002).
40
Al referirse al uso de tecnología muchos retos pueden aparecer, especialmente por la
resistencia al cambio por parte de las/los docentes y de las/los estudiantes también. El adoptar este
modelo, implica re-evaluar los modelos de enseñanza del mismo docente y estar a la altura de las
exigencias de las/los estudiantes como nativos digitales. El acceso a los canales tecnológicos en
línea podría ser otra aparente dificultad, sin embargo, las posibilidades son muchas y siempre se
podrá hacer llegar el material de estudio a su destino, aun cuando fuere por medios menos
interactivos como los dispositivos de video-reproducción y las memorias estáticas.
Una inquietud sobre el uso de video tutoriales es el que los alumnos no cumplan con su
parte autónoma de trabajo por falta de motivación, lo que podría empañar el currículo. Por esta
razón, la preparación de los mismos demanda una buena dosis de conocimiento del grupo para
enlazar sus intereses con las necesidades curriculares. El trabajo para el docente podría ser mayor a
lo que de por sí implica en este caso, pero se compensaría al prescindir en el aula de la típica
instrucción expositiva. Otra preocupación de las/los docentes quienes ya han experimentado con el
modelo Flipped Classroom es el dejar atrás el encuentro socrático cara a cara con el estudiante,
puesto que el trabajo en clase dependerá directamente de la participación interactiva de las/los
estudiantes. Marshal (2014), afirma que, con el modelo Flipped Classroom, ahora más que nunca la
participación de la/el profesor es de vital importancia porque este tendría las tareas de observador,
de retroalimentador, evaluador y guía de la reflexión y participación de sus estudiantes,
permitiéndose ser más espontaneo en el aula. Dichos roles, según Marshal, pueden inclusive ser
compartidos entre los mismos estudiantes en tanto ellos observan y evalúan su propio aprendizaje.
Flipped Learning.
41
educador guía a las/los estudiantes a medida que se aplican los conceptos y puede participar
creativamente en la materia (Flipped Learning Network, 2015)
Se entiende como un modelo pedagógico de tipo colaborativo que pretende que los
alumnos/as aprendan de los demás, que adquieran responsabilidad y confianza en su propio
aprendizaje, y que desarrollen diversas habilidades que favorezcan su desarrollo integral. A la vez
que las/los docentes tienen la libertad de implementar nuevas y varias metodologías dentro y fuera
del aula de clase para que esto suceda (Yarbro et al, 2014; Wentzel y Watkins, 2002).
Competencia léxica.
Conocimiento del vocabulario de una lengua y la capacidad para utilizarlo, a la vez que se
compone de elementos léxicos y elementos gramaticales (Council of Europe, 2001).
Colocación.
Una combinación natural de palabras; se refiere a la manera en la que las palabras en inglés
están cercanamente asociadas una con la otra (McCarthy y O’Dell, 2012).
Aprendizaje cooperativo.
Es un enfoque que trata de organizar las actividades dentro del aula para convertirlas en
una experiencia social y académica de aprendizaje. Las/los estudiantes trabajan en grupo para
realizar las tareas de manera colectiva (Laren-Freeman, 2008).
Video tutorial.
42
Modelo pedagógico.
Caracterización de Categorías
La presente investigación aborda el uso del modelo Flipped Classroom o Clase Invertida
con el fin de desarrollar la competencia léxica en inglés referida específicamente a las colocaciones
fijas en estudiantes de octavo nivel de inglés del Instituto de Idiomas de la Universidad
Tecnológica Equinoccial, en el período agosto – noviembre 2015. Del tema planteado se
desprenden dos categorías:
La categoría independiente.
Dicha categoría actúa en función del uso del modelo Flipped Classroom, que es un modelo
pedagógico para la enseñanza-aprendizaje de idiomas que invierte la sucesión tradicional de
aprendizaje al presentar dos momentos secuenciales: una formación previa autónoma, fuera del
aula, basada en clases pre-grabadas en videos tutoriales (video lectures); y el resultante se
transforma en un enfoque comunicativo en el aula de clase donde las/los estudiantes participan en
actividades de cooperación y resolución de problemas que promueven la asimilación de
competencias lingüísticas en inglés.
La categoría dependiente.
43
CAPÍTULO III
METODOLOGÍA
Diseño de la investigación
Campo Socioeducativo.
44
en situaciones cotidianas y laborales en cualquier nivel de educación primario, secundario,
universitario o posgrado. De este modo, el carácter socio-educativo de esta investigación se
evidencia al presentar un modelo pedagógico innovador para el desarrollo lingüístico en el proceso
de aprendizaje de una lengua extranjera.
A través de esta propuesta se define una Modalidad con Intervención lo que implica la
creación de un Producto Innovador como alternativa de solución al problema que se pretende
resolver, siendo el desarrollo de la competencia léxica en inglés la intención primera de esta
investigación.
Tipo de Investigación.
Nivel de la Investigación.
45
que es el uso del Modelo Flipped Classroom por parte de las/los estudiantes de los octavos niveles
de inglés del Instituto de Idiomas de la UTE. La investigación desea conocer el comportamiento de
la variable o categoría dependiente en cuanto se prevé una relación entre el uso del modelo Flipped
Classroom y la mejora de la competencia léxica, para lo cual ha sido necesario realizar un análisis
estadístico que permite conocer cómo y porqué las variables pueden estar relacionadas de lo cual se
desprende el carácter explicativo de la presente investigación.
Población y Muestra
La muestra de la población a estudiar incluye dos grupos, uno de control o grupo testigo y
otro experimental que recibe el tratamiento o estímulo (Hernández, 2014). Las actividades basadas
en el modelo Flipped Classroom fueron expuestas al grupo experimental más no al grupo control el
cual continuó trabajando con el programa regular de inglés establecido por el Instituto de Idiomas
basado en el programa blended del Instituto de Idiomas más el texto Viewpoint y todos sus
componentes, por lo cual el grupo control no está expuesto a la variable o categoría independiente.
Cada grupo incluye 30 estudiantes, que suma una población total de 60 estudiantes. El grupo
control acoge a las/los estudiantes matriculados en el horario de 07h00 a 09h00 de la mañana y el
grupo experimental corresponde al grupo de estudiantes matriculados en el horario de 11h30 a
13h30, las clases se dictan de lunes a jueves, por dos horas diarias, de acuerdo al sistema de
distribución de horas que maneja el Instituto de Idiomas. Los dos grupos en mención corresponden
al octavo nivel de inglés (B2), y a cada uno de ellos se ha asignado el mismo profesor quien es la
autora de esta investigación.
El tipo de muestreo de este estudio es probabilístico en virtud de la cual las muestras fueron
escogidas en un proceso que permitió a todos los sujetos de la población igualdad de oportunidades
para ser seleccionados, además de haber sido seleccionados de manera no aleatoria.
46
Operacionalización de Categorías
Categoría B o dependiente.
DEFINICIÓN ÍNDICES DE
DIMENSIONES INDICADORES INSTRUMENTO
OPERATIVA MEDICIÓN
1 Selecciona
vocabulario adecuado para comunicarse en una lengua, e incluye elementos
La competencia léxica se refiere al conocimiento o a la habilidad de usar el
colocaciones fijas
para formar SI (1) 1-10
oraciones. NO(2)
1 Produce
expresiones fijas
léxicos y gramaticales (CEFR: 108)
SI (1) 21-30
nuevas a partir de
NO (2)
asociaciones con
otras previamente
Utilización de conocidas.
colocaciones fijas
2 Soluciona
problemas
SI (1) 31-40
mediante el uso de
NO (2)
colocaciones fijas
en contexto.
Tanto al grupo control como al grupo experimental que forman parte de esta investigación,
se les aplicó simultáneamente una preprueba o pre-test; posteriormente el grupo experimental
recibió la intervención; finalmente, se administró una posprueba o post-test a ambos grupos.
47
El pre-test presenta un punto referencial inicial para conocer el nivel del grupo en función
de la categoría dependiente antes de recibir la intervención, en el caso de esta investigación se
desea conocer el conocimiento de la competencia léxica en inglés específicamente en el uso de
colocaciones fijas, en estudiantes de octavo nivel de inglés (B2) del Instituto e Idiomas de la
Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial. Una vez realizada la intervención experimental el post-test
permitió medir el aprendizaje como resultado de la intervención, es decir conocer la incidencia del
uso del modelo flipped clasroom para el desarrollo de la competencia léxica en inglés. Cabe
mencionar que tanto el pre como el post test, mantienen los mismos criterios y mismo nivel de
dificultad, pero no las mismas preguntas.
Tomando en cuenta que la prueba pretende medir la competencia que tiene el estudiante en
la forma, uso y significado de colocaciones fijas, el grupo de colocaciones planteadas en la prueba,
fueron escogidas en función de los siguientes criterios:
Primero, grupo de colocaciones que se espera las/los estudiantes puedan utilizar a un nivel
B2 de inglés de acuerdo al listado presentado por el English Vocabulary Profile (EVP) y de
acuerdo a las categorías gramáticas de las colocaciones según estas se clasifican, como son. Verbo
+ sustantivo, adjetivo + sustantivo, verbo + expresiones con preposiciones, y colocaciones
complejas.
La prueba presenta cuatro secciones, con diez preguntas cada una. A cada sección se le ha
asignado una categoría gramatical según las colocaciones escogidas, para lo cual las/los estudiantes
han tenido que demostrar su habilidad de reconocer, combinar y producir su conocimiento. Para
este propósito se han diseñado ítems de selección múltiple en los cuales el estudiante debe
seleccionar colocaciones fijas (Verbo + sustantivo) para formar oraciones. Ítems de
emparejamiento, con el fin de construir oraciones apropiadamente a través del uso de colocaciones
(adjetivo + sustantivo). También, ítems para producción de nuevas expresiones fijas (verbo +
expresiones con preposiciones) a partir de asociaciones con otras previamente conocidas para
demostrar reconocimiento de significado; y finalmente, uso de ítems con colocaciones complejas
que le permitan al estudiante reflexionar y proponer soluciones a problemas situacionales dados.
48
Confiabilidad y Validación del Instrumento
Asimismo, el instrumento fue validado por dos docentes expertos en el área, del Instituto
de Idiomas de la Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial como consta en los formatos anexos a esta
investigación.
𝐾 𝑉𝑖
𝛼= [1 − ]
𝐾−1 𝑉𝑡
α = Alfa de Cronbach
10 5,906
𝛼= [1 − ]
9−1 27,82
10
𝛼= [1 − 0.210]
9
𝛼 = 1.1 [0.79]
𝛼 = 0.808
49
𝛂 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝟖 (El valor resultante es cercano a uno por lo que de acuerdo a la escala de confiabilidad
del coeficiente de Cronbach, el resultado demuestra un alto grado de confiabilidad en el
instrumento aplicado).
50
CAPÍTULO IV
RESULTADOS
Presentación de Resultados
PRE-TEST = 13,2
33%
POST-TEST =19,4
48,5%
Análisis. El grupo de control conformado por 30 sujetos fue sometido al pre-test para medir sus
habilidades lingüísticas en inglés al iniciar la observación, utilizando un instrumento de 40 ítems.
El promedio de acierto fue de 13,2 puntos sobre 40, que representa el 33%. Al finalizar el período
de experimentación, el grupo fue sometido al post-test, creado con idénticas características de
evaluación que el pre-test, observándose que el promedio de acierto fue de 19,4 puntos sobre 40,
correspondiente al 48,5%. Cabe enfatizar que el grupo de control no fue expuesto al uso del
modelo Flipped Classroom en su proceso de enseñanza, advirtiéndose que su aprendizaje no
evidenció un progreso significativo en el desarrollo de las destrezas lingüísticas propuestas.
El instrumento aplicado para le recolección de datos para medir las cuatro dimensiones
mantiene las características de forma y formato que se aplicó al grupo de Control, lo que significa
que los resultados son confiables tanto para comparar los grupos al iniciar la investigación como al
finalizar la misma. A continuación se presenta los resultados recolectados en el grupo
Experimental.
32%
PRE-TEST = 12,8
POST-TEST = 35,1
87,8%
Análisis. El grupo experimental conformado por 30 sujetos fue sometido al pre-test para medir sus
habilidades lingüísticas en inglés al iniciar la observación, utilizando un instrumento de 40 ítems.
El promedio de acierto fue de 12,8 puntos sobre 40, que representa el 32%. Al finalizar el período
de experimentación durante el cual se expuso al grupo a un programa de intervención basado en el
modelo Flipped Classroom, el promedio de acierto en el post-test, creado con idénticas
características de evaluación que el pre-test, fue de 35,1 puntos sobre 40, correspondiente al 87,8%.
Con ello se evidencia un progreso significativo en el desarrollo de las destrezas lingüísticas
propuestas. Cabe señalar que el hecho de no haber alcanzado un porcentaje mayor de acierto en el
post-test, cercano al 100% como sería deseable, puede deberse a que la intervención fue de tipo
52
transversal, con carácter de inédita y se desarrolló en un período limitado del ciclo académico
correspondiente.
En donde:
1. “t0” tiene probabilidad de ocurrencia en la tabla de distribución t de student con n-1 grados de
libertad.
53
Dimensión 1: t de student para el grupo control en opción múltiple.
54
colocaciones fijas para formar oraciones; situación que se esperaba dado que en este grupo no se
realizó la intervención.
̅
𝐷 1,1
𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑎 = = = 2,3
𝑆𝑑 /√𝑛 2,6/5,48
t calculada = 2,3
55
Interpretación. Al aplicar el análisis estadístico de t de student se observa que la que la t calculada
de 2,3 es inferior a la t crítica de 3,66; por lo tanto no se rechaza la hipótesis nula Ho. Los
resultados obtenidos permiten concluir, para el grupo de control, que no hay una diferencia
significativa entre los puntajes de acierto en el pre-test (5 puntos sobre 10) y en el pos-test (6,1
puntos sobre 10) para las preguntas del instrumento referidas a la dimensión de articulación de
colocaciones para construir oraciones en función de su significado; situación que se esperaba dado
que en este grupo no se realizó la intervención.
56
PRODUCE EXPRESIONES FIJAS NUEVAS A
PARTIR DE ASOCIACIONES CON OTRAS
PREVIAMENTE CONOCIDAS
4
3,3
3
2 1,6
0
Pre-Test Grupo Control Post-Test Grupo Contol
57
De lo cual se desprende que al aplicar la fórmula:
̅
𝐷 2,37
𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑎 = = = 4,04
𝑆𝑑 /√𝑛 3,21/5,48
t calculada = 4,04
58
Modelo estadístico t de student para probar la hipótesis del grupo experimental
Para este nivel de análisis, se toma en cuenta al grupo experimental conformado por
aquellos sujetos a quienes les fue aplicado el instrumento de investigación, es decir el producto
innovador, el mismo que incluye actividades y estrategias basadas en el modelo Flipped Classroom
para el desarrollo de la competencia léxica en inglés y el uso de colocaciones fijas.
8
6 4,7
4
2
0
Pre-Test Grupo Experimental Post-Test Grupo Experimental
59
Interpretación. Al aplicar el análisis estadístico de t de student se observa que la t calculada de
10,16 es superior a la t crítica de 3,39; por lo tanto se acepta la hipótesis H1. Los resultados
obtenidos permiten concluir, para el grupo experimental, que si hay una diferencia entre los
puntajes de acierto en el pre-test (4,7 puntos sobre 10) y en el pos-test (9,2 puntos sobre 10) para
las preguntas del instrumento referidas a la selección de colocaciones fijas para formar oraciones;
superando significativamente a los resultados del grupo control, lo que permite entrever que los
estudiantes demuestran mayor habilidad y confianza en este tipo de construcciones al finalizar la
intervención.
60
Interpretación. Al aplicar el análisis estadístico de t de student se observa que la t calculada de 7,3
es superior a la t crítica de 3,39; por lo tanto se acepta la hipótesis H1. Los resultados obtenidos
permiten concluir, para el grupo experimental, que si hay una diferencia entre los puntajes de
acierto en el pre-test (5 puntos sobre 10) y en el pos-test (8,9 puntos sobre 10) para las preguntas
del instrumento referidas a la articulación de colocaciones fijas para construir oraciones en función
de su significado; superando significativamente a los resultados del grupo control, lo que permite
entrever que los estudiantes demuestran mayor habilidad y confianza en este tipo de construcciones
al finalizar la intervención.
̅
𝐷 6,47
𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑎 = = = 15,15
𝑆𝑑 /√𝑛 2,34/5,48
t calculada = 15,15
61
PRODUCE EXPRESIONES FIJAS NUEVAS A PARTIR
DE ASOCIACIONES CON OTRAS PREVIAMENTE
CONOCIDAS
10
8,3
8
4
1,9
2
0
Pre-Test Grupo Experimental Post-Test Grupo Experimental
62
Al aplicar la siguiente fórmula, se obtiene:
̅
𝐷 7,5
𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑎 = = = 23,6
𝑆𝑑 /√𝑛 1,74/5,48
t calculada = 23,6
2 1,2
0
Pre-Test Grupo Experimental Post-Test Grupo Experimental
63
Ho: Los resultados del post-test no son mejores que los resultados del pre-test.
H1: Los resultados del post-test son mejores que los resultados del pre-test.
Con una prueba t de student de una cola con un nivel de significancia del 0,001
Número de pares n=30
Grados de libertad = n-1 = 29
t crítica = 3,39
̅
𝐷 22,33
𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑎 = = = 18
𝑆𝑑 /√𝑛 6,80/5,48
t calculada = 18
20
15
Variación del puntaje
global entre pre y post
10 test
6,2
5
0
Grupo Control Grupo Experimental
Interpretación. En razón de que el análisis estadístico de t de student aplicado en cada una de las
cuatro dimensiones léxicas evaluadas verificó el cumplimiento de la hipótesis alternativa H1 para
el grupo experimental, se procedió a contrastar globalmente los resultados, obteniéndose una t
calculada de 18, superior a la t crítica de 3,39, por lo cual se acepta la hipótesis H1. Los resultados
obtenidos en el pre y post-test evidencian que hay un incremento considerable de acierto en la
competencia léxica global para este grupo, que es de 22,3 puntos en un rango total de 40 puntos.
Así se revela que el resultado global en el grupo expuesto al uso del modelo Flipped
Classroom es positivo, ya que se evidencia un progreso significativo en las destrezas asociadas con
la competencia léxica en idioma inglés. A la par, existe una marcada diferencia tanto entre la
variación de los puntajes pre y post-test del grupo control (6,2 puntos) frente al grupo experimental
(22,3 puntos); así como en el nivel del puntaje global promedio después de la intervención
64
realizada (19,4 puntos para el grupo control y 35,1 puntos para el grupo experimental, en ambos
casos sobre un total de 40 puntos).
De esta manera se comprueba que, para las dimensiones 1, 2 y 3 del test de competencia
léxica, a un nivel de confianza del 1%, no se presenta diferencia entre los resultados del pre-test y
pos-test para el grupo de control, lo cual se esperaba debido a que en este grupo no hubo
intervención experimental con el modelo Flipped Classroom. Es decir el conocimiento sobre el uso
de colocaciones fijas en el grupo control es limitado debido a que el curriculum que actualmente se
utiliza estudia parcialmente el tema, el mismo que es enfocado a través de un modelo tradicional de
enseñanza, fuera de un contexto real de aprendizaje y a través de listas de colocaciones aisladas, sin
refuerzo o aplicación progresiva para su internalización.
En la dimensión cuatro del grupo control existe una pequeña diferencia en los resultados
entre el pre-test y el pos-test, evidenciada por la ligera superioridad de la t calculada (4,04) frente a
la t crítica (3,66), probablemente como resultado de la familiaridad que genera la repetición del tipo
de examen aplicado y el normal proceso de aprendizaje derivado de su participación en un curso de
inglés como lengua extranjera.
65
CAPÍTULO V
CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES
En el caso del grupo experimental, es evidente una elevada y significativa mejora en los
resultados de aprendizaje debido a que los estudiantes tuvieron la oportunidad de estar expuestos al
uso de colocaciones fijas repetidamente durante su aprendizaje autónomo, probándose además, con
los resultados de la evaluación post-test que se llevó a cabo luego de realizadas las actividades
grupales, que las estrategias de cooperación y resolución de problemas aportaron positivamente al
dominio de las destrezas propuestas. De esta manera se verifican los objetivos de esta
investigación, al aplicar exitosamente un diseño curricular sustentado en las estrategias del modelo
Flipped Classroom, que no solo permitió el aprendizaje de colocaciones fijas, sino también el
desarrollo de las habilidades de expresión oral y escrita en inglés.
Por otra parte, un fenómeno común, motivado por diversas razones, es la deserción
estudiantil, sin embargo los alumnos del grupo experimental expresaron directamente en
cuestionarios de autoevaluación, e indirectamente a través de la calidad y organización de sus
portafolios, su interés por participar en actividades de trabajo colaborativo y continuar los cursos
con el modelo Flipped Classroom, a pesar de habérselo enfocado solo en un aspecto lingüístico
dentro del programa de lengua. Esta situación sugiere que el modelo mantiene la motivación de los
67
estudiantes y puede ser un factor de lucha contra la deserción motivada por apatía, falta de tiempo o
debilidades pedagógicas que pueden afectar la calidad del aprendizaje.
Además, el manejar grupos grandes en una clase de lengua (para el caso de la presente
investigación, treinta alumnos por grupo) presenta un reto para los docentes y para los mismos
estudiantes, pero forma parte de la realidad en nuestro medio, por lo que son relevantes y
prometedores los resultados obtenidos en el grupo experimental, ya que denotan que las estrategias
utilizadas permiten, además, superar la sobredemanda educativa.
Con la constante evolución de los entornos de aprendizaje es fundamental que los docentes
en general, y particularmente los de idioma inglés, se familiaricen con las nuevas tecnologías de la
información y comunicación, con la finalidad de interactuar adecuadamente en el ambiente
educativo contemporáneo. Por ello se recomienda su capacitación permanente en esta área
haciendo uso de las múltiples opciones que se ofertan, sea de pago o gratuitas, inclusive en línea.
El modelo Flipped Classroom es uno muy reciente dentro de los espacios de la educación,
y ciertamente se alinea con la innovación educativa y los ambientes de aprendizaje activos. Aunque
desde sus inicios este modelo fue utilizado en cursos afines a las ciencias duras, el propósito de la
presente investigación ha sido, justamente, demostrar que el aprendizaje del inglés como lengua
extranjera puede realizarse bajo las premisas del modelo flipped, dándole valor agregado a un
proceso de aprendizaje que de otra forma podría ser considerado meramente instrumental. Así, en
lugar de limitarlo únicamente al desarrollo de unas cuantas destrezas procedimentales, debe
abordárselo como una oportunidad para desarrollar las estructuras cognitivas y meta cognitivas,
como también las complejas competencias asociadas al trabajo cooperativo y la solución de
problemas, brindando al uso del lenguaje un contenido social y un contexto real para ser. Así
también, a futuro, sería interesante explorar los aspectos del perfil docente necesarios para abordar
con eficiencia el proceso de aprendizaje del inglés a través del modelo Flipped Classroom.
Finalmente, el modelo Flipped Classroom brinda al docente una valiosa oportunidad para
involucrarse con los/las estudiantes de múltiples maneras y en diferentes ambientes, a la vez que
flexibiliza el entorno de aprendizaje, permitiéndoles también ser más críticos y reflexivos.
68
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The present quasi experimental type of study, analyzed the correlation between the use of
learning activities based on the Flipped Classroom model and the development of the lexical
competence in students of English as a foreign language with the intention of establishing the
relevance of the model in learning English. For this purpose a curriculum intervention proposal was
designed for the eighth level of English at the Language Institute at Universidad Tecnológica
Equinoccial, which was developed during the academic cycle June-August 2015. Its curriculum
approach centered in the development of the lexical competence through the use of fixed
collocations.
Parting from the comparison of the results found by the tests equally given at the beginning
and at the end of intervention course (pre and post-test research instruments), to the experimental
and control groups, it was evident that in both cases, post-test results are higher, thereby confirming
a higher degree of performance at the end of instruction ; however, there are significant differences
between the ranges of growth for each case, for the control group being significantly lower than for
the experimental group. The assertiveness percentage for the control group varied between 33% in
the pre-test and 48,5% in the post-test, with an increase of only 15, 5% of assertiveness. In the
experimental group, these percentages varied between 32% and 87, 8% noticing a perceptual
increase of 55,8 points.
Based on what it has been said before, it is feasible to conclude that the use of Flipped
Classroom learning strategies influenced positively in the development of the lexical competence
for the experimental group students, confirming the hypothesis of this research, which suggests, by
generalization, that the model is valid to be applied in similar contexts at a higher education level;
and, possibly in other levels at the Ecuadorian educational system. It should be noted, nevertheless,
69
that at the moment there is no evidence of other systematized experiences of the Flipped Classroom
model application in Ecuador; therefore, there is more to be done to successfully validate its
application, all this depends on the variables going from an adequate teaching training, to a massive
accessibility of necessary technological resources, and the coping with social resistance towards
educational proposals which embodies an attitude change that empowers the actors in the
educational process to overcome their limitations and value their capabilities, as well as a better
predisposition toward autonomous learning and cooperative work.
In the case of the experimental group, an increased and significant improvement in the
learning outcomes is evident due to the students opportunity to be repeatedly exposed to the use of
fix collocations during the autonomous learning process; ensuring furthermore, that the application
of group activities before the post-test results, contributed significantly to the domain of the
proposed strategies. In this way, the objectives of this research have been proved, by successfully
applying a curriculum design sustained in the strategies suggested by the Flipped Classroom model,
which not only allow for the learning of fixed collocations, but also for the development of oral and
written English skills.
Even though there was not a formal quantitative measure of the individual performance of
the students in the groups studied, as this was not intention of this research, it is noteworthy the fact
that the oral communication and written production of the students of the experimental group
showed better fluency and precision in the argumentation than the control group, which was
evidenced at the end of the course as part of their overall evaluation process as well as in the third
and fourth sections of the post-test, surely, due the possibility they had to be previously involved in
work done before class and the opportunity they had to interact instead of working individually
during class time.
On the other hand, a common factor, motivated by different reasons, is the language class
dropout. Nevertheless, the experimental group directly expressed in their self-evaluations and
indirectly through the quality of their portfolios, their desire for participating in collaborative type
of activities and continue with classes under the Flipped Classroom model, even though it focused
on only one linguistic aspect within the language program. This situation suggests that the model
keeps students motivation and can be an important influence against desertion generated because of
indifference, lack of time, or pedagogical weaknesses that could affect the learning quality.
Furthermore, working with large groups in the language class (thirty students per class for
the present research), means a challenge for both the teacher and the student, as it is part of the
reality of our own educational system. Consequently, the results obtained in the experimental group
are relevant and promising, inasmuch as they show that the strategies used allow for a great number
of students per class.
70
It should be mentioned that at the beginning of the intervention both groups demonstrated
an initial English proficiency level B1 as a pre-requirement to attend the eight level, through which
it is expected students reach a B2 level. For this reason it is recommended the use of the Flipped
Classroom model during the whole course to encourage the accomplishment of this objective.
With the constant evolution of the learning environments it is fundamental that teachers in
general, and particularly English educators, become familiar with new technological information
and communication advances, with the purpose of interacting adequately in the current educational
environment. For this reason, it is recommended permanent training in this area making use of the
multiple options currently offered even on-line.
The Flipped Classroom model is one very recent within the new learning and teaching
approaches, it certainly aligns with the educational innovation and the active learning
environments. Even though this model was used from the beginning in courses related to the hard
sciences, the purpose of the present research has also been to demonstrate that learning English as
foreign language can be done under the premises of the flipped model, providing an aggregated
value to a teaching process which could sometimes be merely instrumental. Thus, instead of
limiting it only to the development of a few procedural skills, it needs to be addressed as an
opportunity to develop cognitive and metacognitive structures as well as complex social
competences associated to cooperative work and problem resolution, giving language a social and a
real context to be. In this way, a future and further research would be interesting to work on in
order to explore aspects of the English teacher profile needed to efficiently deal with the learning
process of English through the Flipped Classroom model.
Finally, the Flipped Classroom model gives the teacher a valuable opportunity to get
involved with the students in numerous ways, creating at the same time a more flexible learning
environment for the students, enabling them to be more critical and reflective.
71
CAPÍTULO VI
PRODUCTO INNOVADOR
EXTRANJEROS
72
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER VI ……………………………………………………... 72
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………….. 73
INDEX OF TABLES ……………………………………………… 74
INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………… 75
JUSTIFICATION …………………………………………………. 76
OBJECTIVES ……………………………………………………... 77
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ………………………………… 78
Flipping the Classroom ……………………………………………. 78
Interaction and learning in the Flipped Classroom ………………... 78
Fixed collocations and the Flipped Classroom ……………………. 79
METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………... 80
General information ……………………………………………….. 80
Micro – curriculum general features ………………………………. 80
Micro – curriculum overview and purpose ………………………... 81
RESOURCES AND MATERIALS ……………………………….. 82
Resources and materials for at home activities ……………………. 82
Resources and materials for in-class activities ……………………. 82
Supporting Material ……………………………………………….. 83
LESSON PLANS DESCRIPTION ………………………………... 84
Learning process …………………………………………………... 84
Flipped Classroom stages …………………………………………. 85
Flipped Classroom learning strategies …………………………….. 86
Learning domains …………………………………………………. 87
Interaction …………………………………………………………. 87
Timing ……………………………………………………………... 88
LESSON PLANS PROCEDURE …………………………………. 89
Before (in class) …………………………………………………… 89
Before (at home) …………………………………………………... 89
During (in class) …………………………………………………… 90
Follow up (in class) ………………………………………………... 90
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION …………………………… 91
Mastery check ……………………………………………………... 91
73
Self – evaluation …………………………………………………... 92
Portfolio assessment ………………………………………………. 92
LESSON PLANS PER UNIT …………………………………….. 93
APPENDIX ……………………………………………………….. 129
INDEX OF TABLES
74
INTRODUCTION
Vocabulary studies are perhaps the least studied aspect of language teaching and learning;
however, as David Wilkins (1972) would say: “While without grammar little can be conveyed,
without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed”; hence, the importance of seeing the study of
vocabulary as a vital meaning conveyor in language learning. In this sense, the current proposal
responds to the need of English language learners to strengthen their lexical competence and their
ability to appropriately use the vocabulary of language consisting of different lexical elements such
as fixed collocations.
On this basis, the research held at the Language Institute of Universidad Tecnológica
Equinoccial (UTE), showed that eight level students corresponding to a B2 level of English
according to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), still struggle
on the production of fix collocations in spite of the general English program series adopted at the
Language Institute in question.
The micro-curriculum also provides an eight - week program, which includes a varied set
of functional activities planned weekly and per content unit. It comprises video lectures as well as
cooperative learning and problem based learning type of tasks.
The activities are therefore structured under the Flipped Classroom model viewed as a
learning shift pedagogy which will be explained in the following sections.
75
JUSTIFICATION
According to current demands regarding language learning and teaching, the Language
Institute at UTE has adopted the Cambridge University Press series Touchstone for levels 1 to 7
and Viewpoint for level 8, this last one corresponding to the B2 of the CEFR which comprises an
on-line course and a textbook within a blending learning approach. In spite of Viewpoint being a
corpus-informed course holding words from American and British English spoken and written
texts, students still struggle on using collocations naturally as basic vocabulary is still used.
Following the new language policies in the country, at the end of the eight level (B2),
students should prove to be independent users of the language, show knowledge of a good range of
vocabulary connected to their field and general topics, and avoid frequent vocabulary repetition. It
is also envisioned that students can then pursue a postgraduate program and even succeed in an
international examination as the Cambridge English: First (FCE) which totally requires a clear
domain of collocations primarily throughout the Use of English section; however, much work
needs to be done to ensure the expected results.
In this matter, learning and remembering words over time is essential for language learners,
mastering the vocabulary of a language is important simply because it is mainly the vocabulary
which carries meaning and supports communication, if students just do not know the collocations
needed to produce language, meaning is distorted, and communications just breaks down.
Therefore, the purpose of this micro-curriculum design is precisely to avoid the lack of vocabulary
drawbacks in learning English by enriching the Viewpoint existing vocabulary exercises, with
reflective and interactive activities that would promote vocabulary usage in real life contexts of
learning under the Flipped Classroom reverse learning model.
76
OBJECTIVES
General objective
The aim of this innovative product is bridging the gap between the theories underlying the
Flipped Classroom model while at the same time providing a varied set of collocation activities to
enhance the current English teaching curriculum.
Specific objectives
Ensure student’s language production by using the appropriate collocation form for the
meaning intended.
Make students aware of the fact that learning collocations will enhance their range of
English vocabulary as well as it would help them to speak and write English in a more natural and
accurate way expecting appreciation and positive appraisal from the English speaking community.
Offer teachers and students new learning techniques based on the fact that foreign language
instruction can be approached in a more critical and reflective manner other than limiting
themselves to the use of traditional language models of teaching and learning.
Understand the effects a flipped learning environment has on students` engagement and
achievement in the process of learning a foreign language.
77
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Flipped Learning is a pedagogical approach in which direct instruction moves from the
group learning space to the individual learning space, and the resulting group space is
transformed into a dynamic, interactive learning environment where the educator guides
students as they apply concepts and engage creatively in the subject matter (Flipped
Learning Network, 2014: 5).
According to the Flipped Learning Network, the flipped or inverted class is a pedagogical
model which implies the inversion of the typical classroom activity of content delivery being
performed by students on their own time through the use of computer technology and the Internet
(with video-recorded lectures, tutorials available online or on a CD/DVD prepared by the teacher),
in other words the information-transmission component of a traditional lecture is moved out of
class time and replaced by a range of interactive activities designed to entice active learning and
more active problem-solving activities, being conducted during class time.
In other words, while flipping the classroom, the instructor directs students to a video
lecture, screencast or vodcast to teach them only key concepts of a particular topic as part of their
homework, but not the whole course content or material. In the actual lecture the instructor acts as
a facilitator to students who engage in a range of problem-solving activities generally done in small
groups, ideally resulting in the creation of small communities of peer learners (Sweet &
Michaelsen, 2012). Flipped classroom approaches are characterized by (Yarbro et al, 2014):
78
The Flipped Classroom promotes autonomous and personalized learning as students can
pause, re-wind and watch the video lecture/tutorial at home at their own pace, at the same time
teachers can gain a better insight into students’ learning styles and difficulties while classroom time
can be used more effectively and creatively as students will be in charge of solving problems in
groups facilitating student needs for autonomy and competence as they generate intrinsic
motivation.
In the Flipped Classroom students are expected to construct knowledge through their
understanding in a way they can achieve deep learning which usually occurs when students look
and find meaning in the whole process, are involved in the subject matter, interact actively and are
able to relate new to previous knowledge (Higher Education Academy, 2011), thus creating a
completely shifting parading of teaching and learning.
Undoubtedly, words are the building blocks of communication. Knowing words and their
meaning help people express more clearly and accurately both verbally and in writing. By flipping
fixed collocations instruction, the progressive and topic focused objective proposed by the Flipped
Classroom model is achieved. Therefore, most frequent collocations should be addressed first,
having in mind that exposure to moderate information will be more productive for language
students instead of providing them unending and isolated lists of collocations.
The Flipped Classroom model along with the technological advances may allow teachers to
become involved in new teaching strategies and learn about students interests, adapt their
instruction to student’s needs to finally offer the appropriate learning environment for collocations
to be taught in a real context of learning (Chaundry, 2010; Hamdam, 2013).
79
METHODOLOGY
General information
The present work pretends to enhance the reference material currently used at the UTE
Language Institute: Cambridge University Series Viewpoint by including parallel activities based
on different type of collocations, and following the Flipped Classroom model teaching principles. It
has been designed for adult and young learners of English as a foreign language who are currently
a B1 level and expect to reach a B2 level according to the Common European Framework of
Reference.
In each unit, a lexical set of grouped collocations have been carefully chosen according to
real-life topics that will help students address issues of relevance to their daily lives; the collocation
related topics are always connected to the unit main theme in order to keep them integrated with
the lessons purpose and content suggested in the book.
The collocations studied in each unit, have been selected in terms of their frequency,
significance, and common errors advanced learners tend to make as the Cambridge International
Corpus of written and spoken English as well as The Contemporary American English (COCA)
have already identified.
Moreover, the group of collocations chosen are also the ones that a B2 level of English
student is expected to know as it stated by the English Vocabulary Profile (EVP) and the
Cambridge English: First examination.
Based on what it has been stated before and due to the great number of collocations
existing in the English language, the final selection of collocations referred to in this proposal has
been reduced to the ones corresponding to the following grammatical categories only:
verb + noun
adjective + noun
verb + expression with preposition
More complex collocations (two to five word combinations)
80
The study of collocations in relation to the unit programmed in the book cannot be covered
daily. First of all, because according to the Flipped Classroom model only one course content can
be flipped, and second of all, a study of collocations on a daily basis could interfere with the rest of
the content areas to be studied in the existing curriculum, as this can also become overwhelming
for the students.
A summary chart of the collocations studied have been included in each one of the units as
a reference for both the teacher and the student in order to visualize the collocations related to each
one of the topics proposed as well as for students to identify the type of collocations they have
used. The chart mentioned can be revised at the end of the unit to consolidate the information
checked.
The learning outcomes set for this proposal are based on the Common European
Framework of Reference (Council of Europe, 2001), which states that students at a B2 level are
able to understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics. Interact
with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite
possible as well as produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint
on a topical issue.
In the same way, students are expected to understand how words are used in language and
recognize relationships among common collocations of words as a result of the linguistic
competence they have of the language.
The four skills of language: listening, speaking, reading and writing, have been focused
throughout the learning process. The proposed activities allow for integrated skills type of activities
designed according to the Flipped Classroom model, overall speaking and writing skills are clearly
more emphasized.
Thorough the lesson plans students will be able to get familiar with the concept of the
Flipped Classroom model of learning, with the use of appropriate learning strategies to have a full
domain over collocations, as well as understand the importance of video tutorials in the learning
process, work cooperatively to solve problems, understand the use of collocations for effective
real-world spoken communication and evaluate their knowledge through project proposals.
81
RESOURCES AND MATERIALS
According to the Flipped Classroom model, students gain first exposure to new material
outside of class, usually via digital material, video lectures or tutorials. It is important to remember
based on this conception that students are supposed to take more responsibility for their own
learning and study or reflect on the core content individually to later be ready to cope with the
classroom activities as a prove of their concept exploration at home.
Teachers and students should be clear that the tutorials are not elements similar to the ones
used in an on-line course. The tutorials selected for this micro-curriculum proposal are the actual
explanation on how the collocations chosen for each unit should be used, understood, and
associated to the unit topic.
Most of the lectures have been edited from already existing free – internet video materials
or also from readings or power point presentations the author of this proposal has created and
compiled through her teaching years. The materials proposed are an example of how simple they
can be to access and collect them without taking too much time from the teacher. Nevertheless, it is
of vital importance that the selected material be engaging, challenging, and according to students’
interests and needs.
Along with the tutorials, there is a whole compilation of handouts and worksheets, each
one with a different purpose either to collect, practice, summarize or even reflect on the
information presented in the video lectures before and during class time. The blank templates have
been edited or created according to each one of the unit aims, and are available in the appendix
section.
Class time in a Flipped Classroom is used to do the harder work of assimilating the
knowledge gained through different strategies such as solving problems, discussions or debates.
For the purpose of this micro-curriculum design, the in-class activities proposed have been created
under cooperative learning and problem-based learning strategies. Therefore, significant learning
opportunities are expected to be gained through facilitating students’ engagement, interaction,
participation and evaluation of their own learning.
During in-class activities, teachers should remember to provide the spaces and time frames
to allow students achieve their learning goals, but at the same time monitor students’ progress,
making adjustments as needed. The activities are projected to be mostly in groups, so cooperative
82
learning roles need to be defined in advance, a sample guideline for this purpose has been included
in this proposal.
Most of the in - class material proposed has been edited from already existing material, or
has been created for the purpose of this work, some of it could also be elaborated by the students
themselves in accordance with the activities previously used at home. Sample in – class materials
have been included in the appendix section.
Either way, in and outside the classroom, is the teacher responsibility to provide a variety
of ways for students to learn the course content and display understanding through videos, slides,
power points, handouts, worksheets, quizzes, discussions, projects, and so on.
Supporting material
The appendix section of the micro – curriculum proposal has been organized in separate
units differentiated by assigned colors and according to the Flipped Classroom moments proposed
(before, during and follow - up) with the purpose of providing teachers and students with sufficient
supporting material for the development of each one of the units.
The material has been designed with the purpose of developing students’ lexical
competence specifically on the use of English collocations. The material also corresponds to the
Flipped Classroom learning strategies objectives summarized in: affinity diagrams, summarizing
charts, Venn diagrams, completion charts, video web summaries, verbal and visual word
association handouts, inphographic design samples, graphic organizers, poster presentations
samples, word webs, problem and solutions charts, sequence of events formats, planning models
and outlines schemas.
Extra guidance explanation for the teacher and the students on collocations, additional
practice exercises with answers as well as video lecture scripts, audio and reading materials have
also been collected in the appendix section along with a pre-recorded CD. Sample formats to check
students’ progress, students self and peer evaluation, and teachers’ instruction check have also been
designed and included in this section.
83
LESSON PLANS DESCRIPTION
The design of each one of the lesson plan units, follow the Flipped Classroom model
principles, in which:
Lesson organization
Each one of the lessons follows also a pattern:
Learning process.
As commonly addressed the lesson plans designed follow three important moments for
students to engage in the learning process: before, during and after. The author of this proposal has
decided to classify them according to English language students’ needs and related to the Flipped
Classroom model theory. First of all, there is a before moment in class understood as a warm up, so
students can comprehend the purpose of the introduced topic and how it is linked to the curriculum.
There is also a before moment at home where actual learning occurs through students’ exposure to
video tutorials or any other digital material that would help them get familiar with the assigned
group of collocations as they learn to use them on their own.
Then, there is a during class time moment in which students work in class showing
knowledge consolidation and knowledge production of collocations through purposefully designed
activities, as well as students’ interactive and collaborative tasks.
And finally, there is an after or follow-up moment in which students reinforce the
collocations learned, understanding that students normally need more than one encounter in order
to actually remember the vocabulary studied.
84
Flipped Classroom stages.
According to the Flipped Classroom Model theory, the learning process occurs through a
cycle distinguished by:
Experiential Learning
Concept Exploration
Meaning Making
Knowledge Demonstration and Application
Therefore, the lesson plans presented part from the idea that students become interested in
the topic because of experience. The activities presented have been structured and organized based
on a series of everyday life experiences, so students become hooked through personal connection to
the desire of creating meaning for and about that experience as part of the constructivist approach
of this model.
Students are afterwards exposed to collocations and are supposed to learn about them upon
during Concept Exploration. They explore what the experts or serious sources have to say about the
topic. This is where and when videos are presented in accessible form. The corresponding links
have been quoted in each activity and a CD has also been included with the digital material
suggested. These materials are used by the learners in their own setting and in their own time. In
other words, students are expected to have the opportunity to access and interact with these
materials in a personalized manner.
The Meaning Making stage is part of the second moment of the Flipped Lesson
Application, which is during class time, it pretends to help students reflect on their own
understanding of the collocations studied in the previous phase. In traditional classes this is the
phase were students are usually given a quiz to evaluate their understanding of the content, but in a
Flipped Classroom model, students have the opportunity to reflect and make meaning as they
interact in class and produce self-satisfactory work.
Knowledge Demonstration and Application is the last phase, and occurs also in class. The
idea is that learners get to demonstrate the collocations learned and apply them in a way that makes
sense to them. This goes beyond reflection and personal understanding in that learners have to
create something that is individualized and extends beyond the lesson on collocations with
applicability to their personal lives. The teacher is expected to guide the learner to the types of
projects and tools best suited for him/her in order to use and produce collocations appropriately.
The student and teacher interaction can create opportunities for feedback, therefore, this phase is
85
recommended to be worked face-to-face so students can work on their projects, present them to
their classmates in a synchronous way and promote interactive forum discussions.
The Learning Strategies used in each one of the Flipped Classroom moments (before,
during and follow-up) are set to enhance student’s learning skills and outcomes on the use of
collocations. Teachers could guide students to understand the purpose of learning strategies on how
useful they can be to help them build and strengthen vocabulary skills. The strategies used are
based on already existing theory and on the observation of students’ performance while
participating in the Flipped Classroom activities created by the author of this proposal. The types of
strategies suggested are based on the micro – curriculum objectives and are set according to the
activities students have been immersed in. Four main strategy groups have been identified (Uhl,
1994; Walsh, 2015):
Metacognitive Strategies, through which students are expected to meditate about how they
learn, how to plan, monitor, and evaluate their own learning.
- Identifying organization principles
- Planning tasks
- Looking for selective information
- Self – learning control process
- Self – assessment
- Monitoring comprehension and production
Cognitive Strategies, through which students are expected to reflect on how they understand,
how they can remember, how they can take advantage of prior knowledge, or group, infer,
predict, and summarize ideas.
- Being resourceful
- Grouping ideas
- Note Taking
- Using prior knowledge
- Summarizing
- Deduction / Induction
- Visualizing information
- Making inferences
- Reflecting
Social/Affective and Cooperative Strategies, through which students can think about how they
can help others to learn and vice versa, how to question for clarification, how to get additional
information, cooperate, interact with others to learn, and use positive self-talk.
86
- Questioning for clarification
- Cooperating with classmates
- Improving lexical competence
- Peer coaching
Problem - Solving Strategies, through which students can solve problems, understand
situations, find information, make plans, find answers, set proposals and be proactive.
- Setting initiatives
- Determining steps to take
- Supporting ideas and decisions
- Coping with challenges
- Taking actions
Learning Domains.
The Flipped Classroom Theory identifies Bloom’s Taxonomy domains of learning as vital
to understand student’s application of knowledge. Students are expected to work on the lower
levels of cognitive work (remembering and understanding) outside of class while they work on
their own, whilst they focus on the higher forms of cognitive work (applying, analyzing,
evaluating, and creating) in class, where they have the support of their peers and teacher.
According to this proposal, the lower levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy domains are stated on
the first moment of the learning process (before) of the Flipped Classroom lesson plan where
learners are supposed to have immediate and easy access to the topic of collocations. Whereas, the
higher order levels have been left for the in – class and follow- up moments which leaves the
teacher with more opportunities to expand on higher order thinking skills and enrich them at the
moment of combining the use of collocations and topics related to specific real life situations. That
is, when students are assimilating the use of collocations and creating new ideas through their
proposals, the teacher is present to help scaffold the learned topic through that process.
Interaction.
The role of teachers has traditionally been of explainer, expecting students to listen and
take notes. The Flipped Classroom model proposes otherwise, where teachers become in a way
organizers and enable students to become independent of them. It is not that the role of teachers
disappears, on the contrary they can provide many opportunities for students to communicate,
which means teachers are still in control but seek opportunities for the learners to practice and
develop their language skills.
Therefore, interaction is vital in the learning process, the lesson plans proposed focus on
activities in which teacher’s explanations may be needed to introduce the topic on collocations to
87
monitor cooperative and problem solving tasks in pairs or groups, to identify students’ needs and
problems with learning and promote teacher to students and students to teacher interaction to
maximize students’ participation. At the same time the aim of the tasks offered are expected to let
students become independent and self – confident on the understanding and production of
collocations, thus a student to student interaction can allow both cooperation and competition, at
this point it is recommended for teachers to adapt and manage group or pair work activities
according to the aims of each unit and to student’s reality in order to anticipate possible drawbacks,
hence having in mind the interaction patterns among students and teachers suggested in the lesson
plans could be helpful at this point.
Timing.
Considering that the Flipped Classroom model allows to focus on one specific teaching
content out of the whole curriculum, the lesson plans designed have been organized in a way that
the study of collocations is done gradually in a week and per unit providing an added value to the
actual English program. The lesson plans offer different type of activities set according to the
learning time students dedicate at home and in class. Activities are also consistent with the class
time periods suggested in the present micro-curriculum (before, during and follow – up), thus the
overall practice should be covered in at least three days during the week. The intended plans enable
teachers to be versatile and to adapt to change in circumstances as well as change in activities
allowing for possible differences of learning styles within the group.
Nevertheless, teacher should be aware that according to the Flipped Classroom model, it is
important to provide flexible spaces and time frames that let students to achieve the learning goals.
While students work on their own time at home, teachers should be attentive and monitor students
and their progress on the use of collocations. Teachers should make adjustments as needed during
class time without interfering with the students’ own pace for language production. Finally, it is
necessary to take into consideration that students expect classroom time to be a lot more interesting
than just a traditionally homework, tests or practice check on isolated groups of collocations.
88
LESSON PLANS PROCEDURE
The Flipped Classroom micro curriculum proposed aims to integrate language focused on
collocations with every day related topics through the use of suggested in - class and at home
activities. It has been stated before that in order for students to actually learn new vocabulary it is
necessary more than one encounter with it. Therefore the activities proposed provide systematic
and cumulative vocabulary review activities at home and in the classroom to assure learning. In
order to better understand how the class plan procedure has been organized each one of its
components are explained in detail next.
Teacher finds out what students know about collocations and see the strategies that would help
them link their previous knowledge to the unit topic to understand the meaning of collocations. At
the same time, it is an opportunity for the teacher to guide students to recognize and use their prior
knowledge about collocations in real life contexts, and for the students it is a time to recall and
value what they already know in order to set new goals and expectations on the process of learning.
Task purpose.
All the objectives set for each one of the tasks presented in this proposal are linked to the
Flipped Classroom stages and strategies suggested for the present micro curriculum. For this first
class moment, some related activities are brainstorming, working on mind maps or graphic
organizes to reflect and make associations.
Learning assimilation.
New information is presented and explained to students via video tutorials or any other
digital material. The content is usually presented through examples, showing when a collocation is
appropriate to use or not. It is assisted with sufficient contextual clues to support comprehension,
therefore the focus of video tutorial will help students understand meaning, form and use of
collocations in everyday language. Students will also work on in-video quizzes for monitoring
comprehension and learning.
89
Task purpose.
Based on the Flipped Classroom stages and strategies proposed for the present micro
curriculum, students need to be ready to questioning, answering higher –level comprehension
questions, use selective attention, inferring, showing learning autonomy and content assimilation.
Contextualization.
Through Contextualization students are exposed to collocations into a meaningful and real
context rather than being treated as isolated items of language. At the moment language is
contextualized a real communicative value to language production also arises. The context can help
learners remember the language and recall it later, the idea is for students to practice functional
language in complex meaningful situations based on the unit and collocations related topic.
Cooperative Activities.
Through cooperative learning activities students are expected to learn from each other, to
expand their knowledge on collocations through interaction. Team – building is also projected
since students will be assigned roles which in the long run will show them how to work
cooperatively and how to value their classmate’s talents in a heterogeneous group.
Task Purpose.
Students will be exposed to exploratory discussions about the concept of collocations, they
could also identify new vocabulary, expand their knowledge on the language and about the
collocations related topic chosen for the unit. Besides, working cooperatively will provide students
the opportunity to work together and freely provide relevant individual information in order to
solve problems, present projects, and develop new ideas.
Students will then share information about collocations previously watched in the videos,
summarize key ideas, provide additional information, classify them, give advice or guess meaning
from context making use of the vocabulary studied; draw pictures, make graphs, maps, timelines to
contextualize the material learned.
Consolidation of learning.
90
collocations, they can also clarify and address any doubts they may have, which is productive for
learners with different styles and level of knowledge. Additionally, students are encouraged to
produce new word combinations through concrete proposals.
In order to help students integrate the new information learned with current issues or
contexts already familiar for the students. Students are elicited to use higher order thinking skills
that would allow them to reflect and to be critical about both the collocations learned and the
context in which they take place in, to finally propose solutions to existing problems.
In order for students to put forward a project and a final product, there are several steps
they need to take into account. First of all, they need to understand the situation or problem
surrounding the real-life issue they have been exposed to, find the information needed to fully
comprehend the matter and inclusive relate it to similar cases they have encountered in their
personal lives. Then, students need to think of strategies to develop a plan, propose possible
solutions, solve the problem and look back through the whole process to ensure it has been
followed as expected. Finally, students should come up with a tangible product that would not only
benefit their consolidation of learning, but also to all those who would benefit from their solutions.
It will also give the teacher a chance to stand back a little, observe his/her students in
action while using collocations in a real context, and find out more about their interests which will
help the teacher gather relevant information to plan future lessons.
Task Purpose.
Students are expected to use critical thinking, bring the topic studied in the unit to the real
world, apply metacognitive knowledge to recognize problems and look for strategies to solve them,
as well as reorganize and perfect prior knowledge.
Mastery Check.
In the Flipped Classroom, assessment can be observed during the whole process of
learning. The way it is conceived it is supposed to free up valuable class time for interactions,
promote individualized feedback and allow formative assessments with the students.
91
Each activity presented in this micro-curriculum permits the teacher to talk to each student
in every class with the purpose of helping learners moving along as well as getting valuable
information about who has mastered what skills and concepts on the collocations presented.
The teacher may be able to customize the learning and particularly the assessment for each
student through a mastery check process, in other words once a concept is learned or internalized
then students are ready to be exposed a new lesson or learning content. Students should
demonstrate full command of each objective, if not, immediate feedback needs to be provided.
Self-evaluation.
The type of activities proposed also help students become aware of their own progress
towards the learning of collocations, this can take place in class or at home, in groups or
individually. The product of each activity will help students evaluate themselves while
participating cooperatively in the strategies proposed at the moment of summarizing, verifying
predictions, using positive self-talk through the roles assigned for cooperative learning and so on.
Students could also identify their weaknesses and strengths while sharing their work among the
group members. They can also evaluate their performance independently keeping record of their
progress through a check list on personal achievement. Apart from standard grading, teachers can
also supervise students’ progress during the learning process and create his/her own checklist and
rubric (See appendix section 7)
Portfolio assessment.
Currently, the concept of portfolio is being used at the Language Institute as part of the
assessment process, for this proposal keeping a portfolio is a good option for monitoring student
progress, it is intended to go beyond the idea of a simple collection of student’s work. Portfolio
should provide the teacher evidence to check on students’ achievements. It enables the teacher to
communicate with students or other people involved in the learning process about the progress
students have made. It helps the teacher to make decisions, to see how effective is the instructional
model used or how materials should be modified to meet students’ needs.
For the purpose of this micro-curriculum a portfolio will help monitor students on the use
of collocations related to the content suggested as well as the effectiveness of the activities and
strategies used based on the Flipped Classroom model. Teacher will set along with the students
about the portfolio content, organization, and the collection plan. Having in mind the idea of
students working cooperatively, it is intended that before the teacher gathers all the information,
students go over a check list of portfolio contents and briefly reflect and review his/her own
progress. A suggested checklist for portfolio information on progress and contents has been
provided in the appendix section 7 of Guidelines and Formats.
92
LESSON PLAN UNITS
There is an introductory unit created intentionally to get students familiar with the nature
of collocations and how the Flipped Classroom model and its strategies can help them develop their
lexical competence on collocations.
The collocation groups chosen for each one of the units are closely related to the unit topic
presented in the Viewpoint Series currently used at the Language Institute. At the same time the
topics are also linked to specific lexical sets and themes which allow students to expand their
context of learning by making use of functional language for common everyday situations.
For a better understanding of how the units have been classified, each one of them has
been assigned a different color, similar organization can be found in the Appendix Section of this
micro-curriculum proposal. The units have been classified as follows:
A detailed description on the development of the lesson plans designed for the Flipped
Classroom micro-curriculum proposed is shown next.
93
LESSON PLAN
GENERAL INFORMATION
REQUIREMENTS: B1 level of English which allows students go over complex reading, listening and speaking tasks.
Independent Users (according to the CEFR, Council of Europe, 2001), students can:
Understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics.
LEARNING OUTCOMES: Interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible.
Produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue.
LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE: Lexical Competence
Students will be able to identify the use of Fixed Collocations DO and MAKE through reflection on real life situations related to
FUNCTIONAL COMPONENT:
women and men’s roles in society expecting gender equality.
SKILLS: Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing
MAIN OBJECTIVE: To recognize Flipped Learning model strategies as a means to naturally produce collocations in everyday language.
Students will:
Get familiar with the concept of flipping a classroom.
Understand the importance of video tutorials in the learning process.
LANGUAGE LEARNING
Be able to work cooperatively to solve problems.
OBJECTIVES:
Understand the use of collocations for effective real-world spoken communication.
Use do and make collocations for common everyday situations.
Evaluate their knowledge through project proposals.
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION - INTRODUCTORY UNIT
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
REACTIVATING PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE:
Brainstorm in groups: What are collocations? What common collocations
Using background
do they know? What are some possible combinations for the verbs MAKE
knowledge
and DO for example? Board
IN CLASS
EXPERIENTIAL Students to
Students work in groups and write on the board their answers. Students Dictionary
ENGAGEMENT students 20’
can use a dictionary to identify which words are collocated most
Making analogies
frequently with make and do. Students and teacher can refer to the Guide Extra Guide and Practice
and Practice for knowledge expansion. (Appendix ID)
Using reference
materials
Remember TASK PURPOSE: Make students aware of the relevance of thinking and
making associations.
LEARNING ASSIMILATION:
Students watch two video tutorials at home as an introduction to the topic
BEFORE- DAY 1
Students will complete a “Word Hunt Chart” to help students learn how Extra Guide and Practice do
words are used and combined in different contexts. and make used in sentences
(Appendix IE)
95
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION - INTRODUCTORY UNIT
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
CONTEXTUALIZATION:
Cooperative Learning: Students work in groups; teacher assigns
roles to each group member randomly through ‘’Role Cards.”
Teacher places a class poster to remind students each group
member’s roles: coordinator, reporter, monitor, material
coordinator, cheerleader, and timer. Students will understand the
purpose of working cooperatively and the meaning of roles.
Constructing
graphic organizers, Apply Students to Students get into their class group, and summarize the information
Role Cards (Appendix IA)
word maps. students of the previously watched videos in an “Own the Collocation
DURING- DAY 2
MEANING MAKING Analyze collocation combinations, write their own sentences and reflect on
Worksheet: Own the Collocation
40’ how important collocations are in language learning.
Chart. (Appendix IC)
Evaluate Each group will share the information with the class and by
Extra Guide and Practice
Teacher to comparing their work students will clarify any doubt they may
(Appendix IE)
Create students have.
Cooperating
Students and teacher can refer to the Guide and Practice for
knowledge expansion on the difference and common mistakes
with DO and MAKE collocations.
96
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION - INTRODUCTORY UNIT
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
CONSOLIDATION OF LEARNING:
Problem Solving : In groups students:
- Read an article “Who should do the housework?” in an open
discussion, students will give their opinion about the text.
As they identify collocations with make and do in the text, they are
also asked to write down all the mixed up gender stereotypical
feminine and masculine words or expressions they found in the
Visualizing to solve text.
problems
Then, they will compare the information read with the Ecuadorian Reading: “Who should do the
Monitoring reality and their own experiences to write down a List of gender housework?” (Appendix ID)
Production: Think Stereotypes in Ecuador. Based on this list students will have to
while speaking and transform their findings into hypothesis trying to use collocations A computer to prepare a
think while writing. with make and do. Power Point Presentation
Students to Then all the groups will share their hypothesis and decide how
Apply
FOLLOW UP- DAY 3
KNOWLEDGE students plausible they are and what is needed for them to happen in order
DEMONSTRATION & to build and ideal society.
IN CLASS
Analyze
APPLICATION Some examples could be amusing, but aligned with the activity
60’
expected outcome. (e.g. Men who really pays attention to what
Evaluate
women have to say when going through a crisis, won’t ever have
Teacher to to do the housework on weekends while their favorite soccer
Create
students game is on TV).
97
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION - INTRODUCTORY UNIT
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
Developing SELF-EVALUATION ACTIVITIES: Students will work on debriefing Self-evaluation assessment format
ASSESSMENT-
students’ discussions at the end of the unit to analyze their own progress, Suggested checklist for portfolio
IN CLASS
metacognitive use of strategies, and how much they have learned about contents.
DAY 4
Do your hair (style your hair) Verb + Noun Make a phone call Verb + Noun
Do your nails (paint your nails) Verb + Noun Make a joke Verb + Noun
Do anything/something/everything Verb + Pronoun Make a complaint Verb + Noun
Do well Verb + Adverb Make a confession Verb + Noun
Do badly Verb + Adverb Make a speech Verb + Noun
Do the right thing Verb + Adjective Make a suggestion Verb + Noun
98
LESSON PLAN
GENERAL INFORMATION
REQUIREMENTS: B1 level of English which allows students go over complex reading, listening and speaking tasks.
Independent Users (according to the CEFR, Council of Europe, 2001), students can:
Understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics.
LEARNING OUTCOMES: Interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible.
Produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue.
LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE: Lexical Competence
Students will be able to identify the use of collocations related to the importance of friendship and relationships through
FUNCTIONAL COMPONENT:
cooperative and problem solving activities to have an impact on the quality of relationships.
SKILLS: Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing
MAIN OBJECTIVE: To recognize Flipped Learning model strategies as a means to naturally produce collocations in everyday language.
Students will:
Get familiar with the concept of flipping a classroom.
LANGUAGE LEARNING Understand the importance of video tutorials in the learning process.
OBJECTIVES: Be able to work cooperatively to solve problems.
Understand the use of collocations for effective real-world spoken communication.
Evaluate their knowledge through project proposals.
99
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION - UNIT 1
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
REACTIVATING PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE:
Brainstorm in groups about a Friendship for a lifetime. Think of the
following questions to complete your brainstorming ideas. What are
friends for? Do you have a lot of friends? Are they lifelong friends? Do
you remember any childhood friends? Have you made a friend for life?
Use the post-it note technique “Affinity Diagrams” to share your answers
and connect the whole class as in a web, while getting familiar with the
Teacher to “Affinity Diagrams”
Using background collocations used in the discussion questions.
students (Appendix 1A)
knowledge
IN CLASS
EXPERIENTIAL
Students get together in groups and read about “Speed friending”.
ENGAGEMENT Students to 25’ “Speed friending”.
Students discuss about what they think these two words mean. Then think
students (Appendix 1B -
Remember of three questions in a group they would like to ask their friends at a
Unit 1, Lesson A, p. 10,
Making analogies “speedy-friending event”, an event where students speak with each other
Viewpoint 1A series)
for a few minutes and then move on to speak to someone else (e.g. How
often do you hang out with friends?). Therefore, students stand up and
walk around the class asking and answering questions using words related
BEFORE-DAY 1
to friendship as the ones used in the first group of questions given by the
teacher and mentioned in the reading.
TASK PURPOSE: Make students aware of the relevance of thinking and
making associations.
LEARNING ASSIMILATION:
Teacher chooses a video tutorial about relationships and students watch it
at home.
Finding specific
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhcvYTKnkic
information in video Understand
(See Appendix Video 1a CD -
tutorials
Students will have to identify collocations related to friendship and English Collocations - Lesson
CONCEPT
Students’ relationships, they should pactice pronounciation, meaning, and use while 2: Relationships).
AT HOME
100
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION - UNIT 1
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
CONTEXTUALIZATION:
Cooperative Learning: Students work in groups, teacher assigns
roles to each group member randomly through role cards (leader,
reporter, monitor, material coordinator, timer)
Constructing Students will get in pairs, each student takes a few minutes to
graphic organizers, inteview the other about the material that was seen in the video.
and word maps Apply Students themselves come up with answers to any doubts.
Students will use their responses through a “Venn Diagram” per Role Cards (Appendix IA)
Students to
pair in which they would classify collocations according to
DURING- DAY 2
students
Analyze similarities and differences in meaning as well as in usage in order Worksheet: “Venn Diagram”
IN CLASS
MEANING MAKING
Relating new to identify friendship and relationship related collocations. After (Appendix 1D)
50’
information and each member in the pair has finished the work, they both
making personal Evaluate summarize their responses and shares them with another pair of Reading “Friendship over a life
associations students. time”
(Appendix 1E)
Create Back in the groups, students go over the reading extract
“Friendship over a life time”. Identify new collocations in the
Cooperating reading and agree on the answer to the question posted at the
end of the reading: Is it hard to form long-term relationships?
101
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION - UNIT 1
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
CONSOLIDATION OF LEARNING:
Problem Solving : In groups students:
Students watch an animated cartoon about friendship. “Animated
cartoon about friendship”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4YOqKz8zvk
Students will finally evaluate themselves about how well they did
working as a team through a “Self-review Checklist”
102
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION – UNIT 1
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
Developing SELF-EVALUATION ACTIVITIES: Students will work on debriefing Self-evaluation assessment format
ASSESSMENT-
students’ discussions at the end of the unit to analyze their own progress, Suggested checklist for portfolio
IN CLASS
metacognitive use of strategies, and how much they have learned about contents.
DAY 4
103
LESSON PLAN
GENERAL INFORMATION
REQUIREMENTS: B1 level of English which allows students go over complex reading, listening and speaking tasks.
Independent Users (according to the CEFR, Council of Europe, 2001), students can:
Understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics.
LEARNING OUTCOMES: Interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible.
Produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue.
LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE: Lexical Competence
FUNCTIONAL COMPONENT: Students will be able to identify collocations related to television and news media and depict solutions to world current issues.
SKILLS: Writing, Speaking, Reading and Listening.
MAIN OBJECTIVE: To recognize Flipped Learning model strategies as a means to naturally produce collocations in everyday language.
Students will:
Get familiar with the concept of flipping a classroom.
Understand the importance of video tutorials in the learning process.
LANGUAGE LEARNING
Be able to work cooperatively to solve problems.
OBJECTIVES:
Understand the use of collocations for effective real-world spoken communication.
Use do and make collocations for common everyday situations.
Evaluate their knowledge through a project proposal.
104
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION - UNIT 2
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
REACTIVATING PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE:
- Students are given a “Completion Chart” on common collocations
used with the word television (noun and adjective collocations). They
will only have a minute to fill in the information in Part I of the
handout. Students will then compare their answers and complete
Using background
the rest of their handout gathering everybody’s ideas as needed.
knowledge Teacher to
- Then, students will reflect in groups about the following questions:
students.
What do you think about TV viewing? What are some good things
and bad things about television? What TV shows do you normaly
IN CLASS
EXPERIENTIAL Remember watch? Students can refer to Unit 2, Lesson B, The Impact on TV, p.
Worksheet: “Completion
ENGAGEMENT 20’ 22, in Viewpoint 1A series, previously read in class to come up with
Making personal Chart” (Appendix 2A)
ideas. Students use the list of collocations they have created to
associations Students to
express and write their thoughts in their Completion Chart Part II.
students.
- Possible answer: Too much televison viewing may cause problems, I
BEFORE-DAY 1
EXPLORATION - Students will be able to understand news collocations in a specific and television (See PPP
Reflecting on self - Student own time
context. Video Appendix 2a CD).
learning accountability (Approx.
30’) - Students will be asked to report at least two news events they saw in
the video tutorial and write down on a “Video Web Summary “Video Web Summary
Summarizing
Worksheet” the main facts about them. Students need to highlight Worksheet” (Appendix 2B)
information gained
the collocations they have used.
from listening.
TASK PURPOSE: Allow for greater autonomy and assimilation of lexis.
105
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION - UNIT 2
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
CONTEXTUALIZATION:
Cooperative Learning: Students work in groups, teacher assigns
roles to each group member randomly through role cards (leader,
reporter, monitor, material coordinator, timer)
Students share their news report within their groups. They choose
Construct graphic the most interesting one to share it with the rest of the groups in
organizers, word turns. One representative of each group stands up and moves to
maps Apply the next group to read the chosen news to them, then he/she
moves to the next one, and so on until the cycle finishes. While
Students to
this is happening, the other members of the group pay close
DURING-DAY 2
students
Analyze attention to the student reporting the news and in the worksheet,
IN CLASS
MEANING MAKING
Figuring out “Verbal and Visual Word Association”, start writing the “Verbal and Visual Word
50’
concepts collocations they hear from their friends, as they complete the Association” (Appendix 2C),
Evaluate tasks, students are expected to gain new vocabulary through visual
and personal associations with the collocations.
Cooperating Create As an activity expansion students can work in pairs and take turns
to test each other on the collocations. One student says a
Visual association word/phrase from their word association list, for example: “the
headlines” and his/her peer says the whole collocation “hit the
headlines.”
106
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION - UNIT 2
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
CONSOLIDATION OF LEARNING:
Problem Solving :
Each group, collects all the information on collocations related to
television, newspapers, the language of news stories, news
reports, and political headlines. Then they choose one of the news
presented in class or one that could be a global news of relevance
at that precise moment. They will present the news, summarize
main issues, and consequences, they will include facts or statistics,
Classifying
FOLLOW UP-DAYS 3 & 4
and at the end they will reflect and give a possible solution to it.
information Apply Students to “Inphographic Design” (Appendix
students 2D)
PRODUCT: In order to put all the information together, students
IN CLASS
107
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION – UNIT 2
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
Developing SELF-EVALUATION ACTIVITIES: Students will work on debriefing Self-evaluation assessment format
ASSESSMENT-
students’ discussions at the end of the unit to analyze their own progress, Suggested checklist for portfolio
IN CLASS
metacognitive use of strategies, and how much they have learned about contents.
DAY 4
108
LESSON PLAN
GENERAL INFORMATION
REQUIREMENTS: B1 level of English which allows students go over complex reading, listening and speaking tasks.
Independent Users (according to the CEFR, Council of Europe, 2001), students can:
Understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics.
LEARNING OUTCOMES: Interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible.
Produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue.
109
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION - UNIT 3
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
REACTIVATING PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE:
Students talk about life lessons and experiences, as well as highlights or important
memories previously studied in Unit 3, Lessons A and Lesson B from Viewpoint 1A
Series (pages 30 to 33). Teacher guides the activity called "Lightning Round", the
concept of this discussion activity is for students to be active, answer quickly, and
enjoy along with the idea of checking students’ knowledge on collocations related
Use background to success and failure in life. Teacher should have discussion questions prepared in
Teacher to advance, so that he/she can ask them more rapidly. Teacher asks the questions
knowledge
students. indistinctively, calling by student’s names. Short answers are expected. Students
IN CLASS
EXPERIENTIAL have 30 seconds to answer. Students can either answer or pass. Teacher should not
Relating new to pressure students if they are not ready. The discussion questions will be: What are Discussion questions
ENGAGEMENT Students to 20’
known information some typical highlights in people’s lives? (e.g. graduating from high school, getting
students.
married, etc.). What is a remarkable achievement you have had in life? Do you
Predict upcoming Remember have an excellent grasp of French? How do you enjoy the fruits of your hard work?
information What is something that went badly wrong last week in the world/in your life/ in the
city?
Students are asked to go back to their groups and recall the questions the
BEFORE-DAY 1
EXPLORATION section.
Reflecting on self – Student own time failure.
learning accountability (Approx. Audio Script in Appendix 3A
50’) Students should also identify some of the collocations previously checked
in class and the way they are used in the text.
Figuring out Extra Guide and Practice
Students use creative “Graphic organizers” taken from internet or done
concepts to (Appendix 3C)
by themselves to classify the collocations they heard in the video
complete a task
according to Samantha’s success and Dan’s failure. At the end, students
write down the meaning of each one of the collocations.
110
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION - UNIT 3
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
CONTEXTUALIZATION:
Cooperative Learning: Students work in groups, teacher assigns
roles to each group member randomly through role cards (leader,
reporter, monitor, material coordinator, timer)
MEANING MAKING well as expressions to tell a story in Section C (e.g. Looking back,
50’ but, so, anyway, etc.) on pages 34 and 35 from Viewpoit 1A Series.
Evaluate.
In groups students prepare and essay question concerning
Teacher to Samantha and Dan’s future as well as an ideal response to that
students. questions. Then, all the groups will exchange their essay questions
Create.
Cooperating and will respond to it, finally each group can discuss their
response and compare it to the ideal response which was already
prepared by the groups and discuss how they differ and how the
responses relate to the topic by using collocations at all times.
111
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION - UNIT 3
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
CONSOLIDATION OF LEARNING:
Problem Solving
Students watch the inspirational video on success and failure “A
Message of hope from Nick Vujicic” in the following link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DcqPzO26os
After watching the video, students create discussion groups to talk
about:
How would you define success?
How do you measure success?
Visualizing.
Who is the most successful person you know?
Is success important to you?
Video on success and failure “A
What part does luck play in success?
Monitoring Apply. Message of hope from Nick
Is success a journey or destination?
production: Think Students to Vujicic” (See Video Appendix 3b
Does success make a person happy?
FOLLOW UP-DAY 3
112
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION – UNIT 3
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
Developing SELF-EVALUATION ACTIVITIES: Students will work on debriefing Self-evaluation assessment format
ASSESSMENT-
students’ discussions at the end of the unit to analyze their own progress, Suggested checklist for portfolio
IN CLASS
metacognitive use of strategies, and how much they have learned about contents.
DAY 4
113
LESSON PLAN
GENERAL INFORMATION
REQUIREMENTS: B1 level of English which allows students go over complex reading, listening and speaking tasks.
Independent Users according to the CEFR, Council of Europe, 2001), students can:
Understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics.
LEARNING OUTCOMES: Interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible.
Produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue.
114
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION - UNIT 4
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
REACTIVATING PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE:
Students will do the listening & reading activity “What employers
want…”. In the reading text students will identify which nouns in the
Using background article go with the verbs achieve, acquiere, face, follow, make, save, show
knowledge Teacher to and submit, and work on “Word Web” (Appendix 4B) to come up with as Reading: “What employers
students. many combinations as possible to later share them with the class. Then, want…” (Unit 4, Lesson A,
IN CLASS
EXPERIENTIAL they will reflect on the following question “What do you think employers page 42, from Viewpoint 1A
ENGAGEMENT Students to 20’ look for in job applicants? And they will take turns answering the question Series) (Appendix 4A).
Making analogies. Remember. students. using the collocations they have created with their word webs.
. Worksheet: “Word Web”
TASK PURPOSE: Make students aware of the relevance of thinking and (Appendix 4B)
making associations. Word Webs will help students develop their
understanding of a word or word combinations, generate new vocabulary,
BEFORE-DAY 1
LEARNING ASSIMILATION:
Students will watch the tutorial about “Difference between Job, Work,
and Career” They will learn about the difference between these three
Finding specific Tutorial about “Difference
words and how they collocate. Students will also complete a quiz at the
information in video between Job, Work, and
end of the tutorial
tutorials. Career” (See Tutorial
CONCEPT http://www.espressoenglish.net/difference-between-job-work-and-
Students’ Appendix 4a CD)
AT HOME
115
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION - UNIT 4
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
CONTEXTUALIZATION:
Cooperative Learning: Students work in groups, teacher assigns
roles to each group member randomly through role cards (leader,
reporter, monitor, material coordinator, and timer).
Word Web adjective collocations
Students will work in groups, they will check the collocations found with job and work (Appendix 4D)
in the tutorial as well as their “Word Webs” to come up with new
word associations (adj. + noun, e.g. well – paid job) and English Lab
understand the difference in meaning between collocations
related to work, job and career. Students will choose the most Computer to prepare a power
point presentation.
complete Word Webs for each on of the groups of collocations
Constructing word Apply. related to JOB, CAREER, and WORK; edit them to have the
Internet
webs. information placed in a power point presentation for everybody to
Students to share via internet or using social nextworking.
DURING-DAY 2
MEANING MAKING Then, students have a short discussion about “My first job
50’ career & My first job experience
Making decisions. experience” using the collocations learned. There will be two (Appendix 4F)
Evaluate. groups, the first one gathers students who have had a working
experience and the second ones those who haven’t. The first Students can also access the QUIZLET
group will randomly tell their experience and the other group will WEB PAGE by clicking the following
Cooperating. Create. be ready to take notes and ask the following questions: Describe a link
skill you have acquiered at work? What do you do to acquiere https://quizlet.com/3532189/working-
knowledge at work? What skills would you like to learn? What life-collocations-flash-cards/ where
they can find working life flashcard
are some of your career goals after your first job experience?
collocations flashcards, check their
How do you face competition at work? What kind of meaning, use and practice
company/office would you like to work? How do you cope with pronunciation.
deadlines? Is it difficult to work and study at the same time? and
others created by the students.
116
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION - UNIT 4
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
CONSOLIDATION OF LEARNING:
Problem Solving :
Students will watch a video extract about an anusual job interview,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tg0mJcaDntk then they will
all work within their groups to list some good ideas about things
people shouldn’t say or do at a job interview. After agreeing on
the most relevant information, they could post on the class blog,
the institution virtual platform or in a social networking a “Guide
to have a successful job interview”. Each guideline should include
Visualizing. collocations from the Word Webs proposed by the students.
Apply. Students can also refer to lesson D, on pages 48 and 49 from their
book to come up with ideas.
Unusual job interview(See Video
FOLLOW UP-DAY 3
Coaching each
Students to PRODUCT: Students will read a career goal model. They will 4b CD),
other. Analyze.
IN CLASS
117
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION – UNIT 4
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
Developing SELF-EVALUATION ACTIVITIES: Students will work on debriefing Self-evaluation assessment format
ASSESSMENT-
students’ discussions at the end of the unit to analyze their own progress, Suggested checklist for portfolio
IN CLASS
metacognitive use of strategies, and how much they have learned about contents.
DAY 4
118
LESSON PLAN
GENERAL INFORMATION
REQUIREMENTS: B1 level of English which allows students go over complex reading, listening and speaking tasks.
Independent Users (according to the CEFR, Council of Europe, 2001), students can:
Understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics.
LEARNING OUTCOMES: Interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible.
Produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue.
119
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION - UNIT 5
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
REACTIVATING PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE:
Students will listen to four people answering the following question:
Using background Teacher to What’s the biggest challenge facing the world today? Based on the
knowledge. students. listening students will express their views and hopes for the future. Then,
Text: What’s the biggest
students will go to Unit 5, page 61, Vocabulary Notebook Section, and
IN CLASS
LEARNING ASSIMILATION:
Finding specific
Students will read and listen to a passage about global issues affecting the
information in video
world today. Students will identify collocations in the audio that associate
tutorials. Globbal Issues (Check Audio
with the words previously studied in class, and practice pronunciation as
Appendix 5a CD)
they repeat collocations after the speaker pronounces them (Check Audio
5a CD) (Audio Script Appendix 5B).
Audio Script (Appendix 5B).
CONCEPT Students can also complete the suggested quiz shown in the extra guide
Listening selectively.
AT HOME
120
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION - UNIT 5
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
CONTEXTUALIZATION:
Cooperative Learning: Students work in groups, teacher assigns
roles to each group member randomly through role cards (leader,
reporter, monitor, material coordinator, timer)
Analyze. The Fishbowl Discussion will allow first a small group of students
IN CLASS
MEANING MAKING
40’ sit in a circle and engage in a peer-mediated discussion (with Worksheet “Global Problems”
Cooperating. instructor intervention if necessary). Remaining students sit in a (Appendix 5C)
Evaluate. larger circle and watch the discussion, taking notes and analyzing
Teacher to the content and logic of the discussion. The outer circle can then
Reflecting on what
students. discuss the interaction that occurred and provide additional insight
it has been learned. Create.
into the topic and provide constructive feedback.
121
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION - UNIT 5
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
CONSOLIDATION OF LEARNING:
Problem Solving
Teacher elicits the idea of “Going Green” and tells the students to
close their eyes and imagine a world without trees. Students will
Visualizing. become trees for a moment and will express how they would feel
if they were destroyed. Paying attention to collocations on global
problems, students will discuss in groups a series of environmental
events that would affect the world if trees disappeared. Students
Grouping ideas. can use a “Sequence of events chart” to organize their ideas in a
logical way.
production: Think create a “Going Green Action Plan” on an aspect of environmental chart” (Appendix 5D).
Analyze.
IN CLASS
122
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION – UNIT 5
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
Developing SELF-EVALUATION ACTIVITIES: Students will work on debriefing Self-evaluation assessment format
ASSESSMENT-
students’ discussions at the end of the unit to analyze their own progress, Suggested checklist for portfolio
IN CLASS
metacognitive use of strategies, and how much they have learned about contents.
DAY 4
123
LESSON PLAN
GENERAL INFORMATION
REQUIREMENTS: B1 level of English which allows students go over complex reading, listening and speaking tasks.
Independent Users (according to the CEFR, Council of Europe, 2001), students can:
Understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics.
LEARNING OUTCOMES: Interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible.
Produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue.
LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE: Lexical Competence
Students will be able to identify the use of collocations related to future, plans and decisions recognizing the value of a younger
FUNCTIONAL COMPONENT:
perspective in a changing world.
SKILLS: Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing
MAIN OBJECTIVE: To recognize Flipped Learning model strategies as a means to naturally produce collocations in everyday language.
Students will:
Get familiar with the concept of flipping a classroom.
Understand the importance of video tutorials in the learning process.
LANGUAGE LEARNING
Be able to work cooperatively to solve problems.
OBJECTIVES:
Understand the use of collocations for effective real-world spoken communication.
Use do and make collocations for common everyday situations.
Evaluate their knowledge through project proposals.
124
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION - UNIT 6
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
REACTIVATING PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE:
Teacher to Students do the reading and listening exercise about “What does the
Using background
students. future look like?” In their textbooks. Students will answer the question: Reading and listening about
knowledge
IN CLASS
EXPERIENTIAL Remember What general areas will they see change in the near future? (e.g. What does the future look
ENGAGEMENT Students to 15’ technology, medicine, shopping, weather, etc.) Students have 30 seconds like? (Appendix 6A - Unit 6
Making analogies
students. to come up with as many answers as possible making use of possible word lesson D, pages 68 from the
combinations with the word future. Viewpoint A1 Series)
Making predictions
TASK PURPOSE: Make students aware of the relevance of thinking and
BEFORE – DAY 1
making associations.
Finding specific
LEARNING ASSIMILATION:
information in video
Students watch at home a power point tutorial with collocations related
tutorials. Tutorial about collocations
to future, plans and decisions. Based on the collocations studied in the
CONCEPT related to future, plans and
Students’ tutorial, students will choose five collocations to express a look into their decisions
AT HOME
125
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION - UNIT 6
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
CONTEXTUALIZATION:
Cooperative Learning: Students work in groups, teacher assigns roles to
each group member randomly through role cards (leader, reporter,
monitor, material coordinator, timer)
In class, students will get in pairs to share their homework. They will first
explain their answers charts. Then, they will identify simmilarities and
Relating new to Apply differences in the way they see their future.
known information Students to With that information in mind students will get back in their groups, all
and making students. the group members will come up with a common plan for the future
DURING – DAY 2
personal association Analyze following “The Golden Circle Model”. Worksheet: “The Golden
IN CLASS
MEANING MAKING
They will focus on: Circle Model Plan for the
50’
Summarizing Why plans and changes could be important for their lives in the future? Future” (Appendix 6B).
information gained Evaluate How have they decided to make the plans and changes proposed
from listening and happen?
reading What could be expected if those changes and plans do not happen?
Create (Students should also pay attention to the appropriate use of adverbs as
Cooperating to studied on Unit 6, Lesson D, page 70.)
complete a task They will present their “Golden Circle Model Plan for the Future” as a
group.
TASK PURPOSE: Promote interaction, give in-the-moment feedback, get
more student speaking time; students coach each other, summarize and
get additional information.
126
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION - UNIT 6
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
CONSOLIDATION OF LEARNING:
Problem Solving :
In groups students will choose a topic about a particular social
unfairness in life ( in politics, in the city, in the university, etc.) they
would like to give a solution to. They will present their topic and
the reasons for choosing it to the rest of the class.
PRODUCT:
Based on the topic chosen, students will become the leaders of a
“Campaign” to shape a better future for the people involved in
that problem.
Students will prepare an outline on the topic chosen, they will use
Reflecting on what
“The five bold steps graphic” as guide to organize the purpose
has been learned
FOLLOW UP – DAY 3 & 4
Students to and the process of the Campaign. With this guide they will set
Apply
students. some initiatives, steps to take, supports, challenges, and what
Solving problems
specific actions need to be taken to achieve the expected future
IN CLASS
KNOWLEDGE Analyze
changes in that specific situation. Worksheet: “The five bold steps
DEMONSTRATION & Visualizing to solve 60’
Each group will use the “Idea String” technique to work on the graphic” (Appendix 6B)
APPLICATION a problem Evaluate
collocations learned in the unit in order to include them in the
Teacher to Campaign Proposal. The Idea String could be used as follows:
Planning the parts Create
students. We’d like to make a tentative suggestion.
and sequence of
We have an important decision to make.
ideas to express
We have reached this decision after careful
consideration.
The deciding factor was losing our biggest opportunity
(Learning Tip: “A string is a series of related things or events.
When you learn a new expression, think of different ways you can
use it.You can also create an Idea string for it”, Viewpoint 1A
Series, Vocabulary Notebook Section, p. 71).
127
FLIPPED LESSON PLAN DESCRIPTION - UNIT 6
FLIPPED CLASSROOM FLIPPED LEARNING LEARNING
PERIODS INTERACTION TIMING PROCEDURE RESOURCES/MATERIALS
STAGES STRATEGIES DOMAINS
Developing SELF-EVALUATION ACTIVITIES: Students will work on debriefing Self-evaluation assessment format
ASSESSMENT-
students’ discussions at the end of the unit to analyze their own progress, Suggested checklist for portfolio
IN CLASS
metacognitive use of strategies, and how much they have learned about contents.
DAY 4
128
APPENDIX:
HANDOUTS
SAMPLE ACTIVITIES
EXTRA GUIDE & PRACTICE
SAMPLE FORMATS
APPENDIX: INTRODUCTION TO COLLOCATIONS
COLLOCATIONS WITH MAKE AND DO
130
DURING
APPENDIX IA: PRINTABLE COOPERATIVE LEARNING ROLE CARDS
Leader
What I do What I say
Make sure that everyone in the “Paola, would you like to add
group is performing his or her task. something?’
Ensure that the group's task is "That's a good idea Josh. What do
completed. you think Monica?"
131
Recorder
What I do What I say
Keep accurate notes of what "Could you repeat what you just
everyone in the group says. said, David?"
Make sure that final written "Does this sentence mean what
assignments reflect the thinking we're trying to say?"
and contributions of everyone in
the group. “Do we all agree about this idea?”
Ensure that the final draft of any "I don't understand that idea.
written assignment is polished and Could you explain it to me again?"
professional.
“Let me read what I wrote.”
132
Sound/language manager
What I do
What I say
Make sure that the tone of voice is "We have to lower our tone of voice."
reasonable.
"The teacher needs our attention."
Warn his/her team when it’s time
to be quiet. "We have to be quiet for a moment."
133
Reporter
What I do What I say
Answer any questions that other "What will I say if someone asks
classmates might have about the me about another point of view?"
group's work.
"Do we want to say this?"
134
Timekeeper
What I do What I say
135
Resource person
What I do What I say
Ensure that the group has the "Let me get the scissors."
resources it needs.
“We need more paper."
Act as liaison between the group
and the teacher to get materials. “Do we have all have what we
need?”
Ensure that the group returns the
material used. “Andrea, can you turn on the
computer and see if it is charged?”
136
Cheerleader
What I do What I say
If the team is down, the “That didn’t work, but let’s keep
cheerleader brings them back with trying”
encouraging words.
“Way to go group!”
//www.google.com.ec/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=1KoeVvjRM4qF-
AWDgaWgDw&gws_rd=ssl#q=esl+cooperative+learning+cards
137
BEFORE (AT HOME)
APPENDIX IB: VIDEO WORD HUNT
MAKE
DO
A JOB
MONEY
I STILL HAVE
DOUBTS ABOUT
138
DURING
APPENDIX IC: OWN THE COLLOCATION CHART
139
FOLLOW UP - PRODUCT
APPENDIX ID: READING, WHO SHOULD DO THE HOUSEWORK?
Even in an age when most women go out to work, many of them full-
time, they still find themselves doing most of the chores. Research
shows that mothers spend, on average, three hours a day doing
housework and cooking, whereas fathers spend just 45 minutes. Men
still expect women to do the housework. While men do things around
the house, they act as though they are doing their partner a favor.
They say things like: “I’ve done the washing up for you”, instead of
regarding it as something that benefits both of them.
Housework is so important that couples should discuss about it along
with all the other big issues when they are fist deciding whether to
marry or not. Some men give all sorts of excuses for not doing
housework: “I work long hours and I don’t think my wife’s works is as
stressful as hers” or “I would do more, but she’s so much better at
doing it than me.” But could it mean that what a man really means by
this is that he feels his job is ultimately more important than his
partner’s? What do you think? Wouldn’t it be much better to make
things together?
Adapted from Brook-Hart (2013). Complete First Certificate, Preparation Material, p.13
140
EXTRA GUIDE AND PRACTICE
APPENDIX IE
COMMON COLLOCATIONS
DO: business, a course, exercise, a favor, housework, homework, the shopping, work.
MAKE: an appointment, the bed, a decision, an effort, an excuse, friends, money, a noise, a phone
call, a plan, a promise.
Thank you for doing all the arrangements (… making all the arrangements)
PATRICK: Not that much really, but that’s because my mum doesn’t go out to work anymore, so
she has more time than she used to. I don’t have a lot of free time these days because I’m
studying for my exams. I mean, my mum does most of the housework, though I used to help
more when I was younger – you know, hang out clothes, and lay the table, things like that. She is
pretty busy, but even so she usually manages to find a bit of time to five me a hand with my
studies – she used to be a math’s teacher and she knows I’m bit nervous about the math’s exam.
But I thinks she really does it for pleasure – she is really good at explaining things, though
sometimes I feel I’d just like to get on with things on my own.
TRACEY: Oh, all the time, I mean at least once a week at weekends. You see we live in this really
old house by the sea, and we have been working on it all year. In fact, we have just finished doing
141
up the kitchen at the back of the house. It’s been great fun because we’ve all been doing it
together. We have made a lot of mess of course. We are really happy because we are doing
things the way we like.
INTERVIEWER: Vicky do you ever do sports with other people in your family?
VICKY: Well, my dad’s a fitness fanatic, so he’s always running or cycling or doing something
energetic. I do sports with him now and again. He loves sports, he is probably doing something
sporty right now. My mom doesn’t do sports at all, she rather stay at home. I have a boyfriend
and other things to do, so I do a lot of more things with him than with my dad.
PRACTICE
A. CHOOSE THE WORDS FROM THE BOX TO MAKE EXPRESSIONS WITH MAKE AND DO. WRITE
THEM IN THE CORRECT CIRCLE.
------------------------ -----------------------
------------------------ -----------------------
------------------------ -----------------------
------------------------ -----------------------
142
B. CHOOSE ONE EXPRESSION TO FINISH EACH OF THE SENTENCES BELOW. WRITE IT IN THE
SPACE PROVIDED.
1. Don’t worry about the exam. You can only do your best.
2. Carla broke up with Bill, she is so depressed that her life is _________________.
3. I was not honest with you, I have _____________________ to make.
4. I wanted to have a baby, but I just got a promotion and I was asked to ___________ at my
office.
5. Josh doesn’t really knows what it means to ____________________, he just keeps lying.
6. The fridge was empty because Sarah forgot to ____________________ again.
7. Mark didn’t know how to ______________, so he ___________.
8. We only have a week’s honey moon permission at work and there are so many places we
want to go, it’s difficult to ______.
9. I am so upset, last night at the bar a horrible man tried to _______________ at me while we
were dancing.
10. We both cheated on each other so we both decided to _______________ and put an end to
our relationship.
ANSWERS:
PRACTICE A:
Make: an appointment, a decision, a meal, a complete mess, a phone call, a confession, a
pass at
Do: your best, a full-time job, do the shopping, do the washing up, the right thing
PRACTICE B:
1. do your best 2. make a complete mess 3. make a confession 4. do a full time job 5.
make a promise 6. do the shopping 7. do the laundry/did his best 8. make a
decision 9. make a pass 10. do the right thing
HOUSEWORK
do the housework
After I got home from the office, I was too tired to do the housework.
do the laundry
I really need to do the laundry – I don’t have any clean clothes left!
143
do the dishes
I’ll make dinner if you do the dishes afterwards.
(you can also say “wash the dishes”)
do the shopping
I went to the bank, did some shopping, and mailed a package at the post office.
EXCEPTION: make the bed = putting blankets, sheets, and pillows in the correct place so that the
bed looks nice and not messy.
WORK / STUDY
do work
I can’t go out this weekend – I have to do some work on an extra project.
do homework
You can’t watch any TV until you’ve done your homework.
do business
We do business with clients in fifteen countries.
do a good/great/terrible job
She did a good job organizing the party.
(in this expression, “job” doesn’t necessarily refer to work. It simply means the person did
something well)
do a report
I’m doing a report on the history of American foreign policy.
(you can also say “writing a report”)
do a course
We’re doing a course at the local university.
(you can also say “taking a course”)
TAKING CARE OF YOUR BODY
do exercise
I do at least half an hour of exercise every day.
do your hair (= style your hair)
I’ll be ready to go in 15 minutes – I just need to do my hair.
do your nails (= paint your nails)
Can you open this envelope for me? I just did my nails and they’re still wet.
GENERAL GOOD OR BAD ACTIONS
144
FOOD
make breakfast/lunch/dinner
I’m making dinner – it’ll be ready in about ten minutes.
make a sandwich
Could you make me a turkey sandwich?
make a salad
I made a salad for the family picnic.
make a cup of tea
Would you like me to make you a cup of tea?
make a reservation
I’ve made a reservation for 7:30 at our favorite restaurant.
MONEY
make money
I enjoy my job, but I don’t make very much money.
make a profit
The new company made a profit within its first year.
make a fortune
He made a fortune after his book hit #1 on the bestseller list.
make $_______
I made $250 selling my old CDs on the internet.
RELATIONSHIPS
make friends
It’s hard to make friends when you move to a big city.
make love (= have sex)
The newlyweds made love on the beach during their honeymoon.
make a pass at (= flirt with someone)
My best friend’s brother made a pass at me – he asked if I was single and tried to get my
phone number.
make fun of someone (= tease / mock someone)
The other kids made fun of Jimmy when he got glasses, calling him “four eyes.”
make up (= resolve a problem in a relationship)
Karen and Jennifer made up after the big fight they had last week.
COMMUNICATION
145
make a suggestion
Can I make a suggestion? I think you should cut your hair shorter – it’d look great on you!
make a prediction
It’s difficult to make any predictions about the future of the economy.
make an excuse
When I asked him if he’d finished the work, he started making excuses about how he was too
busy.
make a promise
I made a promise to help her whenever she needs it.
(you can also say, “I promised to help her whenever she needs it.”)
make a fuss (= demonstrate annoyance)
Stop making a fuss – he’s only late a couple minutes. I’m sure he’ll be here soon.
make an observation
I’d like to make an observation about our business plan – it’s not set in stone, so we can be
flexible.
make a comment
The teacher made a few critical comments on my essay.
EXCEPTION: Don’t say “make a question.” The correct phrase is “ask a question.”
make plans
We’re making plans to travel to Australia next year.
make a decision/choice
I’ve made my decision – I’m going to go to New York University, not Boston University.
make a mistake
You made a few mistakes in your calculations – the correct total is $5430, not $4530.
make progress
My students are making good progress. Their spoken English is improving a lot.
make an attempt / effort (= try)
I’m making an effort to stop smoking this year.
make up your mind (= decide)
Should I buy a desktop or a laptop computer? I can’t make up my mind.
make a discovery
Scientists have made an important discovery in the area of genetics.
make a list
I’m making a list of everything we need for the wedding: invitations, decorations, a cake, a
band, the dress…
make sure (= confirm)
Can you make sure we have enough copies of the report for everybody at the meeting?
make a difference
Getting eight hours of sleep makes a big difference in my day. I have more energy!
make an exception
Normally the teacher doesn’t accept late homework, but she made an exception for me
because my backpack was stolen with my homework inside it.
http://www.espressoenglish.net/difference-between-do-and-make-60-collocations/
146
APPENDIX UNIT 1 SOCIAL NETWORKS
COLLOCATIONS RELATED TO FRIENDSHIP AND RELATIONSHIPS
147
BEFORE
APPENDIX 1A: POST-IT NOTE AFFINITY DIAGRAM TECHNIQUE SAMPLE
148
APPENDIX 1B: READING “SPEED –FRIENDING”
Taken from: Viewpoint 1A Series, Uni1, Lesson A, page 10, Cambridge University Press.
149
IN CLASS
APPENDIX 1C: RELATIONSHIP AND FRIENDSHIP VIDEO SUMMARIZING 1 -2 -3 CHART
150
APPENDIX 1D: VEN DIAGRAM – IDENTIFYING COLLOCATIONS
151
APPENDIX 1E: READING FRIENDS OVER A LIFE TIME
Do you have a lot of close friends? Are they lifelong friends? Childhood
friends? Have you ever met someone and instantly felt that you’ve made
a friend for life?
People with a large circle of friends may well have discovered the secret
of a long and happy life, according to recent scientific research which
suggests that having good friends may actually help us live longer.
152
FOLLOW UP - PRODUCT
APPENDIX 1F: PEACEFUL PROBLEM SOLVING SAMPLE?
Adapted from Taylor, J. (2015). Getting On Falling Out Medium Term Planning
http://www.primaryresources.co.uk/pshe/pshe1.htm#friendship
153
FOLLOW UP - PRODUCT
APPENDIX 1G: WHAT IS GOING WRONG HERE? PICTURE
Adapted from Taylor, J. (2015). Getting On Falling Out Medium Term Planning.
http://www.primaryresources.co.uk/pshe/pshe1.htm#friendship
154
FOLLOW UP - PRODUCT
APPENDIX 1H: SELF – REVIEW CHECKLIST
GO OVER THE SELF-REVIEW CHECKLIST TO SEE HOW WELL YOU HAVE WORKED TOGETHER
155
EXTRA GUIDE AND PRACTICE
APPENDIX 1I
3. When you develop romantic feelings for another person, you're ___________.
a) becoming passionate b) falling in love c) giving your heart
4. If only one of the two people has romantic feelings, we say the feeling is not________.
a) mutual b) returned c) together
5. A polite way to say you're not attracted to someone is: "He/she's not my_______" .
a) kind b) style c) type
6. A man who marries a woman who he met when both were very young, has married his
childhood __________________.
a) darling b) lover c) sweetheart
7. When two people get married, they make a ___________ to each other.
a) commitment b) compromise c) guarantee
8. Many men try to find a creative and romantic way to __________ to their girlfriends.
a) propose b) proposition c) purpose
9. A lot of marriages end when one member of the couple has an_____________.
a) affair b) experience c) intimacy
10. If you catch your significant other in bed with another person, then he/she is _________ on
you.
a) betraying b) cheating c) deceiving
ANSWERS
1.C ; 2. C; 3. B; 4. A; 5. C; 6. C; 7. A; 8. A; 9. A; 10. B
156
APPENDIX UNIT 2 THE MEDIA
COLLOCATIONS RELATED TO TELEVISION AND NEWS MEDIA
157
BEFORE
APPENDIX 2A: COMPLETION CHART
TELEVISION
TELEVISION
TELEVISION
PART II
Reflection Time:
158
COMPLETION CHART: POSSIBLE ANSWERS
watch , turn , front , seen , like , see , look , off , before , time , American , saw , two , room ,
year
watch , turn , front , seen , like , see , look , off , before , time , American , saw , two , room ,
year , show , made , people , over , did, small , just , only , how , hour , flat , old , other , loc
al , back
radio , film , front , set , station , program , series , show , screen , movie , camera , industry
, interview , cable , impact , network ,circuit , broadcast , news , world , violence , productio
n , newspaper , commercial , development , audience , child , programme ,system , image
be , watch , see , set , show , broadcast , read , have , go , view , own , turn , glue , do , app
ear , can , include , close , use , portray ,hear , say , will , advertise , 's , spend , feature , ann
ounce , make , listen
national , local , public , commercial , such , high , much , definition , little , first , for , make
, late , many , time , American , major ,own , prime , satellite , night , large , close , other , Br
itish , live , circuit , run , popular , several
not , especially , well , when , particularly , even , however , away , so , as , just , much , then
, back , also , now , still , How , where ,ever , only , regularly , late , thus , too , recently , on
, Just , Even , far
159
AT HOME
APPENDIX 2B: VIDEO WEB SUMMARY WORKSHEET FOR A NEWS REPORT
160
IN CLASS
APPENDIX 2C: VERBAL AND VISUAL WORD ASSOCIATION
161
VERBAL AND VISUAL WORD ASSOCIATION - SAMPLE
162
FOLLOW UP – PRODUCT
APPENDIX 2D: INPHOGRAPHIC DESIGN SAMPLE
163
EXTRA GUIDE AND PRACTICE
APPENDIX 2E
NEWS SAMPLE
“A tourist was taken hostage when rebel troops seized control of Saint Joseph airport last night.
The government has lost control of the area. Our reporter in Saint Joseph is keeping a close watch
on the situation and we shall be keeping you informed as the news develops.”
SAMPLE SENTENCES
IDENTIFY THE COLLOCATIONS RELATED TO NEWS IN THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES AND USE
YOUR OWN WORDS TO EXPLAIN WHAT THEY MEAN
1. The good news is that we’ve all been given an extra day’s leave.
2. Great news! We’ve bought the house.
3. It was front-page news at the time.
4. We’ve had a bit of good news.
5. Have you heard the latest news?
6. I want to catch up on all your news.
7. The police had to break the news to the boy’s parents.
8. She ran from office to office, spreading the news.
9. News of their engagement was leaked to the press.
10. The Daily Nation carried news of the event.
11. They are waiting for news of their relatives.
12. The news was greeted with astonishment.
13. It was a very minor incident and barely made the news.
14. The news broke while we were on holiday.
15. She went completely to pieces at the news of his death.
16. Is there any news on the car bomb attack?
POSSIBLE ANSWERS
1. The good news is that we’ve all been given an extra day’s leave. (excellent news)
2. Great news! We’ve bought the house. (good news)
3. It was front-page news at the time. (terrific news)
4. We’ve had a bit of good news. ( a piece of good news)
5. Have you heard the latest news? ( get the recent news)
6. I want to catch up on all your news. (know about what is new)
7. The police had to break the news to the boy’s parents. ( announce the news)
8. She ran from office to office, spreading the news. (tell the news)
9. News of their engagement was leaked to the press. (escaped information)
10. The Daily Nation carried news of the event. ( informed about)
11. They are waiting for news of their relatives. (expecting news)
12. The news was greeted with astonishment. (welcomed, reacted to)
13. It was a minor incident and barely made the news. (was not an important news)
14. The news broke while we were on holiday. (leaked out/appeared)
15. She went completely to pieces at the news of his death. (with the news)
16. Is there any news on the car bomb attack? (what the news is about)
Adapted from O’Dell (2012) and the Free online collocations dictionary (2016).
164
APPENDIX UNIT 3: STORIES
COLLOCATIONS RELATED TO SUCCESS AND FAILURE
165
AT HOME
APPENDIX 3A: LISTENING SCRIPT SUCCESS AND FAILURE
Successful Samantha has a long list of impressive accomplishments. It seems like everything
she does ends up being a phenomenal success. In her very first job, she created a highly
effective way to motivate the company’s employees, resulting in a dramatic improvement
in workplace morale.
Now she’s developing a system for real-time translation among 100 different languages. If
she can pull it off, it’ll be an unprecedented success (success in something for the first time
in history) and the crowning achievement (best or most significant achievement) of her
career.
So far, the program has enjoyed modest success (some limited success) but there is still
room for improvement (potential for improvement). However, Samantha says that the team
is making good progress, and that in the next month or two she hopes to make a
breakthrough (make a sudden advance in success, especially when you overcome an
obstacle).
Although Samantha is very ambitious, she’s also a very likeable person. She brings out the
best in other people, and quickly wins the respect of colleagues.
Samantha’s brother, Disastrous Dan, is the opposite – everything he attempts seems to fail
miserably. He wanted to be a doctor, but his teachers told him he wasn’t smart enough,
dashing his hopes (making him abandon hope) of a career in medicine. He had the
opportunity to do a prestigious internship in another country, but he lost his nerve (lost his
courage) and turned down the offer.
He then applied for various jobs, but completely failed to show up to the interviews on
time. He was eventually hired, but later lost his job during an economic downturn due to his
mediocre performance (average work, not very special) and total lack of remarkable
achievements.
Dan then tried to start his own software company to compete with Samantha’s; that was a
spectacular failure. He invested his life savings in the business, despite all his friends telling
him that it would be a recipe for disaster (very likely to result in disaster). His sales
predictions were way off the mark (completely inaccurate), and the company went under
(lost all its money and shut down) just eight months after it was founded.
Poor Dan – it seems like he’s doomed to failure (destined to be unsuccessful). But if all else
fails (if everything is unsuccessful), he can always move into Samantha’s mansion as a last
resort (a final possibility)!
Taken from Spresso English. McHugh, S. (2014b)
http://www.espressoenglish.net/english-collocations-for-success-and-failure/
166
FOLLOW UP – PRODUCT
APPENDIX 3B: POSTER “KEYS TO SUCCESS” SAMPLE
167
EXTRA GUIDE AND PRACTICE
APPENDIX 3 C
PRACTICE
Question 1
Edward certainly ____________ my respect when he turned down an unethical business deal.
a. bet
b. took
c. won
Question 2
Efforts to reduce teen pregnancy through better sex education have seen ____________ success.
a. average
b. modest
c. ordinary
Question 3
Getting a new haircut has made a ____________ improvement in his overall appearance.
a. crowning
b. dramatic
c. theatrical
Question 4
I made a real ____________ in my English when I started practicing listening more often.
a. breakdown
b. breakover
c. breakthrough
Question 5
I wanted to try waterskiing, but I lost my ____________ and ended up staying inside the boat.
a. heart
b. nerve
c. spirit
Question 6
I'm not a complete pacifist; I just believe war should be the last ____________.
168
a. option
b. prospect
c. resort
Question 7
Immigration reform was the ____________ achievement of the president's term in office.
a. championing
b. charming
c. crowning
Question 8
My attempts at losing weight have failed ______________ - in fact, I've gained a few pounds!
a. inadequately
b. miserably
c. strongly
Question 9
My girlfriend really ___________ out the best in me - I'm a better person thanks to our
relationship.
a. brings
b. gets
c. Helps
Question 10
Putting inexperienced teachers into the country's worst schools is a _____________ for disaster.
a. method
b. program
c. recipe
Question 11
a. highly
b. richly
c. sharply
Question 12
The company's advertising campaign was a _____________ failure - it didn't attract a single new
customer.
a. miraculous
b. spectacular
c. wonderful
Question 13
The new movie has been a _____________ success, with billions of dollars in ticket sales.
169
a. mediocre
b. phenomenal
c. supernatural
Question 14
a. area
b. room
c. space
Question 15
We thought the repairs on the car would cost about $500, but our estimate was way off the
_________ - it was $4000.
a. mark
b. point
c. spot
ANSWERS:
1C; 2B; 3B; 4C; 5B; 6C; 7C; 8B; 9A; 10C; 11A; 12B; 13B; 14B; 15A
http://www.espressoenglish.net/english-collocations-for-success-and-failure/
170
APPENDIX UNIT 4: WORKING LIVES
COLLOCATIONS RELATED TO WORK, JOB AND CAREER
171
BEFORE
APPENDIX 4A: LISTENING AND READING STAND OUT FROM THE CROWD!
Taken from: Viewpoint Series, Unit 4, Lesson A, page 42, Cambridge University Press.
172
AT HOME
APPENDIX 4B: WORD WEB SAMPLE FORMAT
• a goal
achieve
• __________
• deadlines
meet
• _________
• money
save
• ________
173
AT HOME
APPENDIX 4C: WORD WEB SAMPLE
174
AT HOME
APPENDIX 4D: WORD WEB ADJECTIVE + NOUN
PRACTICE
COMPLETE THE DIAGRAM BELOW BY GROUPING ADJECTIVE COLLOCATIONS WITH JOB AND
WORK
ANSWERS
1. Well – paid 2. Badly-paid 3. Hard 4. Challenging 5. Demanding 6. Tiring 7 tough 8.
Outdoor 9. Office 10. Skilled 11. Manual 12. Full-time 13. Holiday 14. Part-time 15.
Permanent 16. Temporary 17. Weekend 18. Fascinating 19. Pleasant 20. Responsible 21.
worthwhile
Taken from Brook-Hart (2013).
175
FOLLOW UP – PRODUCT
APPENDIX 4E: A CAREER GOAL MODEL
SOME TIPS:
Make a living: earn enough to live (can also be used just to refer to onwes’s job and how one
earns one’s money).
To do a job – share: situation where two people share equal parts of the same job.
Lay off staff: dismiss /fire employees because there is no work for them to do.
Go freelance: work for sever different companies rather than working full – time for one
and only organization.
176
EXTRA GUIDE AND PRACTICE
APPENDIX 4F
COMMON MISTAKES
He’s looking for a work. She enjoys her work in the hospital.
He’s looking for a job in computer programming. Teaching must be an interesting work.
Helen started her career at age seven. It was a hard physical career.
“It wasn’t a very well-paid job, but then first jobs aren’t. I worked in a call center for a large
computer company. I had to answer the phone when customers rang in with their complaints or
questions or whatever other information about computers. They often rang with a real problem. I
already had computer technology at college, so I was able to help them most of the times using
my professional skills. I felt I was doing something really useful with opportunities for career
growth. Sometimes simple instructions were enough and customers were very grateful”.
A lot of English learners confuse the words job, work, and career. Today, I’m going to teach you
how to use each one correctly – as well as various collocations (typical phrases) in which you can
use these words. To learn practical English for your job and career, check out the Business English
Course.
JOB (noun)
A job is a regular and official activity that you do, and receive money (a salary) for your activity. It
is also called a profession or an occupation. You can have a full-time job (40 hours per week) or
a part-time job (around 25 hours per week).
When someone is looking for a job, this is sometimes called the “job hunt” or “job search.” If you
have a friend who’s looking for a job, you can ask them, “How’s the job hunt going?”
To find a job, you can check the job listings online or in the newspaper – these are small
advertisements about job openings (job opportunities). The process of trying to get a specific job
– when you send your resume or CV to a company – is called applying for a job.
If the company offers you the job and you say “yes,” then you have gotten the job!
177
a demanding job (requires a lot of effort)
“Being an emergency surgeon is a demanding job – you have to be on call 24 hours a day.”
a fulfilling / rewarding job (it makes you feel good)
“Working with refugee children was one of the most rewarding jobs I’ve had.”
an entry-level job (a job that can be done by someone who is just beginning their career,
which doesn’t require much experience or many skills)
“Daniel got an entry-level job as an administrative assistant.”
a dead-end job (a job that has no opportunities for advancement or promotions)
“Being a truck driver is a dead-end job.”
a high-powered job (a dynamic and important job)
“After she published her book, she got a high-powered job as director of a national
newspaper.”
a lucrative job (a job where you earn a lot of money)
“My mother wants me to marry a guy with a lucrative job – like a doctor or lawyer.”
Right after graduating from college, I worked two jobs so that I could pay off my student
loans faster.
Terry has had seven jobs in the past five years.
The word work is more general than “job” – whereas “job” is a specific occupation/profession,
“work” refers to general efforts and activities done to accomplish a goal. “Work” can be done
both inside an official job and outside a job!
You can say you work at / for (a company): “I work at General Motors.”
You can say you’re working on (a project / task): “I’m working on a market analysis” or “I’m
working on improving customer satisfaction.”
You can say you work with (people / objects): “I work with special needs children” or “I work
with hazardous chemicals.”
The word work also refers to the context of your place of employment – so we can say:
178
I have three things / tasks to do this week.
CAREER (noun)
Your career is the total progression of your professional life. It can include many different jobs
over the years.
You can have a career in (a field) – for example, a career in politics / journalism / teaching /
finance.
PRACTICE
CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER TO FIND THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN JOB, WORK, AND CAREER
Question 1
He retired in 1980 after a brilliant __________ as a motivational speaker.
a. career
b. job
c. work
Question 2
My boss always gives me too much __________ to do, and expects me to do it all immediately.
a. career
b. job
c. work
Question 3
We've made 300 sales today thanks to Dana's hard __________.
a. career
b. job
c. work
Question 4
At the peak of her __________, she was managing a company with five international branches.
a. career
b. job
c. work
Question 5
I didn't think my interview went very well, so I was surprised when they offered me the
__________.
a. career
b. job
179
c. work
Question 6
Gary's not home yet. He's still at _________.
a. career
b. job
c. work
Question 7
Brad was fired because his _________ was often sloppy and full of errors.
a. career
b. job
c. work
Question 8
I've applied for a few _________ in the non-profit sector.
a. careers
b. jobs
c. works
Question 9
He didn't take the teaching _________ because he felt it wouldn't advance his ________ in
politics.
a. career / job
b. job / work
c. job / career
Question 10
This graphic designer has done some excellent freelance _________ for us - I think we should
offer him a permanent ________.
a. work / career
b. work / work
c. work / job
ANSWERS:
1A; 2C; 3C; 4A; 5B; 6C; 7C; 8B; 9C; 10C
180
APPENDIX UNIT 5: CHALLENGES
COLLOCATIONS RELATED TO GLOBAL PROBLEMS
181
BEFORE
APPENDIX 5A: LISTENING AND READING WHAT’S THE BIGGEST
CHALLENGE
Taken from: Viewpoint Series, Unit 4, Lesson B, page 54, Cambridge University Press
182
AT HOME
APPENDIX 5B: “GLOBAL PROBLEMS” AUDIO SCRIPT
One critical issue is preserving and protecting the environment. The burning of
fossil fuels (oil, coal, and natural gas) produces greenhouse gases (gases that heat
up the atmosphere) that deplete the ozone layer and result in global warming and
climate change (changes in the earth’s temperature and weather patterns).
Some scientists believe that we have already done irreparable damage to the
planet, and now we are suffering the consequences of rising sea levels and
increasingly frequent natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and
tornados. A number of animal species have gone extinct, and many more are
endangered.
To reverse this trend, we must invest in clean energy (energy sources that do not
pollute the environment) with renewable resources (elements like water and air,
which can be re-used) and utilize manufacturing methods that are not harmful to
the environment.
There are still many regions of the world where children die of hunger/starvation
(die from not having enough food). Unfortunately, extreme poverty is common in
the rural areas of developing countries, where the population often suffers from
food shortages (not enough food) and lack of access to clean water.
In the cities, homeless people sleep on the streets if there is not enough room in
local homeless shelters. There are also many families on the margins of society
(outside the dominant society and culture) who are living below the poverty line
and struggle to make ends meet every month.
Although many governments create welfare programs (programs that give money
to poor people) to alleviate poverty, the widening gap between rich and poor
suggests that poverty may never be completely eradicated.
Poverty and underdevelopment contribute to a host of additional problems as well.
For example, many people die of preventable diseases because they have no access
the safe and effective vaccines that exist. A number of large corporations use child
labor in the manufacturing of their products, as poor families may feel they have no
other option for survival.
In addition, young women from disadvantaged backgrounds (poor families and
situations) are prime targets for human trafficking and sexual exploitation.
http://www.espressoenglish.net/vocabulary-english-expressions-for-global-problems/
183
APPENDIX 5C: GLOBAL “PROBLEMS” AND “SOLUTIONS” CHART
PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS
184
IN CLASS
APPENDIX 5D: GOING GREEN SEQUENCE OF EVENTS CHART
185
FOLLOW UP - PRODUCT
APPENDIX 5E: GOING GREEN PLAN OUTLINE
186
APPENDIX 5F: GOING GREEN ACTION PLAN GUIDE
Ask and answer the following questions before working in your action plan:
1. What am I going to do?
2. How often am I going to do it?
3. When am I going to do it?
4. What might get in my way?
5. What might make this easier for me?
Steps:
1. Create information gathering tools.
2. Gather information.
3. Report findings to the group members.
4. Brainstorm possible actions.
5. Keep track of your progress (What worked? What didn’t work?)
187
EXTRA GUIDE AND PRACTICE
APPENDIX 5G
PRACTICE
READ THIS DEBATE BETWEEN TWO POLITICIANS AND FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THE CORRECT
WORDS TO FORM COLLOCATIONS ON GLOBAL ISSUES
188
ANSWERS
Taken from Spresso English. McHugh, S. (2014c). Collocations for global problems.
http://www.espressoenglish.net/vocabulary-english-expressions-for-global-problems/
189
APPENDIX UNIT 6: INTO THE FUTURE
COLLOCATIONS RELATED TO FUTURE, PLANS AND DECISIONS
190
BEFORE
APPENDIX 6A: READING AND LISTENING - WHAT DOES THE FUTURE LOOK LIKE?
Taken From: Viewpoint Series, Unit 6, Lesson D, page 68, Cambridge University Press.
191
BEFORE (AT HOME)
APPENDIX 6B: FUTURE, PLANS AND DECISIONS CHART
Focus on the meaningful context you can give to collocations as in a sequence of ideas.
COLLOCATION PHRASE SENTENCE WHY
1 LOOK INTO YOUR e.g. Stick to a Stick to a plan for Sticking to a Because a plan can
OWN FUTURE plan the future plan doesn’t help you see your
mean anything progress, project and
(plan for what will if you don’t get to your goals,
happen) commit to it. making good
decisions…
SHAPE YOUR
OWN FUTURE
(change things in
the future)
2 LOOK INTO YOUR
OWN FUTURE
(plan for what will
happen)
SHAPE YOUR
OWN FUTURE
(change things in
the future)
3 LOOK INTO YOUR
OWN FUTURE
(plan for what will
happen)
SHAPE YOUR
OWN FUTURE
(change things in
the future)
4 LOOK INTO YOUR
OWN FUTURE
(plan for what will
happen)
SHAPE YOUR
OWN FUTURE
(change things in
the future)
5 LOOK INTO YOUR
OWN FUTURE
(plan for what will
happen)
SHAPE YOUR
OWN FUTURE
(change things in
the future)
Elaborated by Ivanova Monteros
192
IN CLASS
APPENDIX 6C: THE GOLDEN CIRCLE
WHY plans and changes could be important for your live in the future?
__________________________________________________________
HOW have you decided to make the plans and changes proposed happen?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
193
FOLLOW UP – PRODUCT
APPENDIX 6D: THE FIVE BOLD STEPS GRAPHIC FOR A CAMPAIGN ORGANIZATION
194
APPENDIX SECTION 7
GUIDELINES AND SAMPLE FORMATS
195
FLIPPED CLASSROOM - GUIDELINES FOR PORTFOLIO ASSESSMENT
Determine the purpose (monitor students’ progress and identify adjustments to the
program)
Select information for the portfolio (related to the purpose of the assessment to
see if the student has progressed)
Decide how to organize the portfolio (where and how to organize content,
students can keep a digital portfolio once they have scanned the original one, they
can decorate it, or give it their personal touch to it).
Establish a data collection plan (set collection dates, usually at the end of each unit,
it could be shared, students should be given the opportunity to share their
portfolios before turning them to teacher, either to compare their work, to check
their content and even to analyze their own progress).
Review student’s progress (collect real evidence as individual, pair and group
handouts, extra practice activities, self-assessment, reflections, projects, and final
products)
Reflections.
o What did I learn from the unit on collocations related to…?
o What did I do well?
o What do I want to improve?
o How do I feel about my performance?
o What were the problem areas?
o Students can choose to include “best” pieces of work, but also a piece of
work which gave trouble or one that was less successful, and give reasons
why.
196
FLIPPED CLASSROOM SAMPLE UNIT SELF-EVALUATION
SELF-EVALUATION UNIT 4 – WORKING LIVES
COLLOCATIONS RELATED TO: JOB, WORK AND CAREER
I CAN EXPLAIN THE MEANING, DRAW PICTURES OR USE THESE COLLOCATIONS IN
CONTEXT:
carry out work__ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
______________ ______________
LANGUAGE
I CAN:
Discuss what I know about collocations related to job, work and career.
Read and understand collocations in context.
Listen to and understand collocations in context.
Write, summarize, label, and synthetize collocations.
LEARNING STRATEGIES
Use my prior knowledge to identify collocations related to job, work, and career.
Listen selectively for new information through video tutorials.
Observe carefully and take notes on observations.
Cooperate with classmates for consolidation of knowledge.
Solve problems and provide innovative products.
Elaborated by Ivanova Monteros
197
FLIPPED CLASSROOM - REFLECTING ABOUT YOUR OWN LEARNING
What I learned in this unit was:
It is better when I work with (alone / in pairs / my peers / the teacher / because:
198
FLIPPED CLASSROOM - GROUP SELF EVALUATION CHECKLIST
NAME:
UNIT:
COLLOCATIONS THEME:
GROUP MEMBER’S:
As a team decide which answer best suits the way your team worked together. Then,
complete the sentences.
We finished our task on time, and we did a good YES
job. NO
We encouraged each other and cooperate with YES
each other. NO
Each one of us shared our own ideas. YES
NO
We listened and valued everybody’s ideas. YES
NO
The best thing we did together was:
199
A FLIPPED CLASSROOM - STUDENTS PROGRESS CHECK LIST ON COLLOCATIONS
STUDENT: CLASS:
DATE: UNIT:
Teacher’s notes
Grade / score
200
REFERENCIAS
Abeysekera, L. y Dawson, P. (2015). Motivation and cognitive load in the flipped classroom:
definition, rationale and a call for research. Higher Education Research and Development.
34:1, 1-1. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2014.934336
Bergmann, J., & Sams, A. (2012). Flip Your Classroom: Reach Every Student in Every Class Day.
ASCD (Association for Supervision and Currículo Development). VA.
Bishop, J. L., & Verleger, M. A. (2013). The flipped classroom: A survey of the research. Paper
presented at the American Society for Engineering Education, Atlanta, GA.
Boud, D. J., & Feletti, G. I. (1994). Introduction. In D. J. Boud, & G. I. Feletti (Eds.), The
challenge of problem-based learning. London: Kogan Page.
Brecht, H. (2012). Learning from Online Video Lectures. In Journal of Information Technology
Education: Innovations in Practice, Volume 11. California State University, Sacramento,
California. US.
Chamot, A.U., O’Malley, JM. (1994). The CALLA Handbook: Implementing the Cognitive
Academic Language Learning Approach. Addison Wesley Longman. NY.
Council of Europe. (2001). Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning,
Teaching, Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Language Policy Unit Strasbourg,
p.110.
Dornyei, Z. (2010). Researching motivation: from integrativeness to the ideal l2 self. In S.
Hunsnton & D. Oakey (EDs.), Introducing applied linguistics: Concepts and skills (p. 74-
83). London: Routledge.
Dudeney G., & Hockly N. (2007). How to teach English with technology. Pearson Education
Limited. UK.
Ferlazzo, L. (2013). Self-Driven Learning. Teaching Strategies for Students Motivation. Eye on
Education Book. Library of Congress. US.
Flipped Learning Network. (2013). Using, Creating and Sharing free online resources in a flipped
classroom. OERRH_FLN Infographic. Retrieved from www.oerrsearchhub.org &
www.flippedlearning.org
Flipped Learning Network. (2014). The four pillars of F-L-I-P. Retrieved from
http://www.flppedlearning.org/definition
Gerstein, J. (2012). An illustration of Flipped Classrooom: The Full Picture. Recuperado de:
http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/B008E...
Green. M. & Martirano. M. (2015). Vocabulary Graphic Organizers. West Virginia Department of
Education. Retrieved from
https://wvde.state.wv.us/strategybank/VocabularyGraphicOrganizers.html
Grinnel, R. (1997). Social work research & evaluation: Quantitative and qualitative approaches.
Peacock Publishers. US.
Hamdan, N., McKnight, P., McKinght, K., Arfstrom, K. (2013). A Review of Flipped Learning.
Flipped Learning Network. US.
Hantla, B. (2014). The effects of flipping the classroom on specific aspects of critical thinking in a
Christian College: a quasi-experimental, mixed-methods study. A dissertation for the
Degree Doctor of Education. Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary. Wake Forest.
North Carolina.
Higher Education Academy. (2013). Deep and Surface Approaches to Learning, Retrieved from
http://exchange.ac.uk/learning-and-teaching-theory-guide/deep-andsurface-approaches
learning.html.
http://www.espressoenglish.net/difference-between-do-and-make-60-collocations/
202
Johnson, David W., Roger T. Johnson, and Edythe Johnson Holubec. (1988). Cooperation in the
Classroom. Edina, MN: Interaction Books.
Lakmal, A. & Dawson, P. (2015). Motivation and cognitive load in the flipped classroom:
definition, rationale and a call for research. Higher Education Research & Development.
Australia.
Laufer, B. (2003). Vocabulary acquisition in a second language: do learners really acquire most
vocabulary by reading? Some empirical evidence. Canadian Modern Language Review.
Lindsay, P. (2000). Teaching English Worldwide. A New Practical Guide to Teaching English. Alta
Book Center Publishers. USA.
Lowel, J. & Verleger, M. (2013). The Flipped Classroom: A survey of the Research, American
Society for Engineering Education, 12th ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition. Atlanta.
Marshall, H. W. & DeCapua, A. (2014). Making the transition: Culturally responsive teaching for
struggling language learners. University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, MI.
Matsuoka, W., & Hirsh, D. (2010). Vocabulary Learning through Reading: Does an ELT Course
Book Provide Good Opportunities?. Reading in a foreign language, 22(1), 56-70.
McCarthy, M., & O'Dell, F. (2012). English collocations in use: how words work together for
fluent and natural English; Advanced, self-study and classroom use. Cambridge. UK.
McHugh, S. (2014b). Collocations for success and failure. Espresso English. Retrieved from
McHugh, S. (2014c). Collocations for global problems. Espresso English. Retrieved from
http://www.espressoenglish.net/difference-between-do-and-make-60-collocations/
Nation, P. & Meara, P. (2010). Vocabulary. In: Schmitt, N. (2010). An Introduction to Applied
Linguistics. Routledge Press. UK.
O’ Keeffe, A. (2012). Vocabulary Instruction. In: Burns, A., & Richards, J. C. (2012). The
Cambridge guide to pedagogy and practice in second language teaching. Cambridge
University Press. 236-245.
Othman, N. & Ahamad M. (2013). Problem-Based Learning in the English Language Classroom.
English Language Teaching; Vol. 6 Nº 3. Canadian Center of Science and Education.
Canada.
Pearson & The Flipped Learning Network (2013). Flipped Learning Professional Development.
Retrieved from http://www.pearsonschool.com/flppedlearning
203
Pearson Education. (2004). Sequence of events chart. Retrieved from
http://www.pearsonlongman.com/ae/download/shiningstar/graphic_organizers_11_15.pdf
Piaget, J., Elkind D., Tenzer A. (1967). Six psychological studies. Random House New York.
Ryan, R., & Deci, E. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new
directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology. US.
Sánchez, M. (2011). Video tutoriales, qué son y para qué sirven. Universidad Internacional de
Andalucía. Catálogo de Recursos TICs y herramientas de la web 2.0 para la innovación.
Recuperado de: http://creatic.innova.unia.es/edicionypublicacion/videotutoriales
Schmitt, N. & Sonbul, S. (2012). Explicit and Implicit Lexical Knowledge: Acquisition of
Collocations Under Different Input Conditions. Language Learning. UK.
Sweet, M. & Michaelsen, L. (2012). Team based learning in the social sciences and humanities:
Group work that works to generate critical thinking and engagement. Sterling, Stylus
Publishing. VA.
Taylor, J. (2015). Getting On Falling Out Medium Term Planning. Primary resources. Retrieved
from http://www.primaryresources.co.uk/pshe/pshe1.htm#friendship
The Seattle Times. (2012). Washington college instructors are ‘flipping’ the way they teach.
December 16, 2012. In Pearson Flipped Learning in Higher Education Retrieved at
bit.ly/YcstDH.
Thomas, B. (2008). Complete First Certificate Preparation Material. Cambridge University Press.
UK
Uhl, A. & O’Malley J. (1994). The CALLA Handbook. Implementing the Cognitive Academic
Language Learning Approach. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. US.
204
Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial. (2015). Modelo Educativo y Pedagógico. Unidad de
Excelencia y Desarrollo Curricular. Quito.
Ur, P. (2012a). Vocabulary Activities. Cambridge Handbooks for Language Teachers. Cambridge
University Press. UK.
Ur, P. (2012b). A course in English Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press. UK.
Walsh, K. (2015). The Free Flipped Teaching and Learning Resources EBook. FlippedClassroom
Worshop.com
Wentzel, K. R., & Watkins, D. E. (2002). Peer relationships and collaborative learning as contexts
for academic enablers. School Psychology Review, 31, 366 –377.
Western New York Regional Information Center. (2013, Aug 8). Niagara Falls High School Math
Score to ‘FLIP’ Over. Retrieved from http://www.e1b.org/WNYRIC.aspx?ArticleId=171
Yarbro, J., Arfstrom, K., McKnight, K., & MsKnight, P. (2014). Extension of a Review of Flipped
Learning, Flipped Learning Network, Pearson, George Mason University. Retrieved from
http://www.flppedlearning.org
Zahar, R. Acquiring vocabulary through Reading: Effects of frequency and contextual richness,
Canadian Modern Language Review- Vol 57, Nº4, June. Retreived from:
http://www.lextutor.ca/cv/v_conditions.htm
205