ESTADISTICA II

unidad 2: Pruebas de la bondad del

ajuste y análisis de Varianza.

M.C. PASCUAL HERNANDEZ BAUTISTA

 TEMARIO
2.1 Análisis Ji-Cuadrada
2.1.1 Prueba de independencia
2.1.2 Prueba de la bondad del ajuste
2.1.3 Tablas de contingencia
2.2 Análisis de varianza
2.2.1 Inferencia sobre una varianza de población (Anova).
2.2.2 Inferencia sobre la varianza de dos poblaciones (Anova).
2.3 Aplicaciones.
 2.1 Análisis Ji-Cuadrada
 Las pruebas Chi-cuadrado se utilizan para probar hipótesis referidas a los
patrones de comportamiento de frecuencias relacionadas con variables ya sean
cuantitativas o cualitativas.

 En este sentido, entre las pruebas más comunes se encuentran la de Bondad

del Ajuste, la de Independencia y la de Homogeneidad. Karl Pearson (1900)
propuso el estadístico de prueba Ji-Cuadrado2.

 La prueba consiste en determinar si esas diferencias se deben a variaciones al

azar y por lo tanto no son significativas o si por el contrario son significativas. En
el primer caso no se rechaza la hipótesis nula planteada, mientras que en el
segundo se rechaza
2.1 Análisis Ji-Cuadrada
 Who
a!
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presentation where you introduce
yourself, write your email...
“This is a quote, words full of
wisdom that someone important
said and can make the reader get
inspired.”
—SOMEONE
FAMOUS
 “This is a quote, words full of
wisdom that someone important
said and can make the reader get
inspired.”

—SOMEONE
FAMOUS
 01
INTRODUCTIO
N
TO THE
SUBJECT
You can enter a subtitle here if you need
it
 INTRODU
0 CTION
TO THE
SUBJECT
1 You can enter a subtitle
here if you need it
THE TITLE SLIDE GOES HERE!

Do you know what helps you make your point clear? Lists like this one:

● They’re simple
● You can organize your ideas clearly
● You’ll never forget to buy milk!

And the most important thing: the audience won’t miss the point of your
presentation at all
MAYBE YOU NEED TO DIVIDE THE
CONTENT
MERCURY
Mercury is the closest planet
to the Sun and the smallest
one. Its name has nothing to
do with the liquid metal
VENUS
Venus has a beautiful name
and is the second planet
from the Sun. It’s terribly hot,
even hotter than Mercury
MAYBE YOU NEED TO DIVIDE THE
CONTENT
Mercury is the closest planet to the
MERC Sun and the smallest one. Its name
has nothing to do with the liquid
URY metal

Venus has a beautiful name and is VENU

the second planet from the Sun. It’s
terribly hot, even hotter than Mercury S
 WHY NOT USING THREE
COLUMNS?

MARS JUPITER SATURN

Despite being red, Jupiter is a gas giant Saturn is the ringed
Mars is actually a very and also the biggest one. It’s a gas giant,
cold place. It’s full of planet in the entire mostly composed of
iron oxide dust Solar System hydrogen and helium
WHY NOT USING THREE
COLUMNS?
MAR
Despite being red, Mars is actually a very
S cold place. It’s full of iron oxide dust

JUPI
Jupiter is a gas giant and also the biggest
TER planet in the entire Solar System

SAT
Saturn is the ringed one. It’s a gas giant,
URN composed mostly of hydrogen and helium
A PICTURE
ALWAYS
REINFORCES
THE CONCEPt
Images reveal large amounts
of data, so remember: use an
image instead of long texts
 A PICTURE
ALWAYS Images reveal large amounts of
data, so remember: use an
REINFORCES image instead of long texts

THE CONCEPt
 A
PICTURE
IS
WORTH
A
THOUSA
ND
A PICTURE IS WORTH A
THOUSAND WORDS
AWESOME
WORDS
Mercury is the closest planet
to the Sun and the smallest
one in the Solar System—it’s
only a bit larger than the Moon
AWESO
ME
WORD
S
 02
PRESENTATIO
N
OF THE TOPIC
You can enter a subtitle here if you need
it
 THIS IS A GRAPH
Year 2020
Year 2021
Year 2022

To modify this graph, click on it,

follow the link, change the data
and paste the new graph here

MERCU JUPITE SATUR

RY R N
 THIS IS A GRAPH
Year 2020 Year 2021 Year 2022

Follow the link in the graph

to modify its data and then
paste the new one here.
For more info, click here
 This a graph

Year 2020

Year 2021

Year 2022

Follow the link in the graph

to modify its data and then
paste the new one here.
For more info, click here
 REVIEWING CONCEPTS IS A
GOOD IDEA
mercury venus neptune
Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful Neptune is the farthest
planet to the Sun and the name and is the second planet from the Sun and
smallest one planet from the Sun the fourth-largest one

mars jupiter saturn

Despite being red, Mars is Jupiter is a gas giant and Saturn is the ringed
a cold place. The planet is the biggest planet in the planet. It’s mostly
full of iron oxide dust Solar System composed of hydrogen
and helium
INFOGRAPHICS MAKE YOUR IDEA
UNDERSTANDABLE
mars neptune
Despite being red, Neptune is the farthest
Mars planet from the Sun
is a very cold place

mercury venus
Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful
planet to the Sun name, but it’s hot
INFOGRAPHICS MAKE YOUR IDEA
UNDERSTANDABLE

mars NEPTUNE
Despite being red, Neptune is the farthest
Mars planet from the Sun
is a very cold place

Mercury Venus
Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful
planet to the Sun name, but it’s hot
 AND THE SAME GOES FOR
TABLES
MASS DIAMETER SURFACE
(earths) (earths) GRAVITY
(earths)
MERCUR
0.06 0.38 0.38
Y

MARS 0.11 0.53 0.38

SATURN 95.2 9.4 1.16

 THIS IS A MAP
80 90
% %
12.7m
Mercury is the smallest
planet

39.9M
Despite being red, Mars is
cold

19.20k
Jupiter is a gas giant
30 60
% %
 A TIMELINE ALWAYS WORKS
WELL
Day 2 Day 4
Venus is the second Saturn is the ringed
planet from the Sun one and a gas giant

Day 1 Day 3
Despite being red, Jupiter is the biggest
Mars is a cold place planet of them all
 A TIMELINE ALWAYS WORKS
WELL
Venus is the second Saturn is the ringed
planet from the Sun one and a gas giant

Day Day Day Day

1 2 3 4
Despite being red, Jupiter is the biggest
Mars is a cold place planet of them all
487,300,0
00
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
487,300,
000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
333,000
Earths is the Sun’s mass

24h 37m
23s Jupiter’s rotation period
333,000
Earths is the Sun’s mass

24h 37m
23s
Jupiter’s rotation period
 YOU CAN ALSO USE FOUR
COLUMNS
mercury
Mercury is the closest planet
to the Sun and the smallest
one in the Solar System
venus
Venus has a beautiful name
and is the second planet
from the Sun in the Solar
System

neptune mars
Neptune is the farthest Despite being red, Mars is a
planet from the Sun and also cold place. The planet is full
the fourth-largest one of iron oxide dust
 PERCENTAGES ARE VERY
USEFUL

25% 50% 75%

Despite being red, Jupiter is the Saturn is a gas
Mars is a cold place biggest planet giant with several
rings
 THIS IS ANOTHER TIMELINE
Venus has a Saturn is the ringed
beautiful name one and a gas giant

01 02 03 04 05

Despite being red, Jupiter is the Earth is the only

Mars is a cold place biggest planet one that harbors life
 ANOTHER INFOGRAPHIC FOR
YOUR IDEAS
mars
Despite being red, Mars
is a very cold place
neptune
Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun

mercury venus
Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful
planet to the Sun name, but it’s hot

jupiter
Jupiter is a gas giant and
the biggest planet
 YOU CAN USE A DIAGRAM
Despite being red, Saturn is the
Mars is cold ringed planet

STEP STEP STEP STEP

01 02 03 04

Mercury is the Venus has a

smallest planet beautiful name
 schedulE
TIME MON TUE WED THU FRI
9:00

10:00

11:00

11:30 BREAK
12:00

13:00

14:00
 Main ideas and details
Topic

Mercury Mars Venus

Mercury is the
Despite being red, Venus has a
closest planet to the
Mars is actually a beautiful name and
Sun and the
cold place. It's full of is the second planet
smallest in the Solar
iron oxide dust from the Sun
System
 Infographic

Despite
being red,
Mars is cold

Mercury is Earth is the

very close planet we
to the Sun all live on
 Task
task TO DO DOING DONE
Mercury
Mercury is a very X
small planet

Venus
Venus has a X
beautiful name but
it’s very hot
Jupiter
Jupiter is the biggest X
planet of all
 Main ideas and details

Jupiter

Venus
Jupiter is the biggest planet Venus is the second planet
in the Solar System from the sun

Topic
MARS

saturn
Despite being red, Mars is a Saturn is a gas giant and
cold place has several rings
 Priorities
High priority low priority
Mars SATURN
Despite being red, Mars 01 04 Saturn is the ringed
is really a cold planet planet and a gas giant

Venus EARTH
Venus has a beautiful 02 05 The Earth is the only
name but it’s very hot planet that harbors life in

Jupiter mercury
Jupiter is the biggest 03 06 Mercury is the smallest
planet on our System planet in the solar
system
 Remember to
today this week this month
Mercury Mars Neptune
Mercury is the closest Despite being red, Mars is Neptune is the farthest
planet to the Sun a cold place planet from the Sun

Venus Jupiter Saturn

Venus has a beautiful Jupiter is the biggest Saturn is composed of
name but it’s very hot planet in the Solar System hydrogen and helium
 Calendar
MO TU WE TH FR SA SU
1 2 3 4 5 6
EXAM
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Venus has a beautiful
name and it’s very
hot
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
SCHOOL
TRIP
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place

28 29 30 31
 infographic
Saturn is the ringed MARS
planet. It’s mostly
composed of hydrogen
and helium
Despite being red, Mars is
a cold place. The planet is
full of iron oxide dust

Venus has a beautiful

name and is the second
planet from the Sun
 infographic
MAR Despite being red, Mars is a
cold place. The planet is full
S of iron oxide dust

Venus has a beautiful

name and is the second
Venu
planet from the Sun s

Mercu Mercury is the closest planet

to the Sun and the smallest
ry one in the Solar System
 ● This is an item of your
DO YOU NEED● A LIST? list
This is an item of your
list
● This is an item of your
MARS IS THE list
● This is an item of your
FOURTH list
PLANET ● This is an item of your
list
Despite being red, Mars is ● This is an item of your
actually a cold place full of list
iron oxide dust ● This is an item of your
list
● This is an item of your
list
● This is an item of your
list
● This is an item of your
 Timing
Day 1
Jupiter is a gas giant
and it’s very big Day 2
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun

Day 3
Despite being red,
Mars is actually cold Day 4
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun
 Process

Mercury
Mercury is the closest
planet to the Sun and the
Venus
smallest one of them all Venus has a beautiful
name and is the second
planet from the Sun Mars
Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place. It’s
full of iron oxide dust
 TImeline

Venus is the second Despite being red, Mars

planet from the Sun is a very cold place

Venus Mars

Mercury Jupiter
Mercury is the closest Jupiter is the biggest
planet to the Sun planet of them all
 Brainstorming
Mars
Venus
Saturn
Mars
Jupiter
Mercury
Earth
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