Turner, R. E. (1989) Factors Affecting the Relative Abundance of Shrimp in Ecuador.

A SUSTAINABLE SHRIMP MARICULTURE

INDUSTRY FOR ECUADOR

Edjttd by Stephen Olsen and Luis Arrlaga

Factors Affecting the Relative Abundance of Shrimp in Ecuador

Factores que Afectan la Abundancia Relativa del Camarón en el

Ecuador

R. Eugene Turner

Resumen

La producción de camarones peneidos en Ecuador tiene significación nacional, en términos de

volumen, valor y ocupación de mano de obra. Aunque la producción en piscinas aumento grandemente en
los últimos años, los datos disponibles sugieren que la producción por superficie (Kgha) ha declinado
significativamente. Desde la perspectiva del manejo del recurso, las preguntas claves comprenden: ¿Cuáles
son los impactos de la tala del manglar?; ¿Cuál es la variación natural en el reclutamiento?;¿Se puede
aumentar el suministro de postlarvas naturales?; ¿Cómo influye la captura de postlarvas y juveniles en el
tamaño del "stock?.
Después de presentar informaciones sobre el ciclo biológico del camarón y las relaciones del
reclutamiento en abiente natural, el autor trata sobre los efectos de áreas pantonosas costeras en el
reclutamiento del camarón, sosteniendo que el crecimiento y la supervivencia de las postlarvas en los esteros
constituyen, probablemente, los factores más importantes que afectan a la magnitud de la población adulta.
Se incluyen ejemplos de Malasia, Filipinas y Golfo de México (Luisiana),en los cuales se demuestra que los
rendimientos a largo plazo están relacionados linealmente tanto a la calidad como a la cantidad del habitat
intermareal.
Asunto relevante, además de la riqueza orgánica del ecosistema de manglar, es la protección que
porporcionan las estructuras de la planta a los camaronerosjuveniles, conforme ha sido demostrado en
experimentos sobre la relación predador-presa, que son citados en el trabajo.
Se analiza la influencia del clima sobre las fluctuaciones anuales del "stock" de camarones,
estableciéndose que en el Ecuador hay una baja variación anual (20%)de la "capturapor unidad de esfuerzo"
(CPU), en comparación con la de otros países (hasta un 90%). La presencia o ausencia del fenómeno de El
Niño, es determinante en las variaciones anuales.
En las conclusiones, el autor expresa que la conservación de la "cantidad de habitat" es altamente
significativopara mantener el éxito sostenido en el reclutamiento de los "stocks", puesto que parece que la
extensión del habitat es el factor determinante de las densidades potenciales del "stock natural, que son
modificadas anualmente por influencias climáticas.
En consecuencia, la recomendación del autor es la conservación de las zonas de manglares, si el
Gobierno desea prevenir grandes cambios en los "stocks" de postlarvas, juveniles y adultos. Donde sea
posible, el manglar debe ser restribuído mediante el restablecimiento de la hidrología natural. La zona de
amortiguación del manglar alrededor de las áreas taladas debería ser al menos el doble del área talada.
También, concluye en que la industria del camarón presenta signos del aumento de conflictos entre
usuarios de los recursos, necesitándose datos precisos para lograr el éxito en la interacción entre todas las
partes interesadas.
Finalmente, recomienda divulgar técnicas para aumentar el suministro de postlarvas mediante la
disminución de la mortalidad durante su manipuleo.
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Citation:
Turner, R. E. (1989) Factors Affecting the Relative Abundance of Shrimp in Ecuador.
In Olsen, S. and Arriaga, L., editors. A Sustainable Shrimp Mariculture Industry for Ecuador.
Narragansett, RI: Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island.
Introduction

Penaeids areharvestedextensivelythroughouttheEcuadoriancoastalzonefrom boatsandin ponds

built within the mangrovelinedestuaries.The harvestis of nationalsignificancein termsof volume,value
andemployment(Sutinenet al., this volume), Resourcemanagement questionshavearissnasthe
mariculiuresystemdeveloped. For example, trawl fishermen have accused thepondoperators-of depleting
stocksof wild shrimppostlar'rrae (PL) andjuvenilesto supplythe ponds. As manyas90,000to 120,000
peoplemay be involvedin postlarvaecollectioneachyear,andtheeffectson the shrimppopulationis
unlinown. RecentPL shortages haveled to seriouseconomicdifficulties,particularlyfor the pond
operalors; in 1985,50 percent
of thepondswereidle dueto a shortageof wild-caughtpostlarvae,which
representup to one-halfof pondoperationexpenses (-iPuma andMeltzoff, 1985). Many of thepondsare
itimangtoni zoneswhich areveryproductivecomponents of theestuarineecosystem (Cintro1,1981)and
contrib;6gto both flora andfauna, includingshrimp. Although catchesin the pondsincreaseddramatically
in recentyears,the availabledatasuggests thatthearealrateofproduction(kg/ha)for all pondshasdeclined
significantly.Thereareseveralreasonsfor this decline:
. Thebestsitesmay haveakeadybeenchosenleavingonly ttrepoorestsitesfor later
development.
. For economicreasonspondsmaybe abandoned or neverused.
. The statisticsarenot accurate'
. Pondoperatorsarenow relying moreon naturalstockingofponds throughtidal action
thanon stockingwith caughtlarvae.
. Pondfertility is depletedafterthreeharvests, andmanagement stepswerenot takenbefore
seedingthefourthproductionperiod.
. Mostpondswereunauthorized and,therefore,wersnot countedin earlierestimates of
ProductivitY'
.Informal exportsof shrimpthroughPeru,amongothercountries,havealsocontributedto
this skewedappeafince.
Froma resourcemanagement perspective, concemingtherelative
thekey questionsto be addressed
of
abundance naturalshrimpstocks are:
. What arethe impactsof clearingmangroves?
. What is thenaturalvariationin recruitment?
. Canlhe naturalpostlarvaesupplybe increased?
. How muchdoesthe harvestof postlarvaeandjuvenilesinfluencethe offshorestock size?

Life Cycles of Wild Penaeid ShrimP

Shrimpbeginlife in the openseaaseggswhich maturethroughnaplius,protozoealandzoeal

wate6
stages.lfter Oriftirigduringthepelagiclarvalphases,thepostlarvaeenterlower-salinityestuarine
seek nutrient-iich iubsrates, such as mangroue roots,to which they cling until the next
on"floodtides and
(bottom-dwelling), growing
tide takesthemdeeperinto the estwfy. Eventuallyttreshrimpbecomebenthic
retum to the
G;ir ttrefood-riin andpredator-r.ifotqOenvironment.Afier severalweeksor months,they
zones (Figure 1). Fishermen harvest shrimp from estuariesas postlarvae
oc|an-reruining in the rt'uUo*
pon-ds, or as subadults and adults in the nearshore and open oceanic waters. For reasons
for stocking
discussed below,most;ommercially-important penaeidshrimpareassumed to be estuarinedependent'
Thecapabilityof estuarinemangroveateas to suppoit major.fisheries is widely acknowledged by
TheJuveniles of many commercially important fisheriescongregate in
scientists,but nbt weli understood. for
anOiefugefrom predators.Suc[ behaviormakesthese
-3[ti*p, speciesmore adaptable
shallowzonesfor feeOing
maricuttureop"rutions. iti'patticuiat,takeadvantage of favorableshallowwaterhabitatsduring
criricallife cyclestages.Various studies have revealed thai shrimp postlarvaearepresentvirtually all year
in mangrovewaters,uitttougttnumbersfluctuateseasonally in relationto the lunar,diurnalandtidal cycles'

r22
 Shrimp Recruitment Relationships

Penaeidshrimpstockssufferthe greatestmortalitywhenthe organismis smallest.In many

fisheries,variationsin recruitmentof an agegoup into theexploitedstockis drivenby adultspawning
biomasssize. But stockrecruitmentrelationships for penaeidshrimparenot clearlydemonstrable (Garcia,
1983)becausetheadultstocksizeis determinedby thechangesin juvenile,evenpostlarvaeabundance, and
is not primarily relatedto changesin adult spawningbiomass.
However,therearereasonablecausalrelationshipsbetweenlarval andjuvenile abundances andthe
subsequent densities(GarciaandLeReste,1981).In turn,the stockrecruitmentsuccess is clearlydependent
on climaticfactors,predationlevels,food supplyandhabitatquality. Of these,thoughnot preciselydefined
for penaeidshrimp,habitatis considered theprincipallong-termfactorinfluencingsustainedshrimp
harvests.ShSmpmariculturein Ecuadormay havecontributedto thechangein thedominantspecies,from
Penaeusoccidentalisto P. vannamei.P. vannameiis moreadaptableto coastalpondsenvironments, and
inefficienttechniquesmay releaseto theestuary1,000poundsof IO-ZOgrampreadultshrimpduringthe
harvestof a single10hectarepond.

Effects of Coastal Wetland Area on Recruitment of Penaeid Shrimp Stocks

Coastal Wetland Area and Shrimp Stock Size

. Researchers agreethatlarvalshrimpmovementandrecruitmentfrom the spawningsitesoffshore

into_estuaries ar9nrobablythemostimportantfactorsaffectingtheharvestable adulipopulition size(Garcia
andLeReste,1981;Garcia,1983;TumerandBrody, 1983).Alrhoughestuarinesafiriityandtemperarure
changesaffecttheannualpotentialfor postlarvaesurvival,tie long-iermyieldsarelinearlyrelatedto both
thequantityandqualityof intertidalhabitat. Despitethedifficulty in obtainingreliablemeasures of fishing
effort andlandings,thereareseveralexamplesof ttrehabitat-yieldrelationship?roughout theworld.
Jothy(1984)providesdatafrom Malaysiarelatingmangroveareaandshrimpyields(Figure2).
Althoughtheauthordoesnot describethetime periodof 6e shrlmphndingsdatanor itreu-iont of fishing
effort, thereis a clearrelationshipbetweenshrimplandingsandmangroveareain eachof the statesalong
Malaysia'scoastline.
PaulyandIngles(1986)compiledsimilarstatisticsfor thePhilippinesandthe samerelationship
holdsbetweenshrimplandingsandmangrovezoneGrgure3). Theresearchers live in ttrefhilippines and
hadaccessto lon-g-term dataon bottrtheartisanalandcommercialrawl catches.They etiminatedunder-and
over-reportingof catchdataandthe abuseof mangrovearealestimatesfor economicinterestsconcernedwith
Lhemangrovelumberconcession.
- . Long-termdataandmonitoringfrom theentirenorthernGulf of Mexico arealsoavailable.The
areaof intertidalvegetationis alsowell knownthroughseveralsurveyssince1960,with theareaof
vegetationdirectlyandlinearlyrelatedto the tidal landingsin anyoneyear@igure4). The vegetationin
theseestuariesis not dominatedby mangroves(exceptin isolatei casei;. rirer.-eis alsono sign'ificant
relationshipbetweenwatersurfaceareaandlandings,exceptfor a possibleinverserelationshi'p.In addition,
the speciesof shrimpcaughtaredirectlyrelatedto itre tdnosof intertidalcoastalvegetationin^eacharea.
The samedirectrelationship betweencommercialharvestsof penaeidshriilp andintertidal
vegetationis foundworldwide,thoughit changeswith latitude,rising with decreasing latitudeuntil around
5o N/S whereit declinesSigure 5).
. . The importantcommercialspeciesin Ecuadorarelistedin Table1 anddistributionof harvestby
speciesis shownin Table2.
The relationshipsof wetlandareato penaeidshrimpyields havebeenindirectly testedttrrough
large-scale changesin wetlandareas.Severalexampleshavebeendocumented with vaiiousOeg.ees of
success(Figure6, Table3).
In Louisiana,the coastalwetlandlossrateis 0.8percentper year(Craiget al., 1979;Tumer, 1979,
1982;Turneret al., 1982). Changesinvegetationate accompanied by changesi-nthe shrimp'catchin direct
relation_lothe lossor gainof wetlandsin eachestuary.Therearealsodemoistratedrelationships between
the qualityof estuarinewetlandsand shrimpcatch. Due to thelossof wetlandareasoverthepast30 years,

r23
moresalt-lolerantvegetationhasdominated,with accompanying increasein brackishshrimpspecies(Figure
7).
In Japan,Doi (1983)showedthat the declinein yieldsof P. japonicuswasproportional!o land
reclamationin theestuaryGigure 8). However,theintertidallandwasmostlyunvegetated, shallow
mudflats.MorganandGarcia(1982)noteda long-termdecrease in
in therecruitmentof P. semisuculatus
Kuwait andSaudiArabiarelatedto estuarinelandreclamation.In El Salvador,mangroveswereclearedfor
agricultureandthe shrimpfisheriesdeclined,ttroughthe fisheriesanalysisis far from completedueto
difficulty in obtaininggoodestimatesof landingsandeffort (Daugherty,1975).
Finally, in thePeople'sRepublicof Vietnam,the chemicaldefoliationof the southerncoastalzone
duringthelatestwar causedwidespread lossof mangroves.Thoughtheanalysisis not generallyavailable
to the scientificcommunity for review,thereapparentlywasa severedeclinein coastalfisheriesstocks,
includingshrimp(Norman,1983).

Causal RelationshipsLeading to the Wetland-Stock Relationships

Experimentsin predator-prey interactionsin wetlandsshowsimilarpattemsin shrimpyields.,For

example, *etlands btoctedoff from the numbersof
estuarywith leveesor bulkheadsresultin decreased
adult stnimpat the alteredsites(Mock, 1967;Trentetal.,1976). Althoughthe wetlandedgeis particularly
high in organics,a moreimportantfactormay be theprotectionfrom predatorsthatplant structuresoffer
th6 shrimf. Field andlaboritory predator-preyexperimentswith P. ^ztecusin vegetatedandnon-vegetated
saltmarshhabitatsindicatethat smalljuvenileshideamongplant stemsto escapepredators(Minello and
Zimmerman,1983a,b; ZimmermanandMinello, 1984;Zimmermanet al., 1984;MinelloandZimmerman,
1985). The numberof successful predatorattackson prey declineswith increasingvegetationcomplexity'
Thuswetlandhabita6appearto be favoredsitesfor juvenile shrimp,which is consistentwith observations
of organismadaptationio resourcedepression in thepresenceofpredators(Charnovet al., 1976). These
tespo-nses areafo observedfor freshwaterlakeswith wetlandsfringingtheirborders,coralreefs,seagrasses
und.iu"rr (GroenandSchmulbach, 1978;Johannes, 1978;SavinoandStein,1982;Strangeetal., 1982;
Duroucher,1984;HeckandThomas,1984; Holland and Huston,1984: RobbleeandZieman,1984; Hoyer
et al., 1985;Risotto and Tumer, 1985).

Mangrove Loss and Postlarvae and Adult Supply

Doesdeclinein shrimplandingsor postlarualsupplyfollow the lossof mangrovesdueto

mariculturepondconstructionfTo addressthis question,it is worthwhileto determinethe changesin
mangrove
- arbassincesignificantpondconsfuctionbeganin or about1976.
The declinein irangroveareain Ecuadorasa directresultof theconstructionof maricultureponds
in tle mangove zoneis estiiratedat 10.6percenrby Alvarez(his yolgme). Valdiviezo(no date)estimated
tlratthereiete a total of l75,2Lghectares(ha)of mangroves and89,368ha of brackishwatermariculture
ponar (fuUf" 4) in Ecuadorasof 1982. One study of the GuayasRiver estuary(CLIRqEry,1983)indicates
ihat 16'perceniof the pond $owth from 1966 to 1982-83 in mangroves(Tab195). Assumingthat
occurred
abouttb percentof thi pres6ntmariculturepondsarein formermangrovezones,thenabout9,000ha of
mangroves areno longerfunctioningasa forestedwetlandecosystem..
Is this estimited10.6percJntdeclinein mangrovematchedby an equivalentdeclinein shrimp
landingsor postlarvalsupplies?This is a difficult questionto address-with presentlandings.statistics for
Ecuad6r.Alttrougtrthe riwl effort hasremainedsomewhatconstantfor the last 15 years (Figure9), the
-t.t p". unit eff6rt (CPUE)hasfluctuated;but naturalvariationsin a varietyof fisheriesstocks,especially
shrimp,' fluctuateat least20 percentin any oneyear.
Further,the 10.6peicent declinei in mangrovearecumulative. In 1980declineswereonly around
1.0percent,so the impact'of*angroue lossis relativeto annualenvironmenlalfluctuationsthat affect
stocls. Evenso, the CPLIEin the last severalyearsis lower thanaverage.
Anotherquestionis whetheror not fishingeffort in thelast few yeat!.!T remainedconsunt.
Wittroutcotnpensuting for a changingeffort, as wetl asvesselnumbers,it is difhcult to separateout the
relativeinfluencesof 6tmate,effort anOmangrovedecline. Certainlythe effort hasnot beencomp-letely
constantbecausethe sizeof tireboats(measuedin horsepower) haschangedsince1980(Figure10)'
 Effects of Climate on Annual Fluctuations of Penaeid Shrimp Stocks

Natural Variations in Stock Size

Adult stockharvestsmay vary asmuchas 100percentfrom yearto year. Table6 showsthe

coefficientof variationfor ttreEcuadorianfawling fleetandseveralotherworid shrimpfisheries.The
Ecuadorfleet hasa very low variationin CPUEof 20 percentcomparedto up to 90 percentelsewhere.
Clewly therehasbeenhigh stabilityin recruitmentovbr the 1xt25 yearsin bcuadoi. However,thereis
still muchvariationfrgm yearto year. Understanding the factorsleadingto this variationis importantto
the management of this fishery.
It is now well documented thattheselargeannualvariationsareassociated with changesin
estuarineconditions.Variationin estuarinesalinityandtemperature arethebest-documented climatic
influencesCtable7), but thefrequencyandintensityoffrontal passages, river discharges or subs6ate
conditionsmay alsobe important.Numerousdataon CPUEareauailable(e.g.,Gullind andRothschild,
1984;Kapetsky,1981;KapetskyandLasserre,1984a,b),but rhereis no systdmaticandcomparative
analysisof climaticinfluences.CopelandandBechtel(1974)analyzedttreiatinityandtemperature
preferences of severalpenaeidspeciesin estuaries of thenorthernbulf of Mexi.o. rtr"/
demonstrated the interactiveoptimalpreferences by shrimpfor temperature "i6atiythanlinear
andsalinitn rather
relationships dominatedby one factor.
Cun andMarin (1982)examinedfisheneslandingsdatato determinetheannualchangesin the
c_atch of P' stylirostrisin thenorthern(zonade Golfo),cenral and southernparts(zonadephlas) of the
Gulf of Guayaquilbetween1965and 1979(Figure11). Theinrerannualvariationiwerehigtrandtherewere
differencesin speciesdominancebetweenareai,thoughthereasonsarenot yet understood.
Dataon theflow of theJubonesRiver,which entersthe Guayaseituary(Table8) wasused
asa
sturogatefor regionalvariationsin rainfall andtemperature, demonsratingan inverscretaiionitripwittr
riverflow and CPUE(seeatsoFigure 12). SinceEi Nino uiually bringswet and warmweather,
these
eventsseemto indicatettratsucheventsareunfavorablefor shrimpre6ruitment.However,themostrecent
El Nino eventsof the80sresultedin very high valuesof CPIIE, but arenot includedhere
becauseof the
lack of riverflow data.
_Trgmajorpoint or this figure is to encourage analysisof effectsof climateon
ElugdgrianshrimpCPUE(aswell asottrerspecies).This upprouclihu,prbuenfeasibleelsewhere(e.g.,
Table7).

rmplications for Managementof penaeid shrimp stocks

The optionsavailable_to
penaeidshrimpmanagers mightbe describedasbeingof threetypes:
economic,or and processing
management; personnel,or slocio-cultural
manageme-nq
{9e1 anOtrauitat
management.Habilatmanagementis emphasized here. Theprimarycauseof cha-nges in thesewetlandsare
manmadeactivitiesandmay,therefore,be manageable. Without moreatrcnrionto-habitat,thefirst rwo
concernswill becomelessimportantandmoredifficult to implement.As the potentialcrop
of bottr
posflarvaeandaduls decreases with wetlandlosses,optionsto *anrge whateverremains becomemuch
morelimited.
Penaeidshrimpmanagersshouldregardhabitatmanagement astheirprimaryresponsibility.
.
ottrerwise,theywill befacedwith trying to dividefewerandfJ*"t rto.tr amongmore
an6morepeople,
especiallyfishermen,while watchingtheir well-designed but slaticmanagement plansfalter with changing
environmentalconditions.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Below aresomeconclusions andrecommendations basedon thereviewof penaeidshrimpbiology

andthepresentsituationin theEcuadorianfishery. Thesewill necessarily
be broadiystatedsince
 personnel,politics and
implementationmustbe flexible to reflectlocal variationsin economies,
environment.

1. Conclusion:Penaeidshrimprecruitmentfrom larvaeto adultis srongly influencedby

habitatqualityand quantity. The hypothesisthathabitatquantitydetermines adultstocksizesis supported
by limited neld otservationsfollowing wetland removal from the ecosystem. Conservation of habitat
quantity is of high significance to sustainedstock recruitment successsince it seems to be the final
diterminantof riaturalpotentialstockdensitieswhich climaticinfluencesmodify annually.
Recommendations: Mangrovezonesmustbe conserved if thegovernmentwantsto avoid
major changesin stocks of postlarvae,juveniles and adults. Stock harvestis probablyat its naturallimit,
and conse*:ation, rather tlan furtherexploitationof the few remaining stocks, is in order.

. Wherepossible,mangroves of the
shouldbe restoredttrroughreestablishment
naturalhydrologY.
. Mangrovebufferzonesaroundclearedzonesshouldbe at leasttwicethelevee
width andincludettrelevee'

Z. Conclusion:The shrimpindustryin Ecuadoris expansiveandintensive,andshowssigns

involvedto
of increasinguser-useconflict. Minimizition of cbnflict is possiblebut all partiesmustbe
optimizeintEractions.Accuratedata is required for this interaction
to succeed'
Recommendations: Anlntegratedstudyplanwhich includesall usersandall aspegpof
mustiepresenttheecosystem since-resource conflictsare
theenvironmentshouldbe developed.Oneag-ency
the common resource,e.g.,mangroves and water quality; the
prtAffy 6ur"d on individualexploirationof
resource use and havelong-lasting implicationsfor a vmiety of
ir*.r itr .omplicated,involve^multiple
social,political andnaturalresources.
. Determineif thedeclinein kg/haof pondsis real. If not, determinewherethe
dataareincorrect. Canthis situationbe rectified? If the declineis real, what are
thereasonsbehindit? Are theyecological,economicor political?
. Examinethe existingdatato seeif thereareany otherdatawhich could be
summarized for long-termanalysis.
. Develop a completefisheriesstatisticalanalysisandcontinuedatacollection.
. Supportthe newly-established effort to formalizea captain'slog book to
summarizefishing efforfi trips, hours,etc'
changes
3. Conclusion:The variationsarehigh enoughnow to masktherelativelysmaller
in stocksizedueto presentreductionsin mangrove'
in stocks
Recommendafl;: I; ;alysis of the effectsif climateon the annualvariations
tt would be usefullo
especially the
examine effectsof oceanic
shouldbe.o*pt.i"A.
temperature anomalieson shrimpandon otherstocks'

4.' Conclusion:postlarvaesuppliescanbe increased withoutexploitingadditionalmangrove

zonesby reducingthe tossbt postlarvae
aftercapture andbeforeinftoductioninto ponds'
Recommendatioti: no.utgaie techniques to increasethe supplyof postlarvaeby
decreasingthe mortalityof thosecaught.

126
 Table 1
List of Shrimpof CommercialImportance(lrtcPadden,1985)

CommonName Family Species

Blanco Peraidae Penaewvannamiei

P. stylirostris
P. occidentalis
Cafe Pernidae P. californiensis
Rojo Penaidae P. brevirostris
Zpbn Penaidae Trachypenaeus byrdi
T. pacift,cus
T.face
Pomada/Titi Peraidae Xiphopenaeus riveti
Protrachypettaeuspr ecip tn
Carapachudo Solonoceridse Solonoceraspp.
CamronesdeProfundidad Pmdalidae Heterocarpusspp.

Table 2
Distributionof ShrimpSpeciesin Marineandpond Harvests
(fromM. Cobo,mimeoreport)
Species 7oCommercial
Catch 7oPondHarvest
P. occidentalis 70 5
P. styliorstris 15to 20 95
P. vannamei 2to3 0
P. califurniensis J 0
Trachypenewbyrdi minor 0
T.faoea 0
T. similispacificus tl
0
Xtphopeneus riveti 0
Pr otrachypene pr ecipua tl
0
Solenoceraflorea I
0
 Table 3
Summaryof Examplesof PenaeidShrimpStockChangesFollowing
IntertidalWetlandChanges

Afea. VegetationChanges StockChanges Source

Louisiana Quantiry,quality Quantity,quality Turnerunpub,

Kuwait and Morganand

SaudiArabia Quantity Quantity Gucia,1982

Japan None; mudflat Quantrty Doi et al.,

reclamation r973

El Salvador Quantity Quantity Daugherty,

r975

Vietnam Quantity Quantity Norman,1983

Table 4
Areaof Mangrove,CamaronerasandSalinas
in Ecuador,ckca1982-1984(Valdivieso,no date)

Province Camaroneras lvlanglares Salinas

Guayas 52,912 ttg,526 17,340

24,456 2,520
El Oro
Manabi
26,484
8,3't't 12,416 'y
Esmeraldas 1,595 30,153

TOTAL 89,368 186,551 20,024

Table 5
(in
Changes from
hectares) 1966to 1982in Mangrove,Salinas
andOtherEstuarineZonesin aPilot StudyArea in El Oro
Province(from CLIRSEN, 1983)

Tnne 1966 r977 1982

Urban 256.7 434.7 588.5

Idangrove 4,692.9 423t.7 3,294.r
Camaroneas 0.0 834.0 2,330.6
Rivers r,437.5 r,514.5 r,465.7
466.3 333.8 r39.4
Salinas
HighLand Vegetation 466.3 333.8 t62.6
615.2 130.2 634.7
Agriculture

TOTAL 9,556.3 8,548.6 8.555.1

 Table 6
Variation in the Catchper Effort of SeveralDevelopedShrimpFisheries
(from GullandandRothschild,1984)

Coefficient Source
Countr.v Yean(n) of Yaiation (.Vo) Species Pa&

Ausralia 10 52 Single 42
Austalia 11 19.5 Single 43
Brazil-Guiana 19 23.8 Alt 61
Kuwait 16 43.5 All 74
SaudiArabia Balnain 11 39.7 All 74
Iran t2 50.4 All 75
Indonesia 9 93.2 All La7
Senegal t4 31.6 All 133
U.S.A.Gulf of Mexico t2 29.8 Single I&
U.S.A.Gulf of Mexico t2 24.5 Single l&
Ecuador 25 20.0 All

Table 7
Examplesof theEffect of Climateon
CoastalPenaeidShrimpStocLrs

Location Species Effecton Yield Source

North Carolina(U.S.A.) P.drcrarum Temperature
G) Hettlerand
Chester(1982)
Louisiana(J.S.A.) P. setiferus Saliniryo Baneuand
Gillespie(1973)
P. aztecus Riverflow o
Louisiana P. setiferus Salinity(-) Turner(1979)
Temperature(+)
P. aztecus Salinity (+)
Temperature(+)
NorthernGulf of Mexico P. setiferus Salinity (-) Copelandand
(u.s.A.) Temperature(+) Bechtel(1974)
P. aztecus Salinity (+)
Temperature(+)
Florida(U.S.A.) P. durarum Waterlevel (+) Browder(198Q
LagunaMadre, P. fluviatilis Rainfall (+) Gunterand
Texas(J.S.A.; P. aztecus Edwards(1969)
hypersaline)

Ausralia P. merguiensis Rainfall (+) Stapleset al.

(1e84)
Ruello (1973)
Indonesia P. merguiensis Riverflow (+) Turner(L97,
P. monodon

Senegal P. duorarum Salinity (+) Le Reste(1980)

r29
 Table 8
DrainageArea andPercentof the Total for the Major Rivers
in the Vicinity of the Guayasestuary(from Stevenson,1981)

River Area(km2)
Drainage PercentTotal Area

Guayas 32,800 64.00

Jubones 4280 8.34
Naranjal 3,060 6.00
Boliche 1,300 2.50
Arenillas 550 1.07

TotalVo= 81.91

130
Figure 1.Therelativedensityof penaeidshrimpstocksoff thecoastof Ecuadorby depthcontour(adapted
from datain LoeschandCobo,1972).

RELATIVE
DENSITIES OF
P E N A E I DS H R I M P
O F FT H E C O A S TO F
ECUADOR

75- 100- 150- 200-

,|00 t50
200 300

(}I)
DEPTHCT]NTOUR

Figure 2. The relationship between intertidal vegetation and penaeid shrimp yields in Malaysia (adapted
from data in Jothy, 1984).

25000 }lALYAS
IA
20000 p2 =.74

15000
YIELD(T.tT)
r 0000

5000

0
25000
A R E A( H A )
 1963-
Figure?. Thepercentof brown shrimp(P. aztecus)caughtin the inshorewatersof Louisianafrom
1976(NMFS statistics).

100

80

5 BRovl{
SHRI},IP
60
,/'\-t''/
I
40
!
20

U
1960

of intertidal landsin Japan(from

Figure g. The declineof shrimp yields in Japanasrelatedto reclamation
Doi, 1983).

C=| 353 - 6.3 Areo

1000

Annual
Catch(t)
500

50
Area(fm2)
Cumulotive

134
Figure9. The numberof trawlingvesselsin theindusftialshrimpfleet andthe carchper vesselfrom 1954
to 7984.
.0. TRAVLTI{G .0. },ITIYESSEL
YESSELS

50
c
,trl. \
o/ \noo,y1
/\
AA
40
I

;ll
zoo
ll t..l \r/:1

{ll
,/
HU
I{BER { I
/\ Ai-- zn
Yw
HT

o
o'o.o(
/ v' YESSEL
20

oL
j, t0

YEAR1955 | 960 r96s t970 t975 t980 | 985

Figure 10.The distributionof horsepowerin theoffshoretrawlingfleet.

140

120

100 M rgso
f rgs+
80
KG/HR
YTELD
60

40

20

uPT0 200-290300-390400-490 )500

I eo tilGrt{E
HORSIPOWTR
RAl{GE

135
 at the
Figure 11.Annualchangesin the percentcatchwhich is P. vannameiwithin the Gulf of Guayaqu_il
nJttfrr* partof theGuli(zona de bofo) andthecentralandsouthernpart(zonade Playas)(from Cunand
Marin, 1982).

.O- ZOHADE GOLFO .O. ZOHADE PLAYAS

25

PERCEI{T
zv

15

t0
l
0 L
I 9 65 1970
YEAR
1975 I 980

hereis therelationship
Figure 12. Anexampleof climaticrelationshipswith shrimplandings. Shown for Ecuadorfrom
through anO
fr4aictr) trawitsfreries catchper vessel
betvreenwinter riverflo* il-u.f very high valuefor
yearresultedin a
1965to 19?9. The unotficialrec'ordof iatch in thelatestEl Nino shownin this
Curu"risessieeptyto the;ight, bevond the riverflow
CpUE (not shown),rrg;;;G;;h;itr,"
graph.

x + 40.42
U=-0.058
RZ= 0.52

DPUE
l'tT/ 30
T)

20
100 200 250 300
RIYERFL(}W
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139
140