PERSONAL PRONOUNS

Dentro de los pronombres personales, la lengua inglesa distingue entre pronombres

en función de sujeto (subject pronouns) y pronombres en función de objeto (object
pronouns).

Pronombres (en
Ejemplo
función de sujeto)

  I am ill.
I
Yo estoy enfermo.
yo

you   You are tall.

tú, usted Tú eres alto. / Usted es alto.

he   He is handsome.
él Él es guapo.

she   She is pretty.

ella Ella es guapa.

it   It is cold today.

ello (neutro) Hoy hace frío.

we   We are tired.
nosotros Nosotros estamos cansados.

  You are angry.
you
vosotros, ustedes Vosotros estáis enfadados. / Ustedes están
enfadados.

they   They are at the cinema.

ellos, ellas Ellos están en el cine.

Pronombres (en
Ejemplo
función de objeto)

  Can you help me?

me
¿Puedes ayudarme?
mi
 you  I can help you.
 
a ti, a usted Puedo ayudarte. / Puedo ayudarle.

him  Can you see him?

 
a él ¿Le puedes ver?

her  Give it to her.

 
a ella Dáselo a ella.

it  Give it a kick.
 
a ello Dale una patada.

us  Can you see us?

 
a nosotros ¿Nos puedes ver?

you  I see you.
 
a vosotros, a ustedes Os veo. / Les veo.

them  He can help them.

 
a ellos Les puede ayudar.

Nota: En inglés no existe la forma “usted” o “ustedes” formal. Por lo tanto, los

nativos de la lengua ni siquiera lo tienen conceptualizado como una forma aquí
llamada “formal”. Se tiene que entender, por tanto, que la forma masculina, femenina
y neutra son lo mismo, lo único que las diferencia es el género.

Además, ten en cuenta que en inglés sólo existe una forma para “tú” y “vosotros”,
“you”, excepto en la forma reflexiva que distingue entre el singular (yourself) y plural
(yourselves).

Neuter Form (Forma neutra)

Los pronombres en inglés distinguen entre masculino (he), femenino (she)

y neutro (it).

El pronombre personal “it” se utiliza cuando nos referimos a cosas, a animales que no
sabemos su sexo o al tiempo (calendario y meteorológico). La forma plural de “it” es
“they”.

Ejemplos:
  Where is it [the book]?(¿Dónde está [el libro]?)
  What time is it?(¿Qué hora es?)
  It is raining. (Está lloviendo.)

Nota: “It” es una partícula muy importante en inglés de la que los hablantes de lengua
española se suelen olvidar.

Function (Función)

1. El pronombre en función de sujeto

El sujeto de una oración es la persona o cosa que realiza la acción del verbo. Se
utilizan los pronombres en función de sujeto cuando el pronombre es el sujeto de la
oración. Este pronombre en inglés, a diferencia del español, debe figurar siempre.

Ejemplos:
  I am ill.(Yo estoy enfermo.)
Subject = I
  You are tall.(Tú eres alto.)
Subject = you
  He is handsome.(Él es guapo.)
Subject = he
  We are tired.(Nosotros estamos cansados.)
Subject = we

2. El pronombre en función de objeto

Este pronombre se coloca a continuación del verbo al que complementa o a

continuación de preposiciones como “for”, “to”, “with” y “at”.

Ejemplos:
  I can help you.(Puedo ayudarte.)
Subject = I, Object = you
  Can you see him?(¿Puedes verle?)
Subject = you, Object = him
  He is going to the party with us.(Él va a la fiesta con nosotros.)
Subject = he, Object = us
  It [the letter] is for you.(Es [la carta] para ti.)
Subject = it, Object = you

PRESENT SIMPLE
The Present Simple tense is the most basic tense in English and uses the base form of
the verb (except for the verb be). The only change from the base is the addition of s for
third person singular.
How do we make the Present Simple tense?
There are two basic structures for the Present Simple:

1. Positive sentences

subjec + main verb

t

Present Simple

2. Negative and question sentences

subjec + auxiliary do + main verb

t

conjugated in Present Simple  

do, does base

Look at these examples with the main verb like:

  subject auxiliary verb   main verb  

+ I, you, we, they   like coffee.

He, she, it   likes coffee.

- I, you, we, they do not like coffee.

He, she, it does not like coffee.

   subject auxiliary verb   main verb  

? Do I, you, we, they   like coffee?

Does he, she, it   like coffee?

From the above table, notice the following points...

For positive sentences:

1. There is no auxiliary verb.
2. We conjugate the main verb by adding s to the third person singular.

For negative and question sentences:

 The auxiliary verb (do) is conjugated in the Present Simple: do, does
 The main verb is invariable in base form: base
 For negative sentences, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and the main
verb.
 For question sentences, we exchange the subject and the auxiliary verb.
Present Simple with main verb be

The structure of the Present Simple with the main verb be is:

subject + main verb be

conjugated in Present Simple

am, are, is

Look at these examples with the main verb be:

   subject main    
verb be

+ I am   French.

You, we, they are   French.

He, she, it is   French.

- I am not old.

You, we, they are not old.

He, she, it is not old.

? Am I   late?

Are you, we, they   late?

Is he, she, it   late?

From the above table, notice the following points...

 There is no auxiliary verb, even for questions and negatives.
 The main verb (be) is conjugated in the Present Simple: am, are, is
 For negative sentences, we insert not after the main verb.
For question sentences, we exchange the subject and the main verb.
How do we use the Present Simple tense?

We use the Present Simple to talk about:

 general time (action verbs)
 situations now (stative verbs)
 general time and situations now (verb be)
Present Simple for general time

We use the Present Simple tense when:

 the action is general
 the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future
 the action is not only happening now
 the statement is always true

John drives a taxi.

past present future

It is John's job to drive a taxi. He does it every day. Past, present and future.

Look at these examples:

 I live in New York.
 The Moon goes round the Earth.
 John drives a taxi.
 He does not drive a bus.
 We meet every Thursday.
 We do not work at night.
 Do you play football?

WH- QUESTIONS
Questions: wh-questions

Wh-questions begin with what, when, where, who, whom, which, whose, why and how.
We use them to ask for information. The answer cannot be yes or no:
A:

When do you finish college?

B:

Next year.
A:

Who is your favorite actor?

B:

George Clooney for sure!

Forming wh-questions
With an auxiliary verb

We usually form wh-questions with:

wh- + an auxiliary verb (be, do or have) + subject + main verb

or with:
wh- + a modal verb + subject + main verb:

Be: When are you leaving? Who’s been paying the bills?
Do: Where do they live? Why didn’t you call me?
Have: What has she done now? What have they decided?
Modal: Who would she stay with? Where should I park?

Present Continuous
We often use the Present Continuous tense in English. It is very different from
the Present Simple tense, both in structure and in use.

How do we make the Present Continuous tense?

The structure of the Present Continuous tense is:

The auxiliary verb (be) is conjugated in the Present Simple: am, are, is

The main verb is invariable in present participle form: -ing
For negative sentences we insert not between the auxiliary verb and the main verb.
For question sentences, we exchange the subject and the auxiliary verb.
Look at these example sentences with the Present Continuous tense:
How do we use the Present Continuous tense?
We use the Present Continuous to talk about:

 action happening now

 action in the future
Look at these examples:
 Muriel is learning to drive.
 I am living with my sister until I find an apartment.

How do we spell the Present Continuous tense?

We make the Present Continuous tense by adding -ing to the base verb. Normally it's
simple: we just add -ing. But sometimes we have to change the word a little. Perhaps
we double the last letter, or we drop a letter. Here are the rules to help you know how
to spell the Present Continuous tense.
THE 3R INITIATIVE

The 3R Initiative aims to promote the "3Rs" (REDUCE, REUSE AND RECYCLE) globally so
as to build a sound-material-cycle society through the effective use of resources and
materials. It was agreed upon at the G8 Sea Island Summit in June 2004 as a new G8
initiative. In order to formally launch the 3R Initiative, it was also agreed to hold a
ministerial meeting in Japan in the spring of 2005.

WHAT ARE THE 3R?

The principle of reducing waste, reusing and recycling resources and products is often
called the "3Rs." Reducing means choosing to use things with care to reduce the
amount of waste generated. Reusing involves the repeated use of items or parts of
items which still have usable aspects. Recycling means the use of waste itself as
resources. Waste minimization can be achieved in an efficient way by focusing
primarily on the first of the 3Rs, "reduce," followed by "reuse" and then "recycle."

10 SIMPLE THINGS TO DO NOW TO HELP SAVE THE PLANET

1. Save water 6. Carpool/Use public transit/Bike or

2. Conserve energy Walk
3. Eat sustainably 7. Give up plastics
4. Plant trees 8. Volunteer
5. Recycle 9. Buy second hand/buy local
10. Educate yourself and others

1. What do you call the area that is inhabited by a particular species?

a) Habitat
b) Environment
c) Biosphere

2. How do you call the processing of used materials and their reuse?

a) Reusing
b) Recycling
c) Reprocessing

3. Which layer protects the Earth from UV rays?

a) Oxygen
b) Nitrogen
c) Ozone

4. The process by which the Earth’s temperature is increasing is called the…

a) Biothermal effect
b) Greenhouse effect
c) Temperature effect
5. Which of the following is biodegradable?

a) Plastic
b) Paper
c) Glass

6. What’s the term for the complete disappearance of a species?

a) Termination
b) Disappearance
c) Extinction

7. What do you call renewable safe sources of energy?

a) Alternative energies
b) Bio-energies
c) Solar energies

8. Which of these energy sources is renewable?

a) Coal
b) Natural gas
c) Wind

9. What do you call the rain that contains many chemicals and is harmful?

a) Smog
b) Acid rain
c) Monsoon

10. What do you call a substance that pollutes the air, water or soil?

a) Pollutant
b) Pesticides
c) Acid

11. What is the most used renewable energy source in the world?

a) Hydro energy
b) Solar energy
c) Wind energy

12. Which of these animals is not in danger becoming extinct?

a) Panda bears
b) Polar bears
c) Grizzly bears
13. What type of shopping bag is more eco-friendly?

a) Paper
b) Plastic
c) Neither

14. Global warming will cause an increase of…

a) Heat waves
b) Hurricanes
c) Both

15. Which gas is responsible for global warming?

a) Carbon dioxide
b) Oxygen
c) Hydrogen

WHAT IS HABITAT?

A habitat (which is Latin for "it inhabits") is an ecological or environmental area that is
inhabited by a particular species of animal, plant or other type of organism.[1][2] It is
the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the physical environment that
surrounds (influences and is utilized by) a species population.

The term "population" is preferred to "organism" because, while it is possible to

describe the habitat of a single black bear, we may not find any particular or individual
bear but the grouping of bears that constitute a breeding population and occupy a
certain biogeographical area. Further, this habitat could be somewhat different from
the habitat of another group or population of black bears living elsewhere. Thus it is
neither the species nor the individual for which the term habitat is typically used.

The term microhabitat is often used to describe the small-scale physical requirements
of a particular organism or population. A microhabitat is often a smaller habitat within
a larger one. For example, a fallen log inside a forest can provide microhabitat for
insects that are not found in the wider forest habitat outside such logs.
Microenvironment is the immediate surroundings and other physical factors of an
individual plant or animal within its habitat.

Human habitat is the environment in which human beings exist and interact. For
example, a house is a human habitat, where human beings sleep and eat.

SPECIES RANGE

A species range is the area where a particular species can be found during its lifetime.
Species range includes areas where individuals or communities may migrate or
hibernate.