proceso hidrometalurgico

lixiviacion disolver los metales

purificacion y concentracion extraccion por solventes

resinas de intercambio ionico
Ag(carbon activado)

REDUCCION electrodepositacion
reduccion por gases
cementacion

LIXIVIACION

solventes

+ -
NaCl Na+ Cl-

C6H14O OH- ´+C6H13

CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
NEUTRA

Organico extractante Molecula heteropolar

diluyente keroseno
 Coeficientes
Eficiencia
Distribucion = Me(org) / Me (ac) D=1 50
D=3 75
D=7 87.5

D= 7 87.5
1

Selectividad= Me i (org) / Me d (org) 3

(Cu) org / (Fe) org
10
Organico tenga la mayor selctiviad posible 20
No es selectivo 1

RESINAS DE INTERCAMBIO IONICO H20

lixiviacion

Lavado

H2O lavado

Solucion Rica en el metal valor Cu2+

REDUCCION
Cementacion Me A(II)+ Me B(0)==== Me A (0) + Me B(2+
Reduccion Gases H2, CO, SO2

Electrodepositacion
carga descarga
L/O extraccion por solventes
Fe s/cobre 50 a 60 g/l
0.65% LIXIVIADO organico electrolito cargado
lixiviacion CARGA DESCARGA

H2SO4 LIXIVIADO cARGA organico DESCARGA

0.5 M Cu/Fe cobre DESPOJO
1 a 5 g/l
lixiviado organico
acuoso extrante + diluyente

acuoso (solucion de lixiviacion

lixiviado organico

Carga
2RH + CuSO4 ==== R2Cu + H2SO4
organico acuoso organico acuoso
CH3

Mecanismos de carga del solvente

SOLVATACION
INTERCAMBIO IONICO
QUELATACION
 1-5 g Cu 0.25
20 g Fe
Lix
Cu Fe
5 20 l

EX

50 200 g Fe
50 1 Fe 10
5 Cu

Me B(0)==== Me A (0) + Me B(2+)

Para el sistema Cu/ Fe
Cu(2+) + 2 e === Cu(0) 0.34 Fe
Fe(0) = Fe(II) + 2 e 0.44 Cu

Cu(2+) + Fe(0) ==== Cu(0) + Fe(2+) Fe (3+) 0.77

Cu 0.34
Para el sistema Ag/Zn

Ag(+) + e === Ag(0) 0.8 Zn

Zn(0) ====Zn(2+) + 2 e -0.76 Ag

Cu(2+) + 2 e === Cu(0) 0.34 Zn

Zn(0) ====Zn(2+) + 2 e -0.76 Cu
ti -1.63
Pb -0.13 Mg
Mg -2.34 Pb No pasa nada

Mg -2.34 Mg
Ti -1.63 Ti

Se 0.74 Cu
Cu 0.34 Se
electrolito cargado
ELECTRODEPOSITACION
cobre
acuoso
H2SO4
1a2M
lixiviado organico

lixiviado organico

electrodepositacion

electrodepositacion
Balancear con NO3- para que la siguiente solución sea eléctricamente neutra determinar si la solución esta saturada con respe
Datos:
0.10M K+
0.002M Pb+2
0.001M SO4-2
K PbSO4 = 0.103x10-8

sumatoria + = sumatoria -
0.10*1 (K) +0.002* 2 (Pb) = 0.001 *2 (SO4)+ C * 1 (NO3)
C (NO3) = 0.10*1 (K) +0.002* 2 (Pb) - 0.001 *2 (SO4)
C (NO3) = 0.102
MxAy(s) = XMY + YAx
KPS= Constante del producto de solubilidad
KPS= C pb ϒ pb * C SO4 ϒSO4
I = ½ (0.1 (1)^2 +0.002(2)^2 + 0.001(2)^2 +0.102(1)^2
I= 0.107
ϒ Pb+2 = 10^( -( 0.5085* (2)^2*( (0.107)^(1/2) /( 1 + 0.3281*(4.5)* (0.107)^(1/2))
ϒ Pb+2 = 0.35591304
ϒ SO4 =10^(-(0.5085*(2)^2*((0.107)^(1/2)/(1+(0.3281*(4)*(0.107)^(1/2))))))
ϒ SO4 = 0.34237289
KPS= 2.4371E-07 calculado mayor que K PbSO4 = 0.103x10-8
Si esta saturada
solución esta saturada con respecto al PbSO4
METODO DE LA SAL PROMEDIO:

Consiste en determinar el coeficiente de actividad de algun elemento utilizando como referencia un

tabulados,

gNa+ = (NaCl)
gNaCl -/+ = (gNagCl)1/2

gNa+= ( g -/+NaCl)2 / gCl-

g-/+ KCl =gK+ gCl-

gCl-= g-/+ KCl p o r lo tanto:

gNa- = (gNaCl -/+)2

g-/+ KCl

Nota: Cuando se busquen los valores del coeficiente de actividad en tablas para determinar g del ele

E l valor de g promedio se busca en tablas a la molaridad dado como dato mientras que
esfuerzo ionico. ( I ).

Ejemplo:
Determinar el coeficiente de actividad del Ca en una solución de 0.1 M del CaCl 2 emp
valor con el que se obtiene de la ecuación de Davies.

I = ½ å a Zi2 = ½ [0.1 (2)2 + 2 (0.1)(1)2] =0.3

¡i= 10 –A Z12 [Ö I - 0.2 I]

1+Ö I
 ¡Ca2+= 10 –0.5085(2)2[Ö 0.3 - 0.2 (0.3)] = 0.2524
1 + Ö 0.3

g±Cl = 10 –0.5085(1)2[Ö 0.3 - 0.2 (0.3)] = 0.7088

1 + Ö 0.3

gCaCl = (gCagCl^2)1/3 = (0.2524 x 0.7088^2 )1/3 = 0.5024

CaCl2 = 0.1m
g±CaCl = (gCagCl)1/3
0.515

¡Ca2+= ( 0515 ) 3 / ( 0.696) 2 = 0.2819

.2 0.719

.5 0.651
0.3 x
x 0.696
0.24862
Metodo Iterativo para calcular el coeficiente de actividad

Calcular la solubilidad del Yeso, se cuenta con la siguiente información:

CaSO4.2H2O ======= CaSO4 (aq) + H2O
CaSO4 ======= Ca(2+) + SO4 (2-) K= 2.4x10^-5 Na2SO4 0.01M

K= a(Ca(2+)) * a(SO4 (2-))/ a (CaSO4)(aq)

K= a(Ca(2+)) * a(SO4 (2-))
K= C(Ca(2+))ϒ(Ca(2+)) * C(SO4 (2-)ϒ(SO4 (2-)) = 2.4x10^-5
C(Ca(2+) = C(SO4 (2-)= X
K=X^2*ϒ(Ca(2+)*ϒ(SO4 (2-)
X = (K /(ϒ(Ca(2+)*ϒ(SO4 (2-)))^0.5
X = (2.4x10^-5 /(ϒ(Ca(2+)*ϒ(SO4 (2-)))^0.5
I= (1/2)(X*4+X*4)
I=4X
Enpleando la modifica de Debye Huckel
ϒ(Ca(2+)
ϒ(SO4 (2-)
K 0.000024
ϒ(Ca(2+) ϒ(SO4 (2-) X I ϒ(Ca(2+) ϒ(SO4 (2-)
1 1 0.0048989794856 0.01959592 0.59811239 0.5747259 1
0.59811239 0.5747259 0.0083557191867 0.03342288 0.53279136 0.50130382 2
0.53279136 0.50130382 0.0094793057063 0.03791722 0.51723272 0.48366859 3
0.51723272 0.48366859 0.0097946446637 0.03917858 0.51320052 0.47908986 4
0.51320052 0.47908986 0.0098799236758 0.03951969 0.51213278 0.47787684 5
0.51213278 0.47787684 0.0099027619811 0.03961105 0.51184843 0.47755376 6
0.51184843 0.47755376 0.0099088623646 0.03963545 0.51177259 0.47746759 7
0.51177259 0.47746759 0.0099104907213 0.03964196 0.51175236 0.4774446 8
0.51175236 0.4774446 0.0099109252932 0.0396437 0.51174696 0.47743846 9
0.51174696 0.47743846 0.009911041265 0.03964417 0.51174552 0.47743682 10
0.51174552 0.47743682 0.0099110722133 0.03964429 0.51174513 0.47743639 11
0.51174513 0.47743639 0.0099110804722 0.03964432 0.51174503 0.47743627 12
0.51174503 0.47743627 0.0099110826761 0.03964433 0.511745 0.47743624 13

X= 0.00991108
12.4 Método de Meissmer para sales.
Ind. Eng. Chem. Process.
Vol. 11, No.1, 1972
Pags. 128 a 133.

El método introduce un nuevo término denominado g promedio reducido (Γ) en donde

Γ C1A1= g+- C1A1 1/(Z+*Z-)
ΓMgCl2=g+-MgCl21/(1*2)

El método supone 2 sales denominadas C1A1 y C2A2 y la fórmula general que emplea es la siguiente:

logΓ C1A1=[ XC1logΓ C1A1+YA1logΓ C1A1+XC2logΓC2A1+YA2logΓC1A2 ]

Donde:
X=Fracción de la Resistencia iónica para cationes.
Y=Fracción de la resistencia iónica para aniones.

*Resolver el problema por el método Meissmer

Ion Ion Conc

C1 Mg2+ 2 0.214
C2 Na+ 1 1.516
A1 Cl- 1 1.756
A2 NO3 - 1 0.188
I=
I=2.158
C1A1=MgCl2 C1A2=Mg(NO3)2
C2A2=NaNO3 C2A1=NaCl.

logΓ C1A1=[ XC1logΓ C1A1+YA1logΓ C1A1+XC

logΓ C1A1= 0.3608769

-0.30308039
MgCl2
ΓC1A1=ΓMgCl2=g+-MgCl21/2 Γ C1A1= 2.00946475
I=1/2[ 4C+2C]®C=I/3=2.158/3=0.719
De tablas g+-MgCl2=0.5238 ϒ+-MgCl2 =
ΓMgCl2=(0.509) 1 /2=0.7237 =

NaCl
I=1/2[C+C] ®I=C=2.158
De tablas g+-NaCl=0.676
ΓNaCl=0.674
Mg(NO3)2
ΓMg(NO3)2=g+-Mg(NO3)21/(2*1)
I=1/2[4C+2C]=3C®C=I/3=2.158/3=0.719
De tablas g MgCl2=0.491
ΓMg(NO3)2=(0.4662)^1/2=0.6827
logdMgCl2=[0.361log0.713+0.903log0.713+
0.639log0.672+0.097log0.70]=-0.311
dMgCl2=0.4887
g+-MgC2=d2MgCl2=0.238

12.5

Mg(NO3)2
dMg(NO3)2=g+-Mg(NO3)21/(2+1)
I=1/2[4C+2C]=3C®C=I/3=2.158/3=0.719
De tablas g+-Mg(NO3)2=0.491
dMg(NO3)2=(0.491)1/2=0.701
logdMgCl2=[0.361log0.713+0.903log0.713+
0.639log0.672+0.097log0.701]=-0.311
dMgCl20.488
g+-MgCl2=(gMg+2. gCl-)1/3
gMg+3=g3+-MgCl2/g2Cl-=g3+-MgCl2/g2KCl
=(0.238)3/(0.572)2=0.412
en donde

e emplea es la siguiente:

Fraccion
C1Z1^2 I X Y
0.856 2.372 0.3608769
1.516 0.6391231
1.756 1.944 0.90329218
0.188 0.09670782
2.158 1 1

1logΓ C1A1+YA1logΓ C1A1+XC2logΓC2A1+YA2logΓC1A2 ]

-0.14044143 + 0.90329218 -0.14044143 + 0.6391231 -0.1713401 +

ΓMgCl2^2
4.03794859
0.09670782 -0.1657701
[CdCl]=21[Cd+1][Cl-] -------------(1)
[CdCl2]=7.9[CdCl+][Cl-] ---------(2)
[CdCkl-3]=1.23[CdCl-2][Cl-] ------(3)
[CdCl=4]=0.35[CdCl=3][Cl-] -------(4)

Balance de masa para el Cl-

[Cl-]+[CdCl+]+2[CdCl2]+3[CdCl-3]+4[CdCl4]=0.020 --------(5)
1ra.Suposición. Se considera que no hay complejos.

[Cd++]=0.01 -------- (6) 0.01 - 100

[Cl-]=0.02 ---------------(7)
(6 y 7) en (1) 4.2x10-3 - X
[CdCl2]=6.64x10-4 -------(9) =6.69%
(9 y 7) en (3)
[CdCl-3]=1.63x10-5 ------(10) =0.163%
(10 y 7) en (4)
[CdCl=4]=1.142x10-7 -----(11) =1.14x10-3%

El 51% restante es el que no se combina

2do.Suposición- "El [Cd++]+especie más importante=0.01"
[Cd++]+[CdCl+]=0.01 --------------(12)
[Cl-]+[CdCl+]=0.02 ---------------(13)
(1) en (12)
[Cd++]+21[Cd++][Cl-]=0.01 -------(14)
(1) en (13)
[Cl-]+21[Cd++][Cl-]=0.02 ----------(15)
de (14)
[Cd++]{1+21[Cl-]}=0.01
[Cd++]=0.01/{1+21[Cl-]} -----------(16)
(16) en (15)
[Cl-]+21[Cl-]{ 0.01 }=0.02
1+21[Cl-]
[Cl-]+21[Cl-]2+0.21[Cl-]=0.02
1+21[Cl-]
21[Cl-]2+1.2[Cl-]=0.02+0.42[Cl-]
21[Cl-]2+0.79[Cl-]-0.02=0
[Cl-]=-0.79+Ö(0.79)2-4(21)(-0.02)
2(21)
[Cl-]=1.733x10-2 --------------(17)
(17) en (16)

[Cd++]= 0.01 =7.332x10-3

1+21(1.733x10-2)
[Cd++]=7.332x10-3 ------------------(18)
(17) y (18) en (1)
[CdCl+]=2.667x10-3 ------------------(19)
(17) y (19) en (2)
[CdCl2]=3.65x10-4 -------------------(20)
(17) y (20) en (3)
[CdCl-3]=7.784x10-6 -----------------(21)
(17) y (21) en (4)
[Cd-4]=4.731x10-8 --------------------(22)
(17) y (19) a (22) en (5)
1.733x10-2+2.667x10-3+2(3.65x10-4)+3(7.784x10-6)+4(4.731x10-8)=
=2.07x10-2
®%Desviación=3.5%
Calcule como una función de ión Cl- la fracción de Cd presente cada especie de complejo de CdCl y grafique sus resultados.

[CdCl+]=b1[Cd+1][Cl-] b1=K1=21 ------------------------(1)

[CdCl2]=b2[Cd++][Cl-]2 b2=K1K2=165.9 ------------------(2)
[CdCl-3]=b3[Cd++][Cl-]3 b3=K1K2K3=204.54 ---------------(3)
[CdCl=4]=b4[Cd++][Cl-]4 b4=K1K2K3K4=71.42 -------------(4)

Balance de masa de Cd++

C=Conc. Analítico de Cd++
C=[Cd++]+[CdCl+]+[CdCl2]+[CdCl-3]+[CdCl=4] ----------------------------(5)
(1 a 4) en (5)
C=[Cd++]+b1[Cd++][Cl-]+b2[Cd++][Cl-]2+b3[Cd++][Cl-]3+b4[Cd++][Cl-]4
C=[ Cd++]{1+b1[Cl-]+b2[Cl-]2+b3[Cl-]3+b4[Cl-]4} --------------------------(6)
C=[Cd++].¦
Fracciones=a De la concentración del complejo
a0=[Cd++]= [Cl-]2 = 1 -------------------------------------------------------(8)
C [Cd++].¦ ¦

a1=[CdCl]= b1[Cd++][Cl-]=b1[Cl-]=b1[Cl-]a0 -------------------------------(9)

C [Cd++].¦ ¦
a2= b2a0[Cl-]2 -----------------------------------------------------------------(10)
a3= b3a0[Cl-]3 -----------------------------------------------------------------(11)
a4= b4a0[Cl-]4 -----------------------------------------------------------------(12)

El grado de formación o número de ligados (ñ) está definido como el número promedio de enlaces ligados a un ión metálico. P
C C

ñ=a1+2a2+3a3+4a4 Grado de formación

ñ=C1-[Cl-]/C. Donde C es la concentración analítica de Cd y C1 en la concentración de Cl ñ=C1-[Cl-] ==[CdCl]+2[CdCl2]+3[CdCl-3]+4[CdCl=4
l]+2[CdCl2]+3[CdCl-3]+4[CdCl=4]
DISTRIBUCION DE ESPECIES
Determinar la concentracion de las especies presentes en un sistema que contiene 0.01 M de Nitrato de cadmio y 1 M de HCl,
Considerar que no existe hidrolisis,se cuenta con la siguiente información.

CdCl+ = 21 Cd2+ Cl- = 21 Cd2+

CdCL2 = 7.9 CdCl+ Cl- = 165.9 Cd2+
CdCL3 - = 1.23 CdCL2 Cl- = 204.057 Cd2+
CdCL4 2- = 0.35 CdCL3 - Cl- = 71.41995 Cd2+
Balance total de Cadmio y cloro.
Cd 2+ + CdCl+ + CdCL2 + CdCL3 - +
Cl- + CdCl+ + 2CdCl2 + 3CdCl3- +
considerando que la concentracion de Cl es 1
CdCl+ = 21 Cd2+ Cl- = 21 Cd2+
CdCL2 = 165.9 Cd2+ Cl- ^2 = 165.9 Cd2+
CdCL3 - = 204.057 Cd2+ Cl- ^3 = 204.057 Cd2+
CdCL4 2- = 71.41995 Cd2+ Cl- ^4 = 71.41995 Cd2+

Cd 2+ ( 1+ 21 + 165.9 +

Cd 2+ = 0.01 ´/ 463.37695 = 2.15807E-05

CdCl+ = 21 Cd2+ Cl- = 21 Cd2+

CdCL2 = 165.9 Cd2+ Cl- ^2 = 165.9 Cd2+
CdCL3 - = 204.057 Cd2+ Cl- ^3 = 204.057 Cd2+
CdCL4 2- = 71.41995 Cd2+ Cl- ^4 = 71.41995 Cd2+
Cl- = 0.9730100774

CdCl+ = 21 Cd2+ Cl- = 21 Cd2+

CdCL2 = 165.9 Cd2+ Cl- ^2 = 165.9 Cd2+
CdCL3 - = 204.057 Cd2+ Cl- ^3 = 204.057 Cd2+
CdCL4 2- = 71.41995 Cd2+ Cl- ^4 = 71.41995 Cd2+

Cd 2+ = 2.322927E-05
Cl- = 0.9731804581

CdCl+ = 21 Cd2+ Cl- = 21 Cd2+

CdCL2 = 165.9 Cd2+ Cl- ^2 = 165.9 Cd2+
CdCL3 - = 204.057 Cd2+ Cl- ^3 = 204.057 Cd2+
CdCL4 2- = 71.41995 Cd2+ Cl- ^4 = 71.41995 Cd2+

Cd 2+ = 2.321837E-05
Cl- = 0.9731793669

CdCl+ = 21 Cd2+ Cl- = 21 Cd2+

CdCL2 = 165.9 Cd2+ Cl- ^2 = 165.9 Cd2+
CdCL3 - = 204.057 Cd2+ Cl- ^3 = 204.057 Cd2+
CdCL4 2- = 71.41995 Cd2+ Cl- ^4 = 71.41995 Cd2+

Cd 2+ = 2.321844E-05
Cl- = 0.9731794546

CdCl+ = 21 Cd2+ Cl- = 21 Cd2+

CdCL2 = 165.9 Cd2+ Cl- ^2 = 165.9 Cd2+
CdCL3 - = 204.057 Cd2+ Cl- ^3 = 204.057 Cd2+
CdCL4 2- = 71.41995 Cd2+ Cl- ^4 = 71.41995 Cd2+

Cd 2+ = 2.321843E-05
Cl- = 0.9731794475

CdCl+ = 21 Cd2+ Cl- = 21 Cd2+

CdCL2 = 165.9 Cd2+ Cl- ^2 = 165.9 Cd2+
CdCL3 - = 204.057 Cd2+ Cl- ^3 = 204.057 Cd2+
CdCL4 2- = 71.41995 Cd2+ Cl- ^4 = 71.41995 Cd2+

Cd 2+ = 2.321843E-05
Cl- = 0.9731794481
ato de cadmio y 1 M de HCl,

Cl-
Cl- ^2
Cl- ^3
Cl- ^4

CdCL4 2- = 0.01 A
4CdCl4 2- = 1 B

=
=
=
=

204.057 + 71.41995 ) = 0.01

= 0.00045319474782
= 0.00358023850776 1
= 0.00440369336455
= 0.00154129267759

Cl- = 20.4332116 Cd2+ = 0.00047465

Cl- ^2 = 157.065595 Cd2+ = 0.00364852 2
Cl- ^3 = 187.97648 Cd2+ = 0.00436656
Cl- ^4 = 64.0160532 Cd2+ = 0.00148705
430.491339

Cl- = 20.4367896 Cd2+ = 0.00047451

Cl- ^2 = 157.120606 Cd2+ = 0.00364808 3
Cl- ^3 = 188.075245 Cd2+ = 0.0043668
Cl- ^4 = 64.0609035 Cd2+ = 0.00148739
430.693544

Cl- = 20.4367667 Cd2+ = 0.00047451

Cl- ^2 = 157.120254 Cd2+ = 0.00364808 4
Cl- ^3 = 188.074612 Cd2+ = 0.00436679
Cl- ^4 = 64.0606162 Cd2+ = 0.00148738
430.692249

Cl- = 20.4367685 Cd2+ = 0.00047451

Cl- ^2 = 157.120282 Cd2+ = 0.00364808 5
Cl- ^3 = 188.074663 Cd2+ = 0.00436679
Cl- ^4 = 64.0606393 Cd2+ = 0.00148738
430.692353

Cl- = 20.4367684 Cd2+ = 0.00047451

Cl- ^2 = 157.12028 Cd2+ = 0.00364808 6
Cl- ^3 = 188.074659 Cd2+ = 0.00436679
Cl- ^4 = 64.0606375 Cd2+ = 0.00148738
430.692344

Cd 2.32184298834E-05
CdCl+ 0.00047450835262
CdCL2 0.00364807603399
CdCL3 - 0.00436678612179
CdCL4 2- 0.00148738327694
DISTRIBUCION DE ESPECIES
Determinar la concentracion de las especies presentes en un sistema que contiene 0.01 M de Cloruro de cadmio.
Considerar que no existe hidrolisis,se cuenta con la siguiente información.

CdCl+ = 21 Cd2+ Cl- = 21 Cd2+

CdCL2 = 7.9 CdCl+ Cl- = 165.9 Cd2+
CdCL3 - = 1.23 CdCL2 Cl- = 204.057 Cd2+
CdCL4 2- = 0.35 CdCL3 - Cl- = 71.41995 Cd2+
Balance total de Cadmio y cloro.
Cd 2+ + CdCl+ + CdCL2 + CdCL3 - +
Cl- + CdCl+ + 2CdCl2 + 3CdCl3- +

Cd 2+ + CdCl+ = 0.01
Cl- + CdCL+ = 0.02

Cd 2+ + 21 Cd2+ Cl- = 0.01

Cl- + 21 Cd2+ Cl- = 0.02

Cd 2+ ( 1+ 21 Cl- ) =
Cd 2+ = 0.01 ´/ ( 1+ 21

Cl- + 21 Cl- ( 0.01 ´/ (

 considerando que la concentracion de Cl es 1
CdCl+ = 21 Cd2+ Cl- = 21 Cd2+
CdCL2 = 165.9 Cd2+ Cl- ^2 = 165.9 Cd2+
CdCL3 - = 204.057 Cd2+ Cl- ^3 = 204.057 Cd2+
CdCL4 2- = 71.41995 Cd2+ Cl- ^4 = 71.41995 Cd2+

Cd 2+ ( 1+ 21 + 165.9 +

Cd 2+ = 0.01 ´/ 463.37695 = 2.15807E-05

CdCl+ = 21 Cd2+ Cl- = 21 Cd2+

CdCL2 = 165.9 Cd2+ Cl- ^2 = 165.9 Cd2+
CdCL3 - = 204.057 Cd2+ Cl- ^3 = 204.057 Cd2+
CdCL4 2- = 71.41995 Cd2+ Cl- ^4 = 71.41995 Cd2+
Cl- = 0.9730100774

CdCl+ = 21 Cd2+ Cl- = 21 Cd2+

CdCL2 = 165.9 Cd2+ Cl- ^2 = 165.9 Cd2+
CdCL3 - = 204.057 Cd2+ Cl- ^3 = 204.057 Cd2+
CdCL4 2- = 71.41995 Cd2+ Cl- ^4 = 71.41995 Cd2+

Cd 2+ = 2.322927E-05
Cl- = 0.9731804581

CdCl+ = 21 Cd2+ Cl- = 21 Cd2+

CdCL2 = 165.9 Cd2+ Cl- ^2 = 165.9 Cd2+
CdCL3 - = 204.057 Cd2+ Cl- ^3 = 204.057 Cd2+
CdCL4 2- = 71.41995 Cd2+ Cl- ^4 = 71.41995 Cd2+

Cd 2+ = 2.321837E-05
Cl- = 0.9731793669

CdCl+ = 21 Cd2+ Cl- = 21 Cd2+

CdCL2 = 165.9 Cd2+ Cl- ^2 = 165.9 Cd2+
CdCL3 - = 204.057 Cd2+ Cl- ^3 = 204.057 Cd2+
CdCL4 2- = 71.41995 Cd2+ Cl- ^4 = 71.41995 Cd2+

Cd 2+ = 2.321844E-05
Cl- = 0.9731794546

CdCl+ = 21 Cd2+ Cl- = 21 Cd2+

CdCL2 = 165.9 Cd2+ Cl- ^2 = 165.9 Cd2+
CdCL3 - = 204.057 Cd2+ Cl- ^3 = 204.057 Cd2+
CdCL4 2- = 71.41995 Cd2+ Cl- ^4 = 71.41995 Cd2+

Cd 2+ = 2.321843E-05
Cl- = 0.9731794475

CdCl+ = 21 Cd2+ Cl- = 21 Cd2+

CdCL2 = 165.9 Cd2+ Cl- ^2 = 165.9 Cd2+
CdCL3 - = 204.057 Cd2+ Cl- ^3 = 204.057 Cd2+
CdCL4 2- = 71.41995 Cd2+ Cl- ^4 = 71.41995 Cd2+

Cd 2+ = 2.321843E-05
Cl- = 0.9731794481
uro de cadmio. CdCl2

Cl-
Cl- ^2
Cl- ^3
Cl- ^4

CdCL4 2- = 0.01 A
4CdCl4 2- = 0.02 B

A
B

0.01
Cl- )

1+ 21 Cl- ) = 0.02
=
=
=
=

204.057 + 71.41995 ) = 0.01

= 0.00045319
= 0.00358024 1
= 0.00440369
= 0.00154129

Cl- = 20.4332116 Cd2+ = 0.00047465

Cl- ^2 = 157.065595 Cd2+ = 0.00364852 2
Cl- ^3 = 187.97648 Cd2+ = 0.00436656
Cl- ^4 = 64.0160532 Cd2+ = 0.00148705
430.491339

Cl- = 20.4367896 Cd2+ = 0.00047451

Cl- ^2 = 157.120606 Cd2+ = 0.00364808 3
Cl- ^3 = 188.075245 Cd2+ = 0.0043668
Cl- ^4 = 64.0609035 Cd2+ = 0.00148739
430.693544

Cl- = 20.4367667 Cd2+ = 0.00047451

Cl- ^2 = 157.120254 Cd2+ = 0.00364808 4
Cl- ^3 = 188.074612 Cd2+ = 0.00436679
Cl- ^4 = 64.0606162 Cd2+ = 0.00148738
430.692249

Cl- = 20.4367685 Cd2+ = 0.00047451

Cl- ^2 = 157.120282 Cd2+ = 0.00364808 5
Cl- ^3 = 188.074663 Cd2+ = 0.00436679
Cl- ^4 = 64.0606393 Cd2+ = 0.00148738
430.692353

Cl- = 20.4367684 Cd2+ = 0.00047451

Cl- ^2 = 157.12028 Cd2+ = 0.00364808 6
Cl- ^3 = 188.074659 Cd2+ = 0.00436679
Cl- ^4 = 64.0606375 Cd2+ = 0.00148738
430.692344
 K
1 CdCl+ 21 Cd2+ Cl- 1
2 CdCL2 165.9 Cd2+ Cl- ^2 2
3 CdCL3 - 204.057 Cd2+ Cl- ^3 3
4 CdCL4 2- 71.41995 Cd2+ Cl- ^4 4

Metodo Iteratio para los sistemas de distribucion de especies.

Cd(2+) + CdCL+ + CdCL2 + CdCl3 - + CdCL4 2- = Cd Total

(Cd(2+)) + K1 (Cd2+)( Cl-)+ K2(Cd2+)(Cl-)^2+k3(Cd2+)(Cl-)^3+ k4(Cd2+)(Cl-)^4 = Cd Total
(Cd(2+)) (1+ K1 ( Cl-)+ K2(Cl-)^2+k3(Cl-)^3+ k4(Cl-)^4 )= Cd Total
(1+ K1 ( Cl-)+ K2(Cl-)^2+k3(Cl-)^3+ k4(Cl-)^4 )=f
Cd(2+) *f = Cd Total
Cd(2+)/ Cd Total = 1/ f α Cd2* fraccion de Cd2+ α0
Sustituyendo 7 en 1
Cd Cl+ = K1 (cd2+) (cl-)
CdCl+= K1 Cd total (Cl-)/f
CdCL/Cd total = k1 (Cl-)/f fraccion de Cd Cl+ α1
CdCL/Cd total = k1 (Cl-)α Cd2+
CdCl2= K2(Cl-)^2*(α Cd2+) fraccion de CdCl2
CdCl3 = k3(Cl-)^3* (α Cd2+) fraccion de CdCl3-
CdCl4= k4 (Cl-)^4*(αCd2+) fraccion de CdCl4 2-

pCl (Cl-) f pCl α0 α1 α2

-5 100000 7.1422E+21 -5 1.400129E-22 2.940271E-16 2.322814E-10
-4 10000 7.144E+17 -4 1.399769E-18 2.939515E-13 2.322217E-08
-3 1000 7.1624E+13 -3 1.396177E-14 2.931971E-10 2.316257E-06
-2 100 7347713101 -2 1.360968E-10 2.858032E-07 0.0002257845
-1 10 935057.5 -1 1.069453E-06 0.0002245851 0.0177422244
0 1 463.37695 0 0.0021580702 0.0453194748 0.3580238508
1 0.1 4.970199 1 0.2011991876 0.422518294 0.3337894522
2 0.01 1.22679477 2 0.8151322646 0.1711777756 0.0135230443
3 0.001 1.0211661 3 0.9792726139 0.0205647249 0.0001624613
4 0.0001 1.00210166 4 0.9979027485 0.0020955958 1.655521E-06
5 0.00001 1.00021002 5 0.9997900275 0.0002099559 1.658652E-08
6 0.000001 1.000021 6 0.9999790003 2.099956E-05 1.658965E-10
7 0.0000001 1.0000021 7 0.9999979 2.099996E-06 1.658997E-12
8 0.00000001 1.00000021 8 0.99999979 2.1E-07 1.659E-14
9 0.000000001 1.00000002 9 0.999999979 2.1E-08 1.659E-16
10 1E-10 1 10 0.9999999979 2.1E-09 1.659E-18
11 1E-11 1 11 1 2.1E-10 1.659E-20
12 1E-12 1 12 1 2.1E-11 1.659E-22
13 1E-13 1 13 1 2.1E-12 1.659E-24
 14 1E-14 1 14 1 2.1E-13 1.659E-26
15 1E-15 1 15 1 2.1E-14 1.659E-28
15.0001 9.99769768E-16 1 15.0001 1 2.099517E-14 1.658236E-28
15.0002 9.99539589E-16 1 15.0002 1 2.099033E-14 1.657473E-28
15.0003 9.99309463E-16 1 15.0003 1 2.09855E-14 1.65671E-28
15.0013 9.9701111502E-16 1 15.0013 1 2.093723E-14 1.649098E-28
15.0023 9.9471805308E-16 1 15.0023 1 2.088908E-14 1.641521E-28
15.0033 9.9243026505E-16 1 15.0033 1 2.084104E-14 1.633979E-28
15.0043 9.9014773878E-16 1 15.0043 1 2.07931E-14 1.626471E-28
2.5 0.0031622776602 1.06807329 2.5 0.9362653374 0.0621753502 0.0015532642
2.5 0.04575749056 2.32812278 2.5 0.4295306101 0.4127390996 0.1491986531
 Cd 0.42953061 0.2 0.085906122 HCL 0.5
CdCl+ 0.4127391 0.2 0.0825478199 CdCL2 0.2
CdCL2 0.14919865 0.2 0.0298397306
CdCL3 - 0.00839716 0.2 0.0016794312
CdCL4 2- 0.00013448 0.2 2.689629E-05

Chart Title
5 1.2

1
6
7 0.8
8
0.6

0.4

0.2
9
0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
10
11 α0 α1 α2 α3 α4
12

α3 α4
2.857061E-05 0.99997143 HCl 1
0.0002856327 0.99971434 Cd 0.01
0.0028489962 0.99714869 CdCl+ 0.0004745084
0.027771498 0.97200243 CdCL2 0.003648076
0.2182293602 0.76380276 CdCL3 - 0.0043667861
0.4403693365 0.15412927 1 CdCL4 2- 0.0014873833
0.0410561026 0.00143696
0.0001663334 5.82167E-07 fraccion
1.998274E-07 6.99396E-11 Cd 0.0021580702 0.01 2.15807E-05
2.03629E-10 7.12702E-15 CdCl+ 0.0453194748 0.01 0.0004531947
2.040142E-13 7.1405E-19 CdCL2 0.3580238508 0.01 0.0035802385
2.040527E-16 7.14185E-23 CdCL3 - 0.4403693365 0.01 0.0044036934
2.040566E-19 7.14198E-27 CdCL4 2- 0.1541292678 0.01 0.0015412927
2.04057E-22 7.14199E-31
2.04057E-25 7.14199E-35 CdCL2 0.01
2.04057E-28 7.14199E-39 Cl 0.02 Cd 0.01
2.04057E-31 7.14199E-43 Cd 0.0079
2.04057E-34 7.14199E-47 CdCl+ 2.01E-03
2.04057E-37 7.14199E-51 CdCL2 1.91E-04
 2.04057E-40 7.14199E-55 CdCL3 - 2.83E-06
2.04057E-43 7.14199E-59 CdCL4 2- 1.19E-08
2.039161E-43 7.13542E-59
2.037753E-43 7.12885E-59 fraccion
2.036346E-43 7.12229E-59 Cd 0.4295306101 0.01 0.0042953061
2.022328E-43 7.05699E-59 CdCl+ 0.4127390996 0.01 0.004127391
2.008406E-43 6.99229E-59 CdCL2 0.1491986531 0.01 0.0014919865
1.99458E-43 6.92819E-59 CdCL3 - 0.0083971558 0.01 8.397156E-05
1.98085E-43 6.86467E-59 CdCL4 2- 0.0001344815 0.01 1.344815E-06
6.041579E-06 6.6868E-09
0.0083971558 0.00013448 0.5M HCl
0.2M CdCL2

Cd 0.4295306101 0.2 0.085906122

CdCl+ 0.4127390996 0.2 0.0825478199
CdCL2 0.1491986531 0.2 0.0298397306
CdCL3 - 0.0083971558 0.2 0.0016794312
CdCL4 2- 0.0001344815 0.2 2.689629E-05
 PH
lix
pur y conc
red electrodepositacion

10 12

.5m hcl
.2M Cdcl2
CL- 0.3 0.52287875
Cd 0.2
Calcular las especies presentes en una solución 0.01 M de Cd(NO3)2 y 1 M HCl

[CdCl]=21[Cd+2][Cl-] -------------(1)
[CdCl2]=7.9[CdCl+][Cl-] ---------(2)
[CdCl-3]=1.23[CdCl-2][Cl-] ------(3)
[CdCl=4]=0.35[CdCl=3][Cl-] -------(4)

Balance de masa para el Cl-

[Cl-]+[CdCl+]+2[CdCl2]+3[CdCl-3]+4[CdCl4]=1.0 --------(5)
Balance de Cadmio
[Cd+]+[CdCl+]+[CdCl2]+[CdCl-3]+[CdCl4]=0.01 --------(6)

[CdCl]=21[Cd+2][Cl-] -------------(7) 21
[CdCl2]=7.9*21*[Cd+2]*[Cl-]^2 ---------(8)
[CdCl-3]=21*7.9*1.23[Cd+2][Cl-]^3 ------(9)
[CdCl=4]=21*7.9*1.23*0.35[Cd+2][Cl-]^4 -------(10)

B1 21 K1 21
B2 7.9 K2 165.9
B3 1.23 K3 204.057
B4 0.35 K4 71.41995

(Cd2+)(1+21
Considerando Cl = 1
Cl Cd CdCL+ CdCl2 CdCl3- CdCl42- (Cl-)
1 2.15807E-05 0.00045319 0.00358024 0.00440369 0.00154129 0.97301008
0.97301008 2.319873E-05 0.00047402 0.00364372 0.00436082 0.00148509 0.97321572
0.97321572 2.318583E-05 0.00047386 0.00364324 0.00436116 0.00148552 0.97321412
0.97321412 2.318593E-05 0.00047386 0.00364324 0.00436115 0.00148552 0.97321413

Considerando Cl = 1
Cl Cd CdCL+ CdCl2 CdCl3- CdCl42- (Cl-)
0.5 0.0001070138 0.00112365 0.0044384 0.00272961 0.00047768 0.47989998
0.47989998 0.0001155421 0.00116442 0.00441457 0.00260582 0.00043769 0.48043824
0.48043824 0.000115304 0.00116333 0.00441536 0.00260921 0.00043875 0.48042335
0.48042335 0.0001153106 0.00116336 0.00441534 0.00260911 0.00043872 0.48042376
0.48042376 0.0001153104 0.00116335 0.00441534 0.00260912 0.00043872 0.48042375
1M 0.5M
2.3185932E-05 0.00011531 Cd
0.00047386241 0.00116335 CdCL+
0.00364323977 0.00441534 CdCl2
0.00436115243 0.00260912 CdCl3-
0.00148551729 0.00043872 CdCl42-
0.0000231 0.00011
4.76190476

0.231 1.1
0.02369312065 0.05816775
celdas bcc
Celda bcc distancia interplanar seria

a raiz de 3
a

a raiz de 2

X 0.144368

35.26
a raiz de 2

h 0.144368
r
istancia interplanar seria

4 r = a (raiz 3)
r= a(raiz3)/4
1.7320 a

angulo del plano

sen A = 1 a / (raiz 3) a
sen A = 1 / (raiz3)= 0.57735
A= 35.26

1.7320508

1.7320508/4 =
0.57738 -
x

35.26
a(raiz2)/2

cos A = X/ a(raiz2)/2 = 2x/a(raiz2)

X= Cos A*(raiz 2) / 2 a
X= 0.57738 a

R= 0.433012
h= 0.144368
R= ( r^2 + h^2 ) 2 h
r=(2hR-h^2)^.5
r= 0.32277552

r
0.433012
0.433012 = 0.144368 a
PROBLEMA
SE PROCESAN 8212 tons de mena, con una ley 1.6
solucion adicionada Solucion a la salida
TONELADAS % Cu % H2SO4 % Cl TONELADAS % Cu % H2SO4
3300 3.5 6.8 0.2 2700 4.8 3.8
2600 2.2 7 0.1 2300 4.2 5.2
2100 2.5 5 0.1 3300 3.6 4.8
3300 3.6 4.4 0.3 3300 3.5 4.3
3300 3.1 3.3 0.3 3300 3.1 3.3
3400 2.2 2 0.2 3300 2.2 1.9
3300 0.8 0.6 0.1 2800 1.1 0.8
600 van a tanque de precipitacion con fe (94%)

Las soluciones remanentes se precipitan con Cl por la reaccion CuCl2+Cu===2CuCl

Se rediselve y se cemnta con Chatarra de hierro
1.- Se requiere El porcentaje de extraccion de la mena
ton Cu en solucion
TONELADAS % Cu TONELADAS % Cu
3300 3.5 115.5 2700 4.8 129.6
2600 2.2 57.2 2300 4.2 96.6
2100 2.5 52.5 3300 3.6 118.8
3300 3.6 118.8 3300 3.5 115.5
3300 3.1 102.3 3300 3.1 102.3
3400 2.2 74.8 3300 2.2 72.6
3300 0.8 26.4 2800 1.1 30.8
600 0 0
21900 547.5 21000 666.2

Cu extraido= 666.2 - 547.5 = 118.7

Cu en la mena= 8212 * 0.016 = 131.392

% Extraccion= 90.3403556 %

2.- El % de cobre que no se disuelve en las colas y porcentaje de cobre en las colas por humectacion
% Cl
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.1