TRANSPARENT WORDS / COGNATES

Palabras que suenan o se escriben igual o parecido al español, con significados

iguales o parecidos.
Ej. Academic calendar

FALSE COGNATES / FALSE FRIENDS

Suenan o se escriben igual al español pero con significado diferente
Ej. News (noticias), New (nuevo)

SINTAGMA NOMINAL

La frase nominal es una frase formada por un conjunto de palabras cuyo

núcleo o palabra principal es siempre un SUSTANTIVO

 Se llama frase NOMINAL porque el núcleo siempre es un nombre (sustantivo)

que puede ser un nombre común o nombre propio

 Para poder identificar el núcleo tengo que hacerme la pregunta:

¿De qué (o quién) estoy hablando?
*La respuesta a esta pregunta será el tema de lo que estoy leyendo y el núcleo de
mi frase nominal

NOUNS
Palabras con las que se designan seres materiales o inmateriales. Poseen
género y número y forman sintagmas nominales. Propios y comunes (que se
dividen en contables y no contables)
Ej. Waitress (camarera) waiter (camarero)

ADJECTIVES
Palabras que modifican los sustantivos. Expresan propiedades o características
de los sustantivos. DESCRIBEN, MODIFICAN o DAN INFORMACIÓN sobre el
sustantivo.

ADJECTIVE + NOUN  FRASES NOMINALES

MODIFICADOR / ADJETIVO  IZQUIERDA
NÚCLEO / SUSTANTIVO  DERECHA
FRASES NOMINALES

1) ADJETIVO + SUSTANTIVO

2) SUSTANTIVO + SUSTANTIVO Ej. Student life, program delivery

3) ADJETIVO + SUSTANTIVO + SUSTANTIVO Ej. graduate certificate

programs

ARTÍCULOS

Relacionados con el núcleo a la derecha. Acompañantes del sustantivo, indican

la presencia de una frase nominal
Ej. The program

Indefinido A Palabra que inicia con

consonante
Un / una AN Palabra que inicia con
vocal o con H muda
Definido THE El / la / los / las

PLURALES

Sólo agregamos –S –ES –IES a los sustantivos al final del sintagma

VERB TO BE (SER / ESTAR) TIEMPO PRESENTE

I AM I’m
YOU/ HE / SHE / IT IS You’re – He’s – She’s – It’s
YOU / WE / THEY ARE You’re – We’re – They’re

1) SUJETO + VERB TO BE + COMPLEMENTO

A class is a group of things that have

an atribute in common

2) SINTAGMA NOMINAL + VERB TO BE + SINTAGMA NOMINAL

SINTAGMA VERBAL

Verbos y frases verbales

Verbos infinitivos
Imperativos
 LET’S + VERBO

Ej. Look after your daughter

Get ahead (progresar)
Succeed (tener éxito)
Call (llamar)
Enrol (inscribirse)

VERBO: clase de palabra con la que se expresan acciones, procesos, estados

o existencias que afectan a las personas o cosas. Tienen variación de tiempo,
modo, voz, número y persona. Funciona como núcleo del predicado.

VERBOS EN INFINITIVO: aquellos que expresan una acción sin especificar

tiempo verbal, modo ni persona. Son los verbos sin conjugar. En español
son los verbos terminados en –AR, -ER, -IR.
En inglés, los encontramos con o sin “TO”.
En modo imperativo (imperative): recomendar, aconsejar, dar instrucciones,
ordenar, mensajes publicitarios (folletos), conceder permiso.
Con “LET’S”
Ej. Achieve (lograr)

SINTAGMA VERBAL
Grupo de palabras que tiene como núcleo o elemento principal un VERBO

“LET’S” + VERBO EN INFINITIVO

Ej. Let’s work

LET’S: es una forma de imperativo que podemos usar para hacer sugerencias
o invitaciones incluyéndose a sí mismo. Se usa en contextos informales.

Ej. Let’s not buy that (no compremos eso)

Let’s go (vamos)
 LET’S vs LETS

Let’s not (FORMA NEGATIVA)

 Adjetivos: no tienen plural, pueden terminar en –ED o –ING. A la IZQUIERDA
Sustantivo: propios, comunes, singulares, plurales. A la DERECHA

VERBOS EN INFINITIVO

 CON “TO”
TO + VERB INFINITIVE / VERB + TO + VERB INFINITIVE
Ej. I plan to visit another country
 SIN “TO”
 IMPERATIVOS
 “LET’S” + VERBO EN INFINITIVO (no conjugados en ningún tiempo)
Ej. Let’s plan out

PREPOSITIONS: IN - ON - AT

 AÑO: IN 2018
 MES: IN APRIL
 DÍA (NÚMERO DE MES): ON 19
 FECHA: ON APRIL 19,2018
 HORA DE COMIENZO: AT 12 PM
 HORA DE FINALIZACIÓN: AT 6 PM
 HORARIO: FROM 12 PM TO 6 PM
FROM (desde) TO (hasta)
 PAÍS: IN INDIA
 LUGAR DE ENCUENTRO: AT VIVANTA BYTAJ MG ROAD

Prepositions of TIME

IN ON
General (Bigger) More Specific (Smaller)
Parts of days (morning, Holidays with “day”
afternoon) (Labor Day, Christmas
Day)
AT
Very Specific (Smallest)
Holidays without “day”
(Easter, New Year’s)
Months (April, May) Days of the week Time (noon, midnight, 6:00, 10
(Monday) a.m)
Years Days of the month Hours
(Fourth of July)
Centuries Dates (April 15, my
Decades birthday)

Prepositions of PLACE

IN ON AT
General (Bigger) More Specific (Smaller) Very Specific (Smallest)
Neighborhoods Streets, Avenues Addresses (1600
(Chinatown) (Pennsylvania Ave.) Pennsylvania Ave.)
Cities (Corrientes) Islands (Fiji) Specific locations
(home, the corner)
Countries (Argentina) Large vehicles (train,
bus, ship)

 PREPOSICIONES: palabras invariables que sirven de nexo entre las

diferentes partes de una oración e introducen complementos.
Ej. The meeting is AT university
ON days of the week

IN ON AT
General (Bigger More Specific Very Specific
2022 July 10th Quarter past ten (10:15)
The 1990’s October, 31st 2022 8:45
The 21st century May 5th Eleven o’clock (11:00)
2013 Sunday 10:30
The 20th century Tuesday Half past twelve (12:30)
2018
January
February
September
Boston Main Avenue 264 Madison Street
New York Fashion Street 894 Stuart Street
America Wooster Street The supermarket
Italy Third Avenue The bus stop
London The museum
Brazil The theatre
Paris The library
England
Argentina

PRESENT SIMPLE

 PRESENT SIMPLE: FORMA AFIRMATIVA (affirmative)

 RUTINAS, HÁBITOS, HECHOS FÁCTICOS DEL PRESENTE
 CONJUGACIÓN: verbos en tiempo PRESENTE SIMPLE con las tres
personas del singular
 Recordar que algunos verbos son irregulares (have –has-, can, be).
 We use the PRESENT SIMPLE to talk about: -habits and things that we do
regularly (ej. We walk to school); -facts and things that are always true (ej.
London is the capital of England); -opinions (ej, I don’t like cricket)

HE “-S”
SHE Verbo + “-ES”
IT “-IES”

VERBOS TERMINADOS EN:

-SH
-CH
-SS LE AGREGAMOS “-ES”
-X
-Z
-O
Ej. -He washes
-She watches
-She kisses
-He fixes
-He whizzes (silbar)
-She goes

VERBOS TERMINADOS EN: REEMPLAZAMOS LA “Y” POR LA

CONSONANTE + Y “-I” Y AGREGAMOS “-ES”

Ej. Study: she studies

Cry: he cries
Say: she says
Pay: he pays
Dry: he dries
Tidy: tidies
Fly: flies
Copy: copies

Present simple
Affirmative Negative
I / you / we / they play Don’t play
He / she / it plays Doesn’t play

Affirmative
Subject + base form of the verb + (-s with the third person singular)
Negative
Subject + do not (don’t) / does not (doesn’t) + base form of the verb

Present continuous
Affirmative Negative
I ‘m playing ‘m not playing
He / she / it ‘s playing isn’t playing
 you / we / they ‘re playing aren’t playing

Subject + am (‘m) – is (‘s) – are (‘re) + not + base form of the verb + (-ing)

VERBOS IRREGULARES
 HAVE: HAS
 BE: IS

Past simple -Affirmative- Regular verbs

 Generally, we add “-ED” to the end of the base form to form the PAST
SIMPLE of regular verbs.
 Ej. I waited / YOU- HE- SHE- IT waited / WE- YOU- THEY waited
 We make the past simple of regular verbs with the suffix “-ED”.

Verb Example Add Past Simple

Ends in “-E” Live + “-D” Lived

Base form + -ed = past simple

 Past simple regular verbs have the same ending for all people. However,
there are some spelling variations:
 Verbs ending in –e. Add –d, ej. phone / phoned
 Verbs ending in –y. Change –y to –i and add –ed, ej. study / studied – try /
tried
 Short verbs ending in a vowel plus a consonant. Double the final consonant
and add –ed, ej. stop / stopped – plan / planned

Past simple: irregular verbs

 We make the past simple of irregular verbs in various ways.

GO – WENT

HAVE – HAD

READ – READ

WRITE – WROTE
SEE – SAW

GIVE – GAVE

BE – WAS / WERE

BECOME - BECAME

BEGIN – BEGAN

BITE – BIT

BREAK – BROKE

BRING - BROUGHT

TEACH – TAUGHT

Past simple / Irregular verbs Past simple “TO BE”

I went I was
YOU were
YOU / HE / SHE / IT went
HE / SHE / IT was
WE / YOU / THEY went
WE / YOU / THEY were

be: past simple

Affirmative Negative
I / he / she / it was Was not / wasn’t
You / we / they were Were not / weren’t

Subject + was / were + not

Future
will: future
Affirmative Negative
I / he / she / it will (‘ll) Will not (won’t)
You / we / they

Subject + will / will not + base form of the verb

 We use WILL:
 To predict or supose
 To talk about future facts
 To express decisions taken at the moment
 To offer to do something at the moment or later
 To make a request in the second person singular or plural (¿Will you help
me with these heavy bags?)