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"
# ! !
$
$
= &9 ;
+ "
% &'(' &')*
+ "
+ " ,
- . ,-.
/0* 1 2* 1 3
/ $ 44*
1 45* 1 3 &* 61
! $ 7
/
3
!
$
! $
!
Z'b > U'b?I'b Z"b > U"b?I"b !
!
9
@ (b)
U' = U' U" = U" I ' = I'
= (9 ,
I " = I" !
! .
/&3 ! 8
b magnitudes base
( 9
U' U"
. 9 u' = # u" = /(3
U 'b U "b
I' I"
" 9 i' = # i" = /)3
I'b I"b
R' R"
B 9 r' = # r" = /43
Z'b Z" b
X' L X" L
B 9 x' L = # x" L = /03
Z' b Z" b
X' C X" C
B 9 x' C = # x" C = /23
Z' b Z" b
<
r' j ⋅ x' L
8
u' i'
− j ⋅ x' C
) f'
! / 3 / 3
! dos sistemas (a)
eléctricos que pueden representarse por j ⋅ x" L
r"
medio de circuitos equivalentes similares
y cuyos parámetros adimensionales,
u" i"
expresados en términos relativos con − j ⋅ x"C
f"
respecto a determinados valores base
adoptados convenientemente, son (b)
iguales tienen comportamientos
análogos, es decir, son físicamente = )9 ,
!
semejantes ! .
8
/&3 $
C !
<
π D 6
; sistema de magnitudes
porcentuales EGF
8
! Q 8
qE F= Q/Qb
q EGF = Q/Qb⋅&**
$ !
8 !
A $
8
G G &**
! !
$
!
A / $
. .= (7)
/+ !
$
!
= = =
= = =
= = =
= = (8)
#
=" = = (9)
A $
/
3# $
% & , ∅& ; # , ∅# ; * , ∅* ; ⋯ ; ;∅ ,
$
"
B $
9
á = . = ∙ √2 /&*3
= ∅ = #∙4∙5
3 2 ∙√#
3
/&&3
@ $ $ 8
H ?
A ! !
8 A
9
=6 = ó = 68
=9 = : ó
( á ) ;
9 = (12)
6 /
>
?
< ! 6 (
í é ó >
?= (13)
á ;
1
∙ > ∙ 6#
?= 2 (14)
8 A !
) 0 I
?
) !
) A ! ! %
A $ 3? *0
*J
9 8
!
q& ! 8
Qb& q(
Qb( 9
Qb&
q ( = q& ⋅ /&03
Qb (
, !
!
z1 8
Ub& Sb&
Ub( Sb& ! z2
9
(
U
z ( = z& ⋅ b& /&J3
U b(
< !
Ub&= Ub( Sb&≠ Sb(
! 9
S
z ( = z& ⋅ b ( /&53
S b&
A !
!
! A
< Lb
8 !
XL L XL= (⋅π⋅F⋅L
! 9
Zb
Lb = /&'3
( ⋅ π ⋅ Fb
@ !
xL l 9
xL
l = /(*3
( ⋅ π ⋅ Fb
! Cb 9
&
Cb = /(&3
( ⋅ π ⋅ Fb ⋅ Z b
A ! c
x" 9
&
c = /((3
( ⋅ π ⋅ Fb ⋅ x C
A
! !
! !
$
Tb !
ωb &
9
& &
ωb ⋅ Tb = & ⇒ Tb = = /(43
ωb ( ⋅ π ⋅ Fb
@ ! P M
8 P= ω⋅M
9
Sb
Mb = /(03
ωb
" !
!
@ !
Ejemplos de aplicación
Ejemplo 1: .
"
9
= 150 F ;
> = 50 ?G
- A >
- =
; &9
& = 13,2 F
> H& = 0,01
- : $ > H 8 K
; (9
# = 400 ∆
> H# = 0,01
- : $ > 8
> I# = 0,02
- B
- B
A $ G 9
K = 1%
> MN = 1%
- " >
- "
A &9
150 F ; ;
= = = 50.000
3
13,2 F
= = = 7.621
√3
50.000 ;
= = = 6,5608 ;
7.621
7.621
=" = = 1.161,6 Ω
6,5608 ;
=H = =I ="
I 1.161,6 Ω
= = = 3,6975 ?:
2∙Q∙ 2 ∙ Q ∙ 50 ?G
A (9
150 F ; ;
= = = 50.000
3
= = 400
50.000 ;
= = = 125 ;
400
400
=" = = 3,2 Ω = H = I
125 ;
I 3,2 Ω
= = = 0,0102 ?:
2∙Q∙ 2 ∙ Q ∙ 50 ?G
A
9
H# = H&
2: V
I# = I& → U# = U&
!
$ &G ! 9
G ó = HK = 100 = G ó = IN
!
9
1% # (1 )#
= = 0,01 = → HK = = 100
K
100 HK 0,01
@ 9
# (1 )#
IN = = = 100
MN 0,01
&9
Ejemplo 2: , !
" ! =4
) 1A )5* : $ 0* 1
HW = 0,435 Ω # UW = 2 ?:
HX = 0,816 Ω # UX = 2 ?:
9
746 ;⁄? ;
= =3? ∙ = 746
3
380
= = = 220
√3
746 ;
= = = 3,4 ;
220
220
=" = = 64,7 Ω = H = I
3,4 ;
I 64,7 Ω
= = = 0,21 ?:
2∙Q∙ 2 ∙ Q ∙ 50 ?G
60 ∙ 60 ∙ 50 ?G
ó = Z8 = = = 1500
2
2∙Q ⁄ 2∙Q ⁄
= 6 = Z8 ∙ ∙ = 1500 ∙ ∙ = 157,1
60 60
746 ;
=3∙ = 3∙ = 14,25 Z ∙
6 157,1 ⁄
!
9
0,435 Ω
HW = = 0,0067
64,7 Ω
2 ?:
U W = UX = = 0,0095
0,21 ?: ∙ 1000 ?:⁄?:
0,816 Ω
HX = = 0,0126
64,7 Ω
69,31 ?:
UN = = 0,33
0,21 ?: ∙ 1000 ?:⁄?:
1 1
2 ∙ > ∙ 6# 2 ∙ 0,089 F ∙ # ∙ (157,1 ⁄ )#
?= = = 0,4907
3∙ 3 ∙ 746 ;
Ejemplo 3
/ 3
4 / 3 !
F3
U1 = 132 kV U 2 = 33 kV
T
L B
l = 10 km
S n = 1,5 MVA U n = 33 kV
R = 0,107 km
∞ ucc = 4 % Pn = 900 kW
L = 1,35 mHy km
cos ϕ = 0.97
C = 0,0085 F km
F = 50 Hz
(a)
LT LL RL
U 2f CL LB
CL
CC
F 2 2 RB
(b)
= 49 @ !
$
!
F3
. !
/S > S ?)
> * 0 ,:;# P > P ?) > )** 6L ≡ * ) ,L3
/U =U( =U( ) ≅ &' 6:3
9
• Transformador T9 < L. ! 9
U u G ⋅U (
u G= ⋅ &** ⇒ U =
U( &**
4G ⋅ &' 6:
U = = *,J2 6:
&**
U( U(
X . = ( ⋅ π ⋅ F ⋅ L. = ⇒ L. =
S (⋅ π ⋅ F ⋅S
L. =
(*,J2 6: )( = *,**4 1
( ⋅ π ⋅ 0* 1 ⋅ *,0 ,:;
• Línea L9 < ! π R
L C 9
1
L = L ⋅ l = &,)0 ⋅ &* 6 = &) 0 1 ≡ * *&)0 1
6
=
C = C ⋅ l = *,**50 ⋅ &* 6 = * *50 = ≡ * *50 ⋅ &* H 2 =
6
• Carga B9 < RD
LD ! 9
(U ⋅ cos ϕ )
(
(&' 6: ⋅ *,'J) = & &)( (
RD = =
P *,) ,L
&
S = ⋅S = S = * 0 ,:;
)
&
U = ⋅ U ( = U ( = &' 6:
)
F = F = 0* 1
@ 9
U &' 6: ⋅ &*** : 6:
Z = = = J(&,55
I (2 )( ;
Z J(&,55
L = = = (,('5 1
(⋅π⋅F ( ⋅ π ⋅ 0* 1
& &
C = = = 4,4*' ⋅ &* − 2 =
(⋅π⋅F ⋅Z ( ⋅ π ⋅ 0* 1 ⋅ J(&,55
U ( E6:F &' 6:
U( E F= = =&
U E6:F &' 6:
L . E1 F *,**4 1
L. E F= = = *,**&J
L E1 F (,('5 1
L E1 F *,*&)0 1
l E F= = = *,**0'
L E1 F (,('5 1
R E F &,*J
R E F= = = *,**&0
Z E F J(&,55
L D E1 F *,'*)& 1
LD E F= = = *,)'('
L E1 F (,('5 1
RD E F & &)(
RD E F= = = &,025&
Z E F J(&,55
A
A $
0: 0*1 "
! Ubm= 0: Fbm= 0* !
&'6: 0*1
A ! * 4J = !
C ?( ! * 4J =
! * *&')?(
9
(
C = *,4J = ⋅ = 45,J*4J =
*,*&')
& &
Z = = = 20,)00&
( ⋅ π ⋅ F ⋅C ( ⋅ π ⋅ 0* 1 ⋅ 45,J*4J ⋅ &* − 2 =
Z 20,)00&
L = = = *,(*5 1
(⋅π⋅F ( ⋅ π ⋅ 0* 1
U 0:
I = = = *,*J20 ;
Z 20 )00&
M 9
! 81,7 mHy
5V
8 0 0,47 F 0,47 F CC
50 Hz
; ! 102,5
#
= 09 " !
! )
$
0: 0*1 * 4J =
I !
8
; $
$ ))6:
F3 CC
U =
/ 3 2
! / 3
;
! t >
* *2
[V] [ kV ]
8 30
6
20
4
10
2
0 0
-2
-10
-4
-20
-6
[s ] [s ]
-8 -30
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
(a) (b)
= 29 / 3
/ 3 Evolución de la tensión en el nodo del prototipo.
C ! / 3
!
$
/ 3B / 3B
= J9 < /C A ;C 3
J /C A ;C3 <
√2
$
- " 8
N O
A $ 9 $ ! & 4(
! 8 4(G
- 8
A $ 9
) 6:; )** 6:; 8 * *&
* *) !
* *& * *0 ! A
)** 6:; )** ,:;
* *) * &( !
* **0 * **( 8
I[
@ !
I[\
* 2* & 0*
! * (* * 0*
8
!
&* 6:;
* *( * **J0
8
$
Bibliografía
Procesos Transitorios Electromecánicos en los Sistemas Eléctricos de Potencia
. B 1 < D ,-B , &'55
; ;) A 45&H452
Análisis de Sistemas Eléctricos de Potencia " ,
&'20 " 5 A &2'H&'&
Power System Stability and Control A K B - A K
< < , + KH1 - C K M 6 &''4 A -- " ) A J0H
55
Power System Analysis < P L Q< C KM 6 &'52
" ) A 5*H50
A Microcomputer4Based Data Adquisition System for
Transient Network Analyzer Operation - . A K < : ' C
( , &''4 A 5&(H5&5
An Extensible Real4Time Digital Transient Network Analyzer -
. A K < : 5 C & = &'') A 54H5'
!"# $ ! Integration of Turbo4generator Modules in Digital Transient
Network Analyzer - . A K < : ' C ( , &''4 A
20)H20'
% $ & Introducción al análisis dimensional y la teoría de modelos físicos
en sistemas eléctricos , , -
= - I C , ;