1. Un circuito RC consta de una resistencia de 73kΩ y condensador de 0.01mili faradios.

En el tiempo t=0 se conecta a una fuente de 12 voltios. Halle la ecuación del voltaje en
el condensador en cualquier instante. ¿Cuál es la constante de tiempo t del sistema?

𝑅 = 73𝑘𝛺
𝐶 = 0.01𝑚𝐹
𝑉 = 73𝑘𝛺

En una malla la suma de todas las tensiones, cada una con su signo correspondiente, es
igual a 0
𝑉𝐹 − 𝑉𝑅 − 𝑉𝐶 = 0
Ley de ohm
𝑉𝑅 = 𝑖𝑅
Caída de potencial a través de un capacitor es igual a:
1
𝑉𝐶 = ∫ 𝑖 𝑑𝑡
𝐶
𝑑𝑉𝐶 𝑖
=
𝑑𝑡 𝐶
𝑑𝑉𝐶
𝐶 =𝑖
𝑑𝑡

Reemplazando en ecuación de caídas de tensión: CONSTANTE DE

𝑑𝑉𝐶 TIEMPO DEL
𝑉𝐹 − 𝑅𝐶 − 𝑉𝐶 = 0 CIRCUITO
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉𝐶 𝑅𝐶 = 𝜏
𝑉𝐹 = 𝜏 + 𝑉𝐶
𝑑𝑡
Resolvemos la ecuación diferencial:
𝑑𝑉𝐶 1 1
+ + 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐹 ∫ 𝜏 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝜏 𝐹𝐼 = 𝑒
𝑡 𝑑𝑉𝐶 𝑡 𝑉𝐹 𝑡 1
𝑒 𝜏
𝑑𝑡
+ 𝑒 𝜏𝑉
𝐶 =
𝜏
𝑒 𝜏
𝐹𝐼 = 𝑒 𝜏 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
𝑡 𝑉𝐹 𝑡
𝑑 [𝑒 𝜏 𝑉𝐶 ] = 𝑒𝜏 𝐹𝐼 = 𝑒 𝜏

𝜏
𝑡 𝑉𝐹 𝑡
∫ 𝑑 [𝑒 𝜏𝑉
𝐶 ]=∫ 𝑒 𝜏 𝑑𝑡
𝜏
𝑡 𝑉𝐹 𝑡
𝑒 𝜏𝑉
𝐶 = 𝜏𝑒 𝜏
𝜏
𝑡 𝑡
𝑒 𝜏 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐹 𝑒 𝜏 + 𝐶
𝐶
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐹 + 𝑡
𝑒𝜏
ecuación del voltaje en el condensador en cualquier instante
𝑡
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐹 + 𝐶 𝑒−𝜏

constante de tiempo t del sistema 𝑅 = 73𝑘𝛺

𝑅𝐶 = 𝜏 𝐶 = 0.01𝑚𝐹
𝜏 = 73 ∗ 0.01 𝑉 = 73𝑘𝛺
𝜏 = 73𝑘𝛺 ∗ 0.01𝑚𝐹
𝜏 = 0.73𝑠
2. Grafique por medio de un software (geogebra, Matlab etc) el Voltaje del condensador
vs Tiempo del punto anterior. Muestre mediante un punto la constante τ. Muestre en
qué punto se puede considerar que el voltaje del condensador es 12V. (Pegue la
gráfica o capture y pegue la pantalla.
3. Resuelva la siguiente ecuación diferencial

𝑦′′ + 7𝑦′ + 10𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥

−7 ± √(7)2 − 4(10)
𝑥=
2
−7 ± 3
𝑥=
2
𝑥 = −5 … 𝑥 = −2

𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −5𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑦𝑃 = (𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)ⅇ−2𝑥
𝑦′𝑃 = −2ⅇ−2𝑥 (𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) + ⅇ−2𝑥 (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)
𝑦′′𝑃 = 4ⅇ−2𝑥 (𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) + ⅇ−2𝑥 (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵) + ⅇ−2𝑥 (−2𝐴𝑥 + A − 2𝐵)

4ⅇ−2𝑥 (𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) + ⅇ−2𝑥 (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵) + ⅇ−2𝑥 (−2𝐴𝑥 + A − 2𝐵) + 7[−2ⅇ−2𝑥 (𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) + ⅇ−2𝑥 (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)] + 10[(𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)ⅇ−2𝑥 ] = 𝑥ⅇ−2𝑥
4ⅇ−2𝑥 (𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) + ⅇ−2𝑥 (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵) + ⅇ−2𝑥 (−2𝐴𝑥 + A − 2𝐵) − 14ⅇ−2𝑥 (𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) + 7ⅇ−2𝑥 (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵) + 10ⅇ−2𝑥 (𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) = 𝑥ⅇ−2𝑥
ⅇ−2𝑥 (−2𝐴𝑥 + A − 2𝐵) + 8ⅇ−2𝑥 (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵) = 𝑥ⅇ−2𝑥
−2𝐴ⅇ−2𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝐴ⅇ−2𝑥 − 2𝐵ⅇ−2𝑥 + 8𝐴ⅇ−2𝑥 𝑥 + 8𝐵ⅇ−2𝑥 = 𝑥ⅇ−2𝑥
6𝐴ⅇ−2𝑥 𝑥 + 2𝐴ⅇ−2𝑥 + 6𝐵ⅇ−2𝑥 = 𝑥ⅇ−2𝑥
6Aⅇ−2𝑥 𝑥 + ⅇ−2𝑥 (2𝐴 + 6𝐵) = ⅇ−2𝑥 𝑥
6𝐴 = 1 … 2𝐴 + 6𝐵 = 0

1 −2𝐴 2(1⁄6) 1
𝐴= … 𝐵= =− =−
6 6 6 9

1 1
𝑦 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −5𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑥 2 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑥
6 9
4. Resuelva la siguiente ecuación diferencial

𝑦 ′′ + 10𝑦 ′ + 25𝑦 = cos(2𝑥) + 𝑥 2 + 4

𝑚2 + 10𝑚 + 25 = 0

−10 ± √(10)2 − 4(25)

𝑥=
2

𝑥 = −5

𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −5𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −5𝑥

𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴 cos(2𝑥) + 𝐵 sin(2𝑥) + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸
𝑦′𝑃 = −2𝐴 sin(2𝑥) + 2𝐵 cos(2𝑥) + 2𝐶𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑦′′𝑃 = −4𝐴 cos(2𝑥) − 4𝐵 sin(2𝑥) + 2𝐶

−4𝐴 cos(2𝑥) − 4𝐵 sin(2𝑥) + 2𝐶 + 10(−2𝐴 sin(2𝑥) + 2𝐵 cos(2𝑥) + 2𝐶𝑥 + 𝑥) + 25(𝐴 cos(2𝑥) + 𝐵 sin(2𝑥) + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸) = cos(2𝑥) + 𝑥 2 + 4
−4𝐴 cos(2𝑥) − 4𝐵 sin(2𝑥) + 2𝐶 − 20𝐴 sin(2𝑥) + 20𝐵 cos(2𝑥) + 20𝐶𝑥 + 20𝑥 + 25𝐴 cos(2𝑥) + 25𝐵 sin(2𝑥) + 25𝐶𝑥 2 + 25𝐷𝑥 + 25𝐸 = cos(2𝑥) + 𝑥 2 + 4
21𝐴 cos(2𝑥) + 21𝐵 sin(2𝑥) − 20𝐴 sin(2𝑥) + 20𝐵 cos(2𝑥) + 25𝐶𝑥 2 + 2𝐶 + 20𝐶𝑥 + 20𝑥 + 25𝐷𝑥 + 25𝐸 = cos(2𝑥) + 𝑥 2 + 4
(21𝐴 + 20𝐵) cos(2𝑥) + (21𝐵 − 20𝐴) sin(2𝑥) = cos(2𝑥)
21𝐴 + 20𝐵 = 1 … 21𝐵 − 20𝐴 = 0
21 20
𝐴= … 𝐵=
841 841

(25𝐶)𝑥 2 + (25𝐷 + 20𝐶)𝑥 + (25𝐸 + 10𝐷 + 2𝐶) = 𝑥 2 + 4

25𝐶 = 1 … 21𝐷 − 20𝐶 = 0 … 25𝐸 + 10𝐷 + 2𝐶 = 4
1 20 4 106
𝐶= … 𝐷=− =− … 𝐸= =
25 625 125 625

−5𝑥 −5𝑥
21 20 𝑥2 4 106
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 + 𝐶2 𝑒 + cos(2𝑥) + sin(2𝑥) + − 𝑥+
841 841 25 125 625
5. Resuelva la siguiente ecuación diferencial
𝑦 ′′ + 10𝑦 ′ + 41𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥

𝑚2 + 10𝑚 + 41 = 0

−10 ± √(10)2 − 4(41)

𝑥=
2
𝑥 = −5 ± 8𝑖
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑒 −5𝑥 (𝐶1 cos(4𝑥) + 𝐶2 sin(4𝑥))
𝑦𝑃 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
𝑦′𝑃 = 3𝐴𝑥 2 + 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦′′𝑃 = 6𝐴x + 2𝐵

6𝐴x + 2𝐵 + 10(3𝐴𝑥 2 + 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶) + 41(𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷) = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥

6𝐴x + 2𝐵 + 30𝐴𝑥 2 + 20𝐵𝑥 + 10𝐶 + 41𝐴𝑥 3 + 41𝐵𝑥 2 + 41𝐶𝑥 + 41𝐷 = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥
41𝐴𝑥 3 + 30𝐴𝑥 2 + 41𝐵𝑥 2 + 6𝐴x + 20𝐵𝑥 + 41𝐶𝑥 + 2𝐵 + 10𝐶 + 41𝐷 = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥

41A = 2 … 30𝐴 + 41𝐵 = 0 … 6𝐴 + 20𝐵 + 41𝐶 = −1 … 2𝐵 + 10𝐶 + 41𝐷 = 0

2 60 973 14650
A= … 𝐵=− … 𝐶=− … 𝐷=
41 1681 68921 2825761

−5𝑥
2𝑥 3 60𝑥 2 973 14650
𝑌=𝑒 (𝐶1 cos(4𝑥) + 𝐶2 sin(4𝑥)) + − − 𝑥+
41 1681 68921 2825761
6. Grafique mediante un software (Geogebra, Matlab) la respuesta dela ecuación homogénea
asociada del punto 3 al 5 ( Yp). Clasifique el movimiento según su amortiguamiento. (Pegue la
grafica o capture y pegue la pantalla.
7. Halle el radio de convergencia de la siguiente serie de potencia

∞
(−1)𝑛 𝑛2 (𝑥 + 2)𝑛
∑
3𝑛
𝑛=0

𝑎𝑛 + 1
lim | |<1
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛

(−1)𝑛+1 (𝑛 + 1)2 (𝑥 + 2)𝑛+1

𝑎𝑛 + 1 3𝑛+1
= …
𝑎𝑛 (−1) 𝑛2 (𝑥 + 2)𝑛
𝑛
3𝑛
(−1)𝑛 (−1)(𝑛 + 1)2 (𝑥 + 2)𝑛 (𝑥 + 2)
= 3𝑛 ∗ 3 …
(−1) 𝑛2 (𝑥 + 2)𝑛
𝑛
3𝑛
(−1)(𝑛 + 1)2 (𝑥 + 2)
lim = | |…
𝑛→∞ 3𝑛2

(𝑛 + 1)2
|𝑥 + 2| lim = | |…
𝑛→∞ 3𝑛2

𝑛2 + 2𝑛 + 1 1
|𝑥 + 2| lim = | 2
| = |𝑥 + 2| < 1
𝑛→∞ 3𝑛 3
|𝑥 + 2| < 3 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎
8. Para la expresión dada rescríbala como una solo serie de potencia que contenga el termino Xn
∞ ∞ ∞
𝑛+2 𝑛−1
∑ 𝐶𝑛+3 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 + 3)𝑥 − ∑ 𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)𝑥 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+2
𝑛=0 𝑛=1 𝑛=0

𝐾 = 𝑛 + 2…𝑛 = 𝐾 − 2 ; 𝐾 = 𝑛 − 1…𝑛 = 𝐾 + 1
∞ ∞ ∞

∑ 𝐶𝐾−2+3 (𝐾 − 2 + 1)(𝑘)(𝐾 − 2 + 3)𝑥 − ∑ 𝐶𝐾+1+2 (𝐾 + 1 + 1)(𝐾 + 1 + 2)𝑥 + ∑ 𝐶𝐾−2 𝑥 𝐾

𝐾 𝐾

𝐾−2=0 𝐾+1=1 𝐾−2=0

∞ ∞ ∞

∑ 𝐶𝐾+1 (𝐾 − 1)(𝐾)(𝐾 + 1)𝑥 − ∑ 𝐶𝐾+3 (𝐾 + 2)(𝐾 + 3)𝑥 + ∑ 𝐶𝑘−2 𝑥 𝐾

𝐾 𝐾

𝐾=2 𝐾=0 𝐾=2

𝐾=𝑛
∞ ∞ ∞

∑ 𝐶𝑛+1 (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛)(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 − ∑ 𝐶𝑛+3 (𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 + 3)𝑥 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛

𝑛 𝑛

𝑛=2 𝑛=0 𝑛=2

∞ ∞ ∞
𝑛 𝑛 0) 1)
∑ 𝐶𝑛+1 (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛)(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 − ∑ 𝐶𝑛+3 (𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 + 3)𝑥 + (𝐶0+3 (0 + 2)(0 + 3)𝑥 + +(𝐶1+3 (1 + 2)(1 + 3)𝑥 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛
𝑛=2 𝑛=2 𝑛=2
∞ ∞ ∞

∑ 𝐶𝑛+1 (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛)(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 𝑛 − ∑ 𝐶𝑛+3 (𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 + 3)𝑥 𝑛 + (𝐶3 (2)(3)1) + +(𝐶4 (3)(4)𝑥) + ∑ 𝐶𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛
𝑛=2 𝑛=2 𝑛=2
∞ ∞ ∞

∑ 𝐶𝑛+1 (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛)(𝑛 + 1)𝑥 𝑛 − ∑ 𝐶𝑛+3 (𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 + 3)𝑥 𝑛 + (6𝐶3 ) + (12𝐶4 𝑥) + ∑ 𝐶𝑛−2 𝑥 𝑛

𝑛=2 𝑛=2 𝑛=2
∞

∑[𝐶𝑛+1 (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛)(𝑛 + 1) − 𝐶𝑛+3 (𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 + 3) + 𝐶𝑛−2 ] 𝑥 𝑛 − 6𝐶3 − 12𝐶4 𝑥

𝑛=2
9. Hallar el mínimo radio de convergencia de la siguiente ecuación diferencial alrededor del punto
ordinario X=0

(𝑥 2 + 7)𝑦 ′′ + (𝑥 + 3)𝑦 ′ + 6𝑦 = 0

(𝑥 2 + 7)𝑦 ′′ (𝑥 + 3)𝑦 ′ 6𝑦
2
+ 2 + 2 =0
(𝑥 + 7) (𝑥 + 7) (𝑥 + 7)
(𝑥 + 3) 6
𝑦′′ + 2
𝑦′ + 2 𝑦=0
(𝑥 + 7) (𝑥 + 7)

𝑥2 + 7 = 0
𝑥 2 = −7

x = √−7

x = √7 ± 𝑖

|𝑥| < √7 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑜 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎

10. Halle la ecuación de recurrencia de la siguiente ecuación diferencial (en X=0)

(𝑥 2 + 4)𝑦 ′′ + 3𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0

∞ ∞ ∞

(𝑥 2 + 4) ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑛−2

+ 3𝑥 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 (𝑛)𝑥 𝑛−1 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 0
𝑛=2 𝑛=1 𝑛=0
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝑛 𝑛−2 (𝑛)𝑥 𝑛
∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 + 4 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 + 3 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 0
𝑛=2 𝑛=2 𝑛=1 𝑛=0

𝐾=𝑛 ; 𝐾 = 𝑛 − 2…𝑛 = 𝐾 + 2 ; 𝐾=𝑛 ; 𝐾=𝑛

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝐾 𝐾+2−2 (𝐾)𝑥 𝐾
∑ 𝐶𝐾 𝐾(𝐾 − 1)𝑥 + 4 ∑ 𝐶𝐾+2 𝐾 + 2(𝐾 + 2 − 1)𝑥 + 3 ∑ 𝐶𝐾 + ∑ 𝐶𝐾 𝑥 𝐾 = 0
𝐾=2 𝐾+2=2 𝐾=1 𝐾=0
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝐾 𝐾 (𝐾)𝑥 𝐾
∑ 𝐶𝐾 𝐾(𝐾 − 1)𝑥 + 4 ∑ 𝐶𝐾+2 (𝐾 + 2)(𝐾 + 1)𝑥 + 3 ∑ 𝐶𝐾 + ∑ 𝐶𝐾 𝑥 𝐾 = 0
𝐾=2 𝐾=0 𝐾=1 𝐾=0

𝐾=𝑛
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝑛 𝑛 (𝑛)𝑥 𝑛
∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 + 4 ∑ 𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)𝑥 + 3 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 0
𝑛=2 𝑛=0 𝑛=1 𝑛=0
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝑛 𝑛 (𝑛)𝑥 𝑛
∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 + (8𝐶2 ) + (24𝐶3 𝑥) + 4 ∑ 𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)𝑥 + (3𝐶1 𝑥) + 3 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 + (𝐶0 ) + (𝐶1 𝑥) + ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 0
𝑛=2 𝑛=2 𝑛=2 𝑛=2
 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝑛 𝑛 (𝑛)𝑥 𝑛
(𝐶0 ) + (4𝐶1 𝑥) + (8𝐶2 ) + (24𝐶3 𝑥) + ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 + 4 ∑ 𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)𝑥 + 3 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 + (𝐶0 ) + (𝐶1 𝑥) + ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 0
𝑛=2 𝑛=2 𝑛=2 𝑛=2
∞

(𝐶0 ) + (4𝐶1 𝑥) + (8𝐶2 ) + (24𝐶3 𝑥) + ∑[4𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) + 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) + 3𝐶𝑛 𝑛 − 𝐶𝑛 ]𝑥 𝑛 = 0

𝑛=2

[4𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) + 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) + 3𝐶𝑛 𝑛 − 𝐶𝑛 ]𝑥 𝑛 = 0

[4𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) + 𝐶𝑛 (𝑛(𝑛 − 1) + 3𝑛 + 1)]𝑥 𝑛

[4𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) + 𝐶𝑛 (𝑛2 − 𝑛 + 3𝑛 + 1)]𝑥 𝑛
[4𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) + 𝐶𝑛 (𝑛2 + 2𝑛 + 1)]𝑥 𝑛
4𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) + 𝐶𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 1)

𝐶𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 1)
𝐶𝑛+2 = −
4(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)
Ecuación de recurrencia
(𝑛 + 1)
𝐶𝑛+2 = − 𝐶
4(𝑛 + 2) 𝑛
Encontré una ecuación muy similar resuelta
de esta manera.
De cambiar directamente (n=2) a (n=0):
∞ ∞

∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑛 → ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑛

𝑛=2 𝑛=0 (𝑥 2 + 4)𝑦 ′′ + 3𝑥𝑦 ′ + 𝑦 = 0
La aplique y el resultado es el mismo.

∞ ∞ ∞

(𝑥 2 + 4) ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑛−2

+ 3𝑥 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 (𝑛)𝑥 𝑛−1 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 0
𝑛=2 𝑛=1 𝑛=0
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝑛 𝑛−2 (𝑛)𝑥 𝑛
∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 + 4 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 + 3 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 0
𝑛=2 𝑛=2 𝑛=1 𝑛=0
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 + 4 ∑ 𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)𝑥 + 3 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 (𝑛)𝑥 − ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 0

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

𝑛=0 𝑛=0 𝑛=0 𝑛=0

∞

∑[4𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) + 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1) + 3𝐶𝑛 𝑛 − 𝐶𝑛 ]𝑥 𝑛 = 0

𝑛=0

[4𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) + 𝐶𝑛 (𝑛2 + 2𝑛 + 1)]

[4𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) + 𝐶𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 1)]

(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 1)
𝐶𝑛+2 = − 𝐶
4(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) 𝑛
Ecuación de recurrencia
(𝑛 + 1)
𝐶𝑛+2 = − 𝐶
4(𝑛 + 2) 𝑛
11. Halle la ecuación de recurrencia de la siguiente ecuación diferencial (en X=0)

(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑦 ′′ + (𝑥 − 5)𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 0
∞ ∞ ∞

(𝑥 2 + 1) ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑛−2

+ (𝑥 − 5) ∑ 𝐶𝑛 (𝑛)𝑥 𝑛−1 − 3 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 0
𝑛=2 𝑛=1 𝑛=0
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝑛 𝑛−2 (𝑛)𝑥 𝑛 (𝑛)𝑥 𝑛−1
∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛 − 5 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 − 3 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 0
𝑛=2 𝑛=2 𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛=0
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)𝑥 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛 𝑥 − 5 ∑ 𝐶𝑛+1 (𝑛 + 1)𝑥 − 3 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 0

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

𝑛=0 𝑛=0 𝑛=0 𝑛=0 𝑛=0

∞

∑[𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) − 5𝐶𝑛+1 (𝑛 + 1) + 𝐶𝑛 (𝑛2 − 3)]𝑥 𝑛 = 0

𝑛=0

Ecuación de recurrencia
𝐶𝑛+1 (5𝑛 + 5) − 𝐶𝑛 (𝑛2 − 3)
𝐶𝑛+2 =
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)
12. Resuelva la siguiente ecuación diferencial únicamente por series de potencia alrededor del
punto ordinario X=0

𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 = 0 ; 𝑦(0) = 1 ; 𝑦′(0) = 1
∞ ∞

∑ 𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)𝑥 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 0

𝑛

𝑛=0 𝑛=0
∞

∑[(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)𝐶𝑛+2 + 𝐶𝑛 ] 𝑥 𝑛 = 0

𝑛=0
𝐶𝑛
𝐶𝑛+2 = −
(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)

1
𝑛 = 0 ; 𝐶2 = − 𝐶0
2
1 1
𝑛 = 1 ; 𝐶3 = − 𝐶1 ; 𝐶3 = − 𝐶1
2∗3 3!
1 1
𝑛 = 2 ; 𝐶4 = 𝐶0 ; 𝐶4 = 𝐶0
2∗3∗4 4!
1 1
𝑛 = 3 ; 𝐶5 = 𝐶1 ; 𝐶5 = 𝐶1
2∗3∗4∗5 5!
1 1
𝑛 = 4 ; 𝐶6 = − 𝐶0 ; 𝐶6 = − 𝐶0
2∗3∗4∗5∗6 6!
1 1
𝑛 = 5 ; 𝐶7 = − 𝐶1 ; 𝐶7 = − 𝐶1
2∗3∗4∗5∗6∗7 7!
1 1
𝑛 = 6 ; 𝐶8 = 𝐶0 ; 𝐶8 = 𝐶0
2∗3∗4∗5∗6∗7∗8 8!

𝑦 = 𝐶0 − 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + 𝐶3 𝑥 3 + 𝐶4 𝑥 4 + 𝐶5 𝑥 5 + 𝐶6 𝑥 6 + 𝐶7 𝑥 7 + 𝐶8 𝑥 8 + ⋯
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑦 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 − 𝐶0 𝑥 2 − 𝐶1 𝑥 3 + 𝐶0 𝑥 4 + 𝐶1 𝑥 5 − 𝐶0 𝑥 6 − 𝐶1 𝑥 7 + 𝐶0 𝑥 8 + ⋯
2 3! 4! 5! 6! 7! 8!
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑦 = (𝐶0 − 𝐶0 𝑥 2 + 𝐶0 𝑥 4 − 𝐶0 𝑥 6 + 𝐶0 𝑥 8 ) + (𝐶1 𝑥 − 𝐶1 𝑥 3 + 𝐶1 𝑥 5 − 𝐶1 𝑥 7 )
2 4! 6! 8! 3! 5! 7!
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑦 = 𝐶0 (− 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 8 … ) + 𝐶1 (𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 7 … )
2 4! 6! 8! 3! 5! 7!
13. Resuelva la siguiente ecuación diferencial únicamente por series de potencia alrededor del
punto ordinario X=0

(𝑥 2 − 6)𝑦 ′′ − 6𝑥𝑦 ′ + 12𝑦 = 0

∞ ∞ ∞
(𝑥 2 − 6) ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑛−2
− 6𝑥 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 (𝑛)𝑥 𝑛−1 + 12 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 0
𝑛=2 𝑛=1 𝑛=0
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
𝑛 𝑛−2 (𝑛)𝑥 𝑛
∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 − 6 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 − 6 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 + 12 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 0
𝑛=2 𝑛=2 𝑛=1 𝑛=0
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 − 6 ∑ 𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)𝑥 − 6 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛 𝑥 + 12 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 0

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

𝑛=0 𝑛=0 𝑛=0 𝑛=0

∞

∑[−6𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) − 6𝐶𝑛 𝑛 + 12𝐶𝑛 + 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)]𝑥 𝑛 = 0

𝑛=0

[−6𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) + 𝐶𝑛 (𝑛2 − 7𝑛 + 12)] = 0

[−6𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) + 𝐶𝑛 (𝑛 − 4)(𝑛 − 3)] = 0

(𝑛 − 4)(𝑛 − 3)
𝐶𝑛+2 = − 𝐶
6(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) 𝑛
−4 ∗ −3 12
𝑛 = 0 ; 𝐶2 = − 𝐶0 = − 𝐶0 ; 𝐶2 = 𝐶0
6∗1∗2 12
−3 ∗ −2 6 1
𝑛 = 1 ; 𝐶3 = − 𝐶1 = − 𝐶1 ; 𝐶3 = − 𝐶1
6∗2∗3 36 6
−2 ∗ −1 2 1
𝑛 = 2 ; 𝐶4 = − 𝐶2 = − 𝐶2 ; 𝐶4 = − 𝐶0
6∗3∗4 72 36
−1 ∗ 0
𝑛 = 3 ; 𝐶5 = − 𝐶 ; 𝐶5 = 0
6∗4∗5 3
0∗1
𝑛 = 4 ; 𝐶6 = − 𝐶 ; 𝐶6 = 0
6∗5∗6 4
1∗2
𝑛 = 5 ; 𝐶7 = − 𝐶 ; 𝐶7 = 0
6∗6∗7 5
2∗3
𝑛 = 6 ; 𝐶8 = − 𝐶 ; 𝐶8 = 0
6∗7∗8 6
1 1
𝑦 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 − 𝐶0 𝑥 2 − 𝐶1 𝑥 3 − 𝐶0 𝑥 4
6 36
1 4 1
𝑦 = 𝐶0 (1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 ) + 𝐶1 (𝑥 − 𝑥 3 )
36 6
14. Resuelva la siguiente ecuación diferencial únicamente por series de potencia alrededor del
punto ordinario X=0

𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′ − 4𝑥𝑦 = 0
∞ ∞ ∞

∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑛−2

+ 𝑥2 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 (𝑛)𝑥 𝑛−1 − 4𝑥 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 0
𝑛=2 𝑛=1 𝑛=0
∞ ∞ ∞

∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑥 𝑛−2 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛 (𝑛)𝑥 𝑛+1 − 4 ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛+1 = 0

𝑛=2 𝑛=1 𝑛=0
∞ ∞ ∞

∑ 𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)𝑥 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛−1 (𝑛 − 1)𝑥 − 4 ∑ 𝐶𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛 = 0

𝑛 𝑛

𝑛=0 𝑛=1 𝑛=1

∞ ∞ ∞

2𝐶2 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)𝑥 + ∑ 𝐶𝑛−1 (𝑛 − 1)𝑥 − 4 ∑ 𝐶𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛 = 0

𝑛 𝑛

𝑛=1 𝑛=1 𝑛=1

∞

2𝐶2 + ∑[𝐶𝑛+2 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) − 𝐶𝑛−1 (𝑛 + 3)] 𝑥 𝑛 = 0

𝑛=1
∞

𝐶2 = 0 ; ∑[𝐶𝑛+3 (𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 + 3) − 𝐶𝑛 (𝑛 + 4)] 𝑥 𝑛+1 = 0

𝑛=0

(𝑛 + 4)
𝐶𝑛+3 = 𝐶
(𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 + 3) 𝑛

4 4
𝑛 = 0 ; 𝐶3 = 𝐶0 ; 𝐶3 = 𝐶0
2∗3 3!
5 5
𝑛 = 1 ; 𝐶4 = 𝐶1 ; 𝐶4 = 𝐶1
3∗4 4!
6 6
𝑛 = 2 ; 𝐶5 = 𝐶2 ; 𝐶5 = 𝐶2
4∗5 5!
7 7 4
𝑛 = 3 ; 𝐶6 = 𝐶 ; 𝐶6 = + 𝐶0
5∗6 3 6! 3!
15.
16. There are a lot of great and excellent videos in the web, about differential equations. Please
watch the video (youtube) titled “What are Differential Equations and how they work”, by
abbine Hossenfelder, and write an abstract in English about the video (max 8 lines) . Please try
to watch the video the first time only in English (captions in English) then watch again (if you
want) switching the close captions to translate Spanish . Questions? In class (the last half an
hour).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Em339AlejIs&t=1s

Abstract
In mathematics, the fundamentals to understand the complexity of the world are always related
to Differential equations. It’s easy to find examples: analysis of financial markets, climate
change, population growth or the way how a pandemic spread.
For instead, in the last case, the change of the people infected through time which is the
derivative of the function that indicates infected people and the function itself are proportional,
and this is a homogeneous O.D.E of first order with constant coefficients.
We can find more and more examples of formulas in physics that we had always known and
used whose are solutions of O.D.E’s. The formula of Free Falling Objects is the general solution
of a second order O.D.E.
Differential equations are a magnificent way to predict or to know events in the past. Pierre-
Simon Laplace said that maybe a powerful mind could understand past a present of future all as
present as a formula before the eyes.
Nevertheless, Jules Henri Poincare opened the field again saying that even deterministic
systems can become unpredictable. Every time differentials equations are back in business.