;. @l ulk nu`strk
nu`strk kb`ktfr
kb`ktfrdk
dk sdnpb`
sdnpb` g` 79 krkraubfs
aubfs bk n`gdk
n`gdk nu`
nu`strkb
strkb f
fmt`ld
mt`ldgk
gk `s =0. Bk
g`svdkadñl `stëlgkr pfmbkadflkb `s ρ > 0.
k. ¶Auëb
¶Auëb `s `s `b `rr
`rrfr
fr `s
`stëltëlgkr
gkr g` bbk
k n`gdk ρ  x·  6
n`gdk
  ρ    0
ρ  x· >   ρ  x· > >9.34
∘ l ∘ 7
799

m. ¶Auëb `s `b
`b nkrc`l
nkrc`l g`
g` `rrfr
`rrfr pkrk
pkrk t`
t`l`r
l`r 40%
40% g` afljk
afljklzk6
lzk6
k
@b nkrc`l g` `rrfr vk k `stkr g`jldgf pfr8 X =∓ρ   gflg` X 9.9=0 >;.4: 
∘ l
X k∓ρ 
@ltfla`s8 = >( ;.4: )∓( 9.34 )>;.00
∘ l

=. @l ulk nu`st
nu`strkrk kb`ktf
kb`ktfrdk
rdk sdnpb
sdnpb`` g` 09 krau
kraubfs
bfs g` ulk pfpfmbk
mbkadñ
adñl
l `l bk qu` ρ> : bk
n`gdk nu`strkb u` 1=.
X k∓ ρ 
@b dlt`rvkbf `stkrë g`t`rndlkgf pfr8  x » =  `ltfla`s8
∘ l
k. Yrfpfradfl`
Yrfpfradfl` ul dlt
dlt`rvkb
`rvkbf
f g` af
afljklz
ljklzkk g` 49%
49% pkrk bk n`gdk
n`gdk pfm
pfmbkadfl
bkadflkb.
kb.
(;.:70)∓: (;.:70 )∓:
1= ∝ ∘ 0
09
9   + ∘ 09
1= 09
1=∝( ;.:70 )∓( 9.50)   1= +(;.:70 )∓
)∓((9.50 )
( 19.:9 , 11.79 )

m. @stkmb`zak
@stkmb`zak ul
ul dlt`
dlt`rvkbf
rvkbf g`
g` afljk
afljklzk
lzk g` 4
40%
0% pkrk bk n`gdk
n`gdk pfmbk
pfmbkadflkb.
adflkb.
(;.4: )∓: (;.4: )∓:
1= ∝   1= +
∘ 0
09
9 ∘ 09
09
1= ∝( ;.4: )∓(9.50 )  1= +(;.4: )∓
)∓((9.50 )
(19.17 , 11.:: )

a. Yrfpfradfl`
Yrfpfradfl` ul dlt
dlt`rvkb
`rvkbf
f g` af
afljklz
ljklzk
k g` 44%
44% pkrk bk n`gdk
n`gdk pfm
pfmbkadfl
bkadflkb.
kb.
(;.:70 )∓: ( ;.:70 )∓:
1= 1=
∝ ∘ 09   + ∘ 09
1=∝( =.030 )∓(9.50 )  1= +( =.030)∓
)∓((9.50 )
( =4.5= , 17.;5)

1. Afl fmh`t
fmh`tf
f g` `snkr
`snkr bk aklgkg
aklgkg n`gdk
n`gdk qu`
qu` ckst
ckstkk ul abd`
abd`lt`
lt` `l ul
ulk
k afnd
afndgk
gk `l ul
dnpfrt
dnpfrtklt
klt`
` r`stku
r`stkurkl
rklt`,
t`, s` r`afcd
r`afcd`rf
`rfl
l bfs gktfs
gktfs g` ulk nu`st
nu`strk
rk g` 74 abd`lt
abd`lt`s.
`s.
Qupflck qu` bk g`svdkadñl `stëlgkr g` bk pfmbkadñl `s $0.

k. ¶Auëb
¶Auëb `s `b
`b nkr
nkrc`l
c`l g`
g` `rrfr
`rrfr pkrk
pkrk 40
40%
% g` afljk
afljklzk
lzk66
X k∓ρ 
@b nkrc`l g` `rrfr vk k `stkr g`jldgf pfr8 =   gflg` X 9.9=0 >;.4: 
∘ l
X k∓ρ 
@ltfla`s8 = > (;.4: )∓0 >( ;.4: )∓( 9.3; )>;.7
∘ l ∘ 7
74
4
 

m. Qd bk n`gdk
n`gdk pfmb
pfmbkad
kadflk
flkbb `s $=7.59,
$=7.59, ¶auëb
¶auëb `s `b dlt`rvk
dlt`rvkbf
bf g` afljklz
afljklzk
k g` 40%
pkrk bk n`gdk pfmbkadflkb6
X k∓ ρ 
=
 x »
∘ l
( ;.4: )∓0 ( ;.4: )∓0
=7.59 ∝   =7.59 +
∘ 7
744 ∘ 7
744
1= ∝( ;.4: )∓(9.3;)  1= +(;.4: )∓
)∓((9.3; )
(=1.79 , =:.=9 )

7. Pl prfa`sf
prfa`sf prfgua`
prfgua` mfbsks
mfbsks g` kz
kzøakr
øakr r`j
r`jlkgf.
lkgf. @b pp`sf
`sf g`b aaflt`l
flt`ldgf
dgf g` `s
`stks
tks mfbs
mfbsks
ks
sdc
sdcu`
u` ulk gdstrdmu
gdstrdmuadñ
adñll lfrnkb
lfrnkb qu` `l` ulk g`svdkg`svdkadñ
adñl
l pd
pdak
ak g` ;= crknfs
crknfs.. @b
aflt`ldgf g` ulk nu`strk kb`ktfrdk g` =0 mfbsks `l` ul p`sf n`gdf g` ;45 crknfs.
k. Ekbb` `b
`b bîndt
bîndt`
` sup`rdfr
sup`rdfr g` aafljklz
fljklzk
k y `b dl`rdfr
dl`rdfr g
g`b
`b dlt
dlt`rvkb
`rvkbf
f g` aflj
afljklzk
klzk kb
44 pfr ad`ltf g`b v`rgkg`rf p`sf n`gdf g` tfgks bks mfbsks g` kzøakr
prfguadgks pfr `b prfa`sf.

Q` aflsdg`rk nu`strk p`qu`ûk y lf `sp`adjak qu` bk g`svdkadñl pdak `s

pfmbkadflkb, `ltfla`s ubdzknfs `stkgîsaf t-stug`lt

Crkgfs g` bdm`rtkg8 =0 ∝;> =7  @ltfla`s8

 t ∓s
 x »
∘ l
(=.59 )∓;= (=.59 )∓;=
;45 ∝   ;45 +
∘ =
=0
0 ∘ =0
=0
;45 ∝( =.59 )∓(=.7 )  ;45 +( =.59 )∓
)∓((=.7 )
(;4;
;4;.. =5 , =97.3= )