Análisis de Estabilidad de Pozo

(Ventana de Estabilidad)

MSc. Jorge Dueñas

Facultad de Geología Geofísica y Minas

UNSA
www.unsa.edu.pe
Email: jduenasr@unsa.edu.pe

2022

Pasos del MEM

1 2 3 4 5
Data Audit Marco del Mecánica Sobrecarga Presión de
Modelo Estratigráfica Sv poros

6 8
Parámetros 7 9 10
Elásticos Análisis de
Direcciones Esfuerzo Esfuerzo
& Resistencia Estabilidad
de los Mínimo, Máximo,
de la Roca del agujero
Esfuerzos Sh SH

1
VENTANA DE ESTABILIDAD (Mud Weight Windows)

Geometría del pozo

“VENTANA ESTABLE” Smin

“VENTANA SEGURA”

PPore PFrac

Low Relative Mud Weight or ECD High

VENTANA DE ESTABILIDAD (Mud Weight Windows)

2
Construcción y Calibración del Modelo
Geomecánico del Sub Suelo (MEM)

Fuente: SLB 2010

Tipos de Inestabilidades en Pozos

3
 Tipos de Inestabilidades en Pozos
Origen del problema

Tipos de Inestabilidades en Pozos

Factores que afectan la inestabilidad

4
 Tipos de Inestabilidades en Pozos
Factores que no se pueden controlar

Tipos de Inestabilidades en Pozos

Factores que se pueden controlar

5
Fallas en Pozos

Shear Failure
Wide Breakout

Shear Failure
Shallow Knockout

Tensile Failure
Vertical Fracture

Shear Failure
High Angle Echelon

6
 Modos de Ruptura vs. Densidad de Lodo

Modo de
Ruptura en
Compresión

Compressive
Esfuerzo de Cizalla

Esfuerzo de Tensión
Tensile

Modo de Ruptura ECD (lb/gal)

En Tensión

Posibles Ruptura en Pozos

7
 Análisis de derrumbes

Análisis de derrumbes

8
Análisis de derrumbes

Mecanismo de inestabilidad de un pozo

9
 Derrumbes puntiagudos y tabulares

• Zona de fractura
naturales
• Zona de fractura
paralela al pozo
• Activación de falla
• Derrumbes afilados

Eso no es fácil de
predecir
matemáticamente

Experiencia 1

Formación perforada perpendicular a

las capas – Fotografía
Presión máxima = 33.2 MPa Diámetro del hoyo = 10 mm

10
Experiencia 2
Orientación de las
capas

Formación perforada paralela a

las capas
Presión máxima = 13.6 Mpa
Ruptura masiva

Reactividad de las lutitas

11
Tiempo de exposición

Tiempo de exposición

12
 Fase Pre-Perforación

Base de Datos: información de

perforación de pozos
perforados, informes de lodo,
peligros, eventos de casi fallas,
tuberías atascadas, etc.

Información histórica de pozos

perforados, correlación
geológica, mediciones de
registros, propiedades del
lodo, registros de lodo, Modelo geomecánico
presión de poro, etc. del subsuelo (MEM)
Análisis sísmico y modelo
de la presión de poros

Modelo Geomecánico del Sub Suelo (MEM)

Base para el análisis preciso de la geomecánica

History match
Mechanical Earth Model to images etc.
(1-D or 3-D)
Wireline
& LWD Logs 10
Elastic
Young’s
Modulus
100
Strength
0 Friction Angle 50
In Situ Stresses & Pore Pressure
Stress Direction  h
Poisson’s

Análisis y
0 0.5 0 UCS 100 0 In Situ Stresses 100 W N E
Ratio

1.0

diseño para:
Seismic Fault
WBS
PR E UCS F
Sanding
Frac Design
Regional
Compaction
Subsidence
Pp h V  H
Trend

Reservoir Simulation
Core Data Etc.

Drilling
Data

Fuente: SLB 2010

13
Construcción y Calibración del Modelo
Geomecánico del Sub Suelo (MEM)

Fuente: SLB 2010

Propiedades de Resistencia y Elásticas

14
Esfuerzo In-Situ & Modelo de la Presión de Poros

Modelamientos Previos

• Trayectoria del • Fluidos de

pozo perforación
– Consideraciones – Programa de densidad
geomecánicas de lodo
• Planes de – Interacción fluido-lutita
asentamiento del de perforación
casing – Diseño de lodo (tipo y
salinidad)
– Presión de poros
– Reología
– Gradiente de fractura
– Opciones de costo • Uso y recomendación
ponderado por riesgo de mechas (brocas)

15
 Revisión de la data histórica

Hookloads, Friction Factors, P/U, S/O and

Torque and Drag Rotating Weights. OFF-Bottom and ON-
Bottom Torque measurements.

System Pressures at planned flow rates and

Hydraulics MW. ECD Readings on bottom, at casing
shoe with and without effect of cuttings on
system.

Calculation of OBG, FG, Offset well Pore

Pore Pressure Pressures. Establishment of NCTL for RT
calculation of Pore Pressure.

El modelado se realiza para comprender las

tendencias probables en la plataforma y así
identificar desviaciones (problemas) de las
tendencias al inicio del proceso de perforación.

Proceso del Análisis de Estabilidad de Pozos

(WBS)
Observación
Modelo Predicción &
Medición

Calibración Match de antecedentes

Gamma Caliper Image MD PEF Image
Ray Dark-4in. (ft) White-High
White-5in PEF

Fuente: SLB 2010

16
 Análisis de Sensibilidad de la Trayectoria del Pozo

0 s
p
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](lb
W
M
P
[T
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L
C
B
O
V
ig
S lZ
a
/g
i)m
s
](p
P
S

Elaboración del mapa de Perforación (DrillMAP)

Depth Depth 0 Kick_Mw [PPMW] (lbm/gal) 25 Drilling Risks

(ft) (m)
0 Mudloss_Mw [OBMW] (lbm/gal) 25 0 SigH1 [TYSP] (psi) 20000 Risk summary
0 CL2A_CL1X_mw_upper [WMUD] (lbm/gal) 25 0 Sigh1 [TXSP] (psi) 20000
Stratigraphy Casing Design Stuck Pipe
0 CL2A_CL1X_mw_up_recom [WMUD] (lbm/gal) 25 0 SigV_OB_CL1X [TZSP] (psi) 20000 Breakouts
(>30 mins) Hole
0 CL2A_CL1X_mw_low_recom [WMUD] (lbm/gal)25 0 PPMW [PPMW] (lbm/gal) 50 ID depth Description Actions
MD TVD MD TVD 0 CL2A_CL1X_mw_low [WMUD] (lbm/gal) 25 0 PPRS [PPRS] (psi) 20000 MD
9900 9900 R01 2500.0 - Minor to Details: * Maintain good mud weight control and optimize hole cleaning while drilling.
3100.0 considerable * Monitor ECD trend for sign of annular loading and pump pressure and hook load/drag.
10000 10000 R01 borehole
breakout
10100 10100 Minimum
3100 3100 R02 3100.0 - Minor Details: * Maintain good mud weight control and optimize hole cleaning while drilling.
10200 10200 horizontal stress R02 3135.0 borehole * Monitor ECD trend for sign of annular loading and pump pressure and hook load/drag.
(the line in red); breakout
10300 10300
MW planned: 12.5 – R03 R03 3135.0 - Substantial Details: * Maintain good mud weight control and optimize hole cleaning while drilling
azimuth – 90
10400 10400 13.5 ppg 3175.0 volume of (maximize flow, rpm, mud rheology, reciprocation).
degrees from the breakout * Drill ahead with cavings seen, as long as the hole can be kept clean.
10500 10500 3200 3200 RS2 North * Monitor ECD trend for sign of annular loading and pump pressure and hook load/drag.
10600 10600 * Monitor ECD for excessive swab effect while working pipe off bottom, and especially
while tripping.
10700 10700
R04 3175.0 - Minor Details: * Maintain good mud weight control and optimize hole cleaning while drilling.
10800 10800 3450.0 borehole * Monitor ECD trend for sign of annular loading and pump pressure and hook load/drag.
3300 3300
R04 breakout
10900 10900
R05 3470.0 - Minor Details: * Maintain good mud weight control and optimize hole cleaning while drilling.
11000 11000 RS3 3485.0 borehole * Monitor ECD trend for sign of annular loading and pump pressure and hook load/drag.
Maximum
breakout
11100 11100 horizontal stress
3400 3400 MW planned: 13.0 – R06 3540.0 - Considerable Details: * Maintain good mud weight control and optimize hole cleaning while drilling
11200 11200 (the line in black) 3680.0 borehole (maximize flow, rpm, mud rheology, reciprocation).
13.8 ppg breakout * Monitor ECD trend for sign of annular loading and pump pressure and hook load/drag.
11300 11300
* Monitor ECD for excessive swab effect while working pipe off bottom, and especially
11400 11400 R05 while tripping.
3500 3500 R07 3700.0 - Differential Details: * Keep pipe moving in the interval.
11500 11500 RS4 Evaluated pore 3723.0 Sticking * Minimize string stationary time.
11600 11600 pressure * Compare drag and torque with theoretical values and recorded drag data.
* Keep hole clean through interval
11700 11700 * Maintain low fluid loss and minimum filter cake.
MW recommended: 13.5 – 14 ppg
11800 11800 3600 3600 R08 3700.0 - Differential Details: * Keep casing moving as smoothly as possible.
Evaluated pore R06 3929.0 (casing) * Optimise tripping speed to maintain momentum while keeping within surge limits.
11900 11900 pressure in terms Sticking * Minimise casing stationary time.
12000 12000 of mud weight R09 3847.0 - Differential Details: * Keep pipe moving in the interval.
3847.0 Sticking * Minimize string stationary time.
12100 12100 * Compare drag and torque with theoretical values and recorded drag data.
3700 3700
R07 * Keep hole clean through interval
12200 12200
MW planned: 13.6 – 14.5 Overburden * Maintain low fluid loss and minimum filter cake.
12300 12300
ppg pressure R10 3860.0 - Minor Details: * Maintain good mud weight control and optimize hole cleaning while drilling.
12400 12400 3935.0 borehole * Monitor ECD trend for sign of annular loading and pump pressure and hook load/drag.
3800 3800 RS5 breakout
12500 12500 R08 R11 3929.0 - Differential Details: * Keep pipe moving in the interval.
12600 12600 3929.0 Sticking * Minimize string stationary time.
R09 * Compare drag and torque with theoretical values and recorded drag data.
12700 12700 * Keep hole clean through interval
3900 3900 MW recommended: 14 – 14.3 ppg R10 * Maintain low fluid loss and minimum filter cake.
12800 12800
R12 3935.0 - Considerable Details: * Maintain good mud weight control and optimize hole cleaning while drilling
12900 12900 R11 3980.0 borehole (maximize flow, rpm, mud rheology, reciprocation).
R12 breakout * Drill ahead with cavings seen, as long as the hole can be kept clean.
13000 13000
* Monitor ECD trend for sign of annular loading and pump pressure and hook load/drag.
RS6 * Monitor ECD for excessive swab effect while working pipe off bottom, and especially
13100 13100 4000 4000
while tripping.
13200 13200 MW planned: 11.5 –
9 5/8" Casing R13 4020.0 - Considerable Details: * Maintain good mud weight control and optimize hole cleaning while drilling
13300 13300 12.5 ppg R13 4070.0 borehole (maximize flow, rpm, mud rheology, reciprocation).
@4050.0m
RS7 breakout * Drill ahead with cavings seen, as long as the hole can be kept clean.
13400 13400 * Monitor ECD trend for sign of annular loading and pump pressure and hook load/drag.
4100 4100 R14
13500 13500 * Monitor ECD for excessive swab effect while working pipe off bottom, and especially
while tripping.
13600 13600 R14 4089.0 - Differential Details: * Keep pipe moving in the interval.
RS8A 4121.0 Sticking * Minimize string stationary time.
13700 13699
* Compare drag and torque with theoretical values and recorded drag data.
13800 13800 4200 4200
* Keep hole clean through interval
RS8BU * Maintain low fluid loss and minimum filter cake.
13900 13900
Breakdown Severity Probability
Kick Light Catastrophic Low
Breakout Serious Medium
Mudlosses Major High

17
VENTANA DE ESTABILIDAD (Mud Weight Windows)

Geometría del pozo

“VENTANA ESTABLE” Smin

“VENTANA SEGURA”

PPore PFrac

Low Relative Mud Weight or ECD High

VENTANA DE ESTABILIDAD (Mud Weight Windows)

18
VENTANA DE ESTABILIDAD (Mud Weight Windows)
Pozo Calibrado

Pozo Offset

RP RP

FL FL

CS CS

CI CI

ENC ENC

EOC EOC

PL
PL
KS
KM
KS
KI KM
KI

Soporte Geomecánico en Tiempo Real

19
Ventajas del Monitoreo Geomecánico en Tiempo
Real
El NPT promedio de perforación en todo el mundo 20-22%
Eventos no planificados ~ 15% de todos los gastos de
perforación  ~$12 billones en el 2005

Contribución de la Geomecánica:
> 70% de tiempo de perforación perdido debido a WBS
70% de eso en lutitas (es decir, perforación de sobrecarga)
Los pozos se vuelven más desafiantes
Las formaciones "fáciles" se vuelven problemáticas

El Monitoreo Geomecánico en Tiempo Real ayuda a

gestionar los riesgos, reduce incertidumbres y optimiza el
rendimiento de los equipos de perforación

 La premisa es: Reducir los costos de construcción de

pozos y entregar mejores pozos

Objectivos del Proceso de “Tiempo Real”

• El proceso del tiempo rel debería estar enfocado en lo

siguiente:
 Gestión de la presión del pozo
 Gestión de la estabilidad del pozo
 Gestión de la fricción del pozo
 Optmización de la perforación
 Sísmica del pozo en tiempo real

• Desarrolle un plan pre - perforación y durante la

perforación utilizando un enfoque integrado
multidisciplinario

• La ejecución del proceso en tiempo real debe llevarse

a cabo entre la plataforma y el personal de involucrado
en el proceso de monitoreo

20
 Gestión y Optimización del “Real Time”

Geology Pre-drill / RT Process Drilling

• Proceso multidisciplinario en tiempo real
para ayudar a los ingenieros de perforación
a lograr una construcción optimizada del Initial Well Plan

pozo y la gestión de riesgos Drilling Starts

Observing Learning
• Planificación y ejecución en tiempo real que
implica la colaboración entre el sitio de la
plataforma y la oficina
• Proceso enfocado para entregar la
información correcta a las personas
adecuadas en el momento correcto
• Uso máximo de todos los datos disponibles
de manera oportuna
Target/Objective
• Utilización de nueva tecnología disponible.

Proceso de Toma de Decisiones de SLB:‘Real-Time’

Client SLB  Client and Schlumberger collaboration

Geophysics

Drill Mech
Basin Mod

 Real-time between rig and shore

WBS

 Comparison of actual events and plan

PPP

Expert Inputs  Knowledge capture and update

Updated Seismic
Real-Time Updated Pore Pressure
Decision
Support Centre Updated Wellbore Stability
Updated Drilling Plan
Data Inputs

Seismic

Offset well knowledge

Petrophysics
Better Informed Optimized Wellbore
Geomechanics PERFORM Decisions Construction
Wellsite
Drilling Parameters Delivery
Relevant real-time
Observations driller-useable
information

Fuente: SLB 2010

21
 Proceso Integrado de SLB
Fase pre Durante la
perforación perforación

RiskTRAK DrillMAP Pore Pressure & Forecast

Risk Management database Drilling Mechanics
Real-Time Data

Compare actual
with plan
Offset well information Yes, Continue
Agree?

No,
Mechanical Comparison
Diagnose
Earth Model and Treat
Seismic analysis
Capture
Knowledge
Revise
RiskTRAK Plan

Fuente: SLB 2010

Fase Durante la Perforación

RTWBS & Drilling Support Service Work Flow

Actions Mud Powerdrive

Logger Mud Engineer Driller Engineer

SLB
Drilling
Decision
Co-Man Superintendent
Geomechanics
Team

Data Analysis
Risk Assessment PERFORM Engineer
Data Acquisition

Geologist Anadrill Mud Engineer Driller Powerdrive Mud Logger

Lithology APWD
Sonic
Mud Formulation Surface
Drilling
Engineer Cavings
Size
Structure Mud Properties
GR/RES Parameters WOB Internal Texture
Dip/faults Sticking Avoidance
Vibrations Hole Fill Pump Pressure Volume
Loss Control
DTOR/DWOB . ROP % Gas
Surface Data . .
. .

Fuente: SLB 2010

22
 Real-Time Imaging (GVR)

Interbedded sands (broken-out) and shales (in gauge)

RT stand-off measurement
(i.e., borehole gauge)
from GVR
Fuente: SLB 2010

Time Lapse GVR Laterolog

Multi-depth investigation used for drilling fluid-shale
Time Lapseinteraction
Data – 9/14b-S2 (P7)support
& mud cake

• Mud Weight 11.7 ppg

• Time lapse data
acquired while POOH
2 days later

• Mud weight13 11.7

th
ppg
July 2001
• Same well at 12.0 ppg 2 days
• Time lapse data acquired later revealed yielded rock
2 days later during POOH • Drilling practices maintaining mud
revealed breakout cake support
Fuente: SLB 2010

23
 Borehole Condition From Ultrasonic Calipers
(VADN)

Comparison of ADN Runs 10 & 11

ADN caliper
saturating at 9.8”

Fuente: SLB 2010

Time-Lapse from ARC Induction

Multi-depth investigation allows drilling
fluid-shale interaction and mud invasion

• Natural
fractures
• Closely-spaced
fractures / fissures
• Bed-parallel failure

Shale breakout @
3, 12 & 30 days

Fuente: SLB 2010

24
 Seismic Vision While Drilling

Surface System
• RT check-shot
– Puts bit on
Source
seismic map
– Wellbore
MWD
placement
sea floor

– Pore pressure
prediction
– Casing/coring point selection
SeismicMWD – Target depth prediction
Tool
– Landing well without pilot hole

• Seismic look-ahead 
500+ ft after bit trip
Fuente: SLB 2010

Drilling Mechanics Log

Fuente: SLB 2010

25
 Ejemplo de Reporte Diario
PERFORM* Daily Report
*Performance Drilling By Risk Management. Well Name.: OE-5 Rig: GSF 135 Hole size: 12 1/4"
Date: 7-May-05 Location: Deepwater offshore, Niger Delta Basin of Nigeria Report No: 3
Distribution List - Client J. Willrodt, E. Rodellar, B.B. Lankford, S. Barrilleaux, C. Levine, M. Morrison, R. Honore
Distribution List - Schlumberger C. Reid, L. Moakler, M. Canil, P. Davis, F. Koukam, P. Stevens
Last 24 Hours Summary (00:00 - 24:00)

Current Activity as at 8-May-05

Activity Description / Event Details:

23:00 - 4:00 Activity:
Depth, ft MD
ESD / ECD's GPM
Hole Cleaning SPP
Wellbore Stability RPM
Torque & Drag SWOB
Drilling Mechanics STOR
Activity:
Depth, ft MD
Activity:
Depth, ft MD
Activity:
Depth, ft MD
Activity:
Depth, ft MD
Activity:
Depth, ft MD
Activity:
Depth, ft MD
Activity:
Depth, ft MD
Activity:
Depth, ft MD
Activity:
Depth, ft MD
Activity:
Depth, ft MD
Activity:
Depth, ft MD
Well Statistics (24hrs):
04:00 hrs Depth (ft) 3176 Mud Weight (ppg) 12.1 Surface RPM 160
Midnight Depth (ft) 2892 Max ECD (lb/gal) 12.21 Pump press (psi) 2430
TVD (ft) 2784 Min ECD (lb/gal) 12.05 Flow rate (GPM) 1050
Last Survey Inc (deg) 29.5 Avg ECD (lb/gal) 12.13 Lat Shock average 0.50
Footage drilled (ft) (24h) 174 Avg Caving Size (in) 0.5 Lat Shock Max 1.00
Bit-on-bottom (hrs) (Ideal 2 6.0 Max. Cavings (Vol %) Tr StickSlip average (pk-pk rpm) 42
Actual Avg ROP (ft/hr) 140 Avg Ann TEMP (degF) 138 StickSlip Max (pk-pk rpm) 320
Mud Type MOBM Avg SWOB (Klbs) 3-5 Est. Pore Pres @ MD(ppg) 8.5
Fann data R 3/6 11/12 Avg DWOB (Klbs) - Est. Fracture Pres @ TD (ppg) 13.3
Fann data R 100/20 25/34 Avg STOR (kft-lbs) 4-7 Days Hole Open 1
Fann data R 300/60 42/63 Off Bot STOR (kft-lbs) 3-4 Gas (MAX) (%) 0.99

24 hr Look ahead Item When? Possible hazards Risk Severity

1 2860 - 3550ft Ledging within salts due to washout of claystone interbeds. Medium Medium
2 Anytime Pack offs due to poor hole cleaning and avalanching - ECD spikes, losses above 550pptf, stuck pipe. Medium High
3 3550 - 4950ft Swelling clays with cavings potential - increased drag / pack off. Bit balling. High Medium
4 Anytime Losses to existing fractures in Liassic or Rhaetic if ECD > 550 pptf. Loss to Keuper Halite if > 600pptf. Medium Low
5 4500ft - TD Cuttings beds increasing torque & drag. Increased friction increasing exposure to shocks. Low High
6 Anytime Excessive downhole shocks reducing drilling efficiency and damaging downhole tools. High Medium
7 2860 - 3550ft Increased drag due to salt creep. Medium Medium
Attachments
T & D charts, CRR, ESD, and RT drilling mechanics logs Fuente: SLB 2010
PERFORM Engineers: Gerry Slattman

Report – Pore Pressure

RT MW
Increase
Based on
PP Model

Fuente: SLB 2010

26
Report – ESD / ECD Trends

Fuente: SLB 2010

Report – Cuttings / Cavings

Fuente: SLB 2010

27
 Report – Torque & Drag

Fuente: SLB 2010

Post-Job Phase Flow Process

Models
Update

Databas
Update

Final Project
EOW Report
Next Well
Planning

Client Feedback Presentation

Fuente: SLB 2010

28
 WBS & Pressure Management – GOM
• Water depth > 6,000 feet
• TD > 20,000 feet
• Results
– AFE (P50) = 167 days &
“Technical Limit” = 112 days
– Drilled in 91 days
– 2 strings of casing were
eliminated
– There were no kicks, losses or
hole cleaning problems
• Estimated savings: ~$15
million

Seismic While Drilling (SVWD)

Surface System

Source
• RT checkshot allowed validation of
geophysical depth/time interpretation MWD

• Reduced 700m uncertainty range to < 10m

Sea floor

while drilling
Seismic
and MWD
• Pore pressure look-ahead (500ft) tool

showed prognosed reduced pressure

gradient was actually increasing
• Revised geomechanics showed need
for > 1.95 SG in overburden 1 day
before 1.91 SG kick taken (with 1.90
SG in hole)
• Well collapsed Faults &
adverse
• Well suspended to bring in larger Target pressures
capacity rig (BOPs)

29
VENTANA DE ESTABILIDAD (Real Time)
Valor de llevar los modelos de Geomecánica en Tiempo Real

Mi análisis en tiempo real

predice un viaje suavecito,
sin problemas!

Francis Elisabeth

VENTANA DE ESTABILIDAD (Real Time)

Valor de llevar los modelos de Geomecánica en Tiempo Real

Mi análisis en tiempo real

predice un viaje suavecito,
sin problemas!

Datos en tiempo real tiene

grande valor cuando se
usa con un modelo
predictivo
Francis Elisabeth

30
Preguntas?

31