Universidad de Chile

Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas

Ingeniería en Recursos Naturales Renovables
Semestre de Otoño 2022
Cátedra de Hidrología

PRÁCTICO 9
Caudal Ecológico

Ayudantes: Camila Calderón, Vanesa Palma, Fernando Ramírez, Juan Vargas, Sofía
Roa, Catalina Rodríguez, Ana María Barrenechea, Sofía Muñoz e Isidora Vial.
 2

Caudal ecológico
» Instrumento ambiental
» Protección de valores ecológicos de ríos,
mediante mantención de cierto volumen
mínimo de agua en su cauce.

1. Caudal Ecológico (DGA)
» Según ley 20.017:
» Art 129 bis1: Modifica el
Código de Aguas, indica “al
constituir los DAA, la DGA
velará por Preservación de la
Naturaleza y Protección del
Medio Ambiente, debiendo
establecer un Caudal
Ecológico Mínimo, para los
nuevos derechos que se
constituyan…”
3
» Caudal Ecológico Mínimo:
caudal mínimo necesario
para asegurar la
supervivencia de un
ecosistema acuático
preestablecido (Caudal
Mínimo Aconsejable).
 4

2. Antiguos métodos DGA

💧 10 % caudal medio anual.
💧 50 % del caudal del año con 95% PE.
💧 Caudal que es excedido al menos 330 días por año.
💧 Caudal que es excedido al menos 347 días por año.
 5

3. Nuevo método DGA

» a) Cauce con derechos b) Cauce con derechos
constituidos con caudal constituidos con caudal
ecológico mínimo del 10% ecológico mínimo del 50%
Qma. menor del Q95%.
⋄ a.1) 10% del Qma ⋄ b.1) 20% del Qma
⋄ a.2) 20% del Qma ⋄ b.2) 50% del Q95% PE
⋄ a.3) 50% del Q95% PE
4. Caudal Ecológico para caso a) 6

a.1) 10 % caudal medio anual Caudales medios mensuales de la estación X (m3/s)

AÑO ENE FEB MAR ABR MAY JUN JUL AGO SEP OCT NOV DIC PROMEDIO
1989 14.40 9.33 46.92 37.16 41.61 40.68 33.90 25.64 25.26 28.44 14.74 24.77 28.57
1990 23.11 21.34 101.42 34.62 41.85 59.46 52.26 30.52 47.92 55.32 32.82 74.58 47.94
1991 25.30 15.85 63.80 69.88 68.85 52.77 60.42 33.78 32.58 51.56 27.80 58.72 46.78
1992 25.37 13.18 74.80 38.48 41.67 38.82 39.36 27.02 30.22 50.34 23.47 45.44 37.35
1993 18.33 11.00 62.40 42.04 50.73 44.01 38.85 23.26 21.42 29.02 21.45 41.36 33.66
1994 28.77 17.18 91.00 34.40 44.52 59.22 51.90 29.28 32.72 44.60 23.20 55.28 42.67
1995 40.63 19.85 106.60 50.88 57.81 66.96 60.99 36.86 50.70 51.60 46.87 82.64 56.03
1996 19.63 11.83 65.00 71.20 56.01 35.01 28.59 17.82 14.30 34.40 19.82 35.60 34.10
1997 22.00 12.53 56.60 34.52 36.69 30.84 34.05 25.14 30.22 42.62 32.67 48.16 33.84
1998 14.70 10.35 61.20 31.92 38.49 34.59 33.93 23.08 25.44 31.66 19.25 29.92 29.54
1999 26.63 13.85 91.92 30.36 49.50 41.79 48.30 26.96 35.46 45.14 26.04 43.57 39.96
2000 24.83 12.60 67.10 Por tanto, el 10% Qma total
46.54 55.08 48.00 41.49 26.62 31.28 48.74 24.65 45.01 39.33
2001 24.59 11.15 75.22 46.00 71.64 53.13 46.02 328.72 30.04 39.52 20.09 46.08 41.02
2002 17.35 10.84 56.42 35.62 será 3.59 m /s
41.52 36.72 35.10 24.06 26.10 33.04 23.41 47.50 32.31
2003 13.62 9.44 58.54 37.52 42.60 37.62 33.69 21.18 26.86 31.12 21.83 40.64 31.22
2004 10.74 7.01 40.86 31.58 37.08 31.80 28.44 19.36 16.68 16.88 8.88 17.20 22.21
2005 38.30 13.52 60.56 24.18 26.10 35.58 28.08 18.32 31.98 39.02 31.24 56.65 33.63
2006 10.73 8.70 44.88 49.56 56.55 47.31 40.23 22.86 18.68 24.26 12.43 25.58 30.15
2007 15.40 5.41 39.08 25.72 31.32 27.66 24.90 16.62 18.84 28.62 15.73 28.82 23.18
2008 27.44 16.00 83.62 26.82 31.77 30.69 33.36 20.12 23.70 44.54 20.77 74.93 36.15
2009 11.82 9.30 56.70 37.08 44.16 37.32 35.88 24.82 27.22 41.50 21.37 63.54 34.23
2010 30.72 21.85 96.96 32.26 42.48 41.61 35.16 31.74 33.74 50.68 34.17 64.02 42.95
2011 16.91 8.88 57.34 54.96 65.10 55.50 54.39 33.96 27.48 42.50 21.67 31.82 39.21
2012 14.30 9.69 47.46 34.56 38.61 32.58 29.76 19.26 23.32 26.70 11.60 23.90 25.98

PROMEDIO 21.48 12.53 66.93 39.91 46.32 42.49 39.54 25.29 28.42 38.83 23.16 46.07 35.92
4. Caudal Ecológico para caso a) 7

a.1) 20 % caudal medio anual Caudales medios mensuales de la estación X (m3/s)

AÑO ENE FEB MAR ABR MAY JUN JUL AGO SEP OCT NOV DIC PROMEDIO
1989 14.40 9.33 46.92 37.16 41.61 40.68 33.90 25.64 25.26 28.44 14.74 24.77 28.57
1990 23.11 21.34 101.42 34.62 41.85 59.46 52.26 30.52 47.92 55.32 32.82 74.58 47.94
1991 25.30 15.85 63.80 69.88 68.85 52.77 60.42 33.78 32.58 51.56 27.80 58.72 46.78
1992 25.37 13.18 74.80 38.48 41.67 38.82 39.36 27.02 30.22 50.34 23.47 45.44 37.35
1993 18.33 11.00 62.40 42.04 50.73 44.01 38.85 23.26 21.42 29.02 21.45 41.36 33.66
1994 28.77 17.18 91.00 34.40 44.52 59.22 51.90 29.28 32.72 44.60 23.20 55.28 42.67
1995 40.63 19.85 106.60 50.88 57.81 66.96 60.99 36.86 50.70 51.60 46.87 82.64 56.03
1996 19.63 11.83 65.00 71.20 56.01 35.01 28.59 17.82 14.30 34.40 19.82 35.60 34.10
1997 22.00 12.53 56.60 34.52 36.69 30.84 34.05 25.14 30.22 42.62 32.67 48.16 33.84
1998 14.70 10.35 61.20 31.92 38.49 34.59 33.93 23.08 25.44 31.66 19.25 29.92 29.54
1999 26.63 13.85 91.92 30.36 49.50 41.79 48.30 26.96 35.46 45.14 26.04 43.57 39.96
2000 24.83 12.60 67.10 Por tanto, el 20% Qma total
46.54 55.08 48.00 41.49 26.62 31.28 48.74 24.65 45.01 39.33
2001 24.59 11.15 75.22 46.00 71.64 53.13 46.02 328.72 30.04 39.52 20.09 46.08 41.02
2002 17.35 10.84 56.42 35.62 será 7.18 m /s
41.52 36.72 35.10 24.06 26.10 33.04 23.41 47.50 32.31
2003 13.62 9.44 58.54 37.52 42.60 37.62 33.69 21.18 26.86 31.12 21.83 40.64 31.22
2004 10.74 7.01 40.86 31.58 37.08 31.80 28.44 19.36 16.68 16.88 8.88 17.20 22.21
2005 38.30 13.52 60.56 24.18 26.10 35.58 28.08 18.32 31.98 39.02 31.24 56.65 33.63
2006 10.73 8.70 44.88 49.56 56.55 47.31 40.23 22.86 18.68 24.26 12.43 25.58 30.15
2007 15.40 5.41 39.08 25.72 31.32 27.66 24.90 16.62 18.84 28.62 15.73 28.82 23.18
2008 27.44 16.00 83.62 26.82 31.77 30.69 33.36 20.12 23.70 44.54 20.77 74.93 36.15
2009 11.82 9.30 56.70 37.08 44.16 37.32 35.88 24.82 27.22 41.50 21.37 63.54 34.23
2010 30.72 21.85 96.96 32.26 42.48 41.61 35.16 31.74 33.74 50.68 34.17 64.02 42.95
2011 16.91 8.88 57.34 54.96 65.10 55.50 54.39 33.96 27.48 42.50 21.67 31.82 39.21
2012 14.30 9.69 47.46 34.56 38.61 32.58 29.76 19.26 23.32 26.70 11.60 23.90 25.98

PROMEDIO 21.48 12.53 66.93 39.91 46.32 42.49 39.54 25.29 28.42 38.83 23.16 46.07 35.92
 8
a.3) 50% del caudal con 95% PE

¿Cómo determinar el
caudal
¡¡ANÁLISIS
cuya probabilidad
DE
FRECUENCIA!!
de excedencia
corresponde a 95%?
 Paso 1: Datos iniciales, ordenar cada mes de mayor a menor caudal 9
AÑO ENE FEB MAR ABR MAY JUN JUL AGO SEP OCT NOV DIC ANUAL
1989 14.40 9.33 46.92 37.16 41.61 40.68 33.90 25.64 25.26 28.44 14.74 24.77 28.57
1990 23.11 21.34 101.42 34.62 41.85 59.46 52.26 30.52 47.92 55.32 32.82 74.58 47.94
1991 25.30 15.85 63.80 69.88 68.85 52.77 60.42 33.78 32.58 51.56 27.80 58.72 46.78
1992 25.37 13.18 74.80 38.48 41.67 38.82 39.36 27.02 30.22 50.34 23.47 45.44 37.35
1993 18.33 11.00 62.40 42.04 50.73 44.01 38.85 23.26 21.42 29.02 21.45 41.36 33.66
1994 28.77 17.18 91.00 34.40 44.52 59.22 51.90 29.28 32.72 44.60 23.20 55.28 42.67
1995 40.63 19.85 106.60 50.88 57.81 66.96 60.99 36.86 50.70 51.60 46.87 82.64 56.03
1996 19.63 11.83 65.00 71.20 56.01 35.01 28.59 17.82 14.30 34.40 19.82 35.60 34.10
1997 22.00 12.53 56.60 34.52 36.69 30.84 34.05 25.14 30.22 42.62 32.67 48.16 33.84
1998 14.70 10.35 61.20 31.92 38.49 34.59 33.93 23.08 25.44 31.66 19.25 29.92 29.54
1999 26.63 13.85 91.92 30.36 49.50 41.79 48.30 26.96 35.46 45.14 26.04 43.57 39.96
2000 24.83 12.60 67.10 46.54 55.08 48.00 41.49 26.62 31.28 48.74 24.65 45.01 39.33
2001 24.59 11.15 75.22 46.00 71.64 53.13 46.02 28.72 30.04 39.52 20.09 46.08 41.02
2002 17.35 10.84 56.42 35.62 41.52 36.72 35.10 24.06 26.10 33.04 23.41 47.50 32.31
2003 13.62 9.44 58.54 37.52 42.60 37.62 33.69 21.18 26.86 31.12 21.83 40.64 31.22
2004 10.74 7.01 40.86 31.58 37.08 31.80 28.44 19.36 16.68 16.88 8.88 17.20 22.21
2005 38.30 13.52 60.56 24.18 26.10 35.58 28.08 18.32 31.98 39.02 31.24 56.65 33.63
2006 10.73 8.70 44.88 49.56 56.55 47.31 40.23 22.86 18.68 24.26 12.43 25.58 30.15
2007 15.40 5.41 39.08 25.72 31.32 27.66 24.90 16.62 18.84 28.62 15.73 28.82 23.18
2008 27.44 16.00 83.62 26.82 31.77 30.69 33.36 20.12 23.70 44.54 20.77 74.93 36.15
2009 11.82 9.30 56.70 37.08 44.16 37.32 35.88 24.82 27.22 41.50 21.37 63.54 34.23
2010 30.72 21.85 96.96 32.26 42.48 41.61 35.16 31.74 33.74 50.68 34.17 64.02 42.95
2011 16.91 8.88 57.34 54.96 65.10 55.50 54.39 33.96 27.48 42.50 21.67 31.82 39.21
2012 14.30 9.69 47.46 34.56 38.61 32.58 29.76 19.26 23.32 26.70 11.60 23.90 25.98
PROMEDIO 21.48 12.53 66.93 39.91 46.32 42.49 39.54 25.29 28.42 38.83 23.16 46.07 35.92
 Datos ordenados de mayor a menor por mes, independiente del año 10
AÑO ENE FEB MAR ABR MAY JUN JUL AGO SEP OCT NOV DIC
1 40.63 21.85 106.60 71.20 71.64 66.96 60.99 36.86 50.70 55.32 46.87 82.64
2 38.30 21.34 101.42 69.88 68.85 59.46 60.42 33.96 47.92 51.60 34.17 74.93
3 30.72 19.85 96.96 54.96 65.10 59.22 54.39 33.78 35.46 51.56 32.82 74.58
4 28.77 17.18 91.92 50.88 57.81 55.50 52.26 31.74 33.74 50.68 32.67 64.02
5 27.44 16.00 91.00 49.56 56.55 53.13 51.90 30.52 32.72 50.34 31.24 63.54
6 26.63 15.85 83.62 46.54 56.01 52.77 48.30 29.28 32.58 48.74 27.80 58.72
7 25.37 13.85 75.22 46.00 55.08 48.00 46.02 28.72 31.98 45.14 26.04 56.65
8 25.30 13.52 74.80 42.04 50.73 47.31 41.49 27.02 31.28 44.60 24.65 55.28
9 24.83 13.18 67.10 38.48 49.50 44.01 40.23 26.96 30.22 44.54 23.47 48.16
10 24.59 12.60 65.00 37.52 44.52 41.79 39.36 26.62 30.22 42.62 23.41 47.50
11 23.11 12.53 63.80 37.16 44.16 41.61 38.85 25.64 30.04 42.50 23.20 46.08
12 22.00 11.83 62.40 37.08 42.60 40.68 35.88 25.14 27.48 41.50 21.83 45.44
13 19.63 11.15 61.20 35.62 42.48 38.82 35.16 24.82 27.22 39.52 21.67 45.01
14 18.33 11.00 60.56 34.62 41.85 37.62 35.10 24.06 26.86 39.02 21.45 43.57
15 17.35 10.84 58.54 34.56 41.67 37.32 34.05 23.26 26.10 34.40 21.37 41.36
16 16.91 10.35 57.34 34.52 41.61 36.72 33.93 23.08 25.44 33.04 20.77 40.64
17 15.40 9.69 56.70 34.40 41.52 35.58 33.90 22.86 25.26 31.66 20.09 35.60
18 14.70 9.44 56.60 32.26 38.61 35.01 33.69 21.18 23.70 31.12 19.82 31.82
19 14.40 9.33 56.42 31.92 38.49 34.59 33.36 20.12 23.32 29.02 19.25 29.92
20 14.30 9.30 47.46 31.58 37.08 32.58 29.76 19.36 21.42 28.62 15.73 28.82
21 13.62 8.88 46.92 30.36 36.69 31.80 28.59 19.26 18.84 28.44 14.74 25.58
22 11.82 8.70 44.88 26.82 31.77 30.84 28.44 18.32 18.68 26.70 12.43 24.77
23 10.74 7.01 40.86 25.72 31.32 30.69 28.08 17.82 16.68 24.26 11.60 23.90
24 10.73 5.41 39.08 24.18 26.10 27.66 24.90 16.62 14.30 16.88 8.88 17.20
 Paso 2: Calcular PE, y buscar el 95% 11
ENE FEB MAR ABR MAY JUN JUL AGO SEP OCT NOV DIC m Px
40.63 21.85 106.60 71.20 71.64 66.96 60.99 36.86 50.70 55.32 46.87 82.64 1 0.04
38.30 21.34 101.42 69.88 68.85 59.46 60.42 33.96 47.92 51.60 34.17 74.93 2 0.08
30.72 19.85 96.96 54.96 65.10 59.22 54.39 33.78 35.46 51.56 32.82 74.58 3 0.13
28.77 17.18 91.92 50.88 57.81 55.50 52.26 31.74 33.74 50.68 32.67 64.02 4 0.17
27.44 16.00 91.00 49.56 56.55 53.13 51.90 30.52 32.72 50.34 31.24 63.54 5 0.21
26.63 15.85 83.62 46.54 56.01 52.77 48.30 29.28 32.58 48.74 27.80 58.72 6 0.25
25.37 13.85 75.22 46.00 55.08 48.00 46.02 28.72 31.98 45.14 26.04 56.65 7 0.29
25.30 13.52 74.80 42.04 50.73 47.31 41.49 27.02 31.28 44.60 24.65 55.28 8 0.33
24.83 13.18 67.10 38.48 49.50 44.01 40.23 26.96 30.22 44.54 23.47 48.16 9 0.38
24.59 12.60 65.00 37.52 44.52 41.79 39.36 26.62 30.22 42.62 23.41 47.50 10 0.42
23.11 12.53 63.80 37.16 44.16 41.61 38.85 25.64 30.04 42.50 23.20 46.08 11 0.46
22.00 11.83 62.40 37.08 42.60 40.68 35.88 25.14 27.48 41.50 21.83 45.44 12 0.50
19.63 11.15 61.20 35.62 42.48 38.82 35.16 24.82 27.22 39.52 21.67 45.01 13 0.54
18.33 11.00 60.56 34.62 41.85 37.62 35.10 24.06 26.86 39.02 21.45 43.57 14 0.58
17.35 10.84 58.54 34.56 41.67 37.32 34.05 23.26 26.10 34.40 21.37 41.36 15 0.63
16.91 10.35 57.34 34.52 41.61 36.72 33.93 23.08 25.44 33.04 20.77 40.64 16 0.67
15.40 9.69 56.70 34.40 41.52 35.58 33.90 22.86 25.26 31.66 20.09 35.60 17 0.71
14.70 9.44 56.60 32.26 38.61 35.01 33.69 21.18 23.70 31.12 19.82 31.82 18 0.75
14.40 9.33 56.42 31.92 38.49 34.59 33.36 20.12 23.32 29.02 19.25 29.92 19 0.79
14.30 9.30 47.46 31.58 37.08 32.58 29.76 19.36 21.42 28.62 15.73 28.82 20 0.83
13.62 8.88 46.92 30.36 36.69 31.80 28.59 19.26 18.84 28.44 14.74 25.58 21 0.88
11.82 8.70 44.88 26.82 31.77 30.84 28.44 18.32 18.68 26.70 12.43 24.77 22 0.92
10.74 7.01 40.86 25.72 31.32 30.69 28.08 17.82 16.68 24.26 11.60 23.90 23 0.96
10.73 5.41 39.08 24.18 26.10 27.66 24.90 16.62 14.30 16.88 8.88 17.20 24 1
 Paso 3: Interpolar PE 95%, cuando sea necesario

ENE FEB MAR ABR MAY JUN JUL AGO SEP OCT NOV DIC m Px

11.82 8.70 44.88 26.82 31.77 30.84 28.44 18.32 18.68 26.70 12.43 24.77 22 0.92

10.74 7.01 40.86 25.72 31.32 30.69 28.08 17.82 16.68 24.26 11.60 23.90 23 0.96

ENE FEB MAR ABR MAY JUN JUL AGO SEP OCT NOV DIC

0.95 10.95 7.34 41.66 25.94 31.41 30.72 28.15 17.92 17.08 24.75 11.77 24.08
 Paso 4: calcular 50% de los caudales mensuales PE 95%

ENE FEB MAR ABR MAY JUN JUL AGO SEP OCT NOV DIC

0.95 10.95 7.34 41.66 25.94 31.41 30.72 28.15 17.92 17.08 24.75 11.77 24.08

50%Q95%
5.48 3.67 20.83 12.97 15.71 15.36 14.08 8.96 8.54 12.37 5.88 12.04
PE
 Tabla de análisis de Caudal Ecológico variable

ENE FEB MAR ABR MAY JUN JUL AGO SEP OCT NOV DIC

10% 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59

20% 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18

50%Q95%PE 5.48 3.67 20.83 12.97 15.705 15.36 14.076 8.96 8.54 12.37 5.88 12.04
 Gráficamente los diferentes métodos

25

20

15
Caudales (m3/s)

10

0
ENE FEB MAR ABR MAY JUN JUL AGO SEP OCT NOV DIC
Meses

10% 20% 50%Q95%PE

 Tabla de análisis de Caudal Ecológico variable

ENE FEB MAR ABR MAY JUN JUL AGO SEP OCT NOV DIC

10% 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59

20% 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18

50%Q95%PE 5.48 3.67 20.83 12.97 15.705 15.36 14.076 8.96 8.54 12.37 5.88 12.04
Finalmente se escogen los valores de caudales ecológicos intermedios.

ENE FEB MAR ABR MAY JUN JUL AGO SEP OCT NOV DIC

10% 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59

20% 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18

50%Q95%PE 5.48 3.67 20.83 12.97 15.71 15.36 14.08 8.96 8.54 12.37 5.88 12.04

Qeco 5.48 3.67 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 7.18 5.88 7.18
 Caudal Ecológico variable

25,00

20,00
Caudales (m3/s)

15,00

10,00

5,00

0,00
ENE FEB MAR ABR MAY JUN JUL AGO SEP OCT NOV DIC
Meses

10% 20% 50%Q95%PE Qeco

 Mirada crítica cálculo caudal ecológico
en Chile
⚫Metodologías utilizadas para determinar caudal ecológico, estiman
caudales mínimos constantes sin criterios ecológicos y sin
considerar la variabilidad natural del régimen hidrológico (Jamett
y Rodrigues, 2005).

⚫Necesario profundizar en factores importantes para cálculo

(Saavedra, 2013) como:
🗉 Valoración social del agua
🗉 Consideración contexto de sistema río
🗉 Evaluar alteración del régimen de caudal considerando variabilidad
hidrológica en ríos
🗉 Consideración de sistemas humedales y presencia/ausencia acuíferos
en área estudio
 Universidad de Chile
Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas
Ingeniería en Recursos Naturales Renovables
Semestre de Otoño 2022
Cátedra de Hidrología

PRÁCTICO 9
Caudal Ecológico

Ayudantes: Camila Calderón, Vanesa Palma, Fernando Ramírez, Juan Vargas, Sofía
Roa, Catalina Rodríguez, Ana María Barrenechea, Sofía Muñoz e Isidora Vial.