Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Junio 2009
Impreso en México
Imprenta: Forever Print S.A. de C.V.
Tiraje: 1000 (Edición Junio 2009)
Dirección en México:
Oficina de Representación de la GTZ en México
Torre Hemicor
Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 826, Piso 11
Col. Del Valle
Del. Benito Juárez
C.P. 03100, México, D.F.
www.gtz.de/mexico
gtz-mexiko@gtz.de
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Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Resumen Ejecutivo
- Resumen Ejecutivo -
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Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Resumen Ejecutivo
Resumen ejecutivo
Antecedentes y motivación
México cuenta con condiciones naturales muy favorables para la aplicación de sistemas
fotovoltaicos. En muchas partes de su extenso territorio, la radiación solar promedio es el doble
de, por ejemplo, los países de Europa como Alemania, que actualmente es uno de los mayores
mercados fotovoltaicos en el mundo. El inmenso potencial de México, la segunda economía
más grande de Latinoamérica, ha sido escasamente explotado hasta ahora. Actualmente, el
país tiene instalada, tan solo, una capacidad de aproximadamente 19.7 MW p de sistemas
fotovoltaicos, comparados con una capacidad instalada de 3,800 MW p en Alemania. Debido al
incremento en los precios de la energía y a la creciente conciencia pública sobre el impacto
negativo de los combustibles fósiles, el sol, como fuente potencial de energía, ha despertado
cada vez mayor interés en las autoridades mexicanas. En julio de 2007 el organismo regulador
del sector de gas y electricidad en México (CRE - Comisión Reguladora de Energía) aprobó una
resolución que ofrece a los inversionistas la posibilidad de instalar sistemas fotovoltaicos
conectados a la red nacional en pequeña escala (hasta 10 kW p para hogares y 30kW p para
empresas). Esta interconexión, es regulada bajo el principio de Medición Neta de Energía (Net
Metering) que permite compensar el costo de la electricidad utilizada con la energía aportada a
la red nacional. Esta resolución genera oportunidades para un amplio uso de sistemas
fotovoltaicos en México – más allá del uso de sistemas aislados y desconectados de la red
eléctrica, que predominan actualmente. Como consecuencia, existe cada vez más, gente
interesada en información respecto a la factibilidad financiera del uso de sistemas fotovoltaicos
en conexión a la red eléctrica en México.
Objetivo y alcance
Dada la actualmente limitada información disponible, referente a la factibilidad financiera de los
sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados a la red eléctrica en México, se plantearon como objetivos
principales de este estudio:
identificar nichos de mercado para un uso financieramente viable de sistemas
fotovoltaicos en el sector residencial en México, así como en los sectores industrial y de
servicios, analizando si el uso de sistemas fotovoltaicos en dichos éstos sectores
permiten ahorrar costos desde la perspectiva de un inversionista, comparado con la
compra de toda la electricidad a la red nacional de energía,
especificar el tamaño de estos nichos de mercado en los sectores anteriormente
mencionados, en términos de capacidad (en MWp) y en términos de volumen de mercado
(en dólares americanos),
identificar y dimensionar el impacto de los subsidios en los nichos de mercado, dada su
relevancia para el gobierno o una perspectiva macro. Este análisis está limitado al sector
residencial, debido a los escasos datos disponibles en el sector industrial y de servicios.
Para el sector residencial, el estudio se limitó a 29 ciudades mexicanas que fueron identificadas
por la Comisión Nacional para el Uso Eficiente de la Energía (Conuee). Para cada ciudad, se
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Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Resumen Ejecutivo
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Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Resumen Ejecutivo
El análisis del segundo y tercer escenario, calculado con las tarifas esperadas, para un periodo
de 5 años. Estas tarifas, se calcularon suponiendo una tasa anual de incremento de las tarifas
de electricidad, tal y como se muestra en la Tabla 1. Los volúmenes de consumo utilizados para
el análisis fueron identificados en base a la estructura de los grupos tarifarios respectivos. En el
sector residencial existen siete tarifas diferentes (1, 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F), cada una
correspondientes a una región climática distinta (véase Tabla 2) y una tarifa adicional (Tarifa
Doméstica de Alto Consumo - DAC) correspondiente a los hogares que exceden cierto límite
superior de consumo. El precio respectivo por kilowatt-hora en cada tarifa, varía debido a
factores como la estación, el mes y el volumen de consumo.
Las tarifas residenciales están subestructuradas por rangos de consumo. La lógica de estos
rangos es que, mientras mayor consumo tenga un hogar, mayor será la tarifa que se le aplicará.
En la opción de un sistema fotovoltaico, que suministra sólo cierta cantidad de la electricidad
total, utilizada en el hogar (suministro parcial) el sistema fue diseñado para generar,
específicamente, la cantidad necesaria de energía para que aplique una tarifa más baja. Para
los sistemas que generan toda la electricidad utilizada (suministro total), los límites del rango de
consumo de cada tarifa fueron seleccionados como volúmenes de consumo hipotéticos,
siguiendo la premisa de que si el sistema fotovoltaico resulta ser una alternativa más barata a
cierta tarifa, ésto sucederá en el punto donde la tarifa respectiva cambia de una más alta a una
más baja. Por ejemplo, para la Tarifa 1, el cambio sucede para volúmenes de consumo de 140
y 250 kWh, por lo que los volúmenes de consumo 140, 249 y 250 kWh, se utilizaron para el
análisis.
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Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Resumen Ejecutivo
La estructura de tarifas para los sectores industrial y de servicios, es diferente a la del sector
residencial. La tarifa que se aplica, depende del tipo de conexión a la red nacional (baja tensión,
media tensión y alta tensión), que a su vez, depende de la demanda máxima de electricidad
requerida por el usuario. Además, estas tarifas varían durante el día, debido a la diferencia
entre los periodos de carga base, intermedia y de punta. Por consiguiente, el análisis de este
sector resulta mucho más complejo, dada la importancia de la potencia eléctrica requerida, la
diferencia entre los diferentes periodos de carga y las características particulares de consumo
de distintas ramas industriales y de servicios. Esta complejidad, hizo que el análisis de ésta
parte del estudio, se realizara de un modo más general. Para cada tarifa, se seleccionó un
consumo eléctrico bajo, medio y alto. Posteriormente, se analizó el impacto de un sistema
fotovoltaico que generara el 5% de este consumo. La tabla siguiente, muestra la estructura
básica de tarifas para el sector residencial y para los de industria y de servicios en México.
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Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Resumen Ejecutivo
Tabla 2: Estructura básica de tarifas para el sector residencial y el sector industrial y servicios
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Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Resumen Ejecutivo
económica que comprar toda la electricidad requerida a la red eléctrica. La razón de ésto
es el cambio hacia una tarifa más baja, causado por la reducción de la electricidad
consumida de la red al generar parte de la electricidad con el sistema fotovoltaico. Este
efecto genera ahorros en el periodo de 20 años, sólo para los hogares que consuman en
la tarifa residencial más elevada (DAC) en un número limitado de ciudades, utilizando un
sistema fotovoltaico, sólo hasta cierto tamaño y en general, sólo en regiones que
presentan una radiación cercana al promedio nacional o mayor. Si la parte de la energía
eléctrica suministrada por el sistema fotovoltaico, supera un punto crítico, el incremento
en los costos de inversión para el sistema fotovoltaico, será mayor al impacto de la caída
en la tarifa, por lo que “este nicho desaparece”.
Cuando:
Precio promedio < Tarifa original* Nicho
También cuando:
Costos deElaboración
Fuente: generaciónpropia
FV > Tarifa original*
* tarifa original = tarifa antes del cambio de tarifa por suministro parcial con FV
Tamaño de los nichos de mercado: Sólo el 2% de los hogares mexicanos dentro de las
28 ciudades seleccionadas forma parte de los nichos descritos. Esto es equivalente a
casi 90,000 hogares. El Distrito Federal (Ciudad de México) no se considera, debido a la
falta de datos relativos al número de hogares y sus volúmenes de consumo. El tamaño
de los nichos alcanza los 81 MW, equivalentes a aproximadamente 608 millones de
dólares con los precios del Escenario 1 (véase Tabla 4). El nicho corresponde a las
ciudades marcadas con una cruz en la Tabla 3.
Conclusión: Con los precios actuales, las posibilidades de un ahorro económico con la
aplicación de sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados a la red eléctrica, son muy limitadas en
el sector residencial mexicano.
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Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Resumen Ejecutivo
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Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Resumen Ejecutivo
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Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Resumen Ejecutivo
La Tabla 4 da una visión general del tamaño de los nichos de mercado para los tres escenarios.
Rango de
Capacidad Tamaño del
Hogares tamaño del
Escenario "Top 5" potencial nicho
[#] sistemas FV
[MW] [mill. USD]
[kW]
1 Guadalajara 28 45,981 207
2 Chihuahua 9 14,941 67
1 3 Puebla 7 10,993 49
"Nichos 4 Poza Rica 6 9,994 45
actuales" 5 Acapulco 5 7,713 35
Total "Top 5" 54 89,622 403
Total 28 Ciudades 81 133,499 608
2%
1 Guadalajara 174 388,224 1,302 0.1 - 1.3
2 Cuautla 52 73,297 392 0.6 - 1.9
2 3 Chihuahua 50 60,298 376 0.1 - 2.9
"Perspectiva 4 Nogales 44 47,799 332 0.6 - 1.9
conservadora" 5 Puebla 41 89,854 306 0.1 - 1.3
Total "Top 5" 362 659,471 2,708
Total 28 Ciudades 693 956,629 5,190
17%
1 Guadalajara 174 388,224 814 0.1 - 1.3
2 Mexicali 141 44,606 659 0.2 - 15.5
3 3 Monterrey 124 110,034 581 0.1 - 3.7
"Perspectiva 4 Cd. Juarez 88 86,143 413 0.1 - 3.7
optimista" 5 Tampico 66 55,366 307 0.1 - 3.7
Total "Top 5" 593 684,372 2,774
Total 28 Ciudades 1,336 1,486,362 6,255
27%
La Tabla 5 muestra el tamaño total de los nichos de mercado para los escenarios de las
perspectivas macro “Sin cambio de tarifa” y “Sin subsidios”.
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Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Resumen Ejecutivo
La siguiente tabla muestra una vista general del tamaño de los nichos de mercado para los tres
escenarios.
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Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Resumen Ejecutivo
Tabla 6: Tamaño de los nichos en los sectores industrial y de servicios (perspectiva micro)
Conclusiones y perspectivas
El estudio muestra que, a pesar de las excelentes condiciones para el uso de sistemas
fotovoltaicos en México, a los precios actuales casi no existen oportunidades económicamente
viables para el uso de éstos, ni en el sector residencial ni en los sectores industrial y de
servicios. Los subsidios, actualmente otorgados a los hogares, son una barrera para el
desarrollo del mercado fotovoltaico en México; sobre todo, si tomamos en cuenta que aquellas
regiones con las mejores condiciones para el uso de sistemas fotovoltaicos – las regiones con
la mayor radiación solar en el país – también reciben, gracias a políticas sociales los mayores
subsidios. Esto, hace aún más difícil que los sistemas fotovoltaicos, sean competitivos
comparados con los precios de la electricidad, dado que estos se mantienen artificialmente
bajos. Cualquier recorte a estos subsidios, aumentaría directamente los nichos de mercado
para los sistemas fotovoltaicos en México. Sin embargo, aún con los subsidios, parece muy
probable que los sistemas fotovoltaicos, se convertirán en una alternativa económicamente
viable para los hogares de la clase media y alta y de la mayoría de las empresas en México, en
un futuro cercano.
A pesar, de que es bueno saber que los sistemas fotovoltaicos podrán competir con las tarifas
eléctricas en un futuro cercano, sin importar los altos niveles de subsidio, una opción mucho
más atractiva sería, definitivamente, combinar un crecimiento en el mercado fotovoltaico con un
decremento en el nivel de subsidios – no sólo para el gobierno, sino para el pueblo mexicano en
general. La experiencia internacional con energías renovables, muestra que los esquemas de
fomento juegan un papel predominante para dar forma a estos mercados por varias razones,
como son los altos costos inciales de inversión, falta de conciencia entre los potenciales
inversionistas, etc. A diferencia de muchos otros mercados, podría ser más viable establecer
esquemas de fomento en México, pues se podría definir un mecanismo de fomento basado en
la lógica de reacomodar recursos financieros que actualmente ya están destinados al gasto
público. Esta reasignación, se llevaría a cabo mediante una redirección de recursos financieros
destinados a subsidiar las tarifas eléctricas para una utilización, al menos parcial, de estos
recursos para estimular el mercado fotovoltaico. Un paso lógico en esta dirección, sería realizar
un análisis detallado de los posibles esquemas de fomento que permitirían la creación de una
situación ganar-ganar. Mientras tanto y para facilitar la toma de decisión de inversión, la hoja de
cálculo desarrollada para el estudio, también es una herramienta que permite a las personas
interesadas descubrir, en algunos minutos, y tomando en cuenta su situación particular, si sería
conveniente, económicamente hablando, realizar una inversión en un sistema fotovoltaico
conectado a la red eléctrica. Para mayor información la “Calculadora fotovoltaica” está
disponible en: www.conuee.gob.mx.
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Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Presentación de Resultados Clave
xvii
Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Presentación de Resultados Clave
xviii
Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Presentación de Resultados Clave
1 Antecedentes
Antecedentes
2. Sector doméstico
3. Sectores industrial y servicios
4. Conclusiones
3 Comisión Nacional para el Uso Eficiente de la Energía
Antecedentes
Socios – Conuee
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Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Presentación de Resultados Clave
Antecedentes
Socios – GTZ (Cooperación Técnica Alemana)
Empresa estatal del gobierno alemán para la implementación de la
Cooperación Técnica; principal comitente es el Ministerio Federal
Alemán de Cooperación Económica y Desarrollo (BMZ)
Objetivo: contribuir al desarrollo político, económico, ecológico y
social, para mejorar así las condiciones
de vida y las perspectivas de la población
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Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Presentación de Resultados Clave
Antecedentes
Objetivos del estudio
Antecedentes
Aspectos metodológicos
Metodología
Comparación económica entre tarifas eléctricas y costos de
generación con sistemas FV en base a valores presentes neto (VPN)
Análisis micro-económico: nichos desde la perspectiva del usuario
final (tarifa = precio a usuario final, incluyendo subsidios)
Análisis macro-económico: nichos desde la perspectiva del gobierno
federal (costo total de generación = tarifa + subsidios)
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Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Presentación de Resultados Clave
Antecedentes
Derivación de los nichos
Cuando:
Precio promedio < Tarifa original* Nicho
También cuando:
Costos de generación FV > Tarifa original*
* tarifa original = tarifa antes del cambio de tarifa por suministro parcial con FV
1. Antecedentes
2 10
3.
4.
Sector doméstico
Sector doméstico
xxii
Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Presentación de Resultados Clave
Sector doméstico
Supuestos clave y escenarios
Supuestos clave
Tasa de descuento 8%
IVA 15%
O&M (anual) 0.8%
Aumento anual de tarifas eléctricas 8%
Factor de pérdida de eficiencia para temperaturas > 25ºC
Escenarios analizados*
Análisis de 29 ciudades seleccionadas para las 7 tarifas eléctricas y
la tarifa DAC (servicio doméstico de alto consumo)
Escenario 1 Escenario 2 Escenario 3
"Precios "Perspectiva "Perspectiva
actuales" conservadora" optimista"
Costos de inversión
103,000 82,400 51,500
(IVA incluido) [$/kWp]
Sector doméstico
Resultados clave (análisis micro)
6.00 Monterrey
sistema FV [$/kWh]
Hermosillo
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50
Radiación [kWh/m 2d]
xxiii
Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Presentación de Resultados Clave
Sector doméstico
Resultados clave (análisis micro)
Sector doméstico
Resultados clave (análisis micro)
Nichos atractivos a mediano plazo
Capacidad Tamaño del Tamaño del
Hogares
Escenario "Top 5" potencial nicho sistema FV
[#]
[MW] [mill. USD] [kW]
1 Guadalajara 174 388.224 1.302 0.1 - 1.3
2 Cuautla 52 73.297 392 0.6 - 1.9
Escenario 2 3 Chihuahua 50 60.298 376 0.1 - 2.9
"Perspectiva 4 Nogales 44 47.799 332 0.6 - 1.9
conservadora" 5 Puebla 41 89.854 306 0.1 - 1.3
Total "Top 5" 362 659.471 2.708
Total 28 ciudades 693 956.629 5.190
17%
1 Guadalajara 174 388.224 814 0.1 - 1.3
2 Mexicali 141 44.606 659 0.2 - 15.5
Escenario 3 3 Monterrey 124 110.034 581 0.1 - 3.7
"Perspectiva 4 Juarez 88 86.143 413 0.1 - 3.7
optimista" 5 Tampico 66 55.366 307 0.1 - 3.7
Total "Top 5" 593 684.372 2.774
Total 28 ciudades 1.336 1.486.362 6.255
27%
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Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Presentación de Resultados Clave
Sector doméstico
Resultados clave (análisis macro)
1. Antecedentes
2. Sector doméstico
3
16
Sectorindustrial
Sectores
4. Conclusiones
industrial y
y servicios
servicios
xxv
Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Presentación de Resultados Clave
Supuestos clave
Tasa de desuento 8%
IVA 15%
O&M (anual) 0.5%
Aumento anual de tarifas eléctricas 7%
Escenarios analizados*
Fracción/ contribución solar de 5% del consumo anual de electricidad
xxvi
Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Presentación de Resultados Clave
1. Antecedentes
2. Sector doméstico
3. Sectores industrial y servicios
4
19
Conclusiones
Conclusiones
Conclusión
Perspectivas prometedoras
Actualmente
Pocas posibilidades de la utilización económica de sistemas FV en
conexión a la red eléctrica en México por
Estructura de las tarifas y subsidios
Costos elevados de sistemas FV
Falta de mecanismos de fomento para hogares
Opción: desviación de subsidios (situación win-win)
Perspectiva
En 3 a 5 años, aproximadamente, es probable que
los sistemas FV se vuelvan rentables en varias
regiones del país, por la disminución de precios de
estos sistemas, dando como resultado nichos y
volúmenes de mercado más atractivos.
xxvii
Nichos de Mercado para sistemas fotovoltaicos en conexión a la red eléctrica en México
Presentación de Resultados Clave
Conclusiones
Herramientas útiles de promoción
¡Gracias por
su atención!
xxviii
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Estudio Completo
- Estudio Completo -
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Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Resumen ejecutivo v
Executive Summary 1
1 Introduction 13
1.1 Background and Motivation 13
1.2 Objective and scope 14
1.3 Methodology and data collection 15
1.4 Structure 15
2 The Mexican market for photovoltaic systems 17
2.1 Technical potential in Mexico 17
2.2 Market overview 17
2.3 Regulatory framework 19
3 Mexican electricity tariffs 21
3.1 Determining factors for electricity consumption in Mexico 21
3.1.1 Residential sector 21
3.1.2 Industry and services sectors 22
3.2 Overview of residential tariffs 24
3.3 Overview of tariffs for industry and services sectors 29
4 Photovoltaic systems subject to analysis 33
4.1 Photovoltaic Systems for the residential sector 34
4.1.1 Performance ratio and efficiency loss factor 34
4.1.2 Cities considered 36
4.1.3 Socio-economic parameters 36
4.1.4 Sizing of photovoltaic systems for full electricity supply 38
4.1.5 Sizing of photovoltaic systems for partial electricity supply 39
4.2 Photovoltaic systems for industry and services sectors 41
4.2.1 Performance ratio 41
4.2.2 Regions considered 41
4.2.3 Socio-economic parameters 42
4.2.4 Sizing 43
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Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Table of Contents
5 Cost calculation 45
5.1 Tariff costs 45
5.2 Financial parameters and assumptions 46
5.3 Scenarios 47
5.4 Photovoltaic system costs 48
5.4.1 Residential sector - Photovoltaic systems for full electricity supply 49
5.4.2 Residential sector - Photovoltaic systems for partial electricity supply 51
5.4.3 Industry and services sector 52
6 Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison 55
6.1 Residential Sector 56
6.1.1 Scenario 1: Current niches 56
6.1.2 Scenario 2: Conservative outlook 66
6.1.3 Scenario 3: Optimistic outlook 73
6.1.4 Analysis of the scenarios from a macro-perspective 79
6.1.4.1 Determination of market niches from a macro-perspective 81
6.1.4.2 Market niches from a macro perspective 87
6.1.5 Conclusions 90
6.2 Industry and services sectors 90
6.2.1 Scenario 1: Current niches 90
6.2.2 Scenario 2: Conservative outlook 90
6.2.3 Scenario 3: Optimistic outlook 92
6.2.4 Conclusions 97
7 Methodological reflections and conclusions 99
7.1 Sensitivity analysis 99
7.1.1 Influence of a variation of the solar radiation 99
7.1.2 Influence of a variation of the discount rate 100
7.1.2.1 Residential sector 100
7.1.2.2 Industry and services sectors 100
7.2 Limitations of the study 101
7.3 Closing remarks and outlook 102
Annex 105
Bibliography 187
xxxi
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
List of Tables
List of Tables
xxxii
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
List of Tables
Table 32: PV Generation cost calculation for residential sector (Full Supply) 49
Table 33: Cost calculation for industry and services sectors 53
Table 34: Applied FRI values 54
Table 35: Scenario 1 - Cost comparison residential sector 57
Table 36: Market niches by city in the residential sector (micro-approach) 64
Table 37: Size of niches in the residential sector (micro-approach) 65
Table 38: Scenario 2 - Cost comparison residential sector 67
Table 39: Scenario 3 - Cost comparison residential sector 74
Table 40: Core assumptions of micro- and macro-approaches 80
Table 41: Core differences between macro and micro-approaches in the determination of
market niche sizes 82
Table 42: Example of data obtained from CFE 83
Table 43: Example Step 1 a): Calculation of average tariffs for consumption ranges in
Scenario 1 in summer season 84
Table 44: Example Step 1 b): Calculation of average tariffs for consumption
volumes/Scenario 1 84
Table 45: Example Step 3 a) Calculation of average consumption volume for users in a
niche in a certain consumption group 86
Table 46: Example Step 3 a) Calculation of average consumption volume for users in a
niche in a certain consumption group 86
Table 47: Example Step 3 c) Calculation of total capacity resulting financially feasible for
consumption group 87
Table 48: Summary of results for the macro-approach “No tariff change” 88
Table 49: Summary of results for the macro-approach “No subsidies” 89
Table 50: Scenario 2 - Cost-saving PV applications in industry and services sectors 91
Table 51: Scenario 3 - Cost comparison industry and services sectors 93
Table 52: Size of niches in the residential sector (micro-approach) 102
Table 53: Size of niches in the industry and services sectors (micro-approach) 103
xxxiii
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
List of Figures
List of Figures
xxxiv
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
List of Acronyms
List of Acronyms
a Year
d Day
kWh Kilowatt-hour
m2 Square meter
PV Photovoltaic
W Watt
Wp Watt peak
$ Mexican peso
xxxv
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Executive Summary
Executive Summary
Background and motivation
Mexico features excellent natural conditions for the application of photovoltaic systems. In many
parts of its vast territory the average solar radiation is about twice as high as, for example, in sun
poor Germany which is currently one of the largest photovoltaic markets in the world. The huge
potential of Mexico, Latin America’s second biggest economy, has hardly been tapped so far. Up
to now the country has only installed about 19.7 MW p of photovoltaic systems, compared to
3,800 MW p in Germany. Due to rising energy prices and the growing public awareness of the
negative impacts of fossil fuels the sun as a potential energy source is more and more arousing
the interest of Mexican authorities. In July 2007 a resolution was passed by the regulatory body
for the Mexican electricity and gas sector (CRE) giving investors the possibility to set up small
scale grid-connected photovoltaic systems (up to 10 kW p for households and up to 30kW p for
companies). This interconnection is regulated on the principle of Net Energy Metering that allows
to offset the cost of the electricity use with the energy fed into the grid. This resolution opens up
opportunities for a wider use of photovoltaic systems in Mexico – beyond the currently prevailing
application as isolated systems. As a consequence more and more people are interested in
information regarding the financial feasibility of the grid-connected use of photovoltaic systems in
Mexico.
Concerning the residential sector the study was limited to 29 Mexican cities which were
identified by Conuee. For each city two photovoltaic options were regarded. The first option is a
photovoltaic system designed to supply the total annual electricity consumption of the household
(full supply option). In the second option the system is designed to provide only the share of
electricity needed to make a lower tariff apply (partial supply option).
The industry and services sectors were analysed jointly since the same tariffs apply for them.
For each tariff those three regions featuring the lowest, medium and highest tariff were selected
for the analysis. The systems were designed to supply 5% of the total annual electricity
consumption of a company.
1
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Executive Summary
The study in hand was limited to the analysis of PV systems as an alternative to the purchase
from electricity from the grid. Other measures and technologies like energy efficiency measures
(e.g. energy efficient lighting) or other renewable energy technologies were not considered.
2
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Executive Summary
The structure of the tariffs for the industry and services sectors is quite different from the
residential sector. The application of a tariff depends on the type of connection to the national
grid (low voltage, medium voltage, high voltage) which again depends on the peak power
demand of the electricity user. Furthermore, the applying tariff varies over the day due to the
distinction of base, intermediate and peak load intervals. The analysis of these sectors results
thus much more complex due to the relevance of the electrical power demand, the distinction of
different load intervals and the individuality of the consumption characteristics of different
industry and service branches. Because of this complexity the analysis of this part of the study
was performed on a more general basis. For every tariff a low, medium and high electricity
consumption was identified. Afterwards the impact of a photovoltaic system generating 5% of
this consumption was analysed. The following table shows the basic structure of the tariffs
applying for the residential and industry and services sectors in Mexico.
3
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Executive Summary
Table 8: Basic structure of tariffs for residential as well as industry and services
Minimum average
Applying Applying
temperature during Voltage Maximum demand/Transmission level
tariff tariff
summer
In addition to the standard approach from the investor’s perspective (micro-approach) and in
order to identify the impact of subsidies on market niches and their size in the residential sector
two macro-approaches with different underlying assumptions were analysed for each scenario:
Macro-approach “No tariff change”: This approach neglects the possibility of a tariff drop.
Market niches identified in this way do not cover cases in which the photovoltaic system
turns out financially feasible due to a change to a higher subsidised and thus cheaper
tariff.
Macro-approach “No subsidies”: This approach assumes cost-oriented electricity tariffs
free of subsidies. Therefore this approach replaces all the existing tariffs by the DAC
which is supposed to represent cost covering electricity prices. This approach allows
identifying market niches in a world free of subsidies and gives a much clearer idea on
the real competitiveness of photovoltaic systems in the Mexican electricity sector.
4
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Executive Summary
consuming in the most expensive residential tariff (DAC) in a limited number of cities,
applying a photovoltaic system only up to a certain size and in general only in regions
featuring a radiation of about the national average or higher. If the photovoltaic system’s
share of the total electricity supply surpasses a critical point, the increase in PV
investment costs offsets the impact of the tariff drop, so that the “niche disappears”.
Always if:
Average price < Original tariff* marked niche
Even if:
PV generation costs > Original tariff*
Size of market niches: The described niches apply only to about 2% of the Mexican
households from the 28 cities, equivalent to almost 90,000 households. The Federal
District, Mexico City, is not considered here due to a lack of data regarding the number of
households and their respective consumption volumes. The size of the niches amount to
81 MW equivalent to approximately USD 608 million at Scenario 1 prices (see Table 10).
The niche is limited to the following cities marked with a cross in Table 9.
Conclusion: With current system prices the possibilities for a cost-saving application of
grid-connected photovoltaic systems in the Mexican household sector are quite limited.
5
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Executive Summary
6
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Executive Summary
Size of market niches: The described niches apply to about 17% of the Mexican
households of the 28 cities, equivalent to almost a million households. The size of the
niche amounts to 693 MW equivalent to approximately USD 5,190 million at Scenario 2
prices (see Table 10). In every single city of the cities that were analysed exists some
kind of niche (see Table 9).
Conclusion: This scenario shows that it is quite likely that consumers close to the DAC
limits (below or above) will enjoy in approximately five years generation costs per
kilowatt-hour with a photovoltaic system that are lower than the price per kWh without PV
system. This results in significant market and cost-saving opportunities for grid-connected
PV use in Mexico for a range of different consumption levels.
7
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Executive Summary
Table 10 gives an overview about the niches’ sizes for all three scenarios.
Potential Range of
Households Size of niche
capacity PV size
Scenario "Top 5"
[MW] [n] [mill. USD] [kW]
1 Guadalajara 28 45,981 207
2 Chihuahua 9 14,941 67
Scenario 1 3 Puebla 7 10,993 49
"Current 4 Poza Rica 6 9,994 45
niches" 5 Acapulco 5 7,713 35
Total "Top 5" 54 89,622 403
Total 28 Cities 81 133,499 608
2%
1 Guadalajara 174 388,224 1,302 0.1 - 1.3
2 Cuautla 52 73,297 392 0.6 - 1.9
Scenario 2 3 Chihuahua 50 60,298 376 0.1 - 2.9
"Conservative 4 Nogales 44 47,799 332 0.6 - 1.9
Outlook" 5 Puebla 41 89,854 306 0.1 - 1.3
Total "Top 5" 362 659,471 2,708
Total 28 Cities 693 956,629 5,190
17%
1 Guadalajara 174 388,224 814 0.1 - 1.3
2 Mexicali 141 44,606 659 0.2 - 15.5
Scenario 3 3 Monterrey 124 110,034 581 0.1 - 3.7
"Optimistic 4 Cd. Juarez 88 86,143 413 0.1 - 3.7
outlook" 5 Tampico 66 55,366 307 0.1 - 3.7
Total "Top 5" 593 684,372 2,774
Total 28 Cities 1,336 1,486,362 6,255
27%
8
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Executive Summary
Table 11 illustrates the total sizes of the market niches of the scenarios for the macro-
approaches “No tariff change” and “No subsidies”.
9
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Executive Summary
The following table gives an overview about the niches’ sizes for all three scenarios.
10
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Executive Summary
Table 12: Size of niches in the industry and services sectors (micro-approach)
11
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Introduction
1 Introduction
1.1 Background and Motivation
The last years showed an unprecedented growth of the world’s energy consumption. Only during
the year 2004 the world energy consumption rose by 4.3%.1 Old and new emerging economies
compete more and more aggressively for fossil resources to feed their ever growing hunger for
energy. Direct effects of this policy are drastically growing prices for fossil fuels, political conflicts
to the point of political destabilisation of regions and armed conflicts. On the other hand the
drastic impact on our environment of the accelerated exploitation and consumption of fossil fuels
becomes more and more evident. The contamination of soil, groundwater and air destroys plant
and animal live worldwide and causes diseases among the human population making life
impossible in some of the most affected areas. On the global level, scientists discover more and
more phenomena which either seem to be directly linked to the burning of fossil fuels, for
example global dimming, or to which at least an impact of mankind appears to be very probable,
for example climate change.
The answer a society gives to the question how it wants and can provide the energy it consumes
is thus not only crucial to its economical development but also to the standard of living it wants to
achieve for its people. Today renewable energy sources are more and more able to
economically cover a bigger part of a nation’s energy consumption. As a result some countries
have already achieved significant progress in the employment of renewable energies in recent
years. As one of the major economies in Latin America with a large territorial extension and
favourable climatic conditions, Mexico has an enormous potential for the use of renewable
energies. Regarding solar energy, for instance, Mexico has excellent conditions with an average
solar radiation amounting to around 5.0 kWh/m2/d compared to e.g. a significantly lower average
of 3.2 kWh/m2/d in Germany.2 This underlines Mexico’s advantageous conditions regarding the
use of solar energy, which is addressed by this study. However, Mexico’s huge potential has
hardly been tapped so far. Currently Mexico has only installed about 19.7 MW p of photovoltaic
systems. In contrast, Germany, a country with a much lower solar radiation and less population
has installed about 2,500 MW p.3
The study in hand focuses – from an financial perspective – on the use of photovoltaic systems
in the residential, industry and services sectors in Mexico and presents a comparative cost
analysis.
1
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltenergieverbrauch
2
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaik
3
Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme – Annual Report 2006. International Energy Agency (IEA) – Photovoltaic
Power Systems Programme. Page 78.
13
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Introduction
The study was realised by GTZ (German technical cooperation) on request from the Mexican
National Commission for Energy Conservation (Conuee – Comisión Nacional para el Uso
Eficiente de la Energia) in the frame of Mexican-German technical cooperation and was
motivated by a couple of factors. The two core factors in this context were: On the one hand,
there is, as outlined above, a huge gap between current use and actual potential for the use of
photovoltaic systems in Mexico. On the other hand, there is no clarity under which criteria and to
what extent photovoltaic systems can be a financially advantageous option for households and
companies.
14
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Introduction
1.4 Structure
The introduction to the study in this section (Chapter 1) is followed by a general overview about
photovoltaic in Mexico and provides some basic market data (Chapter 2). Chapter 3 is dedicated
to the analysis of existing electricity tariffs for the three sectors (residential, industry and
services). Chapter 4 focuses on the definition and the seizing of the photovoltaic systems as well
as explaining the assumptions underlying their calculation. The next section (Chapter 5) explains
on which basis the overall costs for electricity purchased from the grid and for the photovoltaic
systems are compared and how they are calculated. Furthermore the chapter gives an overview
of the assumed financial parameters. This chapter is followed by the actual financial comparison
presenting the results for three different scenarios of the different sectors including the results of
the macro-analysis of the residential sector (Chapter 6). The study finalizes with a conclusion for
the three considered sectors based on the results of the economic comparison and some
reflections on the quality of the overall study.
15
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
The Mexican market for photovoltaic systems
4
http://www.conae.gob.mx/wb/CONAE/CONA_1433_irradiacion_en_la_re
5
Obviously a 100% electricity coverage by the means of photovoltaic systems is no real objective and is thus only
theoretical. In this context the number is simply used to make the potential more tangible.
6
Photovoltaic Power Systems Programm – Annual Report 2006. International Energy Agency (IEA) – Photovoltaic
Power Systems Programm. Page 78.
17
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
The Mexican market for photovoltaic systems
The cumulative photovoltaic capacity installed in Mexico by the end of 2006 was 19.7 MW p.
Rural application is still the major application for photovoltaic systems serving as a solution for
off-grid electrification or to avoid the high tariffs for pumping water for irrigation. An important
trend in the Mexican photovoltaic market is the off- or on-grid application of systems as prestige
objects run by private companies or institutions to support or create a “green” corporate image.
Such kind of projects are currently under planning by VW in the city of Puebla, Walmart and
other companies or are already installed such as the well-known grid-connected photovoltaic
system of Green Corner in the Federal District. On the other hand, grid-connected photovoltaic
is attracting more and more the attention of the national utility (CFE) and government officials as
an alternative to support the electrical grid in some regions. As a result, pilot projects were
launched to gather scientific information and experience. An important project of that kind was
launched in 2006 by the Baja California State Government with technical support from the
Electrical Research Institute (IIE – Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas). The goal is the
construction of a photovoltaic neighbourhood of 500 low-income houses in the city of Mexicali, in
northwest Mexico, with one grid-connected photovoltaic array of 1 kW p each. The first phase of
the initiative will consist of 220 such installations, of which the first 110 systems came on line in
December 2006.7
7
Photovoltaic Power Systems Programm – Annual Report 2006. International Energy Agency (IEA) – Photovoltaic
Power Systems Programm. Page 78.
8
Trends in Photovoltaic Applications – Survey report of selected IEA countries between 1992 and 2006. International
Energy Agency (IEA) – Photovoltaic Power Systems Programm. August 2007. Page 1.
9
Photovoltaic Power Systems Programm – Annual Report 2006. International Energy Agency (IEA) – Photovoltaic
Power Systems Programm. Page 78.
10
http://www.uni-solar.com/
11
http://www.kyocera.de/
12
http://www.q-cells.com/
18
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
The Mexican market for photovoltaic systems
13
Prospectiva del Sector Eléctrico 2006 – 2015. Secretaría de Energía. 2006.
14
Resolucion No. RES/176/2007. Secretaría de Energía.
15
Artículo 40 XII, Ley de Impuestos sobre la renta.
19
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Mexican electricity tariffs
Climate: Due to the size and location of its territory Mexico’s climate varies from subtropical
over alpine up to arid. Climate is the most important factor for the electricity consumption in
Mexico as it determines if households do or do not need to make use of air conditioning
equipment and what kind of equipment they use. In general ventilators are used at least
occasionally in all parts of the country, whereas evaporative air coolers are rather used in areas
of hot dry climate and air conditioning in hot dry and hot humid areas.17 Thus, depending on the
climate the electricity consumption varies in a wide range. For example, the average annual
electricity consumption of a user located in Hermosillo (practically a desert city) is several times
higher than the consumption of a user located in Guadalajara with a semi-dry/ semi-humid
climate.18
16
IIE Boletín – Resultados tecnologicos del sector electrico aplicables al petrolero.1998.
17
Seminario Nacional Sobre el Uso Racional de la Energia – Memoria Técnica. 1998.
18
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco
21
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Mexican electricity tariffs
Season: Referring to electricity consumption, usually two seasons, summer and winter
(respectively non-summer) are distinguished. Summer is defined as the six successional hottest
months of the year. Again, because of the size of the country the start of the summer season
varies from February to May depending on the respective region. The seasonal impact on
electricity consumption is based on the same principle as the climatic one, i.e. during the warmer
season more electricity is used due to the use of air conditioning equipment and due to higher
electricity consume by refrigerators, for example. Furthermore, the seasonal impact on the
electricity consumption obviously correlates with the climate. In the Federal District (D.F. –
Distrito Federal) for example, electricity users consume approximately the same amount of
energy throughout the year with only a slight increase during the hotter months, whereas in
Mexicali (a city with extreme changes in temperatures) parts of the users consume up to five
times more during the summer season than compared to the winter season.19
Income, equipment, habits: Further determining factors with impact on the electricity
consumption are strictly connected with each other and cannot be regarded separately.
Obviously the amount of income of a household is most crucial to what kind of equipment is
affordable for it. The financial situation together with the habits and social factors like family size,
schedule of presence and absence from the household further decides how this equipment is
used. Although income distribution in Mexico is considered to have become more equal during
the last decade (see above) the differences found between regions as well as inside
communities can still be referred to as highly unequal. Furthermore family sizes tend to be
biggest in rural areas which at the same time feature lower income levels compared to the urban
areas. So, for many Mexican families electricity costs pose a significant monthly expense which
is why electricity prices for households and in particular for low consumption households are
highly subsidized by the government.20
19
IIE Boletín – Resultados tecnologicos del sector electrico aplicables al petrolero.1998.
20
Seminario Nacional Sobre el Uso Racional de la Energia – Memoria Técnica. 1998
22
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Mexican electricity tariffs
Source: Prof. Dr. Voß, A.: Energiesysteme II – Rationelle Energieanwendung und Energieanlagen.
Institute for Energy Economics and Rational Use of Energy (IER). Page 23-26.
School Hotel
Source: Prof. Dr. Voß, A.: Energiesysteme II – Rationelle Energieanwendung und Energieanlagen.
Institute for Energy Economics and Rational Use of Energy (IER). Page 23-26.
23
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Mexican electricity tariffs
1C 30°C
1D 31°C
1E 32°C
1F ≥ 33°C
As described above climate is one of the most important factors for the electricity consumption.
Corresponding to that importance CFE’s tariffs were structured by temperatures in order to be
able to offer low electricity prices in hot areas where consumption is necessarily higher. That
also means that depending on the climatic varieties within a region there is not necessarily a
single tariff applying for a whole region but several.22 Each tariff itself again features a structure.
To get a clearer impression of this structure and to introduce the terms used throughout the
study Figure 6 shows a cutout of Tariff 1A as an example. The tariffs and its prices applied for
this study can be found in Annex 2.
21
CFE - http://www.cfe.gob.mx/es/InformacionAlCliente/conocetutarifa/
22
CFE - http://www.cfe.gob.mx/es/InformacionAlCliente/conocetutarifa/
24
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Mexican electricity tariffs
Tariff 1A
Summer season
Consumption of up to 150 kWh per month
Range Jan. Feb. Mar.
Basic 1 - 100 0,541 0,543 0,545
Intermediate 0,642 0,644 0,646
Consumption exceeding 150 kWh per month
Range Jan. Feb. Mar.
Basic 1 - 100 0,541 0,543 0,545
Intermediate 101 - 150 0,812 0,815 0,818
Exceeding 2,164 2,171 2,178
Winter season
Consumption of up to 150 kWh per month
Range Jan. Feb. Mar.
Basic 1 - 75 0,621 0,623 0,625
Intermediate 0,735 0,737 0,739
Consumption exceeding 150 kWh per month
Rango de consumo Jan. Feb. Mar.
Basic 1 - 75 0,621 0,623 0,625
Intermediate 76 - 125 1,022 1,025 1,028
Exceeding 2,164 2,171 2,178
As can be seen, each tariff includes two ranges of consumption. For example in the case of
Tariff 1A, there is one range for users consuming less than 150 kWh per month and another
range for users consuming more than 150 kWh per month. The “lower consumption range” is
stronger subsidized than the “upper consumption range” following the political idea that prices
for the poor which commonly consume less energy should be lower. The limit of how much
electricity can be consumed monthly before the upper and more expensive range applies
increases step by step from Tariff 1 to 1F reflecting the aforementioned impact of the
temperature on electricity consumption as well as the political willingness not to discriminate
people living in areas with higher temperatures with higher electricity costs. Table 14 clarifies
that point by giving the invoice amounts for each tariff for an example of a consumption of 140
kWh for the month of June 2007. In accordance to what has been explained before the invoice
differs quite drastically from Tariff 1 to Tariff 1F.
25
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Mexican electricity tariffs
Regarding the ranges a further subdivision can be observed. Figure 7 shows the structure of
Tariff 1A (prices of January, winter 2007) as an example.
3.17 3.17
1.50 1.50
1.07 1.07
0.91 0.91
According to what is shown in Figure 7 the electricity costs invoiced by the CFE to a given
household are calculated as follows:
For example, 70 kWh were consumed in January (winter season), so the invoice would
be calculated as shown below. The prices of the line “Basic” apply for the first 75 kWh
consumed in the respective month:
26
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Mexican electricity tariffs
If more than 75 kWh (but less than 150 kWh) were consumed, then for the amount of
kilowatt-hours exceeding the 75 kWh limit the prices of the line “Intermediate” would
apply. If, for example, 90 kWh were consumed in January the invoice amount would be:
With the exception of Tariff 1 it is further distinguished between summer and winter season
again due to the fact that higher temperatures cause higher electricity consumption. To
compensate this impact of the summer season, prices applied in summer are lower and
consumption limits for ranges as well as for the subdivision of the ranges (Basic, Intermediate,
Exceeding) are higher. So for example, in the case of Tariff 1A the prices of the line “Basic”
apply for the first 75 kWh of the monthly consumption during winter, whereas in summer “Basic”
prices apply for the first 100 kWh of the monthly consumption.
Another characteristic of the Mexican residential tariffs is the minimum consumption which is 25
kWh per month. These kilowatt-hours have to be paid for as a kind of service charge in the case
the client consumed less than 25 kWh.
To fully understand how the electricity prices are structured one last element of the tariffs must
be explained, the so called “DAC”. The Residential Electricity Tariff for High Consumption (DAC
– Servicio Domestico de Alto Consumo) applies for users whose electricity consumption
surpasses a certain top limit. In accordance with the consumption limits for ranges and
subdivisions of ranges this limit also depends on the tariff applying for the considered region and
increases step by step from Tariff 1 to Tariff 1F.23
Table 15 shows the consumption limits for each tariff, some selected cities, the corresponding
DAC regions as well as the respective DAC tariffs. For example, if a user to whom applies Tariff
1A consumes in Morelos consumes on average over the last 12 months more than 300 kWh a
month then the whole amount of kilowatt-hours is multiplied with the respective DAC tariff for the
region (instead of the “normal” residential tariffs) in order to calculate the amount to be invoiced
for electricity. DAC prices are higher than the usual tariffs as they are not subsidized. The DAC
prices applied for this study can be found in Annex 3.
23
http://www.cfe.gob.mx/es/InformacionAlCliente/conocetutarifa/
27
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Mexican electricity tariffs
Table 15: DAC limits and tariffs in exemplary cities and regions (residential sector)
Tariff
Tariff DAC region Exemplary cities DAC limit [kWh/month]
[$/kWh]
1 Central Distrito Federal 250 2.54
1A South and Peninsula Cuautla 300 2.35
1B South and Peninsula Acapulco 400 2.35
1C North & Nordeast Monterrey 850 2.31
1D Baja California South (Summer/Winter) La Paz 1,000 2.69/2.12
1E Northwest Guaymas 2,000 2.37
1F Baja California (Summer/Winter) Mexicali 2,500 2.46/2.12
Source: Own display
In contrast to the “normal” or non-DAC electricity tariffs the overall electricity charge of the DAC
consists of two components. The first one is a price per kilowatt-hour whose value depends on
the considered month and region whereas six regions are distinguished. The second one is a fix
charge varying from month to month which is not related to the amount of electricity
consumption.24 The fix charge per month used is 58.61$ (Jan. 2007).
Continuing with the example of the user of the Tariff 1A, suppose that this user had a
consumption of 325 kWh in January and lives in the northwestern region, thus his invoice would
be calculated as follows:
From what has been explained it can be concluded that the electricity prices for Mexican
households are not only determined by the volume of consumption but also by season and
region. The structure of the tariffs corresponds with the determining factors of the electricity
consumption. This means, in hotter areas the structure compensates to some extent the
necessarily higher use of electricity by applying lower prices. On the other side, a limit is set by
the DAC to apply at least cost-covering prices above a certain use of electrical energy. The DAC
applies for volumes of electricity consumption clearly above Mexican average consumption
suggesting that the political idea behind is a kind of welfare-based top-down cross-subsidization
from the wealthy to the less wealthy part of the population. One might think that the DAC could
apply as well for large families which would foil the idea outlined before. However, data in Table
16 shows that more than a big family is needed to consume, for example, more than 1,000 kWh
a month in the case of Tariff 1D.
http://www.cfe.gob.mx/es/InformacionAlCliente/conocetutarifa/
28
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Mexican electricity tariffs
Source: www.veoe.at/70.html?&L=
Summing up this chapter it is important to point out that concerning the Mexican household
tariffs two mechanisms are at work whose impact on the cost effectiveness of photovoltaic
systems must be clarified:
The mechanism of subsidies being paid by the Mexican government in order to keep
tariffs low for the average Mexican household.
The mechanism of offering more of these subsidies to regions which feature high
temperatures by applying higher consumption range limits to them.
< 25 kW 2
Low voltage
≥ 25 kW 3
< 100 kW O-M
Medium voltage ≥ 100 kW H-M
≥ 100 kW, short-time utilisation H-MC
subtransmission H-S
29
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Mexican electricity tariffs
Low voltage: In the low voltage group Tariff 2 applies for an electricity capacity demand of up to
25 kW and Tariff 3 for the range above. The structure of Tariff 2 is similar to the residential tariffs
featuring different prices per kilowatt-hour for the subranges basic, medium and exceeding
consumption. Additionally Tariff 2 charges a fix monthly amount. Tariff 3 has a different
structure. It charges a price per kilowatt (capacity charge) of the maximum measured demand in
the respective month. This maximum demand is determined by CFE measuring the average
capacity demand for each interval of 15 minutes. Alongside Tariff 3 features a price per kilowatt-
hour as well.25
Medium voltage: Tariff O-M applies for a demand of up to 100 kW, Tariff H-M for the range
above and Tariff H-MC only for short utilization and only for the regions Baja California and
Northwest. They all three are further subdivided into regions and consist of a price per kilowatt-
hour as well as a capacity charge. For Tariff O-M the capacity charge is calculated in the same
way as for Tariff 3 depending on the measured maximum demand. In Tariff H-M and H-MC an
additional determinant is introduced: the point of time of the electricity consumption. In these
tariffs it is distinguished between base, intermediate and peak load energy consumption and
demand. So depending on the hour of consumption a different tariff applies per kilowatt-hour
again depending on the definition of the hours of the day as base, intermediate and peak load
demand interval.26 The more important allocations of these intervals of Tariff H-M being valid for
most of the regions are shown in Table 18.27
From the first Sunday of April until the Saturday before the last Sunday
of October
Day of the week Base Intermediate Peak
0:00 - 6:00 6:00 - 20:00 20:00 - 22:00
Monday to Friday
22:00 - 24:00
From the last Sunday of October until the Saturday before the first
Sunday of April
Day of the week Base Intermediate Peak
0:00 - 6:00 6:00 - 18:00 18:00 - 22:00
Monday to Friday
22:00 - 24:00
Source: http://www.cfe.gob.mx/aplicaciones/ccfe/tarifas/tarifas/Tarifas.asp?Tarifa=HMC
25
CFE - http://www.cfe.gob.mx/es/InformacionAlCliente/conocetutarifa/
26
http://www.cfe.gob.mx/es/InformacionAlCliente/conocetutarifa/
27
For more detailed information on the allocation of consumption periods visit
http://www.cfe.gob.mx/es/InformacionAlCliente/conocetutarifa/
30
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Mexican electricity tariffs
The charged capacity demand (DF – Demanda Facturada) is calculated by the following formula
of CFE:
DP is the maximum capacity demand measured during the peak load interval
DI is the maximum capacity demand measured during the intermediate load
interval
DB is the maximum capacity demand measured during the base load interval
DPI is the maximum capacity demand measured during the peak and
intermediate load intervals
FRI and FRB are factors of reduction with the following values, depending on the
region:
The calculation of the capacity charge poses an incentive to the company to shift its electricity
demand peaks from the peak load interval to the intermediate load interval or – even better – to
the base load interval.
High voltage: The high voltage tariff group is further subdivided into subtransmission level,
Tariffs H-S and H-SL and transmission level, Tariffs H-T and H-TL. At the subtransmission level
electricity is provided at a tension of more than 35 kV but less than 220 kV. Electricity provided
at transmission level features a tension equal or above 220 kV. Tariffs H-SL and H-TL apply for
their respective level for long-time utilizations. All four tariffs are again subdivided into regions
and feature a price per kilowatt-hour and a capacity charge which both work in the same way as
in Tariff H-M.28 The formula used for calculating the charged demand is the same as shown
above for all tariffs with the exception that for the region Baja California a special formula is used
28
http://www.cfe.gob.mx/es/InformacionAlCliente/conocetutarifa/
31
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Mexican electricity tariffs
in this tariff group. The allocation of the intervals and the FRI and FRB values for the tariffs H-
S/H-SL and H-T/H-TL can be found in Annex 4 – Annex 7.
Summing up what has been explained about the tariffs for the industry and services sectors it
should be recorded that the main differences between these tariffs and the residential tariffs are:
the applied capacity charge
the dependence of the applying tariff upon the hour of the day (base, intermediate, peak
load)
the absence of consumption ranges in all tariffs of the industry and services sectors but
Tariff 2.
32
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Photovoltaic systems subject to analysis
Photovoltaic module
Electricity
meter
(bidirectional)
kWh
Interruptors
Inverter
=
Source: www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/images/residential_grid_pv.gif
The market research showed that the most common photovoltaic modules in Mexico are
polycrystalline modules. Two of three Mexican photovoltaic systems listed in the IEA-PVPS
Performance Database use polycrystalline modules and also most dealers mainly offer
polycrystalline modules.29 As the study should reflect the present market situation and consider
products which are available to households, a polycrystalline module was also chosen for the
analysis. According to the quotation of some dealers a module efficiency of 16% is assumed for
the calculation. Such a value is quite high for a polycrystalline module but seems justified (see,
for example, the product KC200GHT-2 of Kyocera). In addition, the assumption of a rather high
efficiency has no impact on the cost analysis as it only influences the calculation of the
necessary area for the system.
29
http://www.iea-pvps-task2.org/database/index.htm
33
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Photovoltaic systems subject to analysis
30
http://www.solarserver.de/lexikon/performance_ratio-e.html
31
http://www.bine.info/pdf/publikation/bi0303internetx.pdf
32
http://www.solarserver.de/lexikon/performance_ratio-e.html
33
http://www.level.org.nz/energy/renewable-electricity-generation/photovoltaic-systems/
34
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Photovoltaic systems subject to analysis
efficiency loss occurring during the six hottest months of the year is split over the whole year. As
for the sizing of the systems for partial supply the individual months are regarded the factor is
only applied during the months of the summer period and thus is not divided by two. In other
words for the systems for full supply the Lt factor is applied in each of the twelve months of the
year whereas for the systems for partial supply only in the six hottest months. Table 20 gives the
assumed Lt values for the different tariffs.
As said before, the performance ratio usually includes the efficiency losses resulting from high
temperatures, so the resulting performance ratios actually assumed for summer are lower as the
high temperature losses were still not considered up to this point. These actual values of the
performance ratios are shown in Table 21 for the systems for partial supply and are calculated
as follows:
pv (1 Lt ) 0.73 (4-2)
35
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Photovoltaic systems subject to analysis
34
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaik
35
http://www.conae.gob.mx/wb/CONAE/CONA_1433_irradiacion_en_la_re
36
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Photovoltaic systems subject to analysis
As can be seen up from Tariff 1B the range limits differ between winter and summer due to high
differences in temperature between the two seasons. The DAC limit for Tariff 1F does only apply
during the winter season, so during the summer season there is no DAC. That means during
summer the range limit to be regarded is 1,200. In this range the highest prices are paid for the
amount of kilowatt-hours exceeding 2,500 kWh. That is why for the highest volume of
consumption regarded a consumption of 20% higher than that amount was assumed in order to
get a significant result (3,000 kWh). For the sizing and for the cost comparison the consumption
volumes of the households are assumed to be fix over the regarded 20 year period. The reason
is that the model does not replace any exact calculation and sizing of a photovoltaic system for
the individual household. Therefore an assumption of a ceasing or decreasing future
consumption would be of no further significance.
Using the radiation data and the assumptions on consumption as well as the performance ratios
the photovoltaic systems for the 29 cities were dimensioned in the following. Two cases of
system sizing were considered: first, systems supplying the whole amount of electricity
demanded by the household (full supply) and afterwards systems supplying only a portion of the
demand (partial supply) thereby reducing the household’s consumption of electricity from the
grid to a lower consumption range where a lower tariff applies.
37
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Photovoltaic systems subject to analysis
r: radiation [kWh/m2/d]
ηpv: module efficiency
εpv: performance ratio
12 e
Apv (4-4)
Pfinalpv
3. Calculation of the required installed capacity of the photovoltaic system Pinstall [kW p]:
W
Pinstall Apv pv 1000 (4-5)
m2
The installed capacity is a standardized data measuring the output of a photovoltaic module at a
radiation of 1000 W/m2. Thus it serves also as a reference value to compare photovoltaic
systems. The results of the sizing on the basis of the approach shown above are given in Annex
11. In some regions featuring very high range limits in their respective tariffs the systems result
to be bigger than the 10 kW limit set by the Contract for Interconnection of Small Scale Solar
Energy Sources if a full supply solution is considered. Nevertheless these systems are regarded
here in order to get a complete overview about the costs and their proportion to the grid
electricity costs for all regions.
38
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Photovoltaic systems subject to analysis
Table 23). The consumption volumes of Table 22, which were used to consider the DAC in the
analysis for systems for full supply (for example 2,000 kWh in Tariff 1E), are also used in the
analysis for the systems for partial supply. In their case the respective consumption limit of the
consumption range next below the DAC was subtracted.
Table 23: Additional consumption volumes for the analysis of systems for partial supply
Regarding Table 23 it can be observed that in Tariff 1B to Tariff 1E the consumption volumes
differ from winter to summer. This is due to an assumption of a 20% increase in electricity
consumption during summer. Because of the individual structure of Tariff 1F it turned out that the
chosen consumption volumes were not significant for the consideration of the system of partial
supply. In Tariff 1F the highest prices during summer apply for a consumption of more than 1200
kWh per month. In order to analyze a photovoltaic system for partial supply for this tariff this
range limit appears to be most crucial what can be easily understood by regarding Annex 2
39
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Photovoltaic systems subject to analysis
which is why an additional consumption volume of 1440 kWh was chosen for the summer
period. For the winter period a consumption volume was chosen for which the highest range
(“Exceeding”) below the DAC applies. The difference in electricity consumption between summer
and winter appears to be quite high in this case in comparison with the other chosen
consumption volumes. Nevertheless, studies showed that this difference is quite realistic for
households for which Tariff 1F applies.36The sizing of the photovoltaic system was performed as
shown by the following steps:
en
Ampv (4-6)
r 30 pv pv
3. Calculation of the required installed output of the photovoltaic system Pinstall [kW p]:
W
Pinstall Apv pv 1000 (4-8)
m2
As the Tariffs 1B to 1F allow higher electricity consumption without price increase (higher range
limits) during summer the sizing of the respective photovoltaic systems is based on this period.
The sizing of the photovoltaic systems of Tariff 1F is performed a little bit different as for this
tariff the DAC does not apply during summer. Nevertheless, the sizing is based on the summer
period as this is the more critical period with regard to the focus of the present study. The reason
is that the consumption during summer is usually much higher in the respective regions of Tariff
1F whereas the highest range limit applying during summer is 1,200 kWh in contradiction to the
DAC limit of 2,500 kWh applying during winter. In other words it is far more likely that the highest
summer limit will be crossed by a household than the DAC limit in winter. So, in the case of Tariff
1F 1,200 kWh are subtracted from the monthly consumption of the household in order to
determine the amount of electricity to be produced by the photovoltaic system.
36
IIE Boletín – Resultados tecnologicos del sector electrico aplicables al petrolero. 1998.
40
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Photovoltaic systems subject to analysis
Tariff Regions
Baja California
O-M, H-M,
Central
H-S, H-SL
Northeast
H-MC Northeast
Baja California
H-T, H-TL Central
Peninsula
As a certain region cannot be associated with a certain radiation value the calculation was
performed with general values of radiation for all regions. The first value assumed for the annual
average radiation is 6.0 kWh/m2/d which is far above the national annual average radiation
based on the idea that if photovoltaic systems do not save cost under the most favourable
conditions a further inquiry makes no sense. In the case of being cost-saving an annual average
radiation of 5.5 kWh/m2/d is regarded. If for that value systems proof to be cost-saving too, the
annual average radiation values of 5.0 and 4.5 kWh/m2/d were regarded. Below the value of 4.5
kWh/m2/d no further values were regarded as this value is already far below the Mexican
average radiation based on the idea that private investment should be concentrated on the
41
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Photovoltaic systems subject to analysis
available high amount of areas featuring favourable conditions and should not be used for a few
featuring worst conditions.
For the tariffs H-M to H-TL it is also necessary to define what percentage of the overall electricity
is consumed in which interval. Regarding the allocation of the load intervals it can be observed
that from Monday to Friday from 6:00 a.m. to at least 7:00 p.m. is an intermediate load interval. It
can be expected that the strongest demand for electricity of most companies of the industry and
services sectors is during the same period, even more because of the way the charged capacity
is calculated (see 3-1). On the other side it can be expected that most companies have a quite
low electricity demand during the peak and base load intervals as the peak load interval is only
42
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Photovoltaic systems subject to analysis
about three hours a day and the base load interval from about 12:00 a.m. to 6:00 a.m. where
most services rest and industrial processes are down. This is why the general division of the
assumed electricity consumptions shown in Table 26 was assumed.
4.2.4 Sizing
Unlike in the residential sector here the photovoltaic system cannot have an impact such as a
tariff drop (price to customer drop). The possibility of a change in tariff was not considered as it
could not be seen if such a change were desirable for a company or not as unlike in the
residential sector there is nothing like a steady price increase from Tariff 2 to H-TL. Far from it,
the average annual prices of Baja California of Tariff H-T are lower than in Tariff H-S, for
example. In general it can be said that a statement which tariff would be more profitable for a
business could only be made considering the individual electricity consumption and demand
characteristics of a company which is neither possible nor desired in this study. So the study is
limited to the analysis of the impact of a photovoltaic system supplying 5% of the total
consumption volume of a company. Accordingly, the sizing was performed how described under
the steps 1 to 3 of the sizing for the system for full electricity supply.
After the installed capacity of the photovoltaic system is determined, the impact of the output
made available by the system on the electricity demand of the company was calculated. This
calculation was performed on the generalized assumption that electricity is produced by the
photovoltaic cells during twelve hours a day only. This assumption was made with the help of
some examples of the course of the radiation measured by the National Meteorological Service
(SMN – Servicio Meteorológico Nacional) which are shown in Annex 13. Also on the basis of
these courses it was assumed that the ratio between the average peak radiation value of the five
hours with the highest radiation and the average medium radiation of the remaining seven hours
is about 2.4. Together with the assumed average annual radiation (r) the respective average
peak (rp) and medium radiation (rm) values are calculated by the following formulas:
r 2(5 rp 7 rm ) (4-9)
with
43
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Photovoltaic systems subject to analysis
rp 2.4 rm (4-10)
Based on the values for the average peak and medium radiation the capacity of the photovoltaic
system during the peak (Pp) and the medium radiation period (Pm) is calculated:
Pp / m Apv pv pv rp / m (4-11)
44
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Cost calculation
5 Cost calculation
In order to come up with a sound basis for an investment decision regarding a photovoltaic
system in Mexico one has to compare the electricity generation costs of a photovoltaic system
(Investment Case) with those expenses offset by generating energy with the photovoltaic
system, i.e. the tariffs one would have to afford in case of continued consumption from the grid
(Reference Case).The problem at this point is that the costs of photovoltaic systems mainly
consist of the investment costs which have to be paid at the moment of the acquisition of the
system. As photovoltaic systems do not contain any mechanical equipment and therefore
feature a low deterioration, annual operation and maintenance costs are quite low. On the other
side, the costs for electricity purchased from the grid are variable periodical costs which are
claimed in Mexico either every month or every second month. In other words, costs consisting
mainly of one-time investment costs need to be compared with periodically emerging costs over
time. For this reason an Excel model was prepared as part of the present study offering the
possibility to calculate the electricity costs of photovoltaic system and the costs for electricity
purchased from the grid on the basis of net present values.
g (1 p) n
C (5-1)
(1 i ) n
37
http://www.sener.gob.mx/webSener/res/PE_y_DT/ee/
38
Prof. Dr. Voß, A. – Energiesysteme I - Grundlagen der Energiewirtschaft und Energieversorgung, Volume 1. Institut
for Energy Economics and Rational Use of Energy (IER
45
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Cost calculation
For the cost calculation in the residential sector the calculated net present values of each month
are summed up over the 20 year period in the second step. The total tariff costs of one month
over the 20 years can now be calculated by multiplying this sum with the consumption of the
regarded month. The final total costs are calculated by summing up these results over the twelve
months. Table 27 shows an example.
The list containing the calculated net value sums can be found in Annex 14. For the industry
and services sectors an average annual price was calculated instead of using the formula for the
tariff of every month like for the residential sector. This was possible as in the structure of the
tariffs for the industry and services sectors there is no seasonal difference between summer and
winter like in the residential tariffs which means that no information is lost by the approach. To
calculate the electricity invoice per year the annual average tariff is multiplied by twelve (for
twelve months) and taxes are added. In the second step the formula above is used to calculate
the net present value for each of the twenty years. Finally, these net present values are summed
up and multiplied with the respective regarded annual consumption volume. The average tariff
and their final net present value sum for the twenty year period can be found in Annex 15.
Discount rate 8%
Annual O&M costs of PV system 0.8%
Annual price increase of electricity tariffs 8%
VAT (Mex. IVA) 15%
PV operating time 20a
The percentage rate of the annual operation and maintenance costs refers to the investment
costs of the photovoltaic system. These costs include, for example, costs for replacing the
inverters which have an average life time of ten years, costs for technical support and fault
clearance. The value used for “Taxation of profits” reflects the percentage of the investing costs
for a photovoltaic system a company can depreciate in line with the “Ley de impuestos sobre la
renta” and was determined in accordance with Conuee.
46
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Cost calculation
Table 29 shows the respective assumed financial parameters for the cost comparison of the
industry and services sectors.
Table 29: Financial parameters for the industry and services sectors
Discount rate 8%
Annual O&M costs of PV system 0.5%
Annual price increase of electricity tariffs 7%
VAT (Mex. IVA) 15%
Taxation of profits 28%
PV operating time 20a
5.3 Scenarios
As photovoltaic system prices proved to be quiet unstable in the past and innovations are
expected in the next years, three different price scenarios are analyzed by the present study.39
The prices assumed in the first scenario are based on the evaluation of the current market
situation in Mexico. Scenario 2 and 3 give an outlook for the coming five years by assuming a
decrease in prices of photovoltaic systems. The prices include all the costs for the necessary
equipment and the components, the installation, the grid connection and the value added tax.
Table 30 gives the prices assumed by the scenarios for the residential sector. For the industry
and services sectors the prices are shown in Table 31. These feature decreasing system costs
for bigger installations due to economy of scale effects which was also reaffirmed by the
questioned dealers.
Price
PV system cost
decrease
[$/kW p] [%]
Scenario 1 103,000
Scenario 2 82,400 -20
Scenario 3 51,500 -50
39
Trends in Photovoltaic Applications – Survey report of selected IEA countries between 1992 and 2006. International
Energy Agency (IEA) – Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme. August 2007. Page 1
47
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Cost calculation
Table 31: Scenario prices for the industry and services sectors
As already mentioned above, the prices of Scenario 1 were acquired by a survey of local
Mexican dealers and manufacturers. Another subject of this survey were the expectations for the
future price development of photovoltaic systems. Scenario 3 is based on these expectations
whereas the price reduction of Scenario 2 was assumed to consider a much more conservative
development as the nature of the questioned companies suggested that their expectations were
biased and thus have to be considered as quite optimistic.
g (1 i) n 1
C (5-2)
i (1 i )
The present formula calculates the value at present of a periodically emerging cost at a specific
date. The discounted value of the cost is determined by reducing its value by the appropriate
discount rate for each unit of time between the time when the cost is to be valued to the time of
the emergence of the cost.40
The cost comparison considers a period of 20 years as in a questionnaire dealers quoted a 20
year guarantee and an average operating time of 25 years at an average 80% of the initial
efficiency due to efficiency losses at the end of the operating time. The operating time of the
40
Prof. Dr. Voß, A. – Energiesysteme I - Grundlagen der Energiewirtschaft und Energieversorgung, Volume 1.
Institute for Energy Economics and Rational Use of Energy (IER).
48
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Cost calculation
photovoltaic system has been chosen due to the fact that the emerging costs after the expiration
of the guarantee are quite unpredictable and that a decrease of efficiency would have been
difficult to simulate in the Excel model. Therefore it was calculated with an operating time of 20
years during which the efficiency was assumed to remain at a 100% of the initial efficiency.
The formula above was used for the calculation of the net present value of the annual operation
and maintenance costs (O&M) of the photovoltaic system. The net present value of the
investment costs is equal to the investment costs as the calculation regards the acquisition of
the photovoltaic system at the moment when the costs are valued.
Table 32: PV Generation cost calculation for residential sector (Full Supply)
The values contained in the column “Overall PV investment costs” result from multiplying the
required installed PV output with the PV system cost per kilowatt peak of Table 30 24.
Furthermore, the final entry contains a mark-up of 1.4%. The reason for that is that calculating
the potentially electricity which can be produced by one square meter a year (“Average annually
generated energy”) by using the yearly average radiation causes a difference from the
respective calculation for the systems for partial supply which are calculated on the basis of
monthly average radiation data. This causes the generation costs of the systems for full supply
to be lower by more or less 1.4%. The adaptation of the overall costs for the systems for full
supply was important for the Excel model used to perform the cost comparison as the
consideration of the systems for full supply is made in the model to indicate at which point the
generation costs of photovoltaic systems turn out to be lower than the tariffs. Without the
adaptation a case could occur in which the system of full supply is cost-saving whereas the
system for partial supply is not which would be contradictory.
49
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Cost calculation
To make the calculation of the photovoltaic system costs clearer the entries of Table 32 are
explained in the following:
The column “Net present value of O&M cost” gives the sum of the net present values of
the O&M costs for a 20 year period.
“CFE minimum costs for consumption of 25 kWh” pays respect to the fact that CFE
claims a monthly minimum consume of 25 kWh.41 The net present value of this
periodically emerging cost is calculated how explained above.
The “Overall PV system costs as net present values” are the sum of the columns “Overall
PV investment costs”, “Net present value of O&M costs” and “CFE minimum costs for
consumption of 25 kWh”.
The last column shows the generation costs per kWh which are calculated from the
“Overall PV system costs as net present value” minus the “CFE minimum costs for
consumption of 25 kWh” by dividing it by the “Average consumption per month of PV
user” minus 25 kWh (CFE minimum consumption) multiplied by 20 (years) and 12
(months). Formula 5-3 shows the calculation of the generation costs.
Ctotal C min
cg (5-3)
20 12(e 25)
41
Prof. Dr. Voß, A. – Energiesysteme II – Rationelle Energieanwendung und Energieanlagen. Institute for Energy
Economics and Rational Use of Energy (IER). Page 23 –26
50
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Cost calculation
City: Durango
Consumption: 140 kWh/month
Required installed output: 0.9 kW p
Overall PV investment costs: 0.9 kW p x 103,000 $/ kW p = 92,700$
O&M costs: 92,700 $ x 0.8% = 741.6 $
Overall PV system costs as net present value: 92,700 $ + 7,319 $ + 4,361 $ = 104,380 $
The slight variation of the example’s result comes from the fact that the required installed output
has been rounded up. In the actual calculation this value was not rounded although it can be
argued that an output of, for example, 0.905 kW p would never be installed. The calculation of the
photovoltaic systems supplying the total amount of electricity consumption is performed in order
to calculate the generation costs as well as to observe how the costs of the photovoltaic systems
behave towards the costs of the electricity tariffs and to have a common basis on which they can
be compared. Obviously, in a realistic case taking into account usual fluctuations in the monthly
consumption only a part of the electricity consumption would be supplied by the photovoltaic
system. That is also the reason why when calculating the generation costs the “CFE minimum
costs for consumption of 25 kWh” are left aside as they do not directly pose actual generation
costs.
E pv r 30 pv Apv (5-4)
The produced electricity is than subtracted from the energy consumption of the respective
month. For the remaining amount the costs are calculated as net present values how explained
above. The calculated costs for the photovoltaic systems for partial electricity supply are shown
in Annex 17.
51
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Cost calculation
42
www.enalmex.com/paginas/como.htm
52
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Cost calculation
For the capacity demand it was assumed that the company has its peak capacity demand during
the intermediate load interval as there is an incentive for the company to avoid their demand
peak to be during the peak load interval and due to the intention to take a conservative
approach. Furthermore, the intermediate load interval is the longest in time which makes the
assumption even more probable. In order to determine the impact of the photovoltaic system on
the charged capacity demand (DF) an output of the system has to be determined which can be
assumed to be deliverable by the photovoltaic system in average during the time of the demand
peak of the company. Obviously, the assumption that the company’s demand peak coincides
with the average peak output of the photovoltaic system (Pp) calculated in Formula 4-11 would
not be realistic. On the other side it would be too conservative to assume that the photovoltaic
system only supplies the calculated medium output (Pm) during the company’s peak capacity
demand. That is why an average (Pav) of the average peak output (Pp) and the average medium
output (Pp) is calculated.
53
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Cost calculation
Pp Pm
Pav (5-5)
2
Pav: average photovoltaic output during peak demand of the company [kW]
In the next step of the determination of the photovoltaic system’s impact on the DF the Formula
3-1 CFE applies to calculate the DF, has to be considered. This formula applies a factor called
FRI to reduce (note that FRI is always <1) the difference of the maximum capacity demand
measured during the peak load interval and the maximum capacity demand measured during
the intermediate load interval. As it is assumed that the company’s peak capacity demand is
during the intermediate load interval, the FRI factor also reduces the impact of the photovoltaic
system on the DF. So the calculated Pav is multiplied with the FRI value of the respective tariffs.
The result is the “Reduction of DF” which is the actual reduction of the charged electricity
demand of the company due to the impact of the photovoltaic system. Table 34 shows the
applied FRI values.
Tariffs FRI
H-M, H-MC: 0.3
H-S, H-SL: 0.2
H-T, H-TL: 0.1
54
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
55
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
56
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
57
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
58
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
59
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
If the generation costs of the photovoltaic systems are always higher than the tariff the question
occurs:
Why are systems for partial supply cost-saving in some cases?
To give an accurate answer some more specific data has to be regarded. The first one are the
generation costs of the photovoltaic system which are calculated by dividing the overall cost as
net present value for the system by the amount of electricity generated by it throughout the 20
years. Figure 9 gives an overview about the generation costs in dependence on the solar
radiation. As can be seen the generation costs differ from about 3.56 up to 4.92 $/kWh. Different
generation costs for equal values of solar radiation as can be observed in Figure 9 result from
differences in high temperature efficiency losses (Lt).
60
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
8.00
PV generation costs [$/kWh]
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50
Radiation [kWh/m2d]
The second one is the average tariff costs with photovoltaic system paid per kilowatt-hour for the
electricity portion purchased from the grid applying a photovoltaic system for partial electricity
supply. They are calculated in the same way as the generation costs of the photovoltaic system
although their expressiveness is different from them. In contradiction to the generation costs of
the photovoltaic system the real annual tariff to customer is not fix because of the assumed
annual price increase. Nevertheless, here the fictional average tariff cost per kilowatt-hour which
is paid yearly throughout the 20 years is calculated by dividing the calculated overall costs for
electricity from the grid by the amount of electricity bought by it. Further, the same value is
calculated for the reference case (no PV system) which will be called average tariff cost without
PV. The specific data for the 29 cities and their systems are shown in Annex 18.
co c g a pv t pv (1 a pv )
co: average overall costs per kilowatt-hour [$/kWh]
apv: PV portion on electricity supply
tpv: average tariff paid for electricity from the grid with PV system [$/kWh]
Thus, although the generation costs of the photovoltaic systems are higher than the average
tariff cost without PV, a system for partial electricity supply can be cost-saving by reducing the
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Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
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demand of electricity from the grid making a lower consumption range apply (and thus a lower
tariff (price to customer)). As can be seen, this effect only appears for a certain level of radiation
and until the photovoltaic system reaches a certain size. If the photovoltaic system’s percentage
at the total electricity supply reaches a critical point increasing investment costs offset the impact
of the tariff drop. This effect is strengthened by the fact that the DAC price paid per kilowatt-hour
is decreasing with higher consumption volumes because of a fix cost included in the DAC which
is independent from the consumption level itself. From this follows that the higher a consumption
volume of a household is above the DAC limit, the cheaper the kilowatt-hour of electricity and
the bigger might have to be the photovoltaic system (higher PV portion) to cause a tariff drop,
thus the possibility of a cost-saving effect is descending fast.
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Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
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Regarding the results for Tariff 1C of Table 35 it seems to be confusing that the system
for 1067 kWh/month in Mérida saves costs whereas in Juárez not although the latter
features a higher solar radiation and a lower DAC (see Annex 1). The reason is that due
to the way how the systems have been sized and due to the course of the radiation of the
two cities the household with the photovoltaic system in Juárez has to buy a little bit more
of electricity from the grid during winter than the one in Mérida. As the electricity prices
are higher during winter the average cost per kilowatt-hour with PV is higher in Juárez
than in Mérida.
Although the cities regarded in Tariff 1F feature very high solar radiations and thus very
low photovoltaic generation costs none of the considered systems is cost-saving. This is
due to what has been said before about Tariff 1F. Resulting from the fact that the DAC
only applies during winter for this tariff the average tariff costs without PV per kilowatt-
hour are lower than in all other tariffs (see Annex 18). Photovoltaic systems are thus
under no circumstances cost-saving.
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64
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
The niche described in this scenario is quite limited and applies only to about 2% of the
28 households analysed (the Distrito Federal is not included). These results as well as
the results for scenario 2 and 3 are shown in Table 37.
Potential Range of
Households Size of niche
capacity PV size
Scenario "Top 5"
[MW] [n] [mill. USD] [kW]
1 Guadalajara 28 45,981 207
2 Chihuahua 9 14,941 67
Scenario 1 3 Puebla 7 10,993 49
"Current 4 Poza Rica 6 9,994 45
niches" 5 Acapulco 5 7,713 35
Total "Top 5" 54 89,622 403
Total 28 Cities 81 133,499 608
2%
1 Guadalajara 174 388,224 1,302 0.1 - 1.3
2 Cuautla 52 73,297 392 0.6 - 1.9
Scenario 2 3 Chihuahua 50 60,298 376 0.1 - 2.9
"Conservative 4 Nogales 44 47,799 332 0.6 - 1.9
Outlook" 5 Puebla 41 89,854 306 0.1 - 1.3
Total "Top 5" 362 659,471 2,708
Total 28 Cities 693 956,629 5,190
17%
1 Guadalajara 174 388,224 814 0.1 - 1.3
2 Mexicali 141 44,606 659 0.2 - 15.5
Scenario 3 3 Monterrey 124 110,034 581 0.1 - 3.7
"Optimistic 4 Cd. Juarez 88 86,143 413 0.1 - 3.7
outlook" 5 Tampico 66 55,366 307 0.1 - 3.7
Total "Top 5" 593 684,372 2,774
Total 28 Cities 1,336 1,486,362 6,255
27%
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66
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
67
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
68
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
69
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
70
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
The PV generation costs are shown in Figure 10. As can be seen the PV generation costs of
this scenario range from 2.85 up to 3.94 $/kWh. The former represents the generation cost of
Guaymas and is 30% lower than the respective average tariff cost without PV per kilowatt-hour.
4.50
PV generation costs [$/kWh]
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50
Radiation [kWh/m2d]
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In all tariffs but 1F it is possible to save costs in the consumption range next below the
DAC depending on the radiation and the substructure of the respective tariff due to the
effect of a drop from the highest tariff to a lower one, as has been explained above. For
radiations above 5 kWh/m2/d photovoltaic options save costs against the tariff of the
consumption range next below the DAC. The only exception is Tariff 1F as no DAC
applies for it during summer.
For Tariff 1F photovoltaic applications can only save costs by a tariff drop for the highest
considered consumption volumes.
Size of market niches:
Out of the universe of the 29 cities analysed, the mentioned niches exist in the cities
shown in Table 36.
The size of the niches of this scenario is about 17% of the analysed household and is
shown in Table 37.
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73
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
74
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
75
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
76
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
77
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
An overview about the generation costs of photovoltaic systems in this scenario shows Figure
11. In this scenario the generation costs of the photovoltaic systems range from about 1.78 to
2.46 $/kWh.
3.00
PV generation costs [$/kWh]
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50
Radiation [kWh/m2d]
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Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
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In all tariffs but 1F it is possible to save costs in the consumption range next below the
DAC depending on the radiation and the substructure of the respective tariff due to the
effect of a drop from the highest tariff to a lower one, as has been explained above. For
radiations above 5 kWh/m2/d photovoltaic options save costs against the tariff of the
consumption range next below the DAC. The only exception is Tariff 1F as no DAC
applies for it during summer.
For Tariff 1F photovoltaic applications can only save costs by a tariff drop for the highest
considered consumption volumes.
Size of market niches:
All of the cities analysed in the study feature potentials for a cost-saving photovoltaic
application. Out of the universe of the 29 cities analysed, the mentioned niches exist in
the cities shown in Table 36.
The size of the niches of Scenario 3 sums up to 27% of the analysed household and is
shown in Table 37.
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Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
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Table 40 gives a summary of the core assumptions of the micro-approach presented in previous
sections and the macro-approaches analysed in this chapter.
Macro-Approach:
Government’s Perspective
Micro-Approach:
Investor’s perspective
“No tariff change” “No subsidies”
(hypothetical) (hypothetical)
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43
In Scenario 3 of Macro-approach “No subsidies” this factor was reduced to 20% as the number of households
inside the niche turn out to be the same for Scenario 2 and 3. Measured in USD this would have resulted in a lower
total niche size of Scenario 3 compared to Scenario 2 which would have been contradictory as the general
conditions appear to be more favourable. This is why the reduction factor was adapted in a way that the total
investment in USD stays the same for Scenario 2 and 3.
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Table 41 sums up the core differences in the determination of the sizes of the market niches of
the different approaches. Due to the differences in determing the average PV capacities the
calculated sizes of the market niches of the macro-approaches can not be compared directly
and in detail with those of the micro-approach. Nevertheless, conclusions can be derived by
comparing the results on a general basis.
Table 41: Core differences between macro and micro-approaches in the determination of market niche sizes
Macro-Approach
Micro-Approach Government’s Perspective
Investor’s perspective
“No tariff change” “No subsidies”
The following example shows the different steps for the determination of the sizes of the market
niches explained above. Table 42 shows the structure of the data made available by CFE.
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83
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
Table 43: Example Step 1 a): Calculation of average tariffs for consumption ranges in Scenario 1 in summer
season
SUMMER SEASON
Consumption of up to 150 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average
Basic 1-100 0.541 0.543 0.545 0.547 0.549 0.551 0.553 0.555 0.557 0.559 0.561 0.563 0.552
Intermediate 0.642 0.644 0.646 0.648 0.650 0.652 0.654 0.656 0.658 0.660 0.662 0.664 0.653
Consumption exceeding 150 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-100 0.541 0.543 0.545 0.547 0.549 0.551 0.553 0.555 0.557 0.559 0.561 0.563 0.552
Intermediate 101-150 0.812 0.815 0.818 0.821 0.824 0.827 0.830 0.833 0.836 0.839 0.842 0.845 0.829
Exceeding 2.164 2.171 2.178 2.185 2.192 2.199 2.206 2.213 2.220 2.227 2.234 2.241 2.203
b) Calculation of average tariffs for each consumption volume. As consumption volumes the 43
consumption volumes ranging from 0 to 10,000 kWh/month used in the data obtained from
CFE (see Table 42) are used. In the example shown in Table 44 a consumption volume of
300 kWh/month is assumed.
Table 44: Example Step 1 b): Calculation of average tariffs for consumption volumes/Scenario 1
Tariff 1A
Consumption volume 300 kWh/month
Subconsumption range Summer Winter
Basic a [$] 100 x 0.552 100 x 0.632
Intermediate b [$] 50 x 0.829 50 x 1.0385
Exceeding c [$] 150 x 2.203 150 x 2.2025
Seasonal average tariff (a+b+c)/300 [$] 1.057 1.118
Average tariff (sum+win)/2 [$] 1.087
Source: Own display
c) Comparison of the average tariffs of each consumption volume with the average generation
costs of the photovoltaic system.
Example Step 2: Calculation of total consumers/ households falling into these niches. On
the basis of the data obtained from CFE the number of users whose average tariff is higher than
the generation costs of a photovoltaic system can be determined for each city.
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Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
Example Step 3: Estimation of the potential market size in terms of capacity (MWp).
a) Definition of different consumption groups for each tariff and calculation of an average
consumption volume for each consumption group. As shown by the figure below, the sum of
the users inside the niche of each consumption volume is multiplied with the respective
consumption volume.
For each consumption range the “volumes x users” are sumed up as well as the total
number of users inside the niche of the respective consumption range. Table 45 shows the
calculation assuming that all users of the consumption range are inside the niche.
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Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
Total number of
Volume
Consumption Consumption Number of users users in niche in
x
ranges volumes consumption
users
City 1 City 2 City 3 City 4 group
[kWh/month] [kWh/month] [n] [n] [kWh*n/month]
150 15.397 7.049 3.806 1.815 28.068 4.210.125
175 28.208 13.825 9.092 3.278 54.402 9.520.365
over 150 200 16.584 9.037 7.927 2.000 35.548 7.109.533
225 9.889 5.640 6.484 1.192 23.205 5.221.013
250 6.022 3.591 5.145 735 15.493 3.873.271
Sum 156.715 29.934.306
As shown by Table 46, by dividing the sum of “volume x users” by the “total number of users in
niche in consumption range” the average consumption volume of the total number of users
inside the niche in the respective consumption group results.
Sum
volume Total number of users in niche in Monthly average consumption
x consumption group volume of users in niche
users
[kWh*n/month] [n] [kWh/month]
a b a/b
29,934,306 156,715 191
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Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
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Table 47: Example Step 3 c) Calculation of total capacity resulting financially feasible for consumption group
Total capacity
Total number of users in Allocated average resulting financially
niche in consumption group PV capacity feasible for
consumption group
[n] [kW p] [kW p]
a b axb
156,715 0.80 125,372
d) Sum-up of the amounts of financially feasible capacities of the different consumption groups
in order to come up with the total potential market size in MW p regarding the 28 cities that
were analysed.
Example Step 4: Estimation of the potential market size in financial terms by simply
multiplying the market potential in MW p with the respective prices in USD that were assumed for
the different scenarios.
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Table 48: Summary of results for the macro-approach “No tariff change”
Potential Size of Range of PV
Households
capacity niche size
Scenario "Top 5"
[MW p] [n] [mill. USD] [kW p]
Sc.1:
Current no niches
niches
1 Guadalajara 97 72,036 728 1.40
2 Chihuahua 40 17,804 300 2.25
3 Hermosillo 37 1,139 277 16.20
Sc.2:
4 Nogales 34 19,151 251 1.75
Conservative
5 Poza Rica 29 12,688 214 2.25
Outlook
Total "Top 5" 236 122,818 1,770
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89
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
6.1.5 Conclusions
Concerning the questions approached in Chapter 3 regarding the residential sector it can be
observed that:
The subsidies paid by the Mexican government in order to keep the tariffs low for
households consuming in the ranges below the DAC are one of the most significant
barriers to a wider application of photovoltaic systems. It can be stated that any cutback
of subsidies would directly multiply the market niches above further.
The structure of Tariff 1F also poses a barrier as on the one hand most of its regions
feature excellent conditions for the application of photovoltaic systems while on the other
hand it has no DAC limit during summer, i.e. in contrast to other regions in 1F-regions no
DAC applies during the hottest period of the year.
From the results of the two macro-approaches it can be concluded that the application of
photovoltaic systems offer a huge potential for the Mexican government to cutback
subsidies on the one hand while on the other hand providing clean and cheap energy to a
large part of its citizens.
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The part of the results which contains some market niches and thus the most interesting part of
the cost comparison is shown in Table 50. The complete results can be found in the Annex 22.
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92
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
93
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
94
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
95
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Identification and description of market niches via cost comparison
saving for the highest radiation. For the region Baja California Sur it can be concluded that the
situation is the same as in the region Central. The situation in the other regions is much the
same as in Northeast and Baja California.
Tariff H-MC: Photovoltaic systems are cost-saving for radiations of 5 to 6 kWh/m2/d and in cases
of system sizes above 50 kW p also for a radiation of 4,5 kWh/m2/d. As the tariffs (prices to
customer) of Northeast are lower than those of Baja California (the only other region this tariff
applies for) it can be stated that the same niches exist there too.
Tariff H-S & H-SL: For the tariffs H-S and H-SL Scenario 3 shows that photovoltaic applications
are cost-saving in all three regions, Northeast, Central, Baja California, for high radiations and in
Baja California even for radiations from 4,5 to 6 kWh/m2/d in Tariff H-S and in Tariff H-SL for
radiations from 5 to 6 kWh/m2/d respectively.
Tariff H-T & H-TL: Regarding the tariffs H-T and H-TL the application of photovoltaic systems is
cost-saving only in the region of Baja California and there again only for radiations of 5 to 6
kWh/m2/d in Tariff H-TL and for radiations of 4,5 to 6 kWh/m2/d in Tariff H-T respectively. For the
regions Northeast, Northwest, North and South the situation is the same as for Peninsular and
Central. For the region of Baja California Sur the situation is about the same as in Baja
California.
The generation costs of the regarded photovoltaic systems in this scenario range from 1,07 to
1,60 $/kWh and thus are about 35% cheaper than the respective maximum and minimum costs
in the residential sector which is the result of the lower investment costs of photovoltaic systems
assumed for the industry and services sectors.
Regarding the tariffs H-T and H-TL the application of photovoltaic systems is cost-saving
only in the regions of Baja California and Baja California Sur for radiations of 5 to 6
kWh/m2/d in Tariff H-TL and for radiations of 4,5 to 6 kWh/m2/d in Tariff H-T
respectively.
Size of market niches:
Photovoltaic applications could be relevant to an estimated 98% of all users of the
considered general tariffs which amounts to about 2,700,000 potential enterprises.
6.2.4 Conclusions
With respect to the analysis of the niches for the industry and services sectors it can be stated
that:
the proportion of consumption volume and capacity demand hardly had any influence on
the resulting niches.
the tariffs appear to be quite low in comparison with the residential sector although it was
quoted by the Conuee that no subsidies are paid to the tariffs considered for the two
sectors. It is not clear to which degree these tariffs reflect the actual generation costs of
CFE. Furthermore, it can be assumed that the tariffs do not reflect the fuel costs causing
a distortion of the competition to the disadvantage for the photovoltaic market and the
market for renewable energies in general.
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Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Methodological reflections and conclusions
Scenario 2: As in this scenario systems for full supply turn out to be cost-saving the differences
between the tariff costs and the costs of both PV options are shown in Annex 27. However, the
columns displaying “yes” if systems are cost-saving are not shown in Annex 27 due to lack of
space. Scenario 2 showed cost-savings for PV systems applied by households consuming
above the DAC limit. In Tariff 1 – 1B and Tariff 1D this result remains unchanged if radiation data
is reduced by 15%. In Tariff 1C and Tariff 1E cities with rather low annual average radiations
turn out to have higher generation costs than the average tariff as net present value. In other
words, the niche still exists under the assumption of reduced radiation data but for full supply PV
systems in cities with rather low annual average radiations. Furthermore, in the next
consumption range below the DAC only cities with radiations above 5 kWh/m2/d and in the tariffs
1 – 1B are cost-saving if radiation data is reduced. In the case of increased radiation data PV
systems for full supply in cities with very high radiations become even cost-saving in the
consumption range next below the DAC. Thus, it can be stated that in this scenario higher or
lower radiation data has no impact on the conclusion that PV systems are most interesting to
households with a consumption range above the DAC.
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Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Methodological reflections and conclusions
Scenario 3: Annex 28 clearly shows that in Scenario 3 the variation of radiation data hardly
shows any impact on the characteristics of the niches stated in Chapter 6.1. However, for a
variation of +15% in some very few cities generation costs of PV systems become even lower
than the average tariff as net present value of the lowest consumption range.
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Methodological reflections and conclusions
Scenario 2: Annex 33 shows that in Scenario 2 a discount rate of 4% would make PV systems
cost-saving against the general tariffs in some cases. This mainly happens in Tariff 2 and 3. In
other tariffs this only occurs for regions which feature quite low tariffs and high radiations. The
higher discount rate would cause PV systems to be cost-saving only in Tariff 2 and only in
regions with radiations of about the national average or higher. Thus, for Scenario 2 it can be
stated that the impact of the discount rate on the situation of PV systems appears to be quite
high.
Scenario 3: As can be seen in Annex 34 the impact of the discount rate on the PV niches is
quite strong in this scenario. For the low discount rate nearly all considered cases of PV
applications are cost-saving whereas for a discount rate of 8% the main niches still exist in the
tariffs 2 – OM as well as in the other tariffs for regions with very high radiations. On the other
side for the considered high discount rate PV systems are only cost-saving in Tariff 2 and 3.
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Methodological reflections and conclusions
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Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Methodological reflections and conclusions
Table 53: Size of niches in the industry and services sectors (micro-approach)
This first detailed study on the financial feasibility of photovoltaic systems in Mexico offers quite
some interesting and - in the mid-term - promising results. However, in order to further improve
the information generated for decision makers additional research should be carried out. In
particular, there is a need to analyse the actual performance of photovoltaic systems of different
sizes in Mexico. Furthermore, it would be helpful to consider representative consumption
volumes for different household sizes and business branches, which still need to be identified, in
order to improve the estimation of market niches. In general, the coverage of the industry and
services sectors should be improved. Finally, it seems highly important to carry out a more
detailed analysis which kind of mechanisms would be the most attractive from a government’s
perspective to promote the use of grid connected photolvoltaic systems in Mexico. For the time
being, the excel-model developed for this study features two quite quick and easy tools that
enable potential investors in the household as well as in the industry and services sectors to
calculate for their individual case whether a photovoltaic system is or not cost-saving (available
at: www.conuee.gob.mx).
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Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Annex
Annex
Photovoltaic data
a Performance ratio 73 %
b Efficiency 10 %
Mexico data
c Final electricity consumption 611.13 PJ/a
d Mexican territory 1,984,375,000,000.00 m2
e Radiation global, daily 5.00 kWh/m2d
f Radiation global, annual 1,825.00 kWh/m2a
g Electricity produced by PV systems (1) f*a*b 133.23 kWh/m2a
h Electricity produced by PV systems (2) g*3600/1*E12 0.0000004796 PJ/m2a
i Necessary PV area c/h 1,274,212,380.89 m2
j Percentage of total territory i*100/d 0.064 %
Source: Own display
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Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Annex
Tariff 1
Consumption of up to 140 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 0.621 0.623 0.625 0.627 0.629 0.631 0.633 0.635 0.637 0.639 0.641 0.643
Intermediate 0.735 0.737 0.739 0.741 0.743 0.745 0.747 0.749 0.751 0.753 0.755 0.757
Consumption exceeding 140 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 0.621 0.623 0.625 0.627 0.629 0.631 0.633 0.635 0.637 0.639 0.641 0.643
Intermediate 76-125 1.022 1.025 1.028 1.031 1.034 1.037 1.040 1.043 1.046 1.049 1.052 1.055
Exceeding 2.164 2.171 2.178 2.185 2.192 2.199 2.206 2.213 2.220 2.227 2.234 2.241
Tariff 1A
SUMMER SEASON
Consumption of up to 150 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-100 0.541 0.543 0.545 0.547 0.549 0.551 0.553 0.555 0.557 0.559 0.561 0.563
Intermediate 0.642 0.644 0.646 0.648 0.650 0.652 0.654 0.656 0.658 0.660 0.662 0.664
Consumption exceeding 150 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-100 0.541 0.543 0.545 0.547 0.549 0.551 0.553 0.555 0.557 0.559 0.561 0.563
Intermediate 101-150 0.812 0.815 0.818 0.821 0.824 0.827 0.830 0.833 0.836 0.839 0.842 0.845
Exceeding 2.164 2.171 2.178 2.185 2.192 2.199 2.206 2.213 2.220 2.227 2.234 2.241
WINTER SEASON
Consumption of up to 150 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 0.621 0.623 0.625 0.627 0.629 0.631 0.633 0.635 0.637 0.639 0.641 0.643
Intermediate 0.735 0.737 0.739 0.741 0.743 0.745 0.747 0.749 0.751 0.753 0.755 0.757
Consumption exceeding 150 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 0.621 0.623 0.625 0.627 0.629 0.631 0.633 0.635 0.637 0.639 0.641 0.643
Intermediate 76-125 1.022 1.025 1.028 1.031 1.034 1.037 1.040 1.043 1.046 1.049 1.052 1.055
Exceeding 2.164 2.171 2.178 2.185 2.192 2.199 2.206 2.213 2.220 2.227 2.234 2.241
Tariff 1B
SUMMER SEASON
Consumption of up to 225 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-125 0.541 0.543 0.545 0.547 0.549 0.551 0.553 0.555 0.557 0.559 0.561 0.563
Intermediate 0.642 0.644 0.646 0.648 0.650 0.652 0.654 0.656 0.658 0.660 0.662 0.664
Consumption exceeding 225 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-125 0.541 0.543 0.545 0.547 0.549 0.551 0.553 0.555 0.557 0.559 0.561 0.563
Intermediate 126-200 0.812 0.815 0.818 0.821 0.824 0.827 0.830 0.833 0.836 0.839 0.842 0.845
Exceeding 2.164 2.171 2.178 2.185 2.192 2.199 2.206 2.213 2.220 2.227 2.234 2.241
WINTER SEASON
Consumption of up to 175 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 0.621 0.623 0.625 0.627 0.629 0.631 0.633 0.635 0.637 0.639 0.641 0.643
Intermediate 0.735 0.737 0.739 0.741 0.743 0.745 0.747 0.749 0.751 0.753 0.755 0.757
Consumption exceeding 175 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Intermediate 1-75 0.621 0.623 0.625 0.627 0.629 0.631 0.633 0.635 0.637 0.639 0.641 0.643
Intermediate 76-150 1.022 1.025 1.028 1.031 1.034 1.037 1.040 1.043 1.046 1.049 1.052 1.055
Exceeding 2.164 2.171 2.178 2.185 2.192 2.199 2.206 2.213 2.220 2.227 2.234 2.241
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Tariff 1C
SUMMER SEASON
Consumption of up to 300 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-150 0.541 0.543 0.545 0.547 0.549 0.551 0.553 0.555 0.557 0.559 0.561 0.563
Intermediate 0.642 0.644 0.646 0.648 0.650 0.652 0.654 0.656 0.658 0.660 0.662 0.664
Consumption exceeding 300 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-150 0.541 0.543 0.545 0.547 0.549 0.551 0.553 0.555 0.557 0.559 0.561 0.563
Intermediate 151-450 0.812 0.815 0.818 0.821 0.824 0.827 0.830 0.833 0.836 0.839 0.842 0.845
Exceeding 2.164 2.171 2.178 2.185 2.192 2.199 2.206 2.213 2.220 2.227 2.234 2.241
WINTER SEASON
Consumption of up to 175 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 0.621 0.623 0.625 0.627 0.629 0.631 0.633 0.635 0.637 0.639 0.641 0.643
Intermediate 0.735 0.737 0.739 0.741 0.743 0.745 0.747 0.749 0.751 0.753 0.755 0.757
Consumption exceeding 175 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 0.621 0.623 0.625 0.627 0.629 0.631 0.633 0.635 0.637 0.639 0.641 0.643
Intermediate 76-150 1.022 1.025 1.028 1.031 1.034 1.037 1.040 1.043 1.046 1.049 1.052 1.055
Exceeding 2.164 2.171 2.178 2.185 2.192 2.199 2.206 2.213 2.220 2.227 2.234 2.241
Tariff 1D
SUMMER SEASON
Consumption of up to 400 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-175 0.541 0.543 0.545 0.547 0.549 0.551 0.553 0.555 0.557 0.559 0.561 0.563
Intermediate 0.642 0.644 0.646 0.648 0.650 0.652 0.654 0.656 0.658 0.660 0.662 0.664
Consumption exceeding 400 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-175 0.541 0.543 0.545 0.547 0.549 0.551 0.553 0.555 0.557 0.559 0.561 0.563
Intermediate 176-600 0.812 0.815 0.818 0.821 0.824 0.827 0.830 0.833 0.836 0.839 0.842 0.845
Exceeding 2.164 2.171 2.178 2.185 2.192 2.199 2.206 2.213 2.220 2.227 2.234 2.241
WINTER SEASON
Consumption of up to 200 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 0.621 0.623 0.625 0.627 0.629 0.631 0.633 0.635 0.637 0.639 0.641 0.643
Intermediate 0.735 0.737 0.739 0.741 0.743 0.745 0.747 0.749 0.751 0.753 0.755 0.757
Consumption exceeding 200 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 0.621 0.623 0.625 0.627 0.629 0.631 0.633 0.635 0.637 0.639 0.641 0.643
Intermediate 76-175 1.022 1.025 1.028 1.031 1.034 1.037 1.040 1.043 1.046 1.049 1.052 1.055
Exceeding 2.164 2.171 2.178 2.185 2.192 2.199 2.206 2.213 2.220 2.227 2.234 2.241
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Tariff 1E
SUMMER SEASON
Consumption of up to 750 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-300 0.441 0.442 0.443 0.444 0.445 0.446 0.447 0.448 0.449 0.450 0.451 0.452
Intermediate 0.572 0.574 0.576 0.578 0.580 0.582 0.584 0.586 0.588 0.590 0.592 0.594
Consumption exceeding 750 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-300 0.441 0.442 0.443 0.444 0.445 0.446 0.447 0.448 0.449 0.450 0.451 0.452
Intermediate 301-900 0.729 0.731 0.733 0.735 0.737 0.739 0.741 0.743 0.745 0.747 0.749 0.751
Exceeding 2.164 2.171 2.178 2.185 2.192 2.199 2.206 2.213 2.220 2.227 2.234 2.241
WINTER SEASON
Consumption of up to 250 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 0.621 0.623 0.625 0.627 0.629 0.631 0.633 0.635 0.637 0.639 0.641 0.643
Intermediate 76-200 0.735 0.737 0.739 0.741 0.743 0.745 0.747 0.749 0.751 0.753 0.755 0.757
Exceeding 2.164 2.171 2.178 2.185 2.192 2.199 2.206 2.213 2.220 2.227 2.234 2.241
Consumption exceeding 250 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 0.621 0.623 0.625 0.627 0.629 0.631 0.633 0.635 0.637 0.639 0.641 0.643
Intermediate 76-200 1.022 1.025 1.028 1.031 1.034 1.037 1.040 1.043 1.046 1.049 1.052 1.055
Exceeding 2.164 2.171 2.178 2.185 2.192 2.199 2.206 2.213 2.220 2.227 2.234 2.241
Tariff 1F
SUMMER SEASON
Consumption of up to 1,200 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-300 0.441 0.442 0.443 0.444 0.445 0.446 0.447 0.448 0.449 0.450 0.451 0.452
Exceeding 0.572 0.574 0.576 0.578 0.580 0.582 0.584 0.586 0.588 0.590 0.592 0.594
Consumption exceeding 1,200 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-300 0.441 0.442 0.443 0.444 0.445 0.446 0.447 0.448 0.449 0.450 0.451 0.452
Intermediate Low 301-1,200 0.729 0.731 0.733 0.735 0.737 0.739 0.741 0.743 0.745 0.747 0.749 0.751
Intermediate High 1,201-2,500 1.360 1.364 1.368 1.372 1.376 1.380 1.385 1.390 1.395 1.400 1.405 1.410
Exceeding 2.164 2.171 2.178 2.185 2.192 2.199 2.206 2.213 2.220 2.227 2.234 2.241
WINTER SEASON
Consumption of up to 250 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 0.621 0.623 0.625 0.627 0.629 0.631 0.633 0.635 0.637 0.639 0.641 0.643
Intermediate 76-200 0.735 0.737 0.739 0.741 0.743 0.745 0.747 0.749 0.751 0.753 0.755 0.757
Exceeding 2.164 2.171 2.178 2.185 2.192 2.199 2.206 2.213 2.220 2.227 2.234 2.241
Consumption exceeding 250 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 0.621 0.623 0.625 0.627 0.629 0.631 0.633 0.635 0.637 0.639 0.641 0.643
Intermediate 76-200 1.022 1.025 1.028 1.031 1.034 1.037 1.040 1.043 1.046 1.049 1.052 1.055
Exceeding 2.164 2.171 2.178 2.185 2.192 2.199 2.206 2.213 2.220 2.227 2.234 2.241
Source: www.cfe.gob.mx/es/InformacionAlCliente/conocetutarifa/
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Source: www.cfe.gob.mx/es/InformacionAlCliente/conocetutarifa/
At the time of the elaboration of the study the DAC prices of September to December where not
available. These prices were assumed on the basis of the prices of the respective months of the
year 2006 considering the rate of price increase.
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Annex 4: Allocation of intervals for tariffs H-S/H-SL (industry and services sectors)
From the first February until the Saturday before the first Sunday of
April
Day of the week Base Intermediate Peak
Monday to Friday 0:00 - 6:00 6:00 - 19:00 19:00 - 22:00
22:00 - 24:00
Source: http://www.cfe.gob.mx/aplicaciones/ccfe/tarifas/tarifas/Tarifas.asp?Tarifa=HS
Source: http://www.cfe.gob.mx/aplicaciones/ccfe/tarifas/tarifas/Tarifas.asp?Tarifa=HS
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Annex 6: Allocation of intervals for tariffs H-T/H-TL (industry and services sectors)
From the first February until the Saturday before the first Sunday of
April
Day of the week Base Intermediate Peak
Monday to Friday 0:00 - 6:00 6:00 - 19:30 19:30 - 22:30
22:30 - 24:00
Source: http://www.cfe.gob.mx/aplicaciones/ccfe/tarifas/tarifas/Tarifas.asp?Tarifa=HT
Annex 7: FRI and FRB values for tariffs H-T/H-TL (industry and services sectors)
Source: http://www.cfe.gob.mx/aplicaciones/ccfe/tarifas/tarifas/Tarifas.asp?Tarifa=HT
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Annex 8: Low, medium and high voltage tariffs (2007) (industry and services sectors)
Tariff 2
Price per kilowatt-hour ($/kWh)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dec
Basic 1 - 50 1.724 1.675 1.665 1.666 1.682 1.704 1.744 1.781 1.808 1.822 1.834 1.853
Intermediate 51 - 100 2.082 2.023 2.011 2.013 2.033 2.060 2.108 2.152 2.185 2.202 2.217 2.240
Exceeding 2.296 2.231 2.218 2.220 2.242 2.271 2.324 2.373 2.409 2.427 2.443 2.468
Fix charge ($)
Monthly 44.200 42.940 42.700 42.740 43.160 43.730 44.760 45.700 46.400 46.750 47.060 47.540
Tariff 3
Price per kilowatt-hour ($/kWh)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dec
200.670 194.970 193.860 194.030 195.950 198.520 203.190 207.460 210.630 212.230 213.630 215.830
Fix charge ($)
Monthly 1.264 1.228 1.221 1.222 1.234 1.250 1.279 1.306 1.326 1.336 1.345 1.359
Tariff O-M
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dec
Baja California
Demand charge ($/kW) 98.460 95.090 94.860 94.990 105.800 107.620 110.540 113.180 115.050 105.190 106.010 107.290
Price per kilowatt-hour ($/kWh) 0.752 0.726 0.724 0.725 0.892 0.907 0.932 0.954 0.970 0.803 0.809 0.819
Baja California Sur
Demand charge ($/kW) 107.130 103.470 103.220 103.360 117.190 119.210 122.440 125.370 127.440 114.470 115.360 116.760
Price per kilowatt-hour ($/kWh) 0.912 0.881 0.879 0.880 1.202 1.223 1.256 1.286 1.307 0.974 0.982 0.994
Northwest
Demand charge ($/kW) 115.380 111.430 111.160 111.320 112.380 114.310 117.410 120.220 122.200 123.290 124.250 125.750
Price per kilowatt-hour ($/kWh) 0.848 0.819 0.817 0.818 0.826 0.840 0.863 0.884 0.899 0.907 0.914 0.925
Central
Demand charge ($/kW) 122.920 118.720 118.440 118.610 119.740 121.800 125.100 128.090 130.200 131.360 132.380 133.980
Price per kilowatt-hour ($/kWh) 0.916 0.885 0.883 0.884 0.892 0.907 0.932 0.954 0.970 0.979 0.987 0.999
Northeast
Demand charge ($/kW) 113.030 109.160 108.900 109.050 110.090 111.980 115.010 117.760 119.700 120.770 121.710 123.180
Price per kilowatt-hour ($/kWh) 0.855 0.826 0.824 0.825 0.833 0.847 0.870 0.891 0.906 0.914 0.921 0.932
North
Demand charge ($/kW) 113.470 109.590 109.330 109.480 110.520 112.420 115.470 118.230 120.180 121.250 122.200 123.680
Price per kilowatt-hour ($/kWh) 0.855 0.826 0.824 0.825 0.833 0.847 0.870 0.891 0.906 0.914 0.921 0.932
Peninsular
Demand charge ($/kW) 126.860 122.520 122.230 122.400 123.560 125.690 129.100 132.190 134.370 135.570 136.630 138.280
Price per kilowatt-hour ($/kWh) 0.873 0.843 0.841 0.842 0.850 0.865 0.888 0.909 0.924 0.932 0.939 0.950
South
Demand charge ($/kW) 122.920 118.720 118.440 118.610 119.740 121.800 125.100 128.090 130.200 131.360 132.380 133.980
Price per kilowatt-hour ($/kWh) 0.886 0.856 0.854 0.855 0.863 0.878 0.902 0.924 0.939 0.947 0.954 0.966
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Tariff H-M
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dec
Baja California
Demand charge ($/kW) 183.700 177.420 176.990 177.240 178.920 182.000 186.930 191.400 194.560 196.290 197.820 200.210
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.511 2.425 2.419 2.422 2.445 2.487 2.555 2.616 2.659 2.683 2.704 2.736
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.695 0.671 0.669 0.670 0.677 0.688 0.707 0.724 0.736 0.742 0.748 0.757
Base price ($/kWh) 0.546 0.527 0.526 0.527 0.532 0.541 0.556 0.569 0.578 0.583 0.588 0.595
Baja California Sur
Demand charge ($/kW) 176.550 170.510 170.100 170.340 171.960 174.920 179.660 183.950 186.990 188.650 190.120 192.420
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.014 1.945 1.941 1.943 1.962 1.996 2.050 2.099 2.133 2.152 2.169 2.195
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.964 0.931 0.929 0.930 0.939 0.955 0.981 1.005 1.021 1.031 1.039 1.051
Base price ($/kWh) 0.683 0.659 0.658 0.659 0.665 0.676 0.695 0.711 0.723 0.729 0.735 0.744
Central
Demand charge ($/kW) 127.340 122.980 122.680 122.850 124.020 126.150 129.570 132.670 134.860 136.060 137.120 138.780
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.406 2.324 2.318 2.322 2.344 2.384 2.449 2.507 2.548 2.571 2.591 2.623
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.770 0.743 0.742 0.743 0.750 0.763 0.783 0.802 0.815 0.822 0.829 0.839
Base price ($/kWh) 0.643 0.621 0.620 0.620 0.626 0.637 0.654 0.670 0.681 0.687 0.693 0.701
Northeast
Demand charge ($/kW) 117.080 113.080 112.810 112.970 114.040 116.000 119.140 121.990 124.000 125.100 126.080 127.610
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.222 2.146 2.141 2.144 2.165 2.202 2.262 2.316 2.354 2.375 2.393 2.422
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.715 0.690 0.688 0.689 0.696 0.708 0.727 0.745 0.757 0.764 0.770 0.779
Base price ($/kWh) 0.585 0.565 0.564 0.565 0.570 0.580 0.596 0.610 0.620 0.626 0.630 0.638
Northwest
Demand charge ($/kW) 119.560 115.470 115.190 115.350 116.450 118.450 121.660 124.570 126.630 127.760 128.760 130.320
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.235 2.159 2.154 2.157 2.177 2.215 2.275 2.329 2.367 2.389 2.407 2.436
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.709 0.685 0.683 0.684 0.691 0.703 0.722 0.739 0.751 0.758 0.764 0.773
Base price ($/kWh) 0.594 0.574 0.573 0.573 0.579 0.589 0.605 0.619 0.630 0.635 0.640 0.648
North
Demand charge ($/kW) 117.630 113.610 113.340 113.500 114.580 116.550 119.710 122.570 124.590 125.700 126.680 128.210
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.239 2.162 2.157 2.160 2.180 2.218 2.278 2.332 2.371 2.392 2.411 2.440
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.722 0.697 0.695 0.696 0.703 0.715 0.734 0.752 0.764 0.771 0.777 0.786
Base price ($/kWh) 0.587 0.567 0.566 0.566 0.572 0.582 0.597 0.612 0.622 0.627 0.632 0.640
Peninsular
Demand charge ($/kW) 131.550 127.050 126.750 126.930 128.140 130.340 133.870 137.070 139.330 140.570 141.670 143.380
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.354 2.274 2.268 2.271 2.293 2.332 2.395 2.453 2.493 2.515 2.535 2.566
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.723 0.698 0.697 0.698 0.704 0.716 0.736 0.753 0.766 0.772 0.778 0.788
Base price ($/kWh) 0.596 0.575 0.574 0.575 0.580 0.590 0.606 0.621 0.631 0.636 0.641 0.649
South
Demand charge ($/kW) 127.340 122.980 122.680 122.850 124.020 126.150 129.570 132.670 134.860 136.060 137.120 138.780
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.357 2.276 2.270 2.274 2.295 2.335 2.398 2.455 2.496 2.518 2.538 2.568
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.736 0.711 0.709 0.710 0.717 0.729 0.749 0.767 0.779 0.786 0.792 0.802
Base price ($/kWh) 0.612 0.591 0.589 0.590 0.596 0.606 0.622 0.637 0.648 0.654 0.659 0.667
Tariff H-MC
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dec
Baja California
Demand charge ($/kW) 165.390 159.730 159.350 159.570 161.090 163.860 168.300 172.320 175.160 176.720 178.100 180.260
Peak price ($/kWh) 3.646 3.521 3.512 3.517 3.551 3.612 3.710 3.798 3.861 3.896 3.926 3.973
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.724 0.699 0.697 0.698 0.705 0.717 0.736 0.754 0.766 0.773 0.779 0.789
Base price ($/kWh) 0.546 0.527 0.526 0.527 0.532 0.541 0.556 0.569 0.578 0.583 0.588 0.595
Northwest
Demand charge ($/kW) 71.760 69.310 69.140 69.240 69.900 71.100 73.030 74.780 76.010 76.690 77.290 78.230
Peak price ($/kWh) 1.884 1.820 1.815 1.818 1.835 1.867 1.917 1.963 1.996 2.013 2.029 2.054
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.996 0.962 0.960 0.961 0.970 0.987 1.014 1.038 1.055 1.064 1.073 1.086
Base price ($/kWh) 0.761 0.735 0.734 0.735 0.742 0.754 0.775 0.793 0.806 0.814 0.820 0.830
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Level subtransmission
Tariff H-S
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dec
Baja California
Demand charge ($/kW) 149.950 143.770 144.000 144.290 145.600 148.820 153.490 157.660 160.480 162.170 163.690 166.010
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.857 2.739 2.743 2.749 2.774 2.835 2.924 3.004 3.058 3.090 3.119 3.163
Semipeak price ($/kWh) 1.238 1.187 1.189 1.192 1.202 1.229 1.268 1.302 1.325 1.339 1.352 1.371
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.666 0.638 0.639 0.640 0.646 0.661 0.681 0.700 0.712 0.720 0.727 0.737
Base price ($/kWh) 0.565 0.542 0.543 0.544 0.549 0.561 0.579 0.594 0.605 0.611 0.617 0.626
Baja California Sur
Demand charge ($/kW) 162.380 155.690 155.940 156.250 157.670 161.150 166.210 170.730 173.790 175.610 177.260 179.780
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.044 1.960 1.963 1.967 1.985 2.029 2.092 2.149 2.188 2.211 2.232 2.263
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.931 0.893 0.894 0.896 0.904 0.924 0.953 0.979 0.997 1.007 1.017 1.031
Base price ($/kWh) 0.698 0.669 0.670 0.671 0.677 0.692 0.714 0.733 0.747 0.754 0.761 0.772
Central
Demand charge ($/kW) 84.710 81.220 81.350 81.510 82.250 84.070 86.710 89.070 90.660 91.610 92.470 93.780
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.771 2.657 2.661 2.667 2.691 2.751 2.837 2.914 2.966 2.997 3.026 3.069
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.749 0.719 0.720 0.721 0.728 0.744 0.767 0.788 0.802 0.811 0.818 0.830
Base price ($/kWh) 0.657 0.630 0.631 0.632 0.638 0.652 0.672 0.690 0.703 0.710 0.717 0.727
Northeast
Demand charge ($/kW) 83.210 79.780 79.910 80.070 80.800 82.590 85.180 87.500 89.070 90.010 90.860 92.150
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.689 2.579 2.583 2.588 2.611 2.669 2.753 2.828 2.878 2.909 2.936 2.978
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.707 0.678 0.679 0.680 0.686 0.702 0.724 0.743 0.757 0.765 0.772 0.783
Base price ($/kWh) 0.601 0.576 0.577 0.578 0.584 0.597 0.615 0.632 0.643 0.650 0.656 0.666
Northwest
Demand charge ($/kW) 84.450 80.970 81.100 81.260 82.000 83.810 86.440 88.790 90.380 91.330 92.190 93.500
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.693 2.582 2.586 2.591 2.615 2.673 2.757 2.832 2.882 2.913 2.940 2.982
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.696 0.667 0.668 0.669 0.675 0.690 0.712 0.731 0.745 0.752 0.759 0.770
Base price ($/kWh) 0.607 0.582 0.583 0.584 0.589 0.602 0.621 0.638 0.649 0.656 0.662 0.672
North
Demand charge ($/kW) 83.680 80.230 80.360 80.520 81.250 83.050 85.660 87.990 89.570 90.510 91.360 92.660
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.704 2.592 2.596 2.601 2.625 2.683 2.767 2.843 2.894 2.924 2.951 2.993
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.708 0.679 0.680 0.681 0.687 0.703 0.725 0.744 0.758 0.766 0.773 0.784
Base price ($/kWh) 0.598 0.574 0.575 0.576 0.581 0.594 0.612 0.629 0.640 0.647 0.653 0.662
Peninsular
Demand charge ($/kW) 86.150 82.600 82.730 82.900 83.650 85.500 88.180 90.580 92.200 93.170 94.050 95.390
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.693 2.582 2.586 2.591 2.615 2.673 2.757 2.832 2.882 2.913 2.940 2.982
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.695 0.667 0.668 0.669 0.675 0.690 0.712 0.731 0.744 0.752 0.759 0.770
Base price ($/kWh) 0.603 0.578 0.579 0.580 0.585 0.598 0.617 0.634 0.645 0.652 0.658 0.667
South
Demand charge ($/kW) 84.710 81.220 81.350 81.510 82.250 84.070 86.710 89.070 90.660 91.610 92.470 93.780
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.708 2.596 2.600 2.606 2.629 2.687 2.772 2.847 2.898 2.929 2.956 2.998
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.705 0.676 0.677 0.678 0.685 0.700 0.722 0.741 0.755 0.762 0.770 0.781
Base price ($/kWh) 0.614 0.588 0.589 0.590 0.596 0.609 0.628 0.645 0.657 0.664 0.670 0.679
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Tariff H-SL
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dec
Baja California
Demand charge ($/kW) 224.820 215.560 215.900 216.330 218.300 223.120 230.130 236.390 240.620 243.150 245.440 248.930
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.135 2.047 2.050 2.055 2.073 2.119 2.186 2.245 2.285 2.309 2.331 2.364
Semipeak price ($/kWh) 1.059 1.015 1.017 1.019 1.028 1.051 1.084 1.113 1.133 1.145 1.156 1.172
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.643 0.616 0.617 0.618 0.624 0.638 0.658 0.676 0.688 0.695 0.701 0.711
Base price ($/kWh) 0.565 0.542 0.543 0.544 0.549 0.561 0.579 0.594 0.605 0.611 0.617 0.626
Baja California Sur
Demand charge ($/kW) 194.770 186.750 187.050 187.420 189.130 193.310 199.380 204.800 208.470 210.660 212.640 215.660
Peak price ($/kWh) 1.862 1.785 1.788 1.791 1.808 1.848 1.906 1.957 1.992 2.013 2.032 2.061
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.914 0.876 0.877 0.879 0.887 0.907 0.935 0.961 0.978 0.988 0.998 1.012
Base price ($/kWh) 0.698 0.669 0.670 0.671 0.677 0.692 0.714 0.733 0.747 0.754 0.761 0.772
Central
Demanda Facturable ($/kW) 127.010 121.780 121.970 122.210 123.320 126.050 130.010 133.550 135.940 137.370 138.660 140.630
Energía Punta ($/kWh) 1.969 1.888 1.891 1.895 1.912 1.955 2.016 2.071 2.108 2.130 2.150 2.180
Energía Intermedia ($/kWh) 0.719 0.690 0.691 0.692 0.699 0.714 0.736 0.756 0.770 0.778 0.785 0.796
Energía Base ($/kWh) 0.657 0.630 0.631 0.632 0.638 0.652 0.672 0.690 0.703 0.710 0.717 0.727
Northeast
Demand charge ($/kW) 124.850 119.710 119.900 120.140 121.230 123.910 127.800 131.280 133.630 135.030 136.300 138.240
Peak price ($/kWh) 1.901 1.823 1.826 1.830 1.846 1.887 1.947 1.999 2.035 2.057 2.076 2.105
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.677 0.649 0.650 0.651 0.657 0.671 0.692 0.711 0.724 0.732 0.738 0.749
Base price ($/kWh) 0.601 0.576 0.577 0.578 0.584 0.597 0.615 0.632 0.643 0.650 0.656 0.666
Northwest
Demand charge ($/kW) 126.670 121.450 121.640 121.880 122.990 125.710 129.660 133.190 135.570 136.990 138.280 140.240
Peak price ($/kWh) 1.894 1.816 1.819 1.822 1.839 1.879 1.938 1.991 2.027 2.048 2.067 2.097
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.665 0.637 0.638 0.640 0.645 0.660 0.680 0.699 0.711 0.719 0.726 0.736
Base price ($/kWh) 0.607 0.582 0.583 0.584 0.589 0.602 0.621 0.638 0.649 0.656 0.662 0.672
North
Demand charge ($/kW) 125.480 120.310 120.500 120.740 121.840 124.530 128.440 131.930 134.290 135.700 136.980 138.930
Peak price ($/kWh) 1.911 1.833 1.835 1.839 1.856 1.897 1.956 2.010 2.046 2.067 2.087 2.116
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.678 0.650 0.651 0.652 0.658 0.673 0.694 0.713 0.725 0.733 0.740 0.750
Base price ($/kWh) 0.598 0.574 0.575 0.576 0.581 0.594 0.612 0.629 0.640 0.647 0.653 0.662
Peninsular
Demand charge ($/kW) 129.180 123.860 124.060 124.310 125.440 128.210 132.240 135.840 138.270 139.720 141.030 143.030
Peak price ($/kWh) 1.878 1.800 1.803 1.807 1.823 1.864 1.922 1.974 2.010 2.031 2.050 2.079
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.664 0.636 0.637 0.639 0.645 0.659 0.679 0.698 0.710 0.718 0.725 0.735
Base price ($/kWh) 0.603 0.578 0.579 0.580 0.585 0.598 0.617 0.634 0.645 0.652 0.658 0.667
South
Demand charge ($/kW) 127.010 121.780 121.970 122.210 123.320 126.050 130.010 133.550 135.940 137.370 138.660 140.630
Peak price ($/kWh) 1.906 1.828 1.831 1.834 1.851 1.892 1.951 2.005 2.040 2.062 2.081 2.111
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.674 0.646 0.647 0.649 0.655 0.669 0.690 0.709 0.722 0.729 0.736 0.747
Base price ($/kWh) 0.614 0.588 0.589 0.590 0.596 0.609 0.628 0.645 0.657 0.664 0.670 0.679
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Level transmission
Tariff H-T
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dec
Baja California
Demand charge ($/kW) 140.180 134.400 134.620 134.890 136.120 139.130 143.500 147.400 150.040 151.620 153.050 155.220
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.726 2.614 2.618 2.623 2.647 2.706 2.791 2.867 2.918 2.949 2.976 3.019
Semipeak price ($/kWh) 1.199 1.150 1.151 1.154 1.164 1.190 1.227 1.261 1.283 1.297 1.309 1.328
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.655 0.628 0.629 0.630 0.636 0.650 0.670 0.688 0.701 0.708 0.715 0.725
Base price ($/kWh) 0.557 0.534 0.535 0.536 0.541 0.553 0.571 0.586 0.597 0.603 0.609 0.617
Baja California Sur
Demand charge ($/kW) 124.800 119.660 119.850 120.090 121.180 123.860 127.750 131.220 133.570 134.970 136.240 138.170
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.195 2.104 2.108 2.112 2.131 2.178 2.247 2.308 2.349 2.374 2.396 2.430
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.908 0.871 0.872 0.874 0.882 0.901 0.930 0.955 0.972 0.982 0.991 1.005
Base price ($/kWh) 0.678 0.650 0.651 0.652 0.658 0.672 0.694 0.712 0.725 0.733 0.740 0.750
Central
Demand charge ($/kW) 73.800 70.760 70.870 71.010 71.660 73.240 75.540 77.590 78.980 79.810 80.560 81.700
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.712 2.600 2.605 2.610 2.633 2.692 2.776 2.852 2.903 2.933 2.961 3.003
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.691 0.662 0.663 0.665 0.671 0.685 0.707 0.726 0.739 0.747 0.754 0.765
Base price ($/kWh) 0.639 0.613 0.614 0.615 0.621 0.635 0.655 0.672 0.684 0.692 0.698 0.708
Northeast
Demand charge ($/kW) 73.800 70.760 70.870 71.010 71.660 73.240 75.540 77.590 78.980 79.810 80.560 81.700
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.650 2.540 2.545 2.550 2.573 2.630 2.712 2.786 2.836 2.866 2.893 2.934
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.636 0.610 0.611 0.612 0.617 0.631 0.651 0.669 0.681 0.688 0.694 0.704
Base price ($/kWh) 0.573 0.549 0.550 0.551 0.556 0.569 0.587 0.603 0.613 0.620 0.626 0.635
Northwest
Demand charge ($/kW) 73.800 70.760 70.870 71.010 71.660 73.240 75.540 77.590 78.980 79.810 80.560 81.700
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.634 2.526 2.530 2.535 2.558 2.614 2.696 2.770 2.819 2.849 2.876 2.917
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.631 0.605 0.606 0.607 0.613 0.626 0.646 0.663 0.675 0.682 0.689 0.699
Base price ($/kWh) 0.585 0.561 0.562 0.563 0.568 0.581 0.599 0.615 0.626 0.633 0.639 0.648
North
Demand charge ($/kW) 73.800 70.760 70.870 71.010 71.660 73.240 75.540 77.590 78.980 79.810 80.560 81.700
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.651 2.542 2.546 2.551 2.574 2.631 2.714 2.787 2.837 2.867 2.894 2.935
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.634 0.608 0.609 0.610 0.616 0.630 0.649 0.667 0.679 0.686 0.693 0.702
Base price ($/kWh) 0.569 0.546 0.547 0.548 0.553 0.565 0.583 0.598 0.609 0.615 0.621 0.630
Peninsular
Demand charge ($/kW) 73.800 70.760 70.870 71.010 71.660 73.240 75.540 77.590 78.980 79.810 80.560 81.700
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.582 2.475 2.479 2.484 2.507 2.562 2.643 2.714 2.763 2.792 2.818 2.858
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.616 0.591 0.592 0.593 0.599 0.612 0.631 0.648 0.660 0.667 0.673 0.683
Base price ($/kWh) 0.569 0.545 0.546 0.547 0.552 0.565 0.582 0.598 0.609 0.615 0.621 0.630
South
Demand charge ($/kW) 73.800 70.760 70.870 71.010 71.660 73.240 75.540 77.590 78.980 79.810 80.560 81.700
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.648 2.539 2.543 2.548 2.571 2.628 2.711 2.784 2.834 2.864 2.891 2.932
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.644 0.618 0.619 0.620 0.626 0.639 0.660 0.677 0.690 0.697 0.703 0.713
Base price ($/kWh) 0.596 0.572 0.572 0.574 0.579 0.592 0.610 0.627 0.638 0.645 0.651 0.660
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Tariff H-TL
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dec
Baja California
Demand charge ($/kW) 210.340 201.670 201.990 202.390 204.230 208.740 215.290 221.150 225.110 227.470 229.610 232.870
Peak price ($/kWh) 2.052 1.967 1.970 1.974 1.992 2.036 2.100 2.157 2.196 2.219 2.240 2.271
Semipeak price ($/kWh) 1.030 0.988 0.989 0.991 1.000 1.022 1.054 1.083 1.102 1.114 1.125 1.141
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.631 0.605 0.606 0.608 0.613 0.627 0.646 0.664 0.676 0.683 0.689 0.699
Base price ($/kWh) 0.557 0.534 0.535 0.536 0.541 0.553 0.571 0.586 0.597 0.603 0.609 0.617
Baja California Sur
Demand charge ($/kW) 187.160 179.450 179.740 180.100 181.740 185.760 191.590 196.800 200.320 202.420 204.320 207.220
Peak price ($/kWh) 1.813 1.738 1.741 1.745 1.761 1.800 1.856 1.907 1.941 1.961 1.979 2.008
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.878 0.842 0.843 0.845 0.853 0.872 0.899 0.923 0.940 0.950 0.959 0.972
Base price ($/kWh) 0.678 0.650 0.651 0.652 0.658 0.672 0.694 0.712 0.725 0.733 0.740 0.750
Central
Demand charge ($/kW) 110.710 106.150 106.320 106.530 107.500 109.880 113.330 116.410 118.490 119.730 120.860 122.580
Peak price ($/kWh) 1.927 1.847 1.850 1.854 1.871 1.912 1.972 2.026 2.062 2.084 2.103 2.133
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.677 0.649 0.650 0.652 0.658 0.672 0.693 0.712 0.725 0.732 0.739 0.750
Base price ($/kWh) 0.639 0.613 0.614 0.615 0.621 0.635 0.655 0.672 0.684 0.692 0.698 0.708
Northeast
Demand charge ($/kW) 110.710 106.150 106.320 106.530 107.500 109.880 113.330 116.410 118.490 119.730 120.860 122.580
Peak price ($/kWh) 1.865 1.788 1.791 1.794 1.811 1.851 1.909 1.961 1.996 2.017 2.036 2.065
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.624 0.598 0.599 0.600 0.606 0.619 0.638 0.656 0.667 0.674 0.681 0.690
Base price ($/kWh) 0.573 0.549 0.550 0.551 0.556 0.569 0.587 0.603 0.613 0.620 0.626 0.635
Northwest
Demand charge ($/kW) 110.710 106.150 106.320 106.530 107.500 109.880 113.330 116.410 118.490 119.730 120.860 122.580
Peak price ($/kWh) 1.848 1.772 1.775 1.779 1.795 1.835 1.892 1.944 1.978 1.999 2.018 2.047
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.618 0.592 0.593 0.594 0.600 0.613 0.632 0.649 0.661 0.668 0.674 0.684
Base price ($/kWh) 0.585 0.561 0.562 0.563 0.568 0.581 0.599 0.615 0.626 0.633 0.639 0.648
North
Demand charge ($/kW) 110.710 106.150 106.320 106.530 107.500 109.880 113.330 116.410 118.490 119.730 120.860 122.580
Peak price ($/kWh) 1.865 1.788 1.791 1.795 1.811 1.851 1.909 1.961 1.996 2.017 2.036 2.065
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.622 0.596 0.597 0.599 0.604 0.617 0.637 0.654 0.666 0.673 0.679 0.689
Base price ($/kWh) 0.569 0.546 0.547 0.548 0.553 0.565 0.583 0.598 0.609 0.615 0.621 0.630
Peninsular
Demand charge ($/kW) 110.710 106.150 106.320 106.530 107.500 109.880 113.330 116.410 118.490 119.730 120.860 122.580
Peak price ($/kWh) 1.796 1.722 1.724 1.728 1.744 1.782 1.838 1.888 1.922 1.942 1.960 1.988
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.603 0.578 0.579 0.580 0.586 0.598 0.617 0.634 0.645 0.652 0.658 0.668
Base price ($/kWh) 0.569 0.545 0.546 0.547 0.552 0.565 0.582 0.598 0.609 0.615 0.621 0.630
South
Demand charge ($/kW) 110.710 106.150 106.320 106.530 107.500 109.880 113.330 116.410 118.490 119.730 120.860 122.580
Peak price ($/kWh) 1.863 1.786 1.789 1.793 1.809 1.849 1.907 1.959 1.994 2.015 2.034 2.063
Intermediate price ($/kWh) 0.631 0.605 0.606 0.607 0.612 0.626 0.645 0.663 0.675 0.682 0.688 0.698
Base price ($/kWh) 0.596 0.572 0.572 0.574 0.579 0.592 0.610 0.627 0.638 0.645 0.651 0.660
Source: www.cfe.gob.mx/es/InformacionAlCliente/conocetutarifa/
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Radiation [kWh/m2/d]
Tariff City
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average
Durango 4.4 5.4 6.5 7.0 7.5 6.8 6.0 5.6 5.7 5.1 4.8 3.9 5.7
Oaxaca 4.9 5.7 5.8 5.5 6.0 5.4 5.9 5.6 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.4 5.3
1
Guadalajara 4.6 5.5 6.3 7.4 7.7 5.9 5.3 5.3 5.2 4.9 4.8 4.0 5.6
Puebla 4.9 5.5 6.2 6.4 6.1 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.2 5.0 4.7 4.4 5.5
Distrito Federal 4.4 5.2 5.8 5.8 5.7 5.1 4.9 4.9 4.7 4.4 4.2 3.8 4.9
Cuautla 3.2 3.9 4.7 5.5 5.7 5.4 5.4 5.3 4.6 4.4 3.7 3.1 4.6
Tepic 3.9 4.3 4.8 5.5 6.1 5.3 4.9 5.3 4.4 4.4 4.0 4.8 4.8
1A
Nogales 3.1 3.9 5.2 6.5 7.0 7.0 6.1 5.6 5.2 4.3 3.5 2.9 5.5
Los Tuxtlas 3.5 4.4 5.6 6.6 6.5 5.8 5.8 5.6 4.9 4.6 3.9 3.4 5.5
Chihuahua 4.1 4.9 6.0 7.4 8.2 8.1 6.8 6.2 5.7 5.2 4.6 3.8 5.9
Acapulco 4.8 5.3 6.1 5.9 5.6 5.1 5.3 5.4 4.9 5.2 5.0 4.7 5.3
1B
Poza Rica 3.1 4.0 5.0 5.9 6.4 6.1 5.8 5.9 5.1 4.8 3.3 3.1 5.3
Riviera Maya 4.1 5.0 5.8 6.6 6.3 6.1 6.1 6.0 5.3 4.8 4.3 3.9 5.4
Cd. Juárez 3.1 3.9 5.2 6.4 6.9 7.0 6.4 5.6 5.0 4.2 3.5 2.9 5.0
Monterrey 3.2 3.6 4.1 4.3 4.8 5.5 6.1 5.6 5.0 3.8 3.3 3.0 4.4
1C
Tampico 3.3 4.1 4.7 6.4 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.6 4.6 3.7 3.2 4.5
Mérida 3.7 4.0 4.6 5.2 5.7 5.5 5.7 5.5 5.0 4.2 3.8 3.4 4.7
Mazatlán 3.9 4.8 5.4 5.7 5.7 5.6 4.8 4.9 4.7 5.0 4.5 3.9 4.9
La Paz 4.4 5.5 6.0 6.6 6.5 6.6 6.3 6.2 5.9 5.8 4.9 4.2 5.7
1D
Matamoros 2.9 3.9 5.3 6.0 6.7 7.1 6.8 6.7 5.5 5.1 3.7 2.8 5.3
Cd. Altamirano 4.8 5.5 6.4 6.7 6.6 5.7 5.9 5.8 5.2 5.3 5.0 4.1 4.9
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Radiation [kWh/m2/d]
Tariff City
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average
Culiacán 3.6 4.2 4.8 5.4 6.2 6.2 5.4 5.1 5.2 4.6 4.2 3.4 4.9
Guaymas 4.5 5.7 6.5 7.2 7.3 6.8 5.9 5.8 6.3 5.9 5.1 5.6 6.0
1E
Reynosa 2.6 3.5 4.6 5.3 5.7 6.1 6.1 5.7 4.8 4.4 3.3 2.5 4.7
Piedras Negras 3.1 3.6 4.2 4.5 4.8 6.0 6.7 6.3 4.9 4.1 3.3 2.9 4.5
Mexicali 4.1 4.4 5.0 5.6 6.6 7.3 7.0 6.1 6.1 5.5 4.5 3.9 5.5
San Luis Río Colorado 3.4 3.8 4.9 6.2 7.3 7.4 6.9 6.1 5.1 4.1 3.3 2.8 5.0
1F
Cd. Obregón 3.6 4.5 5.9 7.1 7.7 7.5 6.1 5.8 5.6 4.9 4.1 3.4 6.0
Hermosillo 4.0 4.6 5.4 6.6 8.3 8.6 6.9 6.6 6.7 6.0 4.7 3.9 6.0
Average 5.2
Source: www.conae.gob.mx/wb/CONAE/CONA_1433_irradiacion_en_la_re
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Mazatlán Northwest
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Culiacán Northwest
Guaymas Northwest
1E
Reynosa North & Northeast
Hermosillo Northwest
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Average
Efficiency Required
consume Required
loss Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec installed
Tariff City per month of PV area
factor Lt PV output
PV user
[kWh/month] [%] [m2] [m2] [kW p]
999 -3.0% 43.83 35.61 31.66 29.99 30.92 31.47 36.72 35.97 37.50 35.25 37.99 43.83 35.61 5.70
Mazatlán 1000 -3.0% 43.91 35.67 31.71 30.04 30.97 31.52 36.78 36.03 37.56 35.31 38.05 43.91 35.67 5.71
1320 -3.0% 14.64 11.89 10.57 10.01 22.71 23.12 26.97 26.42 27.54 25.89 12.68 14.64 26.16 4.19
999 -3.0% 38.85 31.08 28.49 25.90 27.11 26.70 27.97 28.42 29.87 30.39 34.89 40.70 28.20 4.52
La Paz 1000 -3.0% 38.92 31.13 28.54 25.94 27.16 26.75 28.02 28.47 29.92 30.44 34.95 40.77 28.25 4.52
1320 -3.0% 12.97 10.38 9.51 8.65 19.92 19.61 20.55 20.88 21.94 22.32 11.65 13.59 20.71 3.32
1D
999 -3.0% 58.95 43.83 32.25 28.30 26.30 25.00 25.92 26.30 32.04 34.56 46.20 61.05 26.30 4.21
Matamoros 1000 -3.0% 59.05 43.91 32.31 28.35 26.35 25.04 25.96 26.35 32.10 34.61 46.28 61.15 26.35 4.22
1320 -3.0% 19.68 14.64 10.77 9.45 19.32 18.36 19.04 19.32 23.54 25.38 15.43 20.38 19.32 3.10
999 -3.0% 35.61 31.08 26.71 26.30 26.70 30.92 29.87 30.39 33.89 32.25 33.92 42.00 30.13 4.83
Cd.
1000 -3.0% 35.67 31.13 26.76 26.35 26.75 30.97 29.92 30.44 33.95 32.31 33.97 42.07 30.18 4.83
Altamirano
1320 -3.0% 11.89 10.38 8.92 19.32 19.61 22.71 21.94 22.32 24.90 10.77 11.32 14.02 22.13 3.55
1999 -3.5% 99.01 84.87 74.26 66.01 59.58 59.58 68.40 72.43 71.03 80.30 84.87 104.84 69.72 11.16
Culiacán 2000 -3.5% 99.09 84.94 74.32 66.06 59.62 59.62 68.46 72.49 71.09 80.36 84.94 104.92 69.77 11.17
2640 -3.5% 31.71 27.18 23.78 21.14 41.98 41.98 48.19 51.03 50.05 56.58 27.18 33.58 49.12 7.86
1999 -3.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 50.60 54.32 62.61 63.69 58.63 62.61 0.00 0.00 60.62 9.70
Guaymas 2000 -3.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 50.64 54.36 62.66 63.74 58.68 62.66 0.00 0.00 60.67 9.71
2640 -3.5% 25.37 20.03 17.56 15.85 35.65 38.27 44.11 44.87 41.31 44.11 22.38 20.38 42.71 6.84
1E
1999 -3.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 64.80 61.05 60.95 64.80 76.95 83.95 0.00 0.00 64.80 10.37
Reynosa 2000 -3.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 64.86 61.10 61.00 64.86 77.02 84.02 0.00 0.00 64.86 10.38
2640 -3.5% 25.13 25.13 25.13 25.13 45.66 43.02 42.95 45.66 54.22 59.15 25.13 25.13 45.66 7.31
1999 -3.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 76.95 61.56 55.13 58.63 75.38 90.09 0.00 0.00 68.47 10.96
Piedras
2000 -3.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 77.02 61.61 55.18 58.68 75.44 90.16 0.00 0.00 68.53 10.97
Negras
2640 -3.5% 36.82 31.71 27.18 25.37 54.22 43.38 38.84 41.31 53.11 63.48 34.59 39.36 48.24 7.72
2499 -4.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 58.51 52.90 55.17 63.31 63.31 70.21 0.00 0.00 60.91 9.75
Mexicali 2750 -4.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 81.08 73.30 76.44 87.72 87.72 97.29 0.00 0.00 84.40 13.51
870 -4.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.81 9.77 10.19 11.70 11.70 12.97 0.00 0.00 11.25 1.81
2499 -4.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 52.90 52.18 55.97 63.62 75.72 95.35 0.00 0.00 59.79 9.57
San Luis Rio
2750 -4.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 73.30 72.31 77.55 88.16 104.92 132.12 0.00 0.00 82.85 13.26
Colorado
870 -4.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.77 9.64 10.34 11.75 13.99 17.62 0.00 0.00 11.05 1.77
1F
2499 -4.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 54.70 50.15 51.49 63.62 66.58 68.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 59.16 9.47
Cd. Obregón 2750 -4.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 54.74 69.49 71.35 88.16 92.26 95.55 25.90 0.00 0.00 79.75 12.77
870 -4.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.27 9.51 11.75 12.30 12.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.63 1.71
2499 -4.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 46.53 44.90 55.97 58.51 57.64 64.36 0.00 0.00 56.80 9.09
Hermosillo 2750 -4.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 64.47 62.22 77.55 81.08 79.87 89.18 0.00 0.00 78.71 12.60
870 -4.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.60 8.30 10.34 10.81 10.65 11.89 0.00 0.00 10.49 1.68
In the tariffs 1B to 1F PV systems were sized on the basis of the summer months only as this
results in more economic PV system sizes due to the significantly higher range limits during
summer and the higher radiation values. The fields of the winter months which were not
considered for system sizing are shaded.
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Source: http://smn.cna.gob.mx/productos/emas/
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Annex 14: Calculated net present value sums of residential tariffs over 20 years (residential sector)
Tariff 1
Consumption of up to 140 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 20.986 21.054 21.122 21.189 21.257 21.324 21.392 21.460 21.527 21.595 21.662 21.730
Intermediate 24.839 24.907 24.974 25.042 25.109 25.177 25.245 25.312 25.380 25.447 25.515 25.582
Consumption exceeding 140 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 20.986 21.054 21.122 21.189 21.257 21.324 21.392 21.460 21.527 21.595 21.662 21.730
Intermediate 76-125 34.538 34.639 34.741 34.842 34.944 35.045 35.146 35.248 35.349 35.450 35.552 35.653
Exceeding 73.131 73.368 73.605 73.841 74.078 74.314 74.551 74.787 75.024 75.260 75.497 75.734
Tariff 1A
SUMMER SEASON
Consumption of up to 150 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-100 18.28 18.35 18.42 18.49 18.55 18.62 18.69 18.76 18.82 18.89 18.96 19.03
Intermediate 21.70 21.76 21.83 21.90 21.97 22.03 22.10 22.17 22.24 22.30 22.37 22.44
Consumption exceeding 150 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-100 18.28 18.35 18.42 18.49 18.55 18.62 18.69 18.76 18.82 18.89 18.96 19.03
Intermediate 101-150 27.44 27.54 27.64 27.75 27.85 27.95 28.05 28.15 28.25 28.35 28.46 28.56
Exceeding 73.13 73.37 73.60 73.84 74.08 74.31 74.55 74.79 75.02 75.26 75.50 75.73
WINTER SEASON
Consumption of up to 150 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 20.99 21.05 21.12 21.19 21.26 21.32 21.39 21.46 21.53 21.59 21.66 21.73
Intermediate 24.84 24.91 24.97 25.04 25.11 25.18 25.24 25.31 25.38 25.45 25.51 25.58
Consumption exceeding 150 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 20.99 21.05 21.12 21.19 21.26 21.32 21.39 21.46 21.53 21.59 21.66 21.73
Intermediate 76-125 34.54 34.64 34.74 34.84 34.94 35.04 35.15 35.25 35.35 35.45 35.55 35.65
Exceeding 73.13 73.37 73.60 73.84 74.08 74.31 74.55 74.79 75.02 75.26 75.50 75.73
Tariff 1B
SUMMER SEASON
Consumption of up to 225 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-125 18.28 18.35 18.42 18.49 18.55 18.62 18.69 18.76 18.82 18.89 18.96 19.03
Intermediate 21.70 21.76 21.83 21.90 21.97 22.03 22.10 22.17 22.24 22.30 22.37 22.44
Consumption exceeding 225 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-125 18.28 18.35 18.42 18.49 18.55 18.62 18.69 18.76 18.82 18.89 18.96 19.03
Intermediate 126-200 27.44 27.54 27.64 27.75 27.85 27.95 28.05 28.15 28.25 28.35 28.46 28.56
Exceeding 73.13 73.37 73.60 73.84 74.08 74.31 74.55 74.79 75.02 75.26 75.50 75.73
WINTER SEASON
Consumption of up to 175 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 20.99 21.05 21.12 21.19 21.26 21.32 21.39 21.46 21.53 21.59 21.66 21.73
Intermediate 24.84 24.91 24.97 25.04 25.11 25.18 25.24 25.31 25.38 25.45 25.51 25.58
Consumption exceeding 175 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Intermediate 1-75 20.99 21.05 21.12 21.19 21.26 21.32 21.39 21.46 21.53 21.59 21.66 21.73
Intermediate 76-150 34.54 34.64 34.74 34.84 34.94 35.04 35.15 35.25 35.35 35.45 35.55 35.65
Exceeding 73.13 73.37 73.60 73.84 74.08 74.31 74.55 74.79 75.02 75.26 75.50 75.73
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Tariff 1C
SUMMER SEASON
Consumption of up to 300 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-150 18.28 18.35 18.42 18.49 18.55 18.62 18.69 18.76 18.82 18.89 18.96 19.03
Intermediate 21.70 21.76 21.83 21.90 21.97 22.03 22.10 22.17 22.24 22.30 22.37 22.44
Consumption exceeding 300 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-150 18.28 18.35 18.42 18.49 18.55 18.62 18.69 18.76 18.82 18.89 18.96 19.03
Intermediate 151-450 27.44 27.54 27.64 27.75 27.85 27.95 28.05 28.15 28.25 28.35 28.46 28.56
Exceeding 73.13 73.37 73.60 73.84 74.08 74.31 74.55 74.79 75.02 75.26 75.50 75.73
WINTER SEASON
Consumption of up to 175 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 20.99 21.05 21.12 21.19 21.26 21.32 21.39 21.46 21.53 21.59 21.66 21.73
Intermediate 24.84 24.91 24.97 25.04 25.11 25.18 25.24 25.31 25.38 25.45 25.51 25.58
Consumption exceeding 175 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 20.99 21.05 21.12 21.19 21.26 21.32 21.39 21.46 21.53 21.59 21.66 21.73
Intermediate 76-150 34.54 34.64 34.74 34.84 34.94 35.04 35.15 35.25 35.35 35.45 35.55 35.65
Exceeding 73.13 73.37 73.60 73.84 74.08 74.31 74.55 74.79 75.02 75.26 75.50 75.73
Tariff 1D
SUMMER SEASON
Consumption of up to 400 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-175 18.28 18.35 18.42 18.49 18.55 18.62 18.69 18.76 18.82 18.89 18.96 19.03
Intermediate 21.70 21.76 21.83 21.90 21.97 22.03 22.10 22.17 22.24 22.30 22.37 22.44
Consumption exceeding 400 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-175 18.28 18.35 18.42 18.49 18.55 18.62 18.69 18.76 18.82 18.89 18.96 19.03
Intermediate 176-600 27.44 27.54 27.64 27.75 27.85 27.95 28.05 28.15 28.25 28.35 28.46 28.56
Exceeding 73.13 73.37 73.60 73.84 74.08 74.31 74.55 74.79 75.02 75.26 75.50 75.73
WINTER SEASON
Consumption of up to 200 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 20.99 21.05 21.12 21.19 21.26 21.32 21.39 21.46 21.53 21.59 21.66 21.73
Intermediate 24.84 24.91 24.97 25.04 25.11 25.18 25.24 25.31 25.38 25.45 25.51 25.58
Consumption exceeding 200 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 20.99 21.05 21.12 21.19 21.26 21.32 21.39 21.46 21.53 21.59 21.66 21.73
Intermediate 76-175 34.54 34.64 34.74 34.84 34.94 35.04 35.15 35.25 35.35 35.45 35.55 35.65
Exceeding 73.13 73.37 73.60 73.84 74.08 74.31 74.55 74.79 75.02 75.26 75.50 75.73
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Tariff 1E
SUMMER SEASON
Consumption of up to 750 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-300 14.90 14.94 14.97 15.00 15.04 15.07 15.11 15.14 15.17 15.21 15.24 15.28
Intermediate 19.33 19.40 19.47 19.53 19.60 19.67 19.74 19.80 19.87 19.94 20.01 20.07
Consumption exceeding 750 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-300 14.90 14.94 14.97 15.00 15.04 15.07 15.11 15.14 15.17 15.21 15.24 15.28
Intermediate 301-900 24.64 24.70 24.77 24.84 24.91 24.97 25.04 25.11 25.18 25.24 25.31 25.38
Exceeding 73.13 73.37 73.60 73.84 74.08 74.31 74.55 74.79 75.02 75.26 75.50 75.73
WINTER SEASON
Consumption of up to 250 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 20.99 21.05 21.12 21.19 21.26 21.32 21.39 21.46 21.53 21.59 21.66 21.73
Intermediate 76-200 24.84 24.91 24.97 25.04 25.11 25.18 25.24 25.31 25.38 25.45 25.51 25.58
Exceeding 73.13 73.37 73.60 73.84 74.08 74.31 74.55 74.79 75.02 75.26 75.50 75.73
Consumption exceeding 250 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 20.99 21.05 21.12 21.19 21.26 21.32 21.39 21.46 21.53 21.59 21.66 21.73
Intermediate 76-200 34.54 34.64 34.74 34.84 34.94 35.04 35.15 35.25 35.35 35.45 35.55 35.65
Exceeding 73.13 73.37 73.60 73.84 74.08 74.31 74.55 74.79 75.02 75.26 75.50 75.73
Tariff 1F
SUMMER SEASON
Consumption of up to 1,200 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-300 14.90 14.94 14.97 15.00 15.04 15.07 15.11 15.14 15.17 15.21 15.24 15.28
Exceeding 19.33 19.40 19.47 19.53 19.60 19.67 19.74 19.80 19.87 19.94 20.01 20.07
Consumption exceeding 1,200 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-300 14.90 14.94 14.97 15.00 15.04 15.07 15.11 15.14 15.17 15.21 15.24 15.28
Intermediate Low 301-1,200 24.64 24.70 24.77 24.84 24.91 24.97 25.04 25.11 25.18 25.24 25.31 25.38
Intermediate High 1,201-2,500 45.96 46.10 46.23 46.37 46.50 46.64 46.81 46.97 47.14 47.31 47.48 47.65
Exceeding 73.13 73.37 73.60 73.84 74.08 74.31 74.55 74.79 75.02 75.26 75.50 75.73
WINTER SEASON
Consumption of up to 250 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 20.99 21.05 21.12 21.19 21.26 21.32 21.39 21.46 21.53 21.59 21.66 21.73
Intermediate 76-200 24.84 24.91 24.97 25.04 25.11 25.18 25.24 25.31 25.38 25.45 25.51 25.58
Exceeding 73.13 73.37 73.60 73.84 74.08 74.31 74.55 74.79 75.02 75.26 75.50 75.73
Consumption exceeding 250 kWh per month
Range of consumption Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Basic 1-75 20.99 21.05 21.12 21.19 21.26 21.32 21.39 21.46 21.53 21.59 21.66 21.73
Intermediate 76-200 34.54 34.64 34.74 34.84 34.94 35.04 35.15 35.25 35.35 35.45 35.55 35.65
Exceeding 73.13 73.37 73.60 73.84 74.08 74.31 74.55 74.79 75.02 75.26 75.50 75.73
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Annex 15: Calculated net present value sums of the tariffs for low, medium and high voltage over 20 years
(industry and services sectors)
Tariff 2
Price per kWh ($/kWh)
Range Averaged Annual (+VAT) Sum
1 - 50 2.450 33.804 620
51 - 100 2.960 40.849 749
Exceeding 3.264 45.036 826
Fix charge ($)
Monthly 62.84 867.243 15,901
Tariff 3
Demand charge ($/kW)
Averaged Annual (+VAT) Sum
285.299 3,937.125 72186
Price per kWh ($/kWh)
1.796 24.791 455
Tariff O-M
Averaged Annual (+VAT) Sum
Baja California
Demand charge ($/kW) 146.576 2,022.749 37,087
Price per kWh ($/kWh) 1.170 16.150 296
Central
Demand charge ($/kW) 175.476 2,421.563 44,399
Price per kWh ($/kWh) 1.308 18.046 331
Northeast
Demand charge ($/kW) 161.333 2,226.398 40,820
Price per kWh ($/kWh) 1.221 16.845 309
Tariff H-M
Averaged Annual (+VAT) Sum
Baja California
Demand charge ($/kW) 262.216 3,618.586 66,346
Peak energy price [$/kWh] 3.584 49.454 907
Intermediate energy price [$/kWh] 0.992 13.685 251
Base energy price [$/kWh] 0.779 10.753 197
Central
Demand charge ($/kW) 181.757 2,508.242 45,988
Peak energy price [$/kWh] 3.435 47.398 869
Intermediate energy price [$/kWh] 1.099 15.160 278
Base energy price [$/kWh] 0.918 12.667 232
Northeast
Demand charge ($/kW) 167.126 2,306.335 42,286
Peak energy price [$/kWh] 3.172 43.777 803
Intermediate energy price [$/kWh] 1.020 14.075 258
Base energy price [$/kWh] 0.836 11.531 211
Tarifa H-MC
Averaged Annual (+VAT) Sum
Demand charge ($/kW) 102.442 1,413.705 25,920
Peak energy price [$/kWh] 2.690 37.116 681
Intermediate energy price [$/kWh] 1.422 19.623 360
Base energy price [$/kWh] 1.087 14.996 275
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Level subtransmission
Tarifa H-S
Averaged Annual (+VAT) Sum
Baja California
Demand charge ($/kW) 215.050 2,967.687 54,412
Peak energy price [$/kWh] 4.097 56.539 1,037
Intermediate energy price [$/kWh] 1.776 24.509 345
Intermediate energy price [$/kWh] 0.954 13.171 0
Base energy price [$/kWh] 0.811 11.185 205
Central
Demand charge ($/kW) 121.486 1,676.500 30,738
Peak energy price [$/kWh] 3.975 54.851 1,006
Intermediate energy price [$/kWh] 1.075 14.831 272
Base energy price [$/kWh] 0.942 12.995 238
Northeast
Demand charge ($/kW) 119.349 1,647.016 30,198
Peak energy price [$/kWh] 3.857 53.225 976
Intermediate energy price [$/kWh] 1.014 13.990 257
Base energy price [$/kWh] 0.862 11.897 218
Tarifa H-SL
Averaged Annual (+VAT) Sum
Baja California
Demand charge ($/kW) 322.434 4,449.586 81,582
Peak energy price [$/kWh] 3.062 42.257 775
Intermediate energy price [$/kWh] 1.518 20.952 309
Intermediate energy price [$/kWh] 0.922 12.717 0
Base energy price [$/kWh] 0.811 11.185 205
Central
Demand charge ($/kW) 182.156 2,513.758 46,089
Peak energy price [$/kWh] 2.824 38.977 715
Intermediate energy price [$/kWh] 1.032 14.236 261
Base energy price [$/kWh] 0.942 12.995 238
Northeast
Demand charge ($/kW) 179.061 2,471.048 45,306
Peak energy price [$/kWh] 2.727 37.634 690
Intermediate energy price [$/kWh] 0.970 13.387 245
Base energy price [$/kWh] 0.862 11.897 218
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Level transmission
Tarifa H-T
Averaged Annual (+VAT) Sum
Baja California
Demand charge ($/kW) 201.052 2,774.522 50,870
Peak energy price [$/kWh] 3.910 53.959 989
Intermediate energy price [$/kWh] 1.719 23.728 336
Intermediate energy price [$/kWh] 0.939 12.957 0
Base energy price [$/kWh] 0.800 11.034 202
Central
Demand charge ($/kW) 105.837 1,460.544 26,779
Peak energy price [$/kWh] 3.890 53.676 984
Intermediate energy price [$/kWh] 0.990 13.668 251
Base energy price [$/kWh] 0.917 12.655 232
Peninsular
Demand charge ($/kW) 105.837 1,460.544 26,779
Peak energy price [$/kWh] 3.702 51.093 937
Intermediate energy price [$/kWh] 0.884 12.199 224
Base energy price [$/kWh] 0.816 11.257 206
Tarifa H-TL
Averaged Annual (+VAT) Sum
Baja California
Demand charge ($/kW) 301.649 4,162.758 76,323
Peak energy price [$/kWh] 2.942 40.602 744
Intermediate energy price [$/kWh] 1.477 20.385 301
Intermediate energy price [$/kWh] 0.906 12.497 0
Base energy price [$/kWh] 0.800 11.034 202
Central
Demand charge ($/kW) 158.779 2,191.155 40,174
Peak energy price [$/kWh] 2.763 38.129 699
Intermediate energy price [$/kWh] 0.971 13.404 246
Base energy price [$/kWh] 0.917 12.655 232
Peninsular
Demand charge ($/kW) 158.779 2,191.155 40,174
Peak energy price [$/kWh] 2.575 35.538 652
Intermediate energy price [$/kWh] 0.865 11.933 219
Base energy price [$/kWh] 0.816 11.257 206
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Annex 16: Scenario 1 – Calculated costs of PV systems for full supply (residential sector)
Overall PV
CFE
Average O&M costs system
Overall PV minimum PV
consumption as net costs as
Radiation investment costs for generation
Tariff City per month of present net
costs consumption costs
PV user value present
of 25 kWh
value
[kWh/month] [kWh/m2/d] [$] [$] [$] [$] [$/kWh]
140 5.73 46,590 3,659 6,407 57,450 1.85
249 5.73 90,750 7,128 6,407 105,745 1.85
Durango
250 5.73 91,155 7,160 6,407 106,188 1.85
300 5.73 111,411 8,751 6,407 128,342 1.85
140 5.33 50,090 3,934 6,407 61,278 1.99
249 5.33 97,567 7,663 6,407 113,200 1.99
Oaxaca
250 5.33 98,002 7,698 6,407 113,677 1.99
300 5.33 119,780 9,408 6,407 137,494 1.99
140 5.58 47,844 3,758 6,407 58,821 1.90
249 5.58 93,191 7,320 6,407 108,415 1.90
1 Guadalajara
250 5.58 93,607 7,352 6,407 108,870 1.90
300 5.58 114,409 8,986 6,407 131,620 1.90
140 5.48 48,718 3,827 6,407 59,777 1.93
249 5.48 94,894 7,453 6,407 110,277 1.93
Puebla
250 5.48 95,317 7,487 6,407 110,740 1.93
300 5.48 116,499 9,150 6,407 133,905 1.93
140 4.91 54,342 4,268 6,407 65,928 2.16
Distrito 249 4.91 105,849 8,314 6,407 122,258 2.15
Federal 250 4.91 106,322 8,351 6,407 122,775 2.15
300 4.91 129,949 10,207 6,407 148,615 2.15
150 4.58 63,371 4,977 6,002 75,391 2.31
299 4.58 138,910 10,911 6,002 158,004 2.31
Cuautla
300 4.58 139,417 10,950 6,002 158,558 2.31
360 4.58 169,835 13,340 6,002 191,825 2.31
150 4.81 60,296 4,736 6,002 72,028 2.20
299 4.81 132,169 10,381 6,002 150,632 2.20
Tepic
300 4.81 132,651 10,419 6,002 151,159 2.20
360 4.81 161,593 12,692 6,002 182,811 2.20
1A
150 5.03 57,677 4,530 6,002 69,164 2.11
299 5.03 126,428 9,930 6,002 144,353 2.10
Nogales
300 5.03 126,889 9,967 6,002 144,858 2.10
360 5.03 154,574 12,141 6,002 175,135 2.10
150 5.05 57,411 4,509 6,002 68,873 2.10
299 5.05 125,844 9,884 6,002 143,714 2.09
Los Tuxtlas
300 5.05 126,303 9,921 6,002 144,217 2.09
360 5.05 153,860 12,085 6,002 174,354 2.09
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Overall PV
CFE
Average O&M costs system
Overall PV minimum PV
consumption as net costs as
Radiation investment costs for generation
Tariff City per month of present net
costs consumption costs
PV user value present
of 25 kWh
value
[kWh/month] [kWh/m2/d] [$] [$] [$] [$] [$/kWh]
200 5.92 69,120 5,429 6,002 81,679 1.80
399 5.92 147,719 11,603 6,002 167,638 1.80
Chihuahua
400 5.92 148,114 11,634 6,002 168,070 1.80
528 5.92 198,670 15,605 6,002 223,361 1.80
200 5.28 77,528 6,089 6,002 90,874 2.02
399 5.28 165,688 13,014 6,002 187,290 2.02
Acapulco
400 5.28 166,131 13,049 6,002 187,774 2.02
528 5.28 222,837 17,503 6,002 249,791 2.02
1B
200 4.87 83,918 6,591 6,002 97,862 2.19
399 4.87 179,344 14,087 6,002 202,225 2.19
Poza Rica
400 4.87 179,824 14,124 6,002 202,749 2.19
528 4.87 241,204 18,945 6,002 269,877 2.19
200 5.35 76,393 6,000 6,002 89,633 1.99
399 5.35 163,264 12,824 6,002 184,638 1.99
Riviera Maya
400 5.35 163,700 12,858 6,002 185,116 1.99
528 5.35 219,577 17,247 6,002 246,225 1.99
238 5.01 99,589 7,822 6,002 115,001 2.14
849 5.01 386,172 30,332 6,002 428,421 2.14
Cd. Juárez
850 5.01 386,641 30,369 6,002 428,933 2.14
1067 5.01 488,339 38,357 6,002 540,155 2.14
238 4.36 114,518 8,995 6,002 131,328 2.46
849 4.36 444,061 34,879 6,002 491,731 2.46
Monterrey
850 4.36 444,600 34,921 6,002 492,320 2.46
1067 4.36 561,543 44,106 6,002 620,214 2.46
1C
238 4.53 110,300 8,664 6,002 126,715 2.37
849 4.53 427,705 33,594 6,002 473,843 2.37
Tampico
850 4.53 428,224 33,635 6,002 474,411 2.37
1067 4.53 540,860 42,482 6,002 597,595 2.37
238 4.69 106,382 8,356 6,002 122,430 2.28
849 4.69 412,511 32,401 6,002 457,227 2.28
Mérida
850 4.69 413,012 32,440 6,002 457,774 2.28
1067 4.69 521,646 40,973 6,002 576,582 2.28
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Overall PV
CFE
Average O&M costs system
Overall PV minimum PV
consumption as net costs as
Radiation investment costs for generation
Tariff City per month of present net
costs consumption costs
PV user value present
of 25 kWh
value
[kWh/month] [kWh/m2/d] [$] [$] [$] [$] [$/kWh]
300 4.91 131,927 10,362 6,002 150,368 2.19
999 4.91 467,263 36,701 6,002 517,106 2.19
Mazatlán
1000 4.91 467,743 36,739 6,002 517,630 2.19
1320 4.91 621,258 48,797 6,002 685,522 2.19
300 5.74 112,780 8,858 6,002 129,427 1.87
999 5.74 399,445 31,375 6,002 442,937 1.87
La Paz
1000 5.74 399,856 31,407 6,002 443,386 1.87
1320 5.74 531,090 41,715 6,002 586,910 1.87
1D
300 5.21 124,348 9,767 6,002 142,079 2.06
999 5.21 440,419 34,593 6,002 487,748 2.06
Matamoros
1000 5.21 440,871 34,628 6,002 488,243 2.06
1320 5.21 585,568 45,994 6,002 646,489 2.06
300 5.58 115,961 9,108 6,002 132,906 1.92
Cd. 999 5.58 410,712 32,259 6,002 455,259 1.92
Altamirano 1000 5.58 411,133 32,293 6,002 455,720 1.92
1320 5.58 546,069 42,891 6,002 603,292 1.92
500 4.86 230,806 18,129 5,462 257,958 2.21
1999 4.86 959,180 75,339 5,462 1,054,541 2.21
Culiacán
2000 4.86 959,666 75,377 5,462 1,055,072 2.21
2640 4.86 1,270,646 99,803 5,462 1,395,174 2.21
500 6.05 185,344 14,558 5,462 208,239 1.78
1999 6.05 770,250 60,499 5,462 847,919 1.78
Guaymas
2000 6.05 770,641 60,530 5,462 848,346 1.78
2640 6.05 1,020,367 80,145 5,462 1,121,458 1.78
1E
500 4.54 246,853 19,389 5,462 275,508 2.37
1999 4.54 1,025,870 80,577 5,462 1,127,476 2.37
Reynosa
2000 4.54 1,026,390 80,618 5,462 1,128,044 2.37
2640 4.54 1,358,992 106,742 5,462 1,491,793 2.37
500 4.53 247,352 19,428 5,462 276,054 2.37
Piedras 1999 4.53 1,027,945 80,740 5,462 1,129,745 2.37
Negras 2000 4.53 1,028,465 80,781 5,462 1,130,314 2.37
2640 4.53 1,361,740 106,958 5,462 1,494,799 2.37
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Overall PV
CFE
Average O&M costs system
Overall PV minimum PV
consumption as net costs as
Radiation investment costs for generation
Tariff City per month of present net
costs consumption costs
PV user value present
of 25 kWh
value
[kWh/month] [kWh/m2/d] [$] [$] [$] [$] [$/kWh]
725 5.51 300,763 23,623 5,462 334,466 1.96
2499 5.51 1,062,983 83,492 5,462 1,168,064 1.96
Mexicali
2750 5.51 1,170,828 91,963 5,462 1,286,008 1.96
870 5.51 363,064 28,517 5,462 402,602 1.96
725 5.10 324,738 25,507 5,462 360,686 2.11
San Luis Rio 2499 5.10 1,147,716 90,148 5,462 1,260,732 2.11
Colorado 2750 5.10 1,264,157 99,293 5,462 1,388,078 2.11
870 5.10 392,005 30,790 5,462 434,252 2.11
1F
725 5.51 300,672 23,616 5,462 334,367 1.96
2499 5.51 1,062,661 83,467 5,462 1,167,712 1.96
Cd. Obregón
2750 5.51 1,170,473 91,935 5,462 1,285,621 1.96
870 5.51 362,954 28,508 5,462 402,481 1.96
725 6.03 274,971 21,598 5,462 306,260 1.79
2499 6.03 971,828 76,332 5,462 1,068,373 1.79
Hermosillo
2750 6.03 1,070,425 84,077 5,462 1,176,203 1.79
870 6.03 331,930 26,071 5,462 368,552 1.79
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Annex 17: Scenario 1 - Calculated costs of PV systems for partial supply (residential sector)
O&M Overall
Average PV system Electricity
Overall PV costs as costs as
consumption costs as costs as
Radiation investment net net
Tariff City per month of net present net present
costs present present
PV user value value
value value
140
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O&M Overall
Average PV system Electricity
Overall PV costs as costs as
consumption costs as costs as
Radiation investment net net
Tariff City per month of net present net present
costs present present
PV user value value
value value
141
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Annex
O&M Overall
Average PV system Electricity
Overall PV costs as costs as
consumption costs as costs as
Radiation investment net net
Tariff City per month of net present net present
costs present present
PV user value value
value value
142
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Annex
Annex 18: Scenario 1 – Key data for PV systems for partial electricity supply (residential sector)
PV Average
PV Average Average
portion of overall
Radiation generation tariff costs tariff costs
Tariff City electricity kWh costs
costs with PV without PV
demand with PV
143
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Annex
PV Average
PV Average Average
portion of overall
Radiation generation tariff costs tariff costs
Tariff City electricity kWh costs
costs with PV without PV
demand with PV
144
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Annex
PV Average
PV Average Average
portion of overall
Radiation generation tariff costs tariff costs
Tariff City electricity kWh costs
costs with PV without PV
demand with PV
145
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Annex
Annex 19: Scenario 2 – Key data for PV systems with partial electricity supply (residential sector)
PV Average
PV Average Average
portion of overall
Radiation generation tariff costs tariff costs
Tariff City electricity kWh costs
costs with PV without PV
demand with PV
146
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Annex
PV Average
PV Average Average
portion of overall
Radiation generation tariff costs tariff costs
Tariff City electricity kWh costs
costs with PV without PV
demand with PV
147
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Annex
PV Average
PV Average Average
portion of overall
Radiation generation tariff costs tariff costs
Tariff City electricity kWh costs
costs with PV without PV
demand with PV
148
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Annex
Annex 20: Scenario 3 – Key data for PV systems with partial electricity supply (residential sector)
PV Average
PV Average Average
portion of overall
Radiation generation tariff costs tariff costs
Tariff City electricity kWh costs
costs with PV without PV
demand with PV
149
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Annex
PV Average
PV Average Average
portion of overall
Radiation generation tariff costs tariff costs
Tariff City electricity kWh costs
costs with PV without PV
demand with PV
150
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Annex
PV Average
PV Average Average
portion of overall
Radiation generation tariff costs tariff costs
Tariff City electricity kWh costs
costs with PV without PV
demand with PV
151
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Annex
kW [kWh/month] $ $ $
270 160,217 160,248 -32 NO
2 135 80,737 80,753 -16 NO
540 319,175 319,238 -64 NO
63 4,600 4,733,216 4,775,732 -42,516 NO
26 2,300 2,289,406 2,311,915 -22,509 NO
3 100 9,200 8,128,271 8,215,805 -87,534 NO
100 2,300 5,892,148 5,914,657 -22,509 NO
26 9,200 4,525,529 4,613,063 -87,534 NO
50 5,300 2,441,066 2,530,577 -89,510 NO
10 2,650 823,900 868,655 -44,755 NO
Baja
California
99 10,600 4,855,690 5,034,711 -179,021 NO
99 2,650 3,177,257 3,222,013 -44,755 NO
10 10,600 2,502,333 2,681,354 -179,021 NO
50 5,300 2,833,046 2,914,003 -80,957 NO
10 2,650 941,688 982,166 -40,478 NO
O-M Central 99 10,600 5,634,437 5,796,350 -161,913 NO
99 2,650 3,759,044 3,799,522 -40,478 NO
10 10,600 2,817,081 2,978,994 -161,913 NO
50 5,300 2,622,340 2,708,419 -86,079 NO
10 2,650 874,604 917,643 -43,039 NO
Northeast 99 10,600 5,215,575 5,387,733 -172,158 NO
99 2,650 3,464,896 3,507,935 -43,039 NO
10 10,600 2,625,283 2,797,441 -172,158 NO
200 77,000 28,193,992 29,679,157 -1,485,165 NO
110 38,500 15,043,069 15,783,082 -740,013 NO
Baja
California
300 144,000 49,224,726 51,812,885 -2,588,159 NO
300 38,500 23,557,731 24,297,743 -740,013 NO
110 144,000 40,710,065 43,298,224 -2,588,159 NO
200 77,000 26,308,806 27,745,414 -1,436,608 NO
110 38,500 13,810,179 14,525,997 -715,819 NO
H-M Central 300 144,000 46,773,661 49,271,092 -2,497,431 NO
300 38,500 19,712,161 20,427,979 -715,819 NO
110 144,000 40,871,679 43,369,109 -2,497,431 NO
200 77,000 24,298,029 25,792,991 -1,494,963 NO
110 38,500 12,752,002 13,496,897 -744,895 NO
Northeast 300 144,000 43,208,632 45,815,099 -2,606,467 NO
300 38,500 18,178,889 18,923,784 -744,895 NO
110 144,000 37,781,745 40,388,212 -2,606,467 NO
200 60,000 20,601,356 21,566,253 -964,897 NO
110 30,000 10,670,289 11,154,881 -484,593 NO
H-MC Northeast 300 120,000 39,354,658 41,284,451 -1,929,794 NO
300 30,000 13,996,786 14,481,379 -484,593 NO
110 120,000 36,028,160 37,957,954 -1,929,794 NO
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kW [kWh/month] $ $ $
300 1,710,000 533,525,705 556,303,146 -22,777,441 NO
150 855,000 267,150,801 278,539,521 -11,388,720 NO
Baja
California
600 3,420,000 1,067,051,410 1,112,602,743 -45,551,333 NO
600 855,000 284,220,530 295,609,251 -11,388,720 NO
150 3,420,000 1,049,981,681 1,095,533,014 -45,551,333 NO
300 1,710,000 466,145,358 493,766,475 -27,621,117 NO
150 855,000 233,291,838 247,102,397 -13,810,558 NO
H-S Central 600 3,420,000 932,290,716 987,528,646 -55,237,930 NO
600 855,000 242,934,839 256,745,398 -13,810,558 NO
150 3,420,000 922,647,714 977,885,645 -55,237,930 NO
300 1,710,000 443,735,672 472,293,609 -28,557,937 NO
150 855,000 222,083,141 236,362,109 -14,278,969 NO
Northeast 600 3,420,000 887,471,344 944,582,769 -57,111,425 NO
600 855,000 231,556,552 245,835,520 -14,278,969 NO
150 3,420,000 877,997,933 935,109,358 -57,111,425 NO
300 3,980,000 1,047,624,244 1,104,647,663 -57,023,420 NO
150 1,990,000 523,812,122 552,325,741 -28,513,619 NO
Baja
California
600 7,960,000 2,095,248,488 2,209,295,327 -114,046,839 NO
600 1,990,000 549,987,205 578,500,824 -28,513,619 NO
150 7,960,000 2,069,073,404 2,183,120,244 -114,046,839 NO
300 3,980,000 933,933,105 999,104,192 -65,171,087 NO
150 1,990,000 466,966,552 499,554,278 -32,587,725 NO
H-SL Central 600 7,960,000 1,867,866,210 1,998,208,385 -130,342,175 NO
600 1,990,000 481,753,958 514,341,683 -32,587,725 NO
150 7,960,000 1,853,078,805 1,983,420,979 -130,342,175 NO
300 3,980,000 883,804,955 951,186,346 -67,381,391 NO
150 1,990,000 441,902,478 475,595,429 -33,692,951 NO
Northeast 600 7,960,000 1,767,609,910 1,902,372,693 -134,762,783 NO
600 1,990,000 456,438,635 490,131,586 -33,692,951 NO
150 7,960,000 1,753,073,753 1,887,836,536 -134,762,783 NO
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Annex
kW [kWh/month] $ $ $
500 8,100,000 2,409,973,050 2,522,921,306 -112,948,256 NO
250 4,050,000 1,204,986,525 1,261,460,653 -56,474,128 NO
Baja
California
1,000 16,200,000 4,819,946,099 5,045,838,896 -225,892,797 NO
1,000 4,050,000 1,232,188,804 1,288,662,932 -56,474,128 NO
250 16,200,000 4,792,743,820 5,018,636,617 -225,892,797 NO
500 8,100,000 2,076,192,071 2,214,570,693 -138,378,622 NO
250 4,050,000 1,038,096,035 1,107,285,346 -69,189,311 NO
H-T Central 1,000 16,200,000 4,152,384,142 4,429,136,833 -276,752,692 NO
1,000 4,050,000 1,052,415,671 1,121,604,982 -69,189,311 NO
250 16,200,000 4,138,064,506 4,414,817,198 -276,752,692 NO
500 8,100,000 1,904,044,470 2,050,096,000 -146,051,530 NO
250 4,050,000 952,022,235 1,025,048,000 -73,025,765 NO
Peninsula 1,000 16,200,000 3,808,088,940 4,100,187,195 -292,098,255 NO
1,000 4,050,000 966,341,871 1,039,367,635 -73,025,765 NO
250 16,200,000 3,793,769,304 4,085,867,559 -292,098,255 NO
500 39,000,000 9,843,379,315 10,429,803,628 -586,424,313 NO
250 19,500,000 4,921,689,658 5,214,899,811 -293,210,153 NO
Baja
California
1,000 78,000,000 19,686,758,631 20,859,607,257 -1,172,848,626 NO
1,000 19,500,000 4,962,502,643 5,255,712,797 -293,210,153 NO
250 78,000,000 19,645,945,645 20,818,794,271 -1,172,848,626 NO
500 39,000,000 8,681,379,698 9,351,560,368 -670,180,670 NO
250 19,500,000 4,340,689,849 4,675,777,895 -335,088,046 NO
H-TL Central 1,000 78,000,000 17,362,759,397 18,703,120,736 -1,340,361,340 NO
1,000 19,500,000 4,362,172,624 4,697,260,669 -335,088,046 NO
250 78,000,000 17,341,276,622 18,681,637,962 -1,340,361,340 NO
500 39,000,000 7,851,525,880 8,558,678,221 -707,152,341 NO
250 19,500,000 3,925,762,940 4,279,336,695 -353,573,755 NO
Peninsula 1,000 78,000,000 15,703,051,760 17,117,356,442 -1,414,304,682 NO
1,000 19,500,000 3,947,245,714 4,300,819,469 -353,573,755 NO
250 78,000,000 15,681,568,985 17,095,873,668 -1,414,304,682 NO
Source: Own display
154
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Annex
155
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Annex
156
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Annex
157
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Annex
158
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Annex
159
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Annex
160
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Annex
Annex 24: Potential PV system capacities for macro-approach “No tariff change”
161
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Annex
Annex 26: Scenario 1 - Cost comparison for different solar radiation data (residential sector)
Radiation -15% Radiation ±0 Radiation +15%
Cost Cost Cost
Consumption difference PV Cost difference PV Cost difference PV Cost
Tariff City
(partial) - saving (partial) - saving (partial) - saving
tariff tariff tariff
[kWh/month] [$] [$] [$]
140 0 No 0 No 0 No
249 -46,880 No -29,095 No -16,815 No
Durango
250 24,845 Yes 42,502 Yes 55,895 Yes
300 41,740 Yes 53,116 Yes 61,737 Yes
140 0 No 0 No 0 No
249 -51,252 No -33,386 No -20,055 No
Oaxaca
250 23,369 Yes 41,303 Yes 55,535 Yes
300 19,272 Yes 21,700 Yes 33,750 Yes
140 0 No 0 No 0 No
249 -51,960 No -33,223 No -19,765 No
1 Guadalajara
250 19,758 Yes 38,558 Yes 52,080 Yes
300 17,973 Yes 32,677 Yes 32,680 Yes
140 0 No 0 No 0 No
249 -48,273 No -30,615 No -18,070 No
Puebla
250 26,355 Yes 44,083 Yes 56,699 Yes
300 15,129 Yes 23,056 Yes 28,912 Yes
140 0 No 0 No 0 No
Distrito 249 -63,282 No -43,285 No -28,711 No
Federal 250 24,084 Yes 44,137 Yes 58,769 Yes
300 23,903 Yes 32,964 Yes 39,733 Yes
150 0 No 0 No 0 No
299 -105,335 No -76,469 No -55,290 No
Cuautla
300 -20,737 No 8,182 Yes 29,416 Yes
360 5,078 Yes 16,984 Yes 33,529 Yes
150 0 No 0 No 0 No
299 -94,779 No -66,989 No -46,778 No
Tepic
300 -13,642 No 14,202 Yes 34,467 Yes
360 11,902 Yes 23,142 Yes 31,702 Yes
1A
150 0 No 0 No 0 No
299 -86,483 No -60,899 No -41,980 No
Nogales
300 -5,344 No 20,290 Yes 39,260 Yes
360 17,174 Yes 27,376 Yes 35,085 Yes
150 0 No 0 No 0 No
299 -85,735 No -60,145 No -41,220 No
Los Tuxtlas
300 -1,110 No 24,540 Yes 44,180 Yes
360 13,088 Yes 23,294 Yes 31,001 Yes
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163
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Annex
164
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Annex
Annex 27: Scenario 2 - Cost comparison for different solar radiation data (residential sector)
Radiation -15% Radiation ±0 Radiation +15%
Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost
Consumption difference difference difference difference difference difference
Tariff City
PV (full) - PV (partial) - PV (full) - PV (partial) - PV (full) - PV (partial) -
tariff tariff tariff tariff tariff tariff
[kWh/month] [$] [$] [$] [$] [$] [$]
140 -48,731 0 -34,345 0 -23,711 0
249 -42,282 8,448 -14,259 23,427 6,454 32,547
Durango
250 63,913 114,580 92,061 128,626 112,867 140,126
300 69,065 112,636 103,469 121,915 128,897 128,633
140 -55,936 0 -40,469 0 -29,036 0
249 -56,315 4,998 -26,187 19,352 -3,919 30,017
Oaxaca
250 54,092 115,385 84,355 129,839 106,723 141,827
300 56,967 65,495 93,954 63,113 121,293 77,102
140 -51,312 0 -36,538 0 -25,618 0
249 -47,308 6,189 -18,531 21,079 2,739 31,931
1 Guadalajara
250 58,864 112,309 87,770 127,293 109,135 138,238
300 62,894 64,329 98,223 80,729 124,336 76,273
140 -53,111 0 -38,067 0 -26,948 0
249 -50,812 7,144 -21,510 21,193 149 31,447
Puebla
250 59,620 117,542 89,053 131,693 110,808 142,050
300 63,723 57,920 99,697 64,363 126,286 69,249
140 -64,690 0 -47,909 0 -35,506 0
Distrito 249 -73,365 -3,754 -40,680 12,243 -16,521 23,991
Federal 250 55,739 125,358 88,570 141,439 112,837 153,271
300 58,562 76,017 98,689 83,382 128,349 88,867
150 -85,646 0 -66,078 0 -51,614 0
299 -108,066 -26,136 -65,172 -3,056 -33,467 13,937
Cuautla
300 16,955 98,909 60,006 122,069 91,826 139,141
360 11,584 59,511 64,028 68,825 102,791 87,929
150 -79,316 0 -60,697 0 -46,935 0
299 -94,189 -15,088 -53,377 7,156 -23,211 23,469
Tepic
300 25,752 104,872 66,714 127,196 96,990 143,588
360 22,395 68,049 72,294 77,129 109,175 83,758
1A
150 -73,950 0 -56,139 0 -42,975 0
299 -82,397 -12,564 -43,357 7,926 -14,501 23,083
Nogales
300 37,613 107,399 76,796 127,963 105,757 143,194
360 36,844 71,335 84,575 79,633 119,855 85,754
150 -73,376 0 -55,648 0 -42,544 0
299 -81,169 -11,466 -42,309 9,033 -13,587 24,199
Los Tuxtlas
300 43,950 113,621 82,952 134,207 111,779 149,681
360 44,470 65,331 91,981 73,635 127,098 79,754
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Annex
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Annex
167
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Annex
Annex 28: Scenario 3 - Cost comparison for different solar radiation data (residential sector)
Radiation -15% Radiation ±0 Radiation +15%
Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost
Consumption difference difference difference difference difference difference
Tariff City
PV (full) - PV (partial) - PV (full) - PV (partial) - PV (full) - PV (partial) -
tariff tariff tariff tariff tariff tariff
[kWh/month] [$] [$] [$] [$] [$] [$]
140 -12,765 0 -3,773 0 2,873 0
249 27,776 43,108 45,290 53,088 58,236 58,209
Durango
250 134,284 149,573 151,876 158,287 164,879 166,121
300 155,073 135,632 176,575 141,578 192,468 145,630
140 -17,267 0 -7,600 0 -455 0
249 19,005 40,992 37,835 50,013 51,753 56,678
Oaxaca
250 129,749 151,711 148,663 160,833 162,643 168,822
300 149,436 82,158 172,553 77,111 189,639 89,433
140 -14,377 0 -5,144 0 1,681 0
249 24,634 43,182 42,620 52,406 55,913 59,259
1 Guadalajara
250 131,128 149,636 149,194 158,953 162,547 165,900
300 151,216 81,326 173,297 95,393 189,617 88,937
140 -15,502 0 -6,099 0 850 0
249 22,444 42,138 40,758 50,854 54,295 57,443
Puebla
250 133,203 152,869 151,599 161,687 165,196 168,378
300 153,658 73,917 176,142 78,027 192,760 81,247
140 -22,738 0 -12,251 0 -4,499 0
Distrito 249 8,348 36,238 28,777 46,236 43,876 53,652
Federal 250 137,817 165,684 158,337 175,765 173,504 183,265
300 158,880 94,347 183,960 99,045 202,497 102,531
150 -36,725 0 -24,494 0 -15,455 0
299 -830 31,520 25,979 45,935 45,794 56,595
Cuautla
300 124,582 156,898 151,489 171,393 171,377 182,133
360 142,694 82,840 175,472 88,488 199,698 105,259
150 -32,768 0 -21,131 0 -12,530 0
299 7,843 40,568 33,351 54,481 52,205 64,795
Tepic
300 128,157 160,862 153,758 174,853 172,680 185,246
360 147,142 90,712 178,329 96,459 201,380 100,422
1A
150 -29,424 0 -18,292 0 -10,065 0
299 15,204 38,760 39,604 51,584 57,639 61,076
Nogales
300 135,570 159,056 160,059 171,955 178,160 181,520
360 156,173 91,998 186,005 97,296 208,055 101,085
150 -29,056 0 -17,976 0 -9,786 0
299 15,981 39,858 40,268 52,692 58,220 62,192
Los Tuxtlas
300 141,454 165,278 165,830 178,198 183,847 187,674
360 163,248 85,994 192,942 91,299 214,890 95,085
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170
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Annex 29: Scenario 1 - Cost comparison for different discount rates (residential sector)
Discount rate 4% Discount rate 8% Discount rate 12%
Cost Cost Cost
Cost
Consumption difference PV Cost difference PV Cost difference PV Cost
Tariff City difference PV
(partial) - saving (partial) - saving (partial) - saving
(full) - tariff
tariff tariff tariff
[kWh/month] [$] [$] [$] [$]
140 -57,705 0 No 0 No 0 No
249 -59,902 609 Yes -29,095 No -46,663 No
Durango
250 45,927 105,524 Yes 42,502 Yes 5,140 Yes
300 47,106 106,501 Yes 53,116 Yes 21,453 Yes
140 -65,574 0 No 0 No 0 No
249 -75,230 -4,221 No -33,386 No -50,631 No
Oaxaca
250 34,794 105,712 Yes 41,303 Yes 3,122 Yes
300 33,405 52,205 Yes 21,700 Yes 3,614 Yes
140 -60,523 0 No 0 No 0 No
249 -65,392 -3,011 No -33,223 No -51,088 No
1 Guadalajara
250 40,412 102,661 Yes 38,558 Yes 561 Yes
300 40,366 69,262 Yes 32,677 Yes 10,981 Yes
140 -62,488 0 No 0 No 0 No
249 -69,219 -1,618 No -30,615 No -47,763 No
Puebla
250 40,832 108,328 Yes 44,083 Yes 5,997 Yes
300 40,784 53,707 Yes 23,056 Yes 4,883 Yes
140 -75,135 0 No 0 No 0 No
Distrito 249 -93,853 -13,868 No -43,285 No -60,671 No
Federal 250 34,811 114,723 Yes 44,137 Yes 2,295 Yes
300 33,009 71,140 Yes 32,964 Yes 10,325 Yes
150 -97,799 0 No 0 No 0 No
299 -134,921 -40,630 No -76,469 No -97,630 No
Cuautla
300 -10,336 83,901 Yes 8,182 Yes -36,669 No
360 -21,637 53,555 Yes 16,984 Yes -4,690 No
150 -90,885 0 No 0 No 0 No
299 -119,764 -29,167 No -66,989 No -89,332 No
Tepic
300 -241 90,292 Yes 14,202 Yes -30,875 No
360 -9,245 62,092 Yes 23,142 Yes 53 Yes
1A
150 -85,021 0 No 0 No 0 No
299 -106,881 -25,587 No -60,899 No -81,760 No
Nogales
300 12,715 93,870 Yes 20,290 Yes -23,304 No
360 6,537 65,868 Yes 27,376 Yes 4,556 Yes
150 -84,397 0 No 0 No 0 No
299 -105,542 -24,483 No -60,145 No -81,215 No
Los Tuxtlas
300 19,149 100,097 Yes 24,540 Yes -20,230 No
360 14,282 59,886 Yes 23,294 Yes 1,603 Yes
171
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Annex 30: Scenario 2 - Cost comparison for different discount rates (residential sector)
Discount rate 4% Discount rate 8% Discount rate 12%
Cost Cost Cost
Cost Cost Cost
Consumption difference PV difference PV difference PV
Tariff City difference PV difference PV difference PV
(partial) - (partial) - (partial) -
(full) - tariff (full) - tariff (full) - tariff
tariff tariff tariff
[kWh/month] [$] [$] [$] [$] [$] [$]
140 -14,670 0 -34,345 0 -45,968 0
249 48,561 68,924 -14,259 23,427 -51,451 -3,539
Durango
250 204,668 223,078 92,061 128,626 25,292 72,577
300 236,887 201,583 103,469 121,915 24,363 74,627
140 -20,965 0 -40,469 0 -51,985 0
249 36,298 64,119 -26,187 19,352 -63,172 -7,178
Oaxaca
250 198,615 226,411 84,355 129,839 16,612 72,534
300 229,350 108,809 93,954 63,113 13,686 35,996
140 -16,925 0 -36,538 0 -48,123 0
249 44,168 67,427 -18,531 21,079 -55,649 -6,389
1 Guadalajara
250 200,256 223,457 87,770 127,293 21,075 70,231
300 231,494 135,401 98,223 80,729 19,209 48,281
140 -18,497 0 -38,067 0 -49,626 0
249 41,107 65,651 -21,510 21,193 -58,576 -5,155
Puebla
250 203,445 227,962 89,053 131,693 21,228 74,566
300 235,253 110,252 99,697 64,363 19,328 37,130
140 -28,614 0 -47,909 0 -59,296 0
Distrito 249 21,400 57,588 -40,680 12,243 -77,412 -14,624
Federal 250 211,160 247,295 88,570 141,439 15,891 78,624
300 244,070 140,454 98,689 83,382 12,503 49,510
150 -48,327 0 -66,078 0 -76,534 0
299 10,813 52,663 -65,172 -3,056 -110,119 -36,052
Cuautla
300 194,631 236,404 60,006 122,069 -19,778 54,250
360 223,806 123,787 64,028 68,825 -30,655 36,215
150 -42,795 0 -60,697 0 -71,247 0
299 22,938 65,683 -53,377 7,156 -98,529 -27,512
Tepic
300 199,283 241,973 66,714 127,196 -11,857 59,110
360 229,610 135,567 72,294 77,129 -20,939 42,453
1A
150 -38,122 0 -56,139 0 -66,762 0
299 33,228 62,535 -43,357 7,926 -88,677 -24,423
Nogales
300 209,648 238,821 76,796 127,963 -1,951 62,198
360 242,235 137,293 84,575 79,633 -8,871 45,416
150 -37,605 0 -55,648 0 -66,286 0
299 34,316 64,158 -42,309 9,033 -87,654 -23,622
Los Tuxtlas
300 218,219 247,971 82,952 134,207 2,769 66,716
360 252,541 128,504 91,981 73,635 -3,189 41,077
174
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175
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176
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Annex
Annex 31: Scenario 3 - Cost comparison for different discount rates (residential sector)
Discount rate 4% Discount rate 8% Discount rate 12%
Cost Cost Cost
Cost Cost Cost
Consumption difference PV difference PV difference PV
Tariff City difference PV difference PV difference PV
(partial) - (partial) - (partial) -
(full) - tariff (full) - tariff (full) - tariff
tariff tariff tariff
[kWh/month] [$] [$] [$] [$] [$] [$]
140 16,757 0 -3,773 0 -15,929 0
249 109,775 99,415 45,290 53,088 7,060 25,605
Durango
250 266,156 253,569 151,876 158,287 84,064 101,721
300 312,039 221,796 176,575 141,578 96,197 93,948
140 12,823 0 -7,600 0 -19,689 0
249 102,112 95,638 37,835 50,013 -265 22,949
Oaxaca
250 264,722 258,272 148,663 160,833 79,799 102,988
300 310,147 123,198 172,553 77,111 90,915 49,749
140 15,348 0 -5,144 0 -17,276 0
249 107,030 99,630 42,620 52,406 4,436 24,393
1 Guadalajara
250 263,399 256,004 149,194 158,953 81,429 101,340
300 308,669 150,475 173,297 95,393 92,975 62,690
140 14,366 0 -6,099 0 -18,215 0
249 105,117 96,141 40,758 50,854 2,607 23,989
Puebla
250 267,741 258,795 151,599 161,687 82,685 104,038
300 313,837 124,298 176,142 78,027 94,442 50,556
140 8,042 0 -12,251 0 -24,259 0
Distrito 249 92,800 92,533 28,777 46,236 -9,166 18,777
Federal 250 282,878 282,583 158,337 175,765 84,442 112,353
300 331,727 156,556 183,960 99,045 96,288 64,901
150 -5,580 0 -24,494 0 -35,676 0
299 104,514 103,024 25,979 45,935 -20,556 12,085
Cuautla
300 288,674 287,108 151,489 171,393 70,112 102,715
360 338,368 144,000 175,472 88,488 78,847 55,535
150 -2,123 0 -21,131 0 -32,371 0
299 112,092 114,332 33,351 54,481 -13,312 18,988
Tepic
300 288,763 290,964 153,758 174,853 73,670 105,938
360 338,612 155,437 178,329 96,459 83,249 61,446
1A
150 784 0 -18,292 0 -29,575 0
299 118,509 107,415 39,604 51,584 -7,162 18,475
Nogales
300 295,240 284,044 160,059 171,955 79,862 105,423
360 346,503 155,450 186,005 97,296 90,791 62,772
150 1,121 0 -17,976 0 -29,270 0
299 119,203 109,038 40,268 52,692 -6,516 19,276
Los Tuxtlas
300 303,417 293,193 165,830 178,198 84,203 109,941
360 356,327 146,661 192,942 91,299 96,013 58,432
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Annex
Annex 32: Scenario 1 - Cost comparison for different discount rates (industry and services sectors)
Discount rate 4% 8% 12%
Radiation 6 kWh/m2/d 5 kWh/m2/d 4,5 kWh/m2/d 6 kWh/m2/d 5 kWh/m2/d 4,5 kWh/m2/d 6 kWh/m2/d 5 kWh/m2/d 4,5 kWh/m2/d
Average
charged Average
Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost
capacity consumption
Tariff difference difference difference difference difference difference difference difference difference
demand per per month of
PV - tariff PV - tariff PV - tariff PV - tariff PV - tariff PV - tariff PV - tariff PV - tariff PV - tariff
month of PV PV user
user
kW [kWh/month] $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
270 3,247 1,379 446 -32 -1,321 -1,966 -1,989 -2,933 -3,404
2 135 1,623 828 312 -16 -793 -1,376 -995 -1,760 -2,383
540 6,494 2,759 1,337 -64 -2,642 -5,898 -3,979 -5,865 -10,213
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Annex
Annex 33: Scenario 2 - Cost comparison for different discount rates (industry and service sectors)
Discount rate 4% 8% 12%
Radiation 6 kWh/m2/d 5 kWh/m2/d 4,5 kWh/m2/d 6 kWh/m2/d 5 kWh/m2/d 4,5 kWh/m2/d 6 kWh/m2/d 5 kWh/m2/d 4,5 kWh/m2/d
Average
charged Average
capacity consumption Cost difference Cost difference Cost difference Cost difference Cost difference Cost difference Cost difference Cost difference Cost difference
Tariff
demand per per month of PV - tariff PV - tariff PV - tariff PV - tariff PV - tariff PV - tariff PV - tariff PV - tariff PV - tariff
month of PV PV user
user
kW [kWh/month] $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
270 9,349 6,730 5,420 4,636 2,827 1,923 1,819 496 -166
2 135 4,675 4,038 3,794 2,318 1,696 1,346 909 297 -116
540 18,699 13,460 16,261 9,272 5,655 5,770 3,638 992 -497
63 4,600 73,664 53,548 38,139 19,937 -1,226 -15,502 -12,153 -33,928 -47,518
26 2,300 38,999 25,499 19,899 10,555 -584 -8,088 -6,434 -16,156 -24,792
3 100 9,200 151,662 104,546 76,279 41,047 -2,394 -31,003 -25,020 -66,240 -95,035
100 2,300 38,999 25,499 19,899 10,555 -584 -8,088 -6,434 -16,156 -24,792
26 9,200 151,662 104,546 76,279 41,047 -2,394 -31,003 -25,020 -66,240 -95,035
50 5,300 6,436 -19,031 -36,459 -31,933 -56,790 -74,278 -54,821 -79,298 -96,812
10 2,650 3,218 -9,515 -17,554 -15,966 -28,395 -35,764 -27,410 -39,649 -46,613
Baja
99 10,600 12,872 -38,061 -71,567 -63,866 -113,580 -145,805 -109,641 -158,596 -190,037
Calfornia
99 2,650 3,218 -9,515 -17,554 -15,966 -28,395 -35,764 -27,410 -39,649 -46,613
10 10,600 12,872 -38,061 -71,567 -63,866 -113,580 -145,805 -109,641 -158,596 -190,037
50 5,300 23,814 -1,653 -18,864 -19,935 -44,792 -62,131 -46,043 -70,521 -87,924
10 2,650 11,907 -826 -9,082 -9,968 -22,396 -29,915 -23,022 -35,260 -42,334
O-M Central 99 10,600 47,627 -3,306 -37,029 -39,871 -89,585 -121,961 -92,086 -141,041 -172,592
99 2,650 11,907 -826 -9,082 -9,968 -22,396 -29,915 -23,022 -35,260 -42,334
10 10,600 47,627 -3,306 -37,029 -39,871 -89,585 -121,961 -92,086 -141,041 -172,592
50 5,300 13,407 -12,059 -29,400 -27,120 -51,977 -69,405 -51,299 -75,777 -93,246
10 2,650 6,704 -6,030 -14,156 -13,560 -25,988 -33,417 -25,650 -37,888 -44,896
Northeast 99 10,600 26,814 -24,119 -57,711 -54,240 -103,954 -136,240 -102,599 -151,554 -183,039
99 2,650 6,704 -6,030 -14,156 -13,560 -25,988 -33,417 -25,650 -37,888 -44,896
10 10,600 26,814 -24,119 -57,711 -54,240 -103,954 -136,240 -102,599 -151,554 -183,039
200 77,000 -296,527 -664,902 -909,060 -730,353 -1,090,165 -1,327,843 -988,907 -1,343,380 -1,577,040
110 38,500 -147,750 -331,493 -455,711 -363,913 -543,512 -665,646 -492,742 -669,754 -790,568
Baja
300 144,000 -400,886 -1,059,481 -1,497,901 -1,215,161 -1,859,263 -2,287,062 -1,700,556 -2,335,600 -2,756,789
Calfornia
300 38,500 -147,750 -331,493 -455,711 -363,913 -543,512 -665,646 -492,742 -669,754 -790,568
110 144,000 -400,886 -1,059,481 -1,497,901 -1,215,161 -1,859,263 -2,287,062 -1,700,556 -2,335,600 -2,756,789
200 77,000 -197,882 -566,201 -810,501 -662,250 -1,022,022 -1,259,799 -939,081 -1,293,526 -1,527,258
110 38,500 -98,599 -282,285 -406,303 -329,979 -509,539 -631,535 -467,916 -644,899 -765,612
H-M Central 300 144,000 -216,567 -874,878 -1,313,326 -1,087,910 -1,731,816 -2,159,634 -1,607,456 -2,242,357 -2,663,560
300 38,500 -98,599 -282,285 -406,303 -329,979 -509,539 -631,535 -467,916 -644,899 -765,612
110 144,000 -216,567 -874,878 -1,313,326 -1,087,910 -1,731,816 -2,159,634 -1,607,456 -2,242,357 -2,663,560
200 77,000 -316,432 -684,819 -928,948 -744,095 -1,103,915 -1,341,573 -998,961 -1,353,440 -1,587,086
110 38,500 -157,669 -341,423 -465,681 -370,760 -550,367 -672,529 -497,752 -674,770 -795,604
Northeast 300 144,000 -438,079 -1,096,732 -1,535,146 -1,240,839 -1,884,981 -2,312,775 -1,719,342 -2,354,416 -2,775,601
300 38,500 -157,669 -341,423 -465,681 -370,760 -550,367 -672,529 -497,752 -674,770 -795,604
110 144,000 -438,079 -1,096,732 -1,535,146 -1,240,839 -1,884,981 -2,312,775 -1,719,342 -2,354,416 -2,775,601
181
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183
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Annex
Annex 34: Scenario 3 - Cost comparison for different discount rates (industry and services sectors)
Discount rate 4% 8% 12%
Radiation 6 kWh/m2/d 5 kWh/m2/d 4,5 kWh/m2/d 6 kWh/m2/d 5 kWh/m2/d 4,5 kWh/m2/d 6 kWh/m2/d 5 kWh/m2/d 4,5 kWh/m2/d
Average
charged Average
capacity consumption Cost difference Cost difference Cost difference Cost difference Cost difference Cost difference Cost difference Cost difference Cost difference
Tariff
demand per per month of PV - tariff PV - tariff PV - tariff PV - tariff PV - tariff PV - tariff PV - tariff PV - tariff PV - tariff
month of PV PV user
user
kW [kWh/month] $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $
270 12,167 9,476 8,131 7,263 5,406 4,477 4,331 2,972 2,292
2 135 6,084 5,686 5,692 3,632 3,243 3,134 2,166 1,783 1,604
540 24,335 18,953 24,392 14,527 10,811 13,430 8,662 5,944 6,876
63 4,600 119,235 103,634 93,843 62,994 48,812 39,779 29,375 16,051 7,476
26 2,300 56,111 51,817 46,922 29,644 24,406 19,890 13,824 8,025 3,738
3 100 9,200 238,471 207,267 191,952 125,987 97,624 81,367 58,751 32,102 15,292
100 2,300 56,111 51,817 46,922 29,644 24,406 19,890 13,824 8,025 3,738
26 9,200 238,471 207,267 191,952 125,987 97,624 81,367 58,751 32,102 15,292
50 5,300 54,958 40,187 30,540 16,344 1,599 -8,471 -6,720 -21,440 -31,757
10 2,650 28,925 20,967 15,270 8,602 834 -4,236 -3,537 -11,186 -15,879
Baja
99 10,600 112,809 80,374 61,080 33,548 3,198 -16,943 -13,795 -42,881 -63,514
Calfornia
99 2,650 28,925 20,967 15,270 8,602 834 -4,236 -3,537 -11,186 -15,879
10 10,600 112,809 80,374 61,080 33,548 3,198 -16,943 -13,795 -42,881 -63,514
50 5,300 71,919 57,297 47,947 28,054 13,412 3,547 1,847 -12,798 -22,965
10 2,650 37,852 29,894 23,974 14,765 6,997 1,773 972 -6,677 -11,482
O-M Central 99 10,600 147,624 114,593 95,895 57,584 26,823 7,093 3,790 -25,596 -45,929
99 2,650 37,852 29,894 23,974 14,765 6,997 1,773 972 -6,677 -11,482
10 10,600 147,624 114,593 95,895 57,584 26,823 7,093 3,790 -25,596 -45,929
50 5,300 61,762 47,051 37,523 21,042 6,338 -3,650 -3,284 -17,973 -28,230
10 2,650 32,506 24,548 18,762 11,075 3,307 -1,825 -1,728 -9,377 -14,115
Northeast 99 10,600 126,775 94,101 75,046 43,191 12,676 -7,300 -6,740 -35,947 -56,460
99 2,650 32,506 24,548 18,762 11,075 3,307 -1,825 -1,728 -9,377 -14,115
10 10,600 126,775 94,101 75,046 43,191 12,676 -7,300 -6,740 -35,947 -56,460
200 77,000 423,682 200,529 51,014 -26,923 -245,780 -391,063 -295,937 -512,091 -654,756
110 38,500 212,595 100,264 25,575 -13,509 -122,890 -196,053 -148,495 -256,046 -328,251
Baja
300 144,000 886,339 486,229 219,641 40,625 -349,647 -609,723 -464,327 -848,480 -1,104,505
Calfornia
300 38,500 212,595 100,264 25,575 -13,509 -122,890 -196,053 -148,495 -256,046 -328,251
110 144,000 886,339 486,229 219,641 40,625 -349,647 -609,723 -464,327 -848,480 -1,104,505
200 77,000 522,224 299,304 149,643 41,109 -177,587 -322,971 -246,163 -462,200 -604,938
110 38,500 262,041 149,652 75,021 20,628 -88,793 -161,916 -123,519 -231,100 -303,276
H-M Central 300 144,000 1,070,799 670,630 404,013 167,974 -222,339 -482,435 -371,157 -755,339 -1,011,379
300 38,500 262,041 149,652 75,021 20,628 -88,793 -161,916 -123,519 -231,100 -303,276
110 144,000 1,070,799 670,630 404,013 167,974 -222,339 -482,435 -371,157 -755,339 -1,011,379
200 77,000 403,798 180,597 31,111 -40,651 -259,541 -404,803 -305,980 -522,159 -664,809
110 38,500 202,618 90,298 15,597 -20,398 -129,770 -202,941 -153,535 -261,079 -333,291
Northeast 300 144,000 849,118 449,019 182,437 14,928 -375,336 -635,408 -483,128 -867,275 -1,123,297
300 38,500 202,618 90,298 15,597 -20,398 -129,770 -202,941 -153,535 -261,079 -333,291
110 144,000 849,118 449,019 182,437 14,928 -375,336 -635,408 -483,128 -867,275 -1,123,297
184
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185
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186
Market Niches for Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems in Mexico
Bibliography
Bibliography
187
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Bibliography
188