SEMANA

5
INGLÉS
REPASO INTENSIVO SAN MARCOS
Conditionals
Los condicionales se emplean para especular acerca de lo que podría ocurrir, lo que puede haber ocurrido y lo que
desearíamos que ocurriese. En inglés, la mayoría de las oraciones que emplean el tiempo verbal condicional contienen el
término “if”. Muchas de las construcciones condicionales del inglés se utilizan en oraciones que incluyen verbos en pasado.
Este uso se denomina “el pasado irreal” porque empleamos un tiempo verbal de pasado pero no estamos refiriéndonos a
algo que haya sucedido realmente. Hay cinco formas principales de construir oraciones condicionales en inglés. En todos los
casos, se componen de una proposición o cláusula con “if” y una proposición principal. En muchas oraciones condicionales
negativas existe una construcción alternativa equivalente que usa “unless” en lugar de “if”.

Tipo de oración Tiempo verbal de la Tiempo verbal de la

Uso
condicional proposición “if ” proposición principal
Tipo 0 Hechos generales Simple present Simple present
Una condición posible y su resultado
Tipo 1 Simple present Simple future
probable
Una condición hipotética y su resultado Present conditional o Present
Tipo 2 Simple past
probable continuous conditional
Una condición no real del pasado y su
Tipo 3 Past perfect Perfect conditional
resultado probable en el pasado
Una condición no real del pasado y su
Mixto Past perfect Present conditional
resultado probable en el presente

Condicional tipo cero Proposición “if ” Proposición principal

El “zero conditional” se utiliza cuando el tiempo al que nos
If + simple present simple future
referimos es ahora o siempre y la situación es real y posible.
If this thing happens that thing will happen.
Este tipo de condicional suele emplearse para hablar de
If you don’t hurry you will miss the train.
hechos generales. El tiempo verbal de ambas proposiciones
If it rains today you will get wet.
es el “simple present”. En las oraciones condicionales de
tipo 0, el término “if ” puede normalmente sustituirse por
Condicional tipo 2
“when” sin que cambie el significado. El “type 2 conditional” se utiliza para referirse a un tiempo
que puede ser ahora o en cualquier momento y a una
Proposición “if ” Proposición principal situación que no es real. Estas oraciones no aluden a hechos.
El condicional tipo 2 se emplea para hacer referencia a
If + simple present simple present una condición hipotética y su resultado probable. En estas
If this thing happens that thing happens. oraciones, la proposición “if ” adopta el “simple past” y la
If you heat ice it melts. cláusula principal el “present conditional”.
If it rains the grass gets wet.
Proposición “if ” Proposición principal
present conditional o present
If + simple past
continuous conditional
Condicional tipo 1
El “type 1 conditional” se emplea para referirse al presente that thing would happen. (no tengo
If this thing
seguridad de que tal cosa sucedería) O
o futuro cuando la situación es real. El condicional tipo 1 se happened
that thing would be happening.
refiere a una condición posible y su resultado probable. En If you went to
you would not be so tired.
estas oraciones, la cláusula “if ” adopta el “simple present” bed earlier
y la proposición principal el “simple future”. If it rained you would get wet.
If I spoke Italian I would be working in Italy.

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 Academia ADUNI

Condicional tipo 3 Semana 5: Conditionals

El “type 3 conditional” se emplea para referirse a un
tiempo situado en el pasado y a una situación contraria a Text N°1
la realidad. Se basa en unos hechos que son opuestos a HARRIET TUBMAN
lo que se está expresando. El condicional tipo 3 se utiliza Harriet Tubman was born a slave. In the 1800s, slaves
para hacer referencia a una condición del pasado que no were African - American people who were forced to work.
es real, así como a su resultado probable en el pasado. En They were “owned” by their masters and had no rights.
estas oraciones, la cláusula “if ” adopta el “past perfect” y la They could be bought and sold, and ripped away from their
proposición principal el “perfect conditional”. families forever. Harriet Tubman wanted a better life. She
ran away from her “owners” on what came to be known as
the Underground Railroad. The Underground Railroad was
Proposición “if ” Proposición principal
not really underground and it was not really a railroad. It
perfect conditional o perfect
If + past perfect was a series of long paths through the woods that led to
continuous conditional
freedom for slaves in the northern United States. It was very
that thing would have
dangerous and very long, but Harriet Tubman made it to
happened. (ninguna de tales
freedom!
If this thing had happened cosas sucedió realmente) O
After Harriet became free, she helped her family
that thing would have been
members and other slaves to freedom along the
happening.
Underground Railroad. Southern slave owners were very
you would have passed the angry with Harriet and offered large rewards for anyone
If you had studied harder
exam. who could capture her. Harriet, however, was never
If it had rained you would have gotten wet. captured. In all, she helped over 300 slaves to freedom in
If I had accepted that I would have been working the North. Former slaves called her “Moses.” That is one
promotion in Milan. reason why Harriet will be known forever as the Conductor
of the Underground Railroad.

1. Slaves
Condicional mixto
El “mixed type conditional” se utiliza para referirse a un A) were not forced to work.
B) had a lot of rights.
tiempo situado en el pasado y a una situación que todavía
C) had no rights.
no ha concluido en el presente. Se basa en unos hechos que
D) were never sold.
son opuestos a lo que se está expresando. El condicional
mixto se emplea para hacer referencia a una condición 2. Which of the following best describes Harriet Tubman?
del pasado que no es real y a su resultado probable en el
presente. En estas oraciones, la proposición “if ” adopta el A) A woman who was captured trying to bring others
“past perfect” y la cláusula principal el “present conditional”. to freedom.
B) A woman who helped as many as 300 slaves to free-
dom on the Underground Railroad.
C) A woman who was scared of trying to become free.
Proposición “if ” Proposición principal D) A woman who was against slavery.
If + past perfect o present conditional o perfect
simple past conditional 3. The Underground Railroad was
that thing would happen. (tal
If this thing had
cosa no ocurrió, así que tal otra A) in the woods.
happened B) a train.
no está ocurriendo)
C) underground.
If I had worked harder
I would have a better job now. D) in the air.
at school
If we had looked at the 4. How did Southern slave owners feel about Harriet Tub-
we wouldn’t be lost.
map man?
If you weren’t afraid of you would have picked it up
spiders and put it outside. A) They liked her.
B) They wanted her captured.
C) They didn’t really care.
D) They thought she should be free.

2

5. What did Harriet Tubman do after she became free?
A) She built the Underground Railroad.
B) She started helping other slaves to freedom.
C) She got a job.
D) She made people call her “Moses”.
Text N°2
The Hessians
During the Revolutionary War, British military forces
hired about 30,000 German soldiers, known as Hessians.
The word “Hessian” came from the German states of
Hesse - Cassel and Hesse - Hanau, where some of the
“Hessians” came from.
Germany was much different in 1776 than it is today.
Then, it was made up of various states, each of which was
ruled by a landgrave (prince). Men who lived within each
state were often forced into the landgrave’s army at an early
age. The landgrave could increase his fortune by renting out
these armies to foreign powers in their times of need. The
individual soldier had no say in the matter. Payment for the
soldiers was sent directly to each state’s landgrave. In this
way, the fate of Hessian soldier is sometimes compared to
the practice of slavery, although the soldiers were paid well.
The “Hessians” that fought in the Revolutionary War gained
a reputation for savagery and were greatly feared amongst
the ranks of Continental soldiers. Curiously, several diaries
gathered from Hessian soldiers in the field, revealed that
they, in fact, were horrified by the way the British soldiers
destroyed civilian property and executed prisoners. Despite
their military prowess, British soldiers also feared and
mistrusted the Hessians, and thus treated them badly.
While the Hessians fought in every battle of the
Revolutionary War, they are best remembered in America
for their defeat at the hands of George Washington and his
soldiers on December 26, 1776. In the battle, Washington’s
men crossed the icy Delaware River on Christmas night and
marched nine miles to Trenton, staging an ambush on the
sleeping Hessians. Many of Washington’s men lacked shoes
and the soldiers were said to have left a trail of blood all
the way to Trenton. In all, Washington captured about 1,000
Hessian soldiers, who were paraded through the streets
in an effort to raise the morale of the beleaguered Patriot
cause. Captured German soldiers were sent to area farms
to work as farm hands. Other Hessian soldiers were sent
to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where they were treated well.
Many of the Hessians sent to Lancaster stayed permanently
rather than returning to their dreadful existence in Germany.
Of the 30,000 Hessian soldiers that fought in America,
approximately 3,000 - 5,000 stayed to live in the United
States.
1- C 2- B
6- B 7- C
Repaso Intensivo San Marcos
6. Why was the life of a Hessian soldier comparable to
that of a slave?
A) Because Hessian soldiers had to fight without payment
B) Hessian soldiers were forced into the military and
rented out to foreign powers
C) Hessian soldiers were forced to wear shackles and
chains
D) Hessian soldiers were disliked by both American
and British soldiers
7. Which of the following IS NOT true about Hessian sol-
diers?
A) They had a reputation for savagery
B) About 1,000 Hessians were captured by General
Washington at the Battle of Trenton
C) Only 3,000 - 5,000 Hessian soldiers decided to return
to Germany
D) About 30,000 Hessian soldiers fought alongside the
British in the Revolutionary War
8. Define “prowess” in the following sentence?
Despite their military prowess, British soldiers also fea-
red and mistrusted the Hessians, and thus treated them
badly.
A) decisions B) supplies
C) talents D) mysteries
9. The Hessians
A) played a major role in the British military during the
Revolutionary War.
B) played a major role in the American military during
the Revolutionary War.
C) played a minor role in the British military during the
Revolutionary War.
D) fought in some battles of the Revolutionary War.
10. Which of the following best describes the events that
occurred at Trenton?
A) The Hessians ambushed Washington’s army but
were ultimately defeated
B) The Hessians ambushed and defeated George Was-
hington’s army on the day after Christmas in 1776
C) Washington and his men crossed the icy Delaware
River and marched nine miles to Trenton before am-
bushing the Hessians on Christmas Eve in 1776
D) Washington’s men ambushed and defeated the Hes-
sians after a nine - mile march to Trenton on the day
after Christmas in 1776
KEYS
3- A 4- B 5- B
8- C 9- A 10 - C