DISEÑO DE EJES

Machine Design Data Book

Ejes solidos estáticos

3 ‾‾‾‾‾‾
32 Mf σy
a flexión: d＝ ――― σyd ＝ ―
π ⋅ σyd fs

3 ‾‾‾‾‾‾
16 Mt
a torsión: d＝ ――― τyd ＝ 0.577 ⋅ σyd
π ⋅ τyd

Torsión y flexión combinadas sin carga axial:

Teoría de Energía de deformación Von Mises:

‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
1
―
3 2
16 ⎛ 3 ⎞
d＝ ――― ⋅ ⎜Mf 2 + ―⋅ Mt 2 ⎟
π ⋅ σyd ⎝ 4 ⎠

Teoría de Esfuerzo cortante máximo Tresca:

‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾ 1
―
3
2
16
d＝ ――― ⋅ ⎛⎝Mf 2 + Mt 2 ⎞⎠
π ⋅ σyd ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
2
σeq ＝ ⎛⎝σf + σaxial⎞⎠ + 4 ((τ)) 2

Torsión y flexión combinadas con carga axial: ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾

2 2
⎛ 32 Mf 4 Fax ⎞ ⎛ 16 Mt ⎞
σeq ＝ ⎜――― 3
+ ―― ⎟ + 4 ⎜――― ⎟
⎝ π⋅d π ⋅ d2 ⎠ 3
⎝ π⋅d ⎠

Teoría de Energía de deformación Von Mises:

‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
1
―
3 2
⎛ 2 ⎞
16 ⎜ ⎛ α⋅F⋅d⎞ 3 2⎟
d＝ ⋅
―――⎜ f ――― M + ⎟ + ⋅
― t M
π ⋅ σyd ⎜⎝⎝ 8 ⎠ 4 ⎟⎠

Teoría de Esfuerzo cortante máximo Tresca:

‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
1
―
3 2
⎛ 2 ⎞
16 ⎜ ⎛ α⋅F⋅d⎞ 2⎟
d＝ ――― ⋅ ⎜Mf + ――― ⎟ + M t
π ⋅ σyd ⎜⎝⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎟⎠

1 r2
α ＝ ―――――― k＝― radio de giro del eje
⎛ Lo ⎞ 2
1 - 0.0044 ⎜―― ⎟
⎝ k ⎠
Ejes solidos con carga dinámica
3 ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
32 Mf ⋅ kb
a flexión: d＝ ―――― kb a_flexión
π ⋅ σyd

3 ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
16 Mt ⋅ kt
a torsión: d＝ ―――― kt a_torsión
π ⋅ τyd

Torsión y flexión combinadas sin carga axial:

Teoría de Energía de deformación Von Mises:

‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
―
1
3 2
16 ⎛ 2 3 2⎞
d＝ ―― ⋅ ⎜⎛⎝kb ⋅ Mf⎞⎠ + ―⋅ ⎛⎝kt ⋅ Mt⎞⎠ ⎟
π ⋅ τyd ⎝ 4 ⎠

Teoría de Esfuerzo cortante máximo Tresca:

‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
1
―
3 2
16 ⎛ 2 2⎞
d＝ ―― ⋅ ⎝⎛⎝kb ⋅ Mf⎞⎠ + ⎛⎝kt ⋅ Mt⎞⎠ ⎠
π ⋅ τyd

Teoría de Energía de deformación Von Mises:

‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
1
―
3 2
⎛ 2 ⎞
16 ⎜ ⎛ α⋅F⋅d⎞ 3 2
⎟
d＝ ―― ⋅ ⎜kb ⋅ Mf + ――― ⎟ + ―⋅ ⎛⎝kt ⋅ Mt⎞⎠ ⎟
π ⋅ τyd ⎜⎝⎝ 8 ⎠ 4 ⎠

Teoría de Esfuerzo cortante máximo Tresca:

‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
1
―
3 2
⎛ 2 ⎞
16 ⎜ ⎛ α⋅F⋅d⎞ 2
⎟
d＝ ―― ⋅ ⎜kb ⋅ Mf + ――― ⎟ + ⎛⎝kt ⋅ Mt⎞⎠ ⎟ σu
π ⋅ τyd ⎜⎝⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎠ fs ＝ ――
σeqT
Diseñar el eje mostrado, sabiendo que se fabricará de acero AISI 1040 para un factor de seguridad de 3.

Determinación de la reacciones:
Valores de prueba

RAy ≔ 1 N RBy ≔ 1 N
Restricciones

RAy - RBy + 500 N ＝ 0

500 N ⋅ 0.65 m - RBy ⋅ 0.5 m ＝ 0

⎡ RAy ⎤
Solver

⎡ RAy ⎤ ⎡ 150 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ≔ find ⎛⎝RAy , RBy⎞⎠

⎣ RBy ⎦
⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥N
⎣ RBy ⎦ ⎣ 650 ⎦
Valores de prueba

RAz ≔ 1 N RBz ≔ 1 N
Restricciones

RAz + RBz - 950 N ＝ 0

RAz ⋅ 0.65 m - 950 N ⋅ 0.4 m + RBz ⋅ 0.15 m ＝ 0

⎡ RAz ⎤
Solver

⎡ RAz ⎤ ⎡ 475 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ≔ find ⎛⎝RAz , RBz⎞⎠

⎣ RBz ⎦
⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥N
⎣ RBz ⎦ ⎣ 475 ⎦

Las ecuaciones de momentos flectores:

Mxy ((x)) ≔ RAy ⋅ x - RBy ⋅ ((x - 0.5 m)) ⋅ μ ((x , 0.5 m))
 Mxz ((x)) ≔ RAz ⋅ x - 950 N ⋅ ((x - 0.25 m)) ⋅ μ ((x , 0.25 m)) + RBz ⋅ ((x - 0.5 m)) ⋅ μ ((x , 0.5 m))

x ≔ 0 , 0.05 m ‥ 0.65 m

Mxy ((x)) ≔ RAy ⋅ x - RBy ⋅ ((x - 0.5 m)) ⋅ μ ((x , 0.5 m))

Mxz ((x)) ≔ RAz ⋅ x - 950 N ⋅ ((x - 0.25 m)) ⋅ μ ((x , 0.25 m)) + RBz ⋅ ((x - 0.5 m)) ⋅ μ ((x , 0.5 m))

76.5

68

59.5

51

42.5

34
Mxy ((x)) ((N ⋅ m))
25.5

17

8.5

0
0 0.065 0.13 0.195 0.26 0.325 0.39 0.455 0.52 0.585 0.65
-8.5

x ((m))

120

105

90

75

60

45 Mxz ((x)) ((N ⋅ m))

30

15

0
0 0.065 0.13 0.195 0.26 0.325 0.39 0.455 0.52 0.585 0.65
-15

x ((m))
 ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
2 2
M ((x)) ≔ ⎛⎝Mxy ((x))⎞⎠ + ⎛⎝Mxz ((x))⎞⎠

130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
M ((x)) ((N ⋅ m))
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.065 0.13 0.195 0.26 0.325 0.39 0.455 0.52 0.585 0.65

x ((m))

Mfmax ≔ M ((0.25 m)) = 124.53 N ⋅ m

Teoría de Energía de deformación Von Mises:

‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
―
1
3 2
16 ⎛ 2 3 2⎞
d＝ ―― ⋅ ⎜⎛⎝kb ⋅ Mf⎞⎠ + ―⋅ ⎛⎝kt ⋅ Mt⎞⎠ ⎟
π ⋅ τyd ⎝ 4 ⎠

σy ≔ 413.7 MPa fs ≔ 3
σy
σyd ≔ ―= 137.9 MPa
fs

τyd ≔ 0.577 ⋅ σyd = 79.568 MPa

inicialmente kb ≔ 1 kt ≔ 1

El momento torsor: Mt ≔ 100 N ⋅ 0.075 m = 7.5 N ⋅ m

Mf ≔ Mfmax = 124.53 N ⋅ m

‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
―
1
3 2
16 ⎛ 2 3 2⎞
d≔ ――― ⋅ ⎜⎛⎝kb ⋅ Mf⎞⎠ + ―⋅ ⎛⎝kt ⋅ Mt⎞⎠ ⎟ d = 19.985 mm
π ⋅ τyd ⎝ 4 ⎠
dn ≔ 20 mm
 ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾ 2
⎛⎛ Mfa ⎞ ⎞
⎜⎜ ――― ⋅ σy ⎟ ⎟
σy ⎜⎜ 0.1 ⋅ d
3
⎟ ⎛ Fmt ⎞⎟ ⎛ Mtorm ⎞ 2
―＝ ⎜⎜――――
+
⎟ ⎜――― ⎟ + 3 ⋅ ⎜――― ⎟
fs ⎝ σ'nf ⎠ ⎜ π ⋅ d 2 ⎟⎟ ⎝ 0.2 ⋅ d 3 ⎠
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎜⎝ ――4 ⎟⎠⎠

‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
2
⎛⎛ Mfa ⎞⎞
⎜⎜ ――― ⋅ σy ⎟⎟
σy ⎜⎜ 0.1 ⋅ d
3
⎟⎟ ⎛ Mtorm ⎞ 2
―＝ ⎜⎜―――― ⎟⎟
+ 3 ⋅ ⎜――― ⎟ kt1 ≔ 2.5 kt3 ≔ 1 kt5 ≔ 1.5
fs ⎝⎝ σ'nf ⎠⎠
3
⎝ 0.2 ⋅ d ⎠
kt2 ≔ 2.0 kt4 ≔ 2.5 kt6 ≔ 1.6

kf ＝ 1 + q ⋅ ⎛⎝kt - 1⎞⎠
1
q ＝ ――
α
1+―
ρ

α ≔ 0.250 mm

ρ ≔ 0.5 mm

ρ = 0.5 mm
1
q ≔ ―― q = 0.667
α
1+―
ρ

kf1 ≔ 1 + q ⋅ ⎛⎝kt1 - 1⎞⎠

kf1 = 2
 kf1 = 2

ρ = 0.5 mm
1
q ≔ ―― q = 0.667
α
1+―
ρ

kf2 ≔ 1 + q ⋅ ⎛⎝kt2 - 1⎞⎠

kf2 = 1.667 kf3 ≔ 1

ρ = 0.5 mm
1
q ≔ ―― q = 0.667 kf4 ≔ 1 + q ⋅ ⎛⎝kt4 - 1⎞⎠ kf4 = 2
α
1+―
ρ
1
ρ ≔ 2 mm q ≔ ―― q = 0.889
α
1+―
kf5 ≔ 1 + q ⋅ ⎛⎝kt5 - 1⎞⎠ ρ

kf5 = 1.444

ρ ≔ 0.5 mm
1
q ≔ ―― q = 0.667 kf6 ≔ 1 + q ⋅ ⎛⎝kt6 - 1⎞⎠ kf6 = 1.4
α
1+―
ρ

Calculo de esfuerzo a fatiga σu ≔ 620.5 MPa

σ'nf ＝ ka ⋅ kb ⋅ kc ⋅ kd ⋅ ke ⋅ σn σn ≔ 0.5 ⋅ σu = 310.25 MPa

PUNTO 1

σu
Su ≔ ――= 620.5
MPa

a ≔ 4.51 b ≔ -0.265

ka ≔ a ⋅ Su b

ka = 0.821
 se estima un diámetro en
función del diámetro mayor
obtenido
3 ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
M ((40 mm ))
d1 ≔ ――――
0.1 ⋅ σy

d1 = 7.839 mm

⎛ d1 ⎞ -0.1133
⎜ ―― ⎟
mm
kb ≔ ⎜――⎟
⎜⎝ 7.62 ⎟⎠
kb = 0.997

kc ≔ 1

kd ≔ 1

ke ≔ 0.868

σn
σn ≔ 0.5 ⋅ σu = 310.25 MPa σ'nf1 ≔ ka ⋅ kb ⋅ kc ⋅ kd ⋅ ke ⋅ ―― = 110.131 MPa
kf1

1
―
3
⎛ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
2 2 ⎞
⎜ 32 ⋅ fs ⎛ M ((30 mm )) ⎞ 3 ⎛ Mt ⋅ 0 ⎞ ⎟
d1 ≔ ⎜―― ⋅ ⎜――――⎟ + ―⋅ ⎜――⎟ ⎟ d1 = 16.065 mm
⎝ π ⎝ σ'nf1 ⎠ 4 ⎝ σy ⎠ ⎠

PUNTO 2
3 ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
M ((250 mm ))
d2 ≔ ――――― d2 = 14.439 mm
0.1 ⋅ σy
⎛ d2 ⎞ -0.1133
⎜ ―― ⎟
⎜ mm ⎟
kb ≔ ―― kb = 0.93
⎜⎝ 7.62 ⎟⎠

σn
σ'nf2 ≔ ka ⋅ kb ⋅ kc ⋅ kd ⋅ ke ⋅ ―― = 123.32 MPa
kf2
 σn
σn ≔ 0.5 ⋅ σu = 310.25 MPa σ'nf2 ≔ ka ⋅ kb ⋅ kc ⋅ kd ⋅ ke ⋅ ―― = 123.32 MPa
kf2
1
―
3
⎛ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
2 2 ⎞
⎜ 32 ⋅ fs ⎛ M ((250 mm )) ⎞ 3 ⎛ Mt ⎞ ⎟
d2 ≔ ⎜―― ⋅ ⎜――――― ⎟ + ―⋅ ⎜―― ⎟ d2 = 31.367 mm
⎝ π ⎝ σ'nf2 ⎠ 4 ⎝ σy ⎠ ⎟⎠

PUNTO 3
3 ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
M ((400 mm ))
d3 ≔ ――――― d3 = 12.276 mm
0.1 ⋅ σy
⎛ d3 ⎞ -0.1133
⎜ ―― ⎟
⎜ mm ⎟
kb ≔ ―― kb = 0.947
⎜⎝ 7.62 ⎟⎠

σn
σn ≔ 0.5 ⋅ σu = 310.25 MPa σ'nf3 ≔ ka ⋅ kb ⋅ kc ⋅ kd ⋅ ke ⋅ ―― = 209.348 MPa
kf3
1
―
3
⎛ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
2 2 ⎞
⎜ 32 ⋅ fs ⎛ M ((400 mm )) ⎞ 3 ⎛ Mt ⎞ ⎟
d3 ≔ ⎜―― ⋅ ⎜――――― ⎟ + ―⋅ ⎜―― ⎟ d3 = 22.361 mm
⎝ π ⎝ σ'nf3 ⎠ 4 ⎝ σy ⎠ ⎟⎠

PUNTO 4
3 ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
M ((500 mm ))
d4 ≔ ――――― d4 = 12.193 mm
0.1 ⋅ σy
⎛ d4 ⎞ -0.1133
⎜ ―― ⎟
⎜ mm ⎟
kb ≔ ―― kb = 0.948
⎜⎝ 7.62 ⎟⎠

σn
σn ≔ 0.5 ⋅ σu = 310.25 MPa σ'nf4 ≔ ka ⋅ kb ⋅ kc ⋅ kd ⋅ ke ⋅ ―― = 104.754 MPa
kf4
1
―
3
⎛ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
2 2 ⎞
⎜ 32 ⋅ fs ⎛ M ((500 mm )) ⎞ 3 ⎛ Mt ⎞ ⎟
d4 ≔ ⎜―― ⋅ ⎜――――― ⎟ + ―⋅ ⎜―― ⎟ d4 = 27.971 mm
⎝ π ⎝ σ'nf4 ⎠ 4 ⎝ σy ⎠ ⎟⎠

PUNTO 5
3 ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
M ((550 mm ))
d5 ≔ ――――― d5 = 10.652 mm
0.1 ⋅ σy
⎛ d5 ⎞ -0.1133
⎜ ―― ⎟
⎜ mm ⎟
kb ≔ ―― kb = 0.963
⎜⎝ 7.62 ⎟⎠

σn
σn ≔ 0.5 ⋅ σu = 310.25 MPa σ'nf5 ≔ ka ⋅ kb ⋅ kc ⋅ kd ⋅ ke ⋅ ―― = 147.282 MPa
kf5
 1
―
3
⎛ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
2 2 ⎞
⎜ 32 ⋅ fs ⎛ M ((550 mm )) ⎞ 3 ⎛ Mt ⎞ ⎟
d5 ≔ ⎜―― ⋅ ⎜――――― ⎟ + ―⋅ ⎜―― ⎟ d5 = 21.817 mm
⎝ π ⎝ σ'nf5 ⎠ 4 ⎝ σy ⎠ ⎟⎠

PUNTO 6
3 ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
M ((610 mm ))
d6 ≔ ――――― d6 = 7.848 mm
0.1 ⋅ σy
⎛ d6 ⎞ -0.1133
⎜ ―― ⎟
mm
kb ≔ ⎜――⎟ kb = 0.997
⎜⎝ 7.62 ⎟⎠

σn
σn ≔ 0.5 ⋅ σu = 310.25 MPa σ'nf6 ≔ ka ⋅ kb ⋅ kc ⋅ kd ⋅ ke ⋅ ―― = 157.308 MPa
kf6
1
―
3
⎛ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
2 2 ⎞
⎜ 32 ⋅ fs ⎛ M ((610 mm )) ⎞ 3 ⎛ Mt ⎞ ⎟
d6 ≔ ⎜―― ⋅ ⎜――――― ⎟ + ―⋅ ⎜―― ⎟ d6 = 15.76 mm
⎝ π ⎝ σ'nf6 ⎠ 4 ⎝ σy ⎠ ⎟⎠

d1 = 16.065 mm d1n ≔ 30 mm

d2 = 31.367 mm d2n ≔ 35 mm

d3 = 22.361 mm d3n ≔ 40 mm

d4 = 27.971 mm d4n ≔ 30 mm

d5 = 21.817 mm d5n ≔ 25 mm

d6 = 15.76 mm d6n ≔ 20 mm