Mitosis Prof.

Marcos Decker Franco

 Funciones de la división celular

 Reproducción celular
 Crecimiento
 Desarrollo
 Reparación de tejidos

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFl4BaaMCOg
Mitosis
 Es el proceso mediante el cual se reparte equitativamente
el material cromosómico entre las dos células hijas, con lo
cual se asegura que la información genética se transmita
sin variación de unas células a otras
Ciclo celular

 Las células se reproducen siguiendo una serie

ordenada de eventos en los que duplica su material
genético y luego se divide en dos

 Las células normales proliferan solo si reciben las

señales apropiadas para dividirse
Estructura Definición
Cromosoma Estructura condensada compuesta de ADN asociada a
proteínas
Cromatina Estructura descondensada compuesta de ADN
asociada a proteínas
Cromátida Una hebra del cromosoma replicado, con sus proteínas
asociadas
Las 2 bandas del cromosoma replicado. Cuando los
cromosomas son replicados, consisten en 2 cromátidas
Cromátidas
hermanas. El material genético en las cromátidas
hermanas hermanas es idéntico. Cuando estas se separan
durante la mitosis se convierten en cromosomas
independientes.

Centrómero Estructura q une las cromátidas hermanas . . Separa el

cromosoma en brazo p y q. (ADN repetitivo)
Cinetocoro Las estructuras en las cromátidas hermanas donde los
microtúbulos se anclan
Centro organizador de Cualquier estructura q organiza microtúbulos

microtúbulos
Centrosoma El centro organizador de microtúbulos en animales

Estructuras cilíndricas que comprimen los

microtúbulos, localizados dentro de los centrosomas
Centriolos
Cromosomas Humanos
Cromatina
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kQpYdCnU14

Empaquetamiento del ADN

Microtúbulos
PARTES DEL
CROMOSOMA
 Kinetochore
plates
Chromosome Microtubules
Plus end Minus end

Fibers containing
motor proteins

Chromosome movement

Plus end Minus end

Tubulin
subunits
 Cambios de morfología antes y durante

Gene 1
Unreplicated
chromosome

Unreplicated chromosome

1 m
Gene 1

Copy of gene 1

Replicated chromosome

Gene 1
Sister chromatids
Condensed replicated chromosome Centromere 1 m
Copy of gene 1
 DIVISION (M)

Celular
Ciclo

INTERPHASE (G1 + S + G2)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=DD3IQknCEdc&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkD2-xBhdC0
 INTERFASE
DIVISION (M)
Parent cell

to

4 unreplicated chromosomes
(chromosomes are shown
partially condensed to make
them visible)
INTERPHASE (G1 + S + G2)
DIVISION (M)
Parent cell

to

Sister
chromatids

4 replicated chromosomes,
each consisting of two sister
chromatids

INTERPHASE (G1 + S + G2)

 Mitosis
DIVISION (M)

to

During mitosis, sister

INTERPHASE (G1 + S + G2) chromatids separate.
Two daughter cells are
formed by cytokinesis.
 INTERPHASE MITOSIS (M PHASE) Daughter cells

G1 PHASE S and G2 PHASES

Parent cell Parent cell Parent cell

Sister
chromatids

4 unreplicated chromosomes 4 replicated chromosomes, At start of mitosis,

(chromosomes are shown
partially condensed to make
them visible)
each consisting of two sister
chromatids
replicated chromosomes
condense.
During mitosis, sister
chromatids separate.
Two daughter cells are
formed by cytokinesis.
 Sister chromatids separate; one chromosome copy goes to each daughter nucleus.

Sister Kinetochore
chromatids

Centrioles
Centrosomes Chromosomes Early spindle apparatus Polar microtubules Kinetochore microtubules

1. Interphase: After 2. Prophase: Chromosomes 3. Prometaphase: Nuclear 4. Metaphase:

chromosome replication, each condense, and spindle envelope breaks down. Chromosomes complete
chromosome is composed of apparatus begins to form. Kinetochore microtubules contact migration to middle of cell.
two sister chromatids. chromosomes at kinetochore.
Centrosomes have replicated.
 Cytoplasm
is divided.

5. Anaphase: Sister chromatids 6. Telophase: The nuclear 7. Cell division begins: Actin- 8. Cell division is
separate. Chromosomes are envelope re-forms, and myosin ring causes the plasma complete: Two
pulled to opposite poles of the cell. the spindle apparatus membrane to begin pinching in. daughter cells form.
disintegrates.
PRIOR TO MITOSIS
Chromosomes replicate. Interfase

Centriolos
Centrosomas Cromosomas

1. Interphase: After chromosome

replication, each chromosome is
composed of two sister chromatids.
Centrosomes have replicated.
 Sister
chromatids

Early spindle apparatus Profase

2. Prophase: Chromosomes
condense, and spindle
apparatus begins to form.
 Prometafase
Kinetochore

Polar Kinetochore
microtubules microtubules
3. Prometaphase: Nuclear
envelope breaks down.
Kinetochore microtubules contact
chromosomes at kinetochore.
 Metafase

4. Metaphase:
Chromosomes complete
migration to middle of cell.
 Anafase

5. Anaphase: Sister chromatids

separate. Chromosomes are
pulled to opposite poles of the cell.
Telofase

6. Telophase: The nuclear

envelope re-forms, and the
spindle apparatus disintegrates.
CITOCINESIS

7. Cell division begins: Actin-myosin

ring causes the plasma membrane to
begin pinching in.
CYTOKINESIS

Cytoplasm
is divided.

8. Cell division is complete:

Two daughter cells form.
 (a) Benign tumor
Normal cells

CÁNCER Blood vessel

Benign tumor cells

may continue to
divide, but are not
invasive (they do not
spread from tumor)
Lymphatic vessel

(b) Malignant tumor

Malignant tumor cells

divide and spread to
adjacent tissues and to
distant tissues through
lymphatic vessels and
blood vessels
Lymphatic vessel

Blood vessel

New tumor that has

formed in distant
tissue by metastasis
CARACTERÍSTICAS DE UNA
CÉLULA CANCEROSA
CÉLULA CANCEROSA VS
NORMAL