Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
MATERIA
MANUFACTURA I
UNIDAD
TEMA DE LA UNIDAD
DIAGRAMA DE FASE
GRADO Y GRUPO
2 «D»
PERIODO
MAYO---AGOSTO
LUGAR Y FECHA
RESUMEN TÉCNICO
INTRODUCCIÓN
La presente ley rige en toda la republica y sus disposiciones son de orden publico e interés
social ya que crece juntamente con la calidad del mismo, en el presente trabajo se
estudiara y analizara la importancia que es saber y aplicar el termino de los aceros y sus
aleaciones, ya que hoy en día es importante conocer sus métodos, procedimientos que
deben aplicarse para la elaboración de una excelente pieza mecánica, se determinara que
el acero es una aleación de hierro con una pequeña proporción de carbono dando a
conocer que comunica a aquel `propiedades especiales tales como la dureza y elasticidad.
También se explicara que en generar se pueden fabricar aceros con otros componentes
como el manganeso, níquel o cromo. Se estudiaran los tipos de aceros ya que es
importante conocer las aplicaciones industriales que lleva a formar aleaciones con
carbono es decir todo un procedimiento al cual se le tiene que dar importancia par lograr
construir la pieza mecánica u otro objeto deseado.
También se estudiara y analizara la importancia que se le tiene que dar a los hierros
fundidos así como conocer sus estructuras, características y lo mas importante su uso. De
igual manera se aprenderá su desarrollo y clasificación para la elaboración de hierro
fundido conocer su procedimiento. Antes de estudiar lo que se presenta a continuación es
importante notar que no se trata solo d una siempre información de hierro fundido, el
propósito de lo que se presenta a continuación, es comprender y aprender la información
que se ofrece es decir aplicarla en el trabajo laborar es por lo cual se recomienda analizar
cuidadosamente el contenido ya que es de amplio aprendizaje, también se garantiza
herramientas para dar soluciones a cualquier problemática que se presente, finalmente en
la presente se ofrece información importante.
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Según SAE.
El hierro puro apenas tiene aplicaciones industriales, pero formando aleaciones con
el carbono (además de otros elementos), es el metal más utilizado en la industria moderna.
A la temperatura ambiente, salvo una pequeña parte disuelta en la ferrita, todo el carbono
que contienen las aleaciones Fe-C está en forma de carburo de hierro( CFe 3 ). Por eso, las
aleaciones Fe-C se denominan también aleaciones hierro-carburo de hierro.
Tipos de aceros:
También es muy importante conocer las funciones de las aleaciones de acuerdo a los
tipos de acero es por lo cual se explica lo siguiente en las aleaciones Fe-C pueden
encontrarse hasta once constituyentes diferentes, que se denominan: ferrita, cementita,
perlita, austenita, martensita, troostita sorbita, bainita, ledeburita, steadita y grafito.
FERRITA
CEMENTITA
Es carburo de hierro y por tanto su composición es de 6.67% de C y 93.33% de Fe
en peso. Es el constituyente más duro y frágil de los aceros, alcanzando una dureza de 960
Vickers. Cristaliza formando un paralelepípedo ortorrómbico de gran tamaño. Es magnética
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hasta los 210ºC, temperatura a partir de la cual pierde sus propiedades magnéticas. Aparece
como:
PERLITA
AUSTENITA
Este es el constituyente más denso de los aceros, y está formado por la solución
sólida, por inserción, de carbono en hierro gamma. La proporción de C disuelto varía desde
el 0 al 1.76%, correspondiendo este último porcentaje de máxima solubilidad a la
temperatura de 1130 ºC.La austenita en los aceros al carbono, es decir, si ningún otro
elemento aleado, empieza a formarse a la temperatura de 723ºC. También puede obtenerse
una estructura austenítica en los aceros a temperatura ambiente, enfriando muy rápidamente
una probeta de acero de alto contenido de C a partir de una temperatura por encima de la
crítica, pero este tipo de austenita no es estable, y con el tiempo se transforma en ferrita y
perlita o bien cementita y perlita.
MARTENSITA
BAINITA
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Se forma la bainita en la transformación isoterma de la austenita, en un rango de
temperaturas de 250 a 550ºC. El proceso consiste en enfriar rápidamente la austenita
hasta una temperatura constante, manteniéndose dicha temperatura hasta la
transformación total de la austenita en bainita.
LEDEBURITA
Comúnmente conocidos como aceros especiales, son aceros al carbono, aleados con
otros metales o metaloides, resultantes de la búsqueda del mejoramiento de sus
características. Los elementos añadidos corrientemente son: el níquel, el cromo,
vanadio, molibdeno, magnesio, silicio, tungsteno, cobalto, aluminio, etc.
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Aceros al níquel.
Son aceros inoxidables y magnéticos. El níquel aumenta la carga de rotura, el
límite de elasticidad, el alargamiento y la resistencia al choque o resiliencia, a la
par que disminuye las dilataciones por efecto del calor. Cuando contienen del 10 al
15% de níquel se templan aun si se los enfría lentamente.
Aceros al cromo
El cromo comunica dureza y una mayor penetración del temple por lo que pueden ser
templados al aceite.
Los aceros con 1.5 a 1.30% de carbono y con 0.80 a 1.% de cromo son utilizados
para la fabricación de laminas debido a su gran dureza, y en pequeña escala los
que tienen 0.3 a 0.4% de carbono y 1.4% de cromo.
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Hierro fundido
Las fundiciones tienen innumerables usos y sus ventajas más importantes son: son
más fáciles de maquinar que los aceros; se pueden fabricar piezas de diferente
tamaño y complejidad; en su fabricación no se necesitan equipos ni hornos muy
costosos; absorben las vibraciones mecánicas y actúan como auto lubricantes;
son resistentes al choque térmico, a la corrosión y de buena resistencia al
desgaste. De acuerdo con la apariencia de su fractura, las fundiciones pueden ser
grises, blancas, atruchadas, aunque también existen las fundiciones maleables,
nodulares y especiales o aleadas. La presente monografía constituye un resumen
acerca de los principales criterios de clasificación de los hierros fundidos.
Casi todos los autores consultados para la realización del trabajo definen a los hierros
fundidos como aleaciones de hierro carbono en los cuales el contenido de carbono
varía teoricamente entre (2.1 a 6.7%); aunque en la práctica estos tantos
porcientos se limitan en la mayoría de los casos entre 2.7 y 3.7%. Algunos autores
difieren de este criterio generalizado como son los casos de Sidney Avner (Avner,
1970), que sitúa el contenido de carbono para los hierros fundidos comerciales
entre 2.5 y 4 %. Por otra parte en (Southwell et al, 1990) se establece que los
hierros comerciales se encuentran entre un 2 y un 4%.
Los elementos que siempre se encuentran presentes en los hierros fundidos son
carbono, manganeso, silicio, fósforo y azufre; aunque en algunos casos podemos
encontrarnos: níquel, cobre, cromo.
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Los hierros fundidos difieren de los aceros en:
Elevada dureza.
Elevada fragilidad.
Baja maquinabilidad.
Mayor ductilidad.
Elevada plasticidad.
Resistencia a la abrasión.
Termorresistencia.
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CONCLUSIÓN
Se partía desde el conocimiento intuitivo sobre los Aceros y sus Aleaciones conocer
sus procesos y funciones ya que son muy útiles en la vida practica, es por lo cual
en la presente se estudio información muy importante que garantizo un amplio
aprendizaje para el estudiante, ya que todo esfuerzo dedicado al estudio tiene
como resultado un excelente aprendizaje. En la presente se estudio la importancia
de las propiedades especiales de los aceros y sus aleaciones sus características y
funciones.
FUENTES DE INFORMACIÓN
4.- The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel. 10th Edition. Edited by W. T. Lankford, Jr,
N. L. Samways, R. F. Craven and H. E. McGannon. United States Steel. Published by
Association of Iron and Steel Engineers. 1985.
SUBJECT
MANUFACTURA I
UNIT
DIAGRAMA DE FASE
TEACHER’S NAME
STUDENT’S NAME
2 «D»
PERIODO
MAY -- AUGUST
LUGAR Y FECHA
TECHNICAL SUMMARY
Next, it will be studied to study and analyze important information about steels and their
alloys, that is to say an iron alloy with a small proportion of carbon since this
communicates to that special properties such as the hardness and elasticity in generating
it will also be explained that can manufacture steels with other components foundations
and processes, within alloys iron carbon will study the types of steels with the purpose of
explaining their methodology Commonly known as special steels, they are carbon steels,
alloyed with other metals or metalloids, resulting from the search for the improvement of
its characteristics. The commonly added elements are: nickel, chromium, vanadium,
molybdenum, magnesium, silicon, tungsten, cobalt, aluminum, etc.
We will also study and analyze important information about molten irons, product
description and iron smelting process. Since it is of great importance nowadays for the
elaboration of pieces or any other desired metal knowing its processes and its uses that
must be applied for the good handling of said tools, everything mentioned in the present
with a purpose of an excellent application with the purpose of giving solution to different
needs that arise in the labor.
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INTRODUCTION
This law applies throughout the republic and its provisions are of public order and
social interest as it grows together with the quality of it, in this work will study and
analyze the importance of knowing and applying the term of steels and their alloys,
since nowadays it is important to know their methods, procedures that must be
applied for the elaboration of an excellent mechanical piece, it will be determined
that the steel is an iron alloy with a small proportion of carbon making known that it
communicates to that. Special properties such as hardness and elasticity. It will
also be explained that in generating steel can be manufactured with other
components such as manganese, nickel or chromium. The types of steels will be
studied since it is important to know the industrial applications that lead to form
alloys with carbon, that is to say a whole procedure to which it is necessary to give
importance to achieve the construction of the mechanical piece or other desired
object.
It will also study and analyze the importance that has to be given to cast irons as
well as know their structures, characteristics and most importantly their use. In the
same way you will learn its development and classification for the production of
cast iron to know its procedure. Before studying what is presented below it is
important to note that it is not just a matter of always cast iron information, the
purpose of what is presented below, is to understand and learn the information that
is offered ie apply it at work to work is why it is recommended to analyze the
content carefully since it is of wide learning, tools are also guaranteed to give
solutions to any problem that is presented, finally in the present important
information is offered.
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According to SAE.
I found important information that answers some questions according to SAE steel
is an iron alloy with a small proportion of carbon, which communicates to those
special properties such as hardness and elasticity. In general, steels with other
components such as manganese, nickel or chromium can also be manufactured.
Iron is a fundamental constituent of some of the most important alloys of
engineering. Iron is an allotropic metal, so it can exist in more than one reticular
structure depending mainly on temperature. It is one of the most useful metals due
to its great abundance in the earth's crust (constituting more than 5% of this,
although it is rarely found in its pure state, it is more usual to find it combined with
other elements in the form of oxides, carbonates or sulfides) since it is obtained
with great ease and with a high commercial purity. It has very appreciated physical
and mechanical properties and the widest variety.
Technically pure iron, that is, with less than 0.008% carbon, is a bluish, ductile and
malleable white metal, whose specific weight is 7.87. It melts from 1536.5ºC to
1539ºC softening before reaching this temperature, which allows it to be easily
shaped and molded. Iron is a good conductor of electricity and magnetizes easily.
Pure iron barely has industrial applications, but forming alloys with carbon (in
addition to other elements), is the most commonly used metal in modern industry.
At room temperature, except for a small part dissolved in the ferrite, all the carbon
contained in the Fe-C alloys is in the form of iron carbide (CFe3). Therefore, Fe-C
alloys are also called iron-carbide iron alloys.
Alloys with C content between 0.03% and 1.76% have very well defined
characteristics and are called steels. Steels of any proportion of carbon within the
limits mentioned can be alloyed with other elements, forming the so-called alloyed
steels or special steels. Some alloyed steels can exceptionally contain up to 2.5%
of C. Steels are generally forgeable, and this is a very important quality that
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distinguishes them. If the proportion of C is higher than 1.76%, the Fe-C alloys are
called smelters, with the maximum proportion of C being alloyed of 6.67%, which
corresponds to pure cementite. Foundries, in general, are not forgeable.
Types of steels:
It is also very important to know the functions of the alloys according to the types of
steel is why we explain the following in the Fe-C alloys can be found up to eleven
different constituents, which are named: ferrite, cementite, perlite, austenite,
martensite, sorbitol troostite, bainite, ledeburite, steadite and graphite.
FERRITA
Although ferrite is actually a solid solution of carbon in alpha iron, its solubility at
room temperature is so small that it does not even dissolve 0.008% C. This is why
ferrite is practically considered as pure alpha iron. Ferrite is the softest and ductile
constituent of steel. It crystallizes in a BCC structure. It has a hardness of 95
Vickers, and a breaking strength of 28 Kg / mm2, reaching an elongation of 35 to
40%. In addition to all these characteristics, it has magnetic properties. In alloyed
steels, ferrite usually contains Ni, Mn, Cu, Si, Al in substitutional solid solution.
Under the microscope it appears as monophasic grains, with grain boundaries
more irregular than austenite. The reason for this is that the ferrite has formed in a
solid state transformation, while the austenite, comes from the solidification.
Ferrite in nature appears as a proeutectoid element that accompanies pearlite in:
CEMENTITA
PERLITA
AUSTENITA
This is the most dense constituent of steels, and is formed by the solid
solution, by insertion, of carbon into gamma iron. The proportion of dissolved C
varies from 0 to 1.76%, this last percentage of maximum solubility corresponding to
the temperature of 1130 ° C. The austenite in the carbon steels, that is, if no other
element alloyed, begins to form at the temperature of 723ºC. An austenitic
structure can also be obtained in the steels at room temperature, by cooling a high-
C steel sample very rapidly from a temperature above the critical temperature, but
this type of austenite is not stable, and over time transforms into ferrite and pearlite
or cementite and pearlite.
MARTENSITA
At low or moderate cooling speeds, C atoms can diffuse out of the austenitic
structure. In this way, Fe atoms move slightly to convert their structure to a BCC
type. This gamma-alpha transformation takes place through a time-dependent
nucleation and growth process (if we increase the cooling rate there will not be
enough time for the carbon to diffuse into the solution and, although some local
movement of the Fe atoms takes place) , the resulting structure will not be able to
become BCC, since the carbon is "stuck" in the solution). The resulting structure
called martensite, is a solid solution supersaturated with carbon trapped in a
tetragonal structure centered in the body. This highly distorted reticular structure is
the main reason for the high hardness of the martensite, since as the atoms in the
martensite are packed with a lower density than in the austenite, then during the
transformation (which leads to the martensite) occurs a expansion that produces
high localized stresses that result in plastic deformation of the matrix.
After cementite it is the hardest constituent of steel. The martensite is in the form of
needles and crystallizes in the tetragonal network. The proportion of carbon in the
martensite is not constant, but varies up to a maximum of 0.89% increasing its
hardness, mechanical strength and fragility with the carbon content. Its hardness is
around 540 Vickers, and its mechanical resistance varies from 175 to 250 Kg /
mm2 and its elongation is of the order of 2.5 to 0.5%. It is also magnetic.
BAINITA
LEDEBURITA
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Ledeburite is not a constituent of steel, but of foundries. It is found in Fe-C
alloys when the percentage of carbon in alloyed iron is greater than 25%, that is, a
total content of 1.76% carbon.
Commonly known as special steels, they are carbon steels, alloyed with other
metals or metalloids, resulting from the search for the improvement of their
characteristics. The commonly added elements are: nickel, chromium, vanadium,
molybdenum, magnesium, silicon, tungsten, cobalt, aluminum, etc.
Nickel steels.
They are stainless and magnetic steels. Nickel increases the breaking load, the elasticity
limit, the elongation and the resistance to shock or resilience, at the same time that it
diminishes the dilatations due to the effect of heat. When they contain 10 to 15% of nickel
they are tempered even if they are cooled slowly.
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Chrome steels
The chromium imparts hardness and a greater penetration of the temper so they can
be tempered to oil.
Steels with 1.5 to 1.30% carbon and 0.80 to 1.% chromium are used for the
manufacture of sheets due to their high hardness, and in a small scale those that
have 0.3 to 0.4% carbon and 1.4% chromium.
Molten iron
Foundries have innumerable uses and their most important advantages are: they are
easier to machine than steel; pieces of different size and complexity can be
manufactured; No expensive equipment or furnaces are needed in its manufacture;
they absorb mechanical vibrations and act as self lubricants; They are resistant to
thermal shock, corrosion and good wear resistance. According to the appearance
of their fracture, the foundries can be gray, white, and confused, although there are
also malleable, nodular and special or alloy foundries. This monograph is a
summary of the main classification criteria for cast irons.
Almost all the authors consulted for the realization of the work define the cast irons as
carbon iron alloys in which the carbon content varies theoretically between (2.1 to
6.7%); although in practice these so many percent are limited in most cases
between 2.7 and 3.7%. Some authors differ from this generalized criterion such as
the cases of Sidney Avner (Avner, 1970), which locates the carbon content for
commercial cast irons between 2.5 and 4%. On the other hand (Southwell et al,
1990) it is established that commercial irons are between 2 and 4%.
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The elements that are always present in the cast irons are carbon, manganese,
silicon, phosphorus and sulfur; although in some cases we can find ourselves:
nickel, copper, chromium.
According to the method of obtaining the cast irons and according to the state or
shape of the graphite they are classified according to Guliaev, 1978),
Hardbroken, 1966), (Iron Casting Society, 1981) in: a) White foundries: They
are characterized because in them all the carbon is going to be combined with iron.
The structures they present are pearlite, cementite and ledeburite. In them the
fractured area presents a whitish color characterized by:
High hardness
• High fragility.
• Low machinability.
b) Gray foundries: They are characterized because most of the carbon is in the free
state of laminar graphite. It has the following properties: • Good machinability.
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• High resistance to wear.
Due to their shape, they are capable of absorbing vibrations. Considering its structure,
the gray foundries are divided into:
• Ferritic gray cast iron. c) High strength castings (nodular): They are characterized
because all the carbon is in the form of nodular graphite. This casting is obtained
by adding magnesium or cerium to the molten metal load during the casting
process. It has the following properties:
• Greater ductility.
d) Malleable foundries: They are characterized by presenting the free carbon in the
form of graphite, which is in the form of a rosette and is obtained by subjecting the
white casting to a graphitization annealing (there are other methods such as the
continued cementation of high carbon steels). It has the following characteristics:
• High plasticity.
CONCLUSION
Starting from the intuitive knowledge about the Aceros and their Alloys, knowing their
processes and functions since they are very useful in the practical life, this is why
in the present one I studied very important information that guaranteed an ample
learning for the student, since Every effort devoted to study results in excellent
learning. The importance of the special properties of steels and their alloys, their
characteristics and functions was studied.
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FUENTES DE INFORMACIÓN
4.- The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel. 10th Edition. Edited by W. T. Lankford, Jr,
N. L. Samways, R. F. Craven and H. E. McGannon. United States Steel. Published by
Association of Iron and Steel Engineers. 1985.