Learn To Speak Spanish

A Complete Self study Course

By:Saham Hendinejad
To my dear Teacher,
Whom taught me Spanish

Sasan Razmkhah
This page intentionally left blank
1. Some Basic Phrases

¡Buenos días!
bway-nohs dee-ahs
Hello! / Good morning!
¡Buenas noches!
¡Buenas tardes!
bway-nahs noh-chays
bway-nahs tard-ays
Good evening! / Good
Good afternoon!
night!

¡Hola! / ¡Chao! Adiós. Por favor.

oh-lah / chow ah-dee-ohs por fah-bor
Hi! / Bye! Good bye. Please.

Hasta la vista / Hasta

luego. Hasta pronto. Hasta mañana.
ah-stah lah vees-tah / ah- ah-stah prohn-toh ah-stah mahn-yahn-ah
stah loo-ay-go See you soon. See you tomorrow.
See you / See you later.

(Muchas) Gracias. De nada. Bienvenidos

(moo-chahs) grah-see-ahs day nah-dah byen-veh-nee-dohs
Thank you (very much). You're welcome. Welcome

Con permiso / Perdón

Lo siento ¡Vamos!
kohn pehr-mee-soh / pehr-
loh see-ehn-toh bah-mohs
dohn
I'm sorry Let's go!
Excuse me / Pardon

¿Cómo está usted? ¿Cómo estás? ¿Qué tal?

koh-moh ay-stah oo-sted koh-moh ay-stahs kay tahl
How are you? (formal) How are you? (informal) How's it going?

Mal / Muy mal / Más o

Bien / Muy bien menos Sí / No
bee-ehn / moy bee-ehn mahl / moy mahl / mahs oh see / noh
Good / Very good may-nohs Yes / No
Bad / Very bad / OK

¿Cómo se llama usted? ¿Cómo te llamas?

Me llamo...
koh-moh say yah-mah oo- koh-moh tay yah-mahs
may yah-moh
sted What is your name?
My name is...
What is your name? (formal) (informal)

Mucho gusto. / Encantado. Señor / Señora / Señorita

Igualmente.
moo-choh goo-stoh / en- sayn-yor / sayn-yor-ah /
ee-guahl-mehn-tay
cahn-tah-doh sayn-yor-ee-tah
Same here.
Nice to meet you. Mister / Mrs. / Miss
¿De dónde es usted? ¿De dónde eres?
Yo soy de...
day dohn-day ehs oo-sted day dohn-day eh-rehs
yoh soy day
Where are you from? Where are you from?
I'm from...
(formal) (informal)

¿Cuántos años tiene

¿Cuántos años tienes? Yo tengo _____ años.
usted?
quahn-tohs ahn-yohs tee- yoh tayn-goh _____ ahn-
quahn-tohs ahn-yohs tee-ay-
ayn-ays yohs
nay oo-sted
How old are you? (informal) I am _____ years old.
How old are you? (formal)

¿Habla usted español?

¿Hablas ingles?
ah-blah oo-sted eh-spahn- (No) Hablo...
ah-blahs een-glehs
yol noh ah-bloh
Do you speak English?
Do you speak Spanish? I (don't) speak...
(informal)
(formal)

¿Entiende usted? /
¿Entiendes?
(No) Entiendo. Yo (no lo) se.
ehn-tyen-deh oo-sted / ehn-
noh ehn-tyen-doh yoh noh loh seh
tyen-dehs
I (don't) understand. I (don't) know.
Do you understand? (formal
/ informal)

¿Puede ayudarme? Claro que sí ¿Cómo?

pweh-deh ah-yoo-dar-meh klah-roh keh see koh-moh
Can you help me? Of course What? Pardon me?

¿Dónde está / Dónde

Hay / Había...
están... ? Aquí
eye / ah-bee-ah
dohn-deh eh-stah / dohn-deh ah-kee
There is / are... / There was
eh-stahn Here.
/ were...
Where is ... / Where are ... ?

¿Cómo se dice ____ en

español? ¿Qué te pasa?
¿Qué es esto?
koh-moh seh dee-ceh ___ on keh teh pah-sah
keh ehs ehs-toh
eh-spahn-yol What's the matter (with
What is that?
How do you say ____ in you)?
Spanish?

No tengo ninguna idea.

No importa. ¿Qué pasa?
noh tehn-goh neen-goo-nah
noh eem-por-tah keh pah-sah
ee-deh-ah
It doesn't matter. What's happening?
I have no idea.
Estoy cansado / enfermo.
Tengo hambre / sed. Tengo calor / frío.
eh-stoy kahn-sah-doh / ehn-
tehn-goh ahm-breh / sed tehn-goh kah-lohr / free-oh
fehr-moh
I'm hungry / thirsty. I'm hot / cold.
I'm tired / sick.

Estoy aburrido. No me importa. No se preocupe.

eh-stoy ah-boo-ree-doh noh meh eem-por-tah noh seh preh-oh-koo-peh
I'm bored. I don't care. Don't worry

Está bien. Me olvidé. Tengo que ir ahora.

ehs-tah bee-ehn meh ohl-vee-deh tehn-goh keh eer ah-oh-rah
That's alright. I forgot. I must go now.

¡Salud! ¡Felicitaciones! ¡Buena suerte!

sah-lood feh-lee-see-tah-see-oh-nehs bweh-nah swehr-teh
Bless you! Congratulations! Good luck!

Te amo.
Te toca a ti. ¡Callate!
tay ah-moh
teh toh-kah ah tee kah-yah-teh
I love you. (informal and
It's your turn. (informal) Shut up!
singular)

Notice that Spanish has informal and formal ways of saying things. This is because there is
more than one meaning to "you" in Spanish (as well as in many other languages.) The
informal you is used when talking to close friends, relatives, animals or children. The formal
you is used when talking to someone you just met, do not know well, or someone for whom
you would like to show respect (a professor, for example.) There are also two ways to say
you in the plural, used when speaking to more than one person.

Encantado, cansado, enfermo, and aburrido are the masculine forms of the words. If the
words refer to a woman or are spoken by a woman, then the o changes to a.

2. Pronunciation

Spanish Letter English Sound

a ah
e ay
i ee
o oh
u oo
ll y
v b at beginning of word, real soft b between 2 vowels
 ñ ny (as in canyon)
r almost like a d when in between 2 vowels
rr r w/ a roll of the tongue
d almost like a th when in between 2 vowels
j hard h
g g, sometimes a h
qu k
ai / all / ay eye
z s
z, ce, ci th (in most parts of Spain)

Stress: Just as in English, Spanish stresses a certain syllable in a word. If a word ends in a
consonant, except s or n, the stress is on the last syllable. If a word ends in a vowel, or s or n,
the stress is on the second-to-last syllable. For words that do no follow these rules, an accent
is written over the vowel so that you will know to stress that syllable, as in el pájaro (bird).

3. Alphabet

a ah j hoh-tah r air-ay

b bay k kah rr airr-ay

c say l ay-lay s ay-say

ch chay ll ay-yay t tay

d day m ay-may u oo

e ay n ay-nay v oo-bay

f ay-fay ñ ayn-yay w doh-blay-bay

g hey o oh x ah-kees

h ah-chay p pay y ee-gree-ay-gah

i ee q koo z say-tah

Note: The Spanish language academy no longer considers the ch, ll or rr to be separate letters
of the alphabet.
4. Definite and Indefinite Articles and Demonstratives

Masc. Fem.
Masc. Plural Fem. Plural
Singular Singular
the el (ail) la (lah) the los (lohs) las (lahs)
a, una (oon- unos (oon- unas (oon-
un (oon) some
an ah) ohs) ahs)
this este esta these estos estas
that ese esa those esos esas
that aquel aquella those aquellos aquellas

El is also used with feminine nouns beginning with a or ha when the accent is on the first
syllable. Words that end in -o and -or are generally masculine, with a few exceptions: la
mano (hand), la foto (photo). Words that end in -a are generally feminine, with a few
exceptions: el mapa (map), el problema (problem). Other feminine words end in -ción, -tad,
-dad, or -tud.

Use the ese forms to mean that when what you are talking about is near the person you are
addressing. Use the aquel forms when what you are talking about is far from both you and
the person you are addressing. Esto and eso are the neuter forms of this and that. They can
be used in general and abstract ways. Demonstrative adjectives (listed above) are used before
a noun; if you want to use the demonstrative pronouns, which are used before a verb, add an
accent on all of the first e's: éste, ésta, éstos, éstas, ése, ésa, ésos, ésas, aquél, aquélla,
aquéllos, aquéllas.

5. Subject Pronouns

yo yoh I nosotros(as) noh-soh-trohs we

tú too you (informal) vosotros(as) boh-soh-trohs you all
él / ella / ail / ay-yah / he / she / ellos / ellas / ay-yohs / ay-yahs / they / they /
usted oo-sted you (formal) ustedes oo-sted-ays you (plural)

Note: Vosotros is used only in Spain when speaking to more than one person with whom you
know well. Nosotras and vosotras refer to a group of all females, as well as ellas. Ustedes is
almost always used for saying "you all" in all Spanish speaking countries. Usted can be
abbreviated to Ud. Ustedes can also be abbreviated to Uds. Please note that the subject
pronouns are rarely used before verbs.
6. To Be and to Have

ser - to be
present past future
soy I am fuí I was seré I will be
eres you are fuiste you were serás you will be
es he/she/it is fué he/she/it was será he/she/it will be
somos we are fuimos we were seremos we will be
sois you are fuisteis you were seréis you will be
son they are fueron they were serán they will be
estar - to be
present past future
estoy I am estuve I was estaré I will be
estás you are estuviste you were estarás you will be
está he/she/it is estuvo he/she/it was estará he/she/it will be
estamos we are estuvimos we were estaremos we will be
estáis you are estuvisteis you were estaréis you will be
están they are estuvieron they were estarán they will be
tener - to have
present past future
tengo I have tuve I had tendré I will have
tienes you have tuviste you had tendrás you will have
tiene he/she/it has tuvo he/she/it had tendrá he/she/it will have
tenemos we have tuvimos we had tendremos we will have
tenéis you have tuvisteis you had tendréis you will have
tienen they have tuvieron they had tendrán they will have

Ser is used to identify or describe. It tells what something is, its basic characteristics, or its
origin. Estar is used to tell the location of something or how someone feels.

Uses of Ser

Identify person/object El edificio es un templo. The building is a temple.

Inherent characteristics La casa es grande. The house is large.
or qualities Carlos es pobre. Charles is poor.
Nationality/Occupation Es carpintero. He is a carpenter.
Telling time Son las tres. It's three o'clock.
Express ownership Los libros son de Juan. The books are John's.
Impersonal Es necesario. It is necessary.
expressions El teléfono fue inventado por The telephone was invented by
Passive voice Bell. Bell.
 Uses of Estar

Location/position El libro está en la mesa. The book is on the table.

Temporary condition/state La ventana está abierta. The window is open.
State of health Juan está enfermo. John is sick.
Form progressive tense Miguel está estudiando. Michael is studying.

Sometimes changing the verb can completely change the meaning: ser aburrido means to be
boring, while estar aburrido means to be bored. Others include: ser bueno - to be nice,
estar bueno - to be in good health; ser callado - to be discrete, estar callado - to be silent;
ser moreno - to have brown hair, estar moreno - to be tan.

Common Expressions with "to be"

to be afraid - tener miedo
to be against - estar en contra
to be at fault - tener la culpa
to be careful - tener cuidado
to be cold - tener frío
to be curious - ser curioso (a)
to be happy - estar contento (a)
to be hot - tener calor
to be hungry - tener hambre
to be in a hurry - tener prisa, estar de prisa
to be jealous - tener celos
to be lucky - tener suerte
to be patient - tener paciencia
to be successful - tener éxito
to be thirsty - tener sed
to be tired - estar cansado (a)

7. Question Words

what qué which cuál(es)

who quién(es) how much cuánto (-a)
how cómo how many cuántos (-as)
when cuándo whom a quién(es)
where dónde whose de quién(es)
why por qué
8. Numbers / Ordinals

0 cero say-roh
1 uno oo-noh first primero
2 dos dohs second segundo
3 tres trays third tercero
4 cuatro kuah-troh fourth cuarto
5 cinco seen-koh fifth quinto
6 seis says sixth sexto
7 siete see-ay-tay seventh séptimo
8 ocho oh-choh eighth octavo
9 nueve new-ay-vay ninth noveno
10 diez dee-ays tenth décimo
11 once ohn-say eleventh undécimo
12 doce doh-say twelfth duodécimo
13 trece tray-say thirteenth décimo tercero
14 catorce kah-tor-say fourteenth décimo cuarto
15 quince keen-say fifteenth décimo quinto
16 diez y seis dee-ays ee says sixteenth décimo sexto
17 diez y siete dee-ays ee see-ay-tay seventeenth décimo séptimo
18 diez y ocho dee-ays ee oh-choh eighteenth décimo octavo
19 diez y nueve dee-ays ee new-ay-vay nineteenth décimo noveno
20 veinte bayn-tay twentieth vigésimo
21 veinte y uno bayn-tay ee oo-noh twenty-first vigésimo primero
22 veinte y dos bayn-tay ee dohs twenty-second vigésimo segundo
30 treinta trayn-tah thirtieth trigésimo
40 cuarenta kuar-ain-tah fortieth cuadragésimo
50 cincuenta seen-kuain-tah fiftieth quincuagésimo
60 sesenta say-sain-tah sixtieth sexagésimo
70 setenta say-tain-tah seventieth septuagésimo
80 ochenta oh-chain-tah eightieth octogésimo
90 noventa noh-bain-tah ninetieth nonagésimo
100 cien(to) see-ain-(toh) hundredth centésimo
1000 mil meel thousandth milésimo

Note: If you are just saying 100, you use cien. If it's over 100, you use ciento. So 101 is
ciento uno. And 156 would be ciento cincuenta y seis. Also you can also use dieciséis,
diecisiete, dieciocho, and diecinueve for 16, 17, 18, and 19, respectively. They are
pronounced the same but are combined into one word. Additionally, 21-29 can be written as
one word (veintiuno, veintidós, veintitrés, etc.), but you need to use y for the rest of the
numbers.

9. Days of the Week

Monday lunes loo-nays

Tuesday martes mar-tays
Wednesday miércoles mee-air-coh-lays
Thursday jueves hway-bays
Friday viernes bee-air-nays
Saturday sábado sah-bah-doh
Sunday domingo doh-ming-oh
the day el día ail dee-ah
the week la semana lah say-mahn-ah
the weekend el fin de semana ail feen day say-mahn-ah
today hoy oy
tomorrow mañana mahn-yahn-ah
my birthday mi cumpleaños mee coom-play-ahn-yohs

10. Months of the Year

January enero ay-nair-oh

February febrero fay-bray-roh
March marzo mar-soh
April abril ah-breel
May mayo mi-oh
June junio hoo-nee-oh
July julio hoo-lee-oh
August agosto ah-gohs-toh
September septiembre sayp-tee-aim-bray
October octubre ohk-too-bray
November noviembre noh-bee-aim-bray
December diciembre dee-see-aim-bray
the month el mes ail mais
 the first of [a month] el primero de [month] ail pree-mair-oh day _____
the year el año ail ahn-yoh

11. Seasons

spring la primavera winter el invierno

summer el verano autumn el otoño

Note: To say in the summer, spring, etc. use en and the season. En verano means in the
summer.

12. Directions

north el norte east el este

south el sur west el oeste

13. Colors

red rojo violet violeta

pink rosado brown marrón
orange anaranjado dark brown marrón oscuro
yellow amarillo black negro
green verde gray gris
blue azul white blanco
light blue celeste gold dorado
purple morado silver plateado

14. Time

Qué hora es? What time is it?

Es la una. It's one.
Son las dos/tres/cuatro... It's two/three/four...
Es mediodía. It's noon.
Es medianoche. It's midnight.
 Son las cinco y cinco. It's 5:05
Son las ocho y cuarto. It's 8:15
Son las diez menos cuarto. It's 9:45
Son cuarto para las diez It's 9:45 (common in Mexico)
Son las nueve menos diez. It's 8:50
Son diez para las nueve It's 8:50 (common in Mexico)
Son las tres y media. It's 3:30

15. Weather

Qué tiempo hace? What's the weather like?

Hace buen tiempo. The weather's nice.
Hace mal tiempo. The weather's bad.
Hace frío. It's cold.
Hace calor. It's hot.
Hace sol. It's sunny.
Hace viento. It's windy.
Llueve. It's raining.
Nieva. It's snowing.
Está nublado. It's cloudy.

16. Prepositions

a at al lado de beside
con with alrededor de around
contra against cerca de near
de of, from lejos de far from
en in, on delante de in front of
entre between, among debajo de below, under
hacia towards, about en frente de opposite
para for, in order, by detrás de behind
por for, through, along, via encima de above
sobre on, over hasta till, until
sin without desde from, since
 Note: There are two prepositional contractions with definite articles. A and el combine to
form al, and de and el combine to form del.

17. Family and Pets

family la familia grandfather el abuelo dog el perro

parents los padres grandmother la abuela cat el gato
husband el esposo grandson el nieto bird el pájaro
wife la esposa granddaughter la nieta fish el pez
father el padre uncle el tío horse el caballo
mother la madre aunt la tía goat la cabra
son el hijo nephew el sobrino pig el cerdo
daughter la hija niece la sobrina cow la vaca
children los hijos cousin (m) el primo rabbit el conejo
sister la hermana cousin (f) la prima turtle la tortuga
brother el hermano relatives los parientes mouse el ratón

18. To Know People and Facts

conocer - to know people saber - to know facts

conozco conocemos sé sabemos
conoces conocéis sabes sabéis
conoce conocen sabe saben

19. Formation of Plural Nouns

If a singular noun ends in a vowel, just add -s to make it plural: la casa / las casas. If a
singular noun ends in a consonant, a vowel with an accent, or y, add -es to make it plural: el
papel / los papeles. Singular nouns that end in -z change the z to c and add -es to form the
plural: la luz / las luces. A few nouns that have an accent in the singular will lose it in the
plural: el lápiz - los lapices.
20. Possessive Adjectives

Initial Forms Terminal Forms

singular plural singular plural
my mi mis mío (a) míos (as)
your tu tus tuyo (a) tuyos (as)
your/his/her/its su sus suyo (a) suyos (as)
our nuestro (a) nuestros (as) nuestro (a) nuestros (as)
your vuestro (a) vuestros (as) vuestro (a) vuestros (as)
your/their su sus suyo (a) suyos (as)

Because su and sus can have so many meanings, the definite article may be used with the
definite article may be used instead of su with the following forms: de Ud., de él, de ella, de
Uds., de ellos and de ellas.

los libros de ellos their books

The terminal forms are placed after the noun, and must be preceded by the definite article,
except in direct address. When used with the indefinite article, it corresponds to the English
"of mine, of yours," etc.

el libro mío my book

Qué haces, hijo mío? What are you doing, my son?
un amigo mío a friend of mine

21. To Do or Make

hacer - to do or make
hago hacemos
haces hacéis
hace hacen

22. Work and School

doctor el médico history la historia

dentist el dentista math las matemáticas
lawyer el abogado algebra el álgebra
professor el profesor geometry la geometría
teacher el maestro science la ciencia
engineer el ingeniero physics la fisica
architect el arquitecto chemistry la química
writer el escritor zoology la zoología
journalist el periodista botany la botánica
 musician el músico geography la geografía
painter el pintor music la música
pharmacist el farmacéutico art el arte
banker el banquero drawing el dibujo
carpenter el carpintero painting la pintura
barber el barbero linguistics la lingüística
mechanic el mecánico languages las lenguas / idiomas
salesman el vendedor
electrician el electricista
postman el cartero
policeman el agente de policía
soldier el soldado
pilot el piloto
secretary la secretaria
typist la mecanógrafo
nurse la enfermera

23. Countries and Nationalities

Country Masculine (Feminine) Nationality

Germany Alemania alemán (alemana)
Argentina Argentina argentino(a)
Australia Australia australiano(a)
Bolivia Bolivia boliviano(a)
Canada Canadá canadiense
Columbia Colombia colombiano(a)
Costa Rica Costa Rica costarricense
Cuba Cuba cubano(a)
Chile Chile chileno(a)
China China chino(a)
Ecuador Ecuador ecuatoriano(a)
Egypt Egipto egipcio(a)
Spain España español(a)
United States los Estados Unidos (norte)americano(a)
France Francia francés (francesa)
India India indio(a)
England Inglaterra inglés (inglesa)
Italy Italia italiano(a)
Japan Japón japonés (japonesa)
 Mexico México mexicano(a)
Poland Polonia polaco(a)
Portugal Portugal portugués (portuguesa)
Russia Rusia ruso(a)
South Africa Sudáfrica sudafricano(a)

24. To / In and From

to a
from de
in en

Remember to use the prepositional contractions when a noun with an article follows the
preposition.

25. To Come and to Go

venir - to come ir - to go
vengo venimos voy vamos
vienes venís vas vais
viene vienen va van

26. Misc. Words

a lot mucho always siempre

very much muchísimo everyday todos los días
a little poco now ahora
very little muy poco usually usualmente
sometimes a veces there ahí
well bien over there allí
after después too bad demasiado malo
poorly mal

27. Conjugating Regular Verbs

Verbs in Spanish end in -ar, -er or -ir. Before a verb is conjugated, it is called the infinitive.
Removing the last two letters gives you the stem of the verb (cantar is to sing, cant- is the
stem.) To conjugate regular verbs in the present tense, add these endings to the stems:

-ar -er -ir

o amos o emos o imos
as áis es éis es ís
a an e en e en

Remember that verbs do not require the subject pronouns, so just canto means I sing. Here
are some more regular verbs:

-ar verbs -er verbs -ir verbs

bailar to dance aprender to learn vivir to live
desear to want comer to eat escribir to write
escuchar to listen correr to run compartir to share
estudiar to study leer to read recibir to receive
hablar to speak vender to sell
practicar to practice beber to drink
tomar to take comprender to understand
viajar to travel

To make sentences negative, simply put no in front of the verb.

28. Reflexive Verbs

The subject and the object are the same with reflexive verbs - the subject acts upon itself. A
reflexive verb in Spanish will be marked with se attached to the end of the infinitive. These
verbs are conjugated like regular verbs, except the reflexive pronoun agrees with case and
gender and precedes the verb when not used in the infinitive form. Reciprocal verbs are the
same as reflexive except the action passes from one person to another. It can only be used in
the first and third person plural forms. Reflexive verbs sometimes use the "-self" forms in
English, while the reciprocal verbs use "each other."

Reflexive Pronouns
me nos
te os
se se
Some common reflexive verbs:

acostarse - to go to bed
bañarse - to bathe oneself
casarse - to get married
despertarse - to wake up
irse - to go away
levantarse - to rise
sentarse - to sit down
vestirse - to dress oneself
atreverse - to dare
quejarse - to complain

29. Irregular Conjugations

Some verbs have vowel changes in the present tense for all forms except first and second
person plural. After dropping the endings (-ar, -er, or -ir), the e of the last syllable changes to
ie, and o of the last syllable changes to ue. Some -ir verbs change the e to i, while verbs
ending in -uir change the i to y for all forms except first and second plural.

e to ie o to ue e to i ui to uy
pensar - to think contar - to count pedir - to ask (for) construir - to build
querer - to want, like, love poder - to be able repetir - to repeat
cerrar - to close costar - to cost seguir - to follow
comenzar - to begin dormir - to sleep servir - to serve
despertar - to awaken encontrar - to find, meet vestir - to dress
empezar - to begin jugar - to play
entender - to understand morir - to die
perder - to lose mostrar - to show
preferir - to prefer volar - to fly
sentar - to seat volver - to return
sentir - to regret, feel
pensar contar pedir construir
pienso pensamos cuento contamos pido pedimos construyo construimos
piensas pensáis cuentas contáis pides pedís construyes construís
piensa piensan cuenta cuentan pide piden contruye construyen

A few other verbs are irregular only in the first person singular form. The rest of the forms
follow the regular pattern:

traer to carry traigo I carry

salir to go out salgo I go out
hacer to do hago I do
saber to know sé I know
 dar to give doy I give
ver to see veo I see
tener to have tengo I have
poner to put pongo I put
decir to say digo I say
valer to be worth valgo I am worth
caer to fall caigo I fall
conocer to know conozco I know
deducir to deduce deduzco I deduce

Generally, verbs that end in -cer and -cir add z before the first person singular ending.

30. Personal "a"

When the direct object of a verb (except tener) is a person, it is preceded by a. It isn't used if
a number precedes the object though. The pronouns alguien (somebody), alguno (someone),
nadie (nobody), and ninguno (no one) require a as well, when used as the direct object.

Veo a Juan. I see John.

Conozco a tu amiga. I know your friend.
Veo a alguien. I see somebody.

31. Preterite Tense

The preterite tense expresses an action in the past. It is used to describe events that are
finished or complete. It is formed by adding these endings to the infinitive stem.

-ar verbs -er and -ir verbs

-é -amos -í -imos
-aste -asteis -iste -isteis
-ó -aron -ió -ieron

Viví en España dos años. I lived in Spain for two years.

Ellos hablaron con los niños. They spoke with the children.
Quién comió la fruta? Who ate the fruit?
32. Irregular Preterite Tense

A few verbs are irregular in the preterite tense. The following are the most common:

dar - to give decir - to say, tell estar - to be

di dimos dije dijimos estuve estuvimos
diste disteis dijiste dijisteis estuviste estuvisteis
dio dieron dijo dijeron estuvo estuvieron
hacer - to do, make ir - to go / ser- to be poner - to put, place
hice hicimos fui fuimos puse pusimos
hiciste hicisteis fuiste fuisteis pusiste pusisteis
hizo hicieron fue fueron puso pusieron
tener - to have traer - to bring venir - to come
tuve tuvimos traje trajimos vine vinimos
tuviste tuvisteis trajiste trajisteis viniste vinisteis
tuvo tuvieron trajo trajeron vino vinieron

Ir and ser have the same forms in the preterite tense. Context will make the meaning clear.

33. Imperfect Tense

The imperfect is another past tense that is used to express an action as going on in the past, as
repeated or habitual. It is also used with mental and physical conditions and for descriptions.
The preterite tense is used much more often than the imperfect tense though, except with
these verbs: querer, creer, poder, esperar, tener, and saber. It is formed by adding these
endings to the infinitive stem.

-ar verbs -er and -ir verbs

-aba -ábamos -ía -íamos
-abas -abais -ías -íais
-aba -aban -ía -ían

Yo vivía en España. I used to live in Spain.

Luisa estaba triste. Louise was sad.
El vendía radios. He was selling radios.

Only a few verbs are irregular in the imperfect tense:

ser - to be ir - to go ver - to see

era éramos iba íbamos veía veíamos
eras erais ibas ibais veías veíais
era eran iba iban veía veían
34. Food and Meals

bacon el tocino lunch el almuerzo wine el vino

beef la carne de vaca meal la comida yogurt el yogur
beer la cerveza meat la carne bag la bolsa
beverage la bebida milk la leche bowl el tázon
biscuit el bizcocho milkshake la malteada bottle la botella
bread el pan mustard la mostaza box la caja
la carne de
breakfast el desayuno mutton can la lata
carnero
can
butter la mantequilla oil el aceite abrelatas
opener
cake la torta omelet la tortilla carton el tetrabrik
candy los dulces pepper la pimienta chopsticks los palillos
cheese el queso pie el pastel coffee pot la cafetera
la carne de
chicken el pollo pork colander el colador
cerdo
chocolate el chupete rice el arroz corkscrew el sacacorchos
chop la chuleta roast el asado cup la taza
coffee el café roll el panecillo dish el plato
cookie la galleta salad la ensalada fork el tenedor
cottage
el requesón salami el salchichón frying pan la sartén
cheese
el algodón de
cotton candy salt la sal glass el vaso
azúcar
cream la crema sandwich el bocadillo jar el tarro
custard las natillas sauce la salsa jug la jarra
dessert el postre sausage el chorizo kettle la caldera
el refresco
dinner la comida soft drink knife el cuchillo
gaseoso
egg el huevo soup la sopa lid la tapa
fried eggs huevos fritos sour cream la crema agria napkin la servilleta
fat la grasa steak el bistec plate el plato
flour la harina stew el guisado saucer el platillo
la cacerola / el
ham el jamón sugar el azúcar saucepan
cazo
hamburger la hamburguesa supper la cena spoon la cuchara
honey la miel tea (iced) el té (helado) spray can el spray
hot dog el perro caliente toast las tostadas table la mesa
ice el hielo veal la ternera tablecloth el mantel
ice cream el helado vegetable la legumbre teapot la tetera
jam la jalea vinegar el vinagre tube el tubo
juice el jugo water el agua
whipped la nata
lollipop el chupete
cream montada

35. Gustar

Gustar plus a noun means to like something. Literally, it means to please and takes an
indirect object, so the construction of the sentence will be different than that of English. The
verb will only be conjugated in the third person singular or plural because it is agreeing with
the noun or infinitive that follows it, not the subject.

Me gusta(n) I like Nos gusta(n) we like

Te gusta(n) you like Os gusta(n) you like
Le gusta(n) you/he/she likes Les gusta(n) you/they like

Gusta is used with singular nouns or an infinitive, while gustan is used with plural nouns. It is
also possible to add a + complement pronoun to emphasize the subject, but this is not
necessary. The complement pronouns are the same as the suject pronouns except a mí and a
ti.

Me gustan las flores. I like the flowers. (Literally: To me are pleasing the flowers or the
flowers are pleasing to me.)
A nosotros nos gusta la casa. We like the house.
No me gusta. I don't like it.
Le gusta a Ud.? Do you like it?
A ellos les gustan los caballos. They like the horses.

36. Fruits, Vegetables and Meats

apple la manzana lettuce la lechuga broccoli el brócoli

corn on the
orange la naranja cabbage la col el elote / la mazorca
cob
banana la banana cauliflower la coliflor radish el rábano
grapefruit la toronja green peas los guisantes pepper el pimiento
los
lemon el limón asparagus garlic el ajo
espárragos
lime la lima green bean la habichuela potato la patata
peach el melocotón spinach la espinaca sweet potato la batata
apricot el tomato el tomate beans los frijoles / las
 albaricoque judías
fig el higo carrot la zanahoria beef la carne de vaca
grapes las uvas turnip el nabo lamb el cordero
pear la pera beet la remolacha pork el cerdo
plum la ciruela celery el apio sausage la salchicha
cherry la cereza onion la cebolla ham el jamón
pineapple la piña cucumber el pepino bacon el tocino
melon el melón parsley el perejil goose el ganso
watermelon la sandía squash la calabaza duck el pato
strawberry la fresa artichoke la alcachofa chicken el pollo
raspberry la frambuesa eggplant la berenjena turkey el pavo
blackberry la zarzamora rhubarb el ruibarbo lobster la langosta

Note: Los frijoles is used in South America, whereas las judías is used in Spain.

37. To Take or Drink

tomar - to take or drink

tomo tomamos
tomas tomáis
toma toman

When tomar means to drink, it usually refers to alcohol. In Mexico, tomar can be intransitive,
as beber is almost never used. In Spain, tomar is always transitive, such as tomar una copa-
to have a drink and tomar un café - to have a coffee.

38. Commands / Imperative

To form commands, drop the final -s on the present tense conjugation for the tú form and
change the final -r of the infinitive to -d for the vosotros form. The other imperative
conjugations (for Usted, Ustedes, and nosotros) use the present subjunctive forms. (More
about the Subjunctive at #70.) You use the nosotros form when you mean Let's + infinitive.
Negative commands use no + the present subjunctive conjugations for all forms. So the only
forms that differ between affirmative and negative commands are tú and vosotros. Verbs that
end in -car, -gar and -zar have the following changes in commands as well: c becomes qu, g
becomes gu, and z becomes c.
 Affirmative Negative
-ar -er or -ir -ar -er or -ir
Tú -a -e -es -as
Usted -e -a -e -a
nosotros -emos -amos -emos -amos
vosotros -ad -ed / -id -éis -áis
Ustedes -en -an -en -an

Habla! = Speak! (tú form)

Comed! = Eat! (vosotros form)
No comáis! = Don't eat! (negative vosotros form)
Beba! = Drink! (Usted form)
Coman! = Eat (Ustedes form)
No beban! = Don't drink! (negative Ustedes form)

There are 8 irregular verbs in the imperative, but they are only irregular for the tú form. The
rest of the commands follow the pattern above.

infinitive tú form
decir di
hacer haz
ir ve
poner pon
salir sal
ser sé
tener ten
venir ven

There are several irregular stems that appear in the present subjunctive, and therefore in the
imperative.

imperative
infinitive
stem
dar d-
decir dig-
estar est-
haber hay-
hacer hag-
ir vay-
poder pued-
poner pong-
 querer quier-
saber sep-
salir salg-
ser se-
tener teng-
traer traig-
venir veng-

39. More Negatives

To make sentences negative, you place no before the verb. Other negatives may precede or
follow the verb, but if they follow, they must follow a negative verb (a double negative). The
word order is either no + verb + negative or negative + verb. Nunca means ever when it
follows a comparative; jamás means ever when it follows an affirmative verb. Ya no + verb
means the same thing as no + verb + más (no more, no longer).

más no more, no longer

nada nothing, (not) anything
nadie nobody, (not) anybody
ninguno (a) no, none
tampoco neither, either
ni nor
ni...ni neither... nor
ni siquiera not even
nunca, jamás never, ever

No bailas nunca. = Nunca bailas. You never dance.

No juego más. = Ya no juego. I no longer play.

40. Holiday Phrases

Feliz Navidad Merry Christmas

Feliz Año Nuevo Happy New Year
Feliz Cumpleaños Happy Birthday

Spanish National Anthem: Marcha Real

There are no words to the Spanish national anthem; it is completely instrumental.

Mexican National Anthem: Mexicanos, al Grito de Guerra

by Francisco González Bocanegra

Mexicanos, al grito de guerra

El acero aprestad y el bridón; Mexicans, at the cry of battle
y retiemble en sus centros la tierra lend your swords and bridle;
Al sonoro rugir del cañón. and let the earth tremble at its center
upon the roar of the cannon.
Ciña ¡oh patria! tus sienes de oliva
De la Paz el arcángel divino, Your forehead shall be girded, oh fatherland, with olive
Que en el cielo tu eterno destino garlands
Por el dedo de Dios se escribió. by the divine archangel of peace,
Mas si osare un extraño enemigo For in heaven your eternal destiny
Profanar con su planta tu suelo, has been written by the hand of God.
Piensa ¡oh patria querida! que el But should a foreign enemy
cielo Profane your land with his sole,
Un soldado en cada hijo te dio. Think, beloved fatherland, that heaven
gave you a soldier in each son.
¡Guerra, guerra sin tregua al que
intente War, war without truce against who would attempt
De la patria manchar los blasones! to blemish the honor of the fatherland!
¡Guerra, guerra! Los patrios War, war! The patriotic banners
pendones saturate in waves of blood.
En las olas de sangre empapad. War, war! On the mount, in the vale
¡Guerra, guerra! En el monte, en el The terrifying cannon thunder
valle and the echoes nobly resound
Los cañones horrísonos truenen to the cries of union! liberty!
Y los ecos sonoros resuenen
Con las voces de ¡Unión! ¡Libertad! Fatherland, before your children become unarmed
Beneath the yoke their necks in sway,
Antes, patria, que inermes tus hijos May your countryside be watered with blood,
Bajo el yugo su cuello dobleguen, On blood their feet trample.
Tus campiñas con sangre se And may your temples, palaces and towers
rieguen, crumble in horrid crash,
Sobre sangre se estampe su pie. and their ruins exist saying:
Y tus templos, palacios y torres The fatherland was made of one thousand heroes here.
Se derrumben con hórrido
estruendo, Fatherland, fatherland, your children swear
Y sus ruinas existan diciendo: to exhale their breath in your cause,
De mil héroes la patria aquí fue. If the bugle in its belligerent tone
should call upon them to struggle with bravery.
¡Patria! ¡patria! Tus hijos te juran For you the olive garlands!
Exhalar en tus aras su aliento, For them a memory of glory!
Si el clarín con su bélico acento For you a laurel of victory!
Los convoca a lidiar con valor. For them a tomb of honor!
¡Para ti las guirnaldas de oliva!
¡Un recuerdo para ellos de gloria! Mexicans, at the cry of battle
¡Un laurel para ti de victoria! lend your swords and bridle;
¡Un sepulcro para ellos de honor! and let the earth tremble at its center
upon the roar of the cannon.
Mexicanos, al grito de guerra
El acero aprestad y el bridón,
y retiemble en sus centros la tierra
Al sonoro rugir del cañón.

41. Useful Expressions

Hay There is/are

Había There was/were
Hay que + infinitive It is necessary to + infinitive
Tener que + infinitive To have to + infinitive
Ir a + infinitive To go to + infinitive
Acabar de + infinitive To have just + past participle
Hace + time time + ago

42. Progressive Tenses

The progressive tense indicates an action that is ongoing. It is formed by using estar (in any
tense) with a present participle. Present participles are formed by dropping the ending of the
verb, and adding the following endings to the stem:

Present Participles
-ar -ando
-er -iendo
-ir -iendo

Juan está hablando. Josh is talking.

Estaban cantando. They were singing.
Estuve escribiendo una carta. I was writing a letter.

A few irregular present participles: poder - pudiendo, dormir - durmiendo, sentir - sintiendo,
venir - viniendo, pedir - pidiendo, leer - leyendo, ir - yendo, reír - riendo.

43. Haber

Haber - to have
he hemos
has habéis
ha han

This verb does not mean to possess (that is tener); but it is used in past tenses as an auxiliary
verb.
44. Present Perfect

The present perfect tense is a compound tense using haber with a past participle. (Haber is
only used as a helping verb; it is never used to show possession.) This tense can be translated
as have or has done something. Please note that the preterite tense is used more often than
this tense when expressing the past.

Past participles are formed by dropping the infinitive ending, and adding these endings:

Past Participles
-ar -ado
-er -ido
-ir -ido

The following verbs have irregular past participles: abrir (to open) - abierto (opened);
escribir (to write) - escrito (written); morir (to die) - muerto (died); poner (to put) - puesto
(put); ver (to see) - visto (seen); volver (to return) - vuelto (returned); decir (to say) - dicho
(said); hacer (to do) - hecho (done).

No han vendido la casa. They have not sold the house.

Dónde ha puesto Ud. la llave? Where have you put the key?
Hemos gastado mucho dinero. We have spent a lot of money.
Qué ha dicho Ud.? What did you say?

45. Places

airport el aeropuerto embassy la embajada pier el muelle

bakery la panadería factory la fábrica police station la comisaría
bank el banco farm la granja port el puerto
bar el bar fire hydrant la boca de agua prison la prisión
barn el granero fountain la fuente restaurant el restaurante
road la carretera / la
barracks el cuartel garage el garaje
(highway) vía
grocery el
bench el banco school la escuela
store supermercado
bridge el puente hospital el hospital sidewalk la acera
bookstore la librería hotel el hotel square la plaza
building el edificio house la casa stable la cuadra
butcher's la carnicería hut la cabaña stadium el estadio
castle el castillo inn la posada stop sign la señal de alto
cathedral la catedral lane (town) la calleja store la tienda
cemetery el cementerio library la biblioteca street la calle
el barro
church la iglesia market el mercado suburb
residencial
cinema el cine ministry el ministerio theater el teatro
consulate el consulado monument el monumento tower la torre
corner la esquina museum el museo town la ciudad
courtyard el patio palace el palacio town hall el ayuntamiento
el cruce
crosswalk path la senda traffic light el semáforo
peatonal
dock la dársena pavement la acera university la universidad
dry
la tintorería pharmacy la farmacia village el pueblo
cleaner's

46. Transportation

by bus en autobús
by bicycle en bicicleta
by car en coche
by motorcycle en motocicleta
by subway en metro
by taxi en taxi
by plane en avión
by train en tren
by boat en barco
on foot a pie

47. To Want, to Be Able to, to Have to

querer-to want poder-to be able to, can deber-to have to, must
quiero queremos puedo podemos debo debemos
quieres queréis puedes podéis debes debéis
quiere quieren puede pueden debe deben

48. Past Perfect

The past perfect tense corresponds to the English "had + past participle." It indicates an
event that happened prior to another event in the past. It consists of the imperfect of haber
and a past participle. Sometimes the preterite of haber is used, but the imperfect is more
common.
Carlos había vivido en México. Carlos had lived in Mexico.
Habíamos aprendido el español. We had learned Spanish.

49. House & Furniture

alarm
el despertador drawer el cajón pipe la pipa
clock
armchair el sillón dresser el tocador pipe (water) el tubo
la entrada del
ashtray el cenicero driveway poker el atizador
garaje
el lector de
attic el desván DVD player radio la radio
DVD
balcony el balcón fence la cerca record el disco
basement el sótano film la película refrigerator el refrigerador
basket la cesta fire el fuego roof el tejado
bathroom el baño flame la llama room el cuarto
bathtub la bañera flashlight la linterna rug la alfombra
batteries las pilas flat el apartamento sheet la sábana
bed la cama floor el suelo shelf el estante
la alcoba / el el piso / la
bedroom floor (levels) shovel la pala
dormitorio planta
bell (door) la campanilla flower la flor shower la ducha
blanket la cobija freezer el congelador sideboard el aparador
blinds la persiana front walk la vereda sink el fregadero
sink
bookcase la librería furniture los muebles el lavabo
(bathroom)
box la caja garage el garaje sitting room la sala
broom la escoba garden el jardín smoke el humo
bucket el balde ground floor la planta baja sofa el sofá
camcorder la cámara hearth la chimenea stairs las escaleras
la máquina de
camera hook el gancho steps los escalones
fotos
candle la vela house la casa story el piso
carpet la alfombra iron (flat) la plancha stove la estufa
cassette la cinta kerosene el petróleo study el estudio
CD player el lector de CD key la llave switch el conmutador
ceiling el techo kitchen la cocina table la mesa
chair la silla ladder la escalera tap (faucet) el grifo
chimney la chimenea lamp la lámpara telephone el teléfono
 el puro / el
cigar lawn el césped television el televisor
cigarro
cigarette el cigarrillo light bulb la bombilla toaster la tostadora
clock el reloj living room la sala toilet (WC) el inodoro
closet el armario lock la cerradura towel la toalla
compact el disco vacuum
mailbox el buzón el aspirador
disc compacto cleaner
computer la computadora matches las cerillas vase el jarrón
el
corner el rincón mattress el colchón VCR
magnetoscopio
microwave el horno
cupboard la alacena wall (house) el muro
oven microondas
curtain la cortina mirror el espejo wall (room) la pared
cushion el cojín oven el horno window la ventana
desk el escritorio pantry la despensa yard el jardín
dining
el comedor picture el cuadro
room
door la puerta pillow la almohada

50. Comparative and Superlative

Comparisons are expressed as follows:

más [adjective] que more [adjective] than

menos [adjective] que less [adjective] than
tan [adjective] como as [adjective] as
tanto(-a, -os, -as) [noun] como as much/many [noun] as

El gato es menos inteligente que el perro. The cat is less intelligent than the dog.
Mi prima tiene más discos que nadie. My cousin has more records than anyone.
No tengo tanto dinero como ustedes. I don't have as much money as you.

To form comparatives, just add más or menos before the adjective or adverb. To form the
superlative, place the definite article before the comparative. Note that de is used to express
in after a superlative.

más alta taller

la más alta the tallest
Rosa es la niña más alta de la clase. Rosa is the tallest girl in the class.
51. Irregular Forms

Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms. The most
common are:

Adjective/Adverb Comparative Superlative

good bueno better mejor the best el mejor
bad malo worse peor the worst el peor
great grande greater mayor the greatest el mayor
small pequeño less menor the least el menor
well bien better mejor best el mejor
badly mal worse peor worst el peor
much mucho more más most el más
little poco less menos least el menos

Note that the bueno and malo change according to gender and number while grande and
pequeño change according to gender. The adverbs (the last four) do not agree with the noun.

52. Clothing

apron el delantal pants los pantalones

barrette el pasador pin el alfiler
bathrobe la bata pocket el bolsillo
belt el cinturón purse el bolso
blouse la blusa raincoat el impermeable
boot la bota ring el anillo
bracelet la pulsera sandals las sandalias
brush un cepillo del pelo scarf la bufanda
buckle la hebilla shirt la camisa
button el botón shoe el zapato
cap el gorro shoelace el cordón
clothes la ropa shorts los pantalones cortos
coat el abrigo silk la seda
collar el cuello skirt la falda
comb el peine sleeve la manga
cotton el algodón slippers las pantuflas
dress el vestido soap el jabón
earmuffs las orejaras sock los calcetines
earrings el arete stocking la media
fashion la moda suit el traje
 glasses los lentes sunglasses las gafas de sol
glove el guante suspenders los tirantes
handbag el bolso sweater el jersey
handkerchief el pañuelo sweatsuit el chándal
hat el sombrero swimsuit el traje de baño
jacket la cazadora tie la corbata
jeans los vaqueros T-shirt la camiseta
mittens los mitones umbrella el paraguas
necklace el collar underwear la ropa interior
nightgown el camisón waistcoat el chaleco
overcoat el sobretodo watch el reloj
pajamas los pijamas wool la lana

53. To Wear

llevar - to wear ponerse - to put on

llevo llevamos me pongo nos ponemos
llevas lleváis te pones os ponéis
lleva llevan se pone so ponen

Note: You don't use possessive pronouns when referring to parts of the body or clothing, but
you do use the definite article.

54. Future Tense

The future of regular verbs is formed by adding the following endings to the infinitive:

-é -emos
-ás -éis
-á -án

Many verbs use irregular stems in the future tense, but they still use the regular endings from
above:

caber (to fit) cabr-

decir (to say, tell) dir-
haber (to have) habr-
hacer (to do, make) har-
poder (to be able) podr-
poner (to put, place) pondr-
 querer (to want) querr-
saber (to know) sabr-
salir (to leave, go out) saldr-
tener (to have, to own) tendr-
valer (to be worth) valdr-
venir (to come) vendr-

55. Adjectives

Adjectives must agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with
the noun they describe, and they are placed after the noun. In general, masculine adjectives
end in -o and feminine adjectives end in -a: blanco and blanca (white). Adjectives that end in
-ín, -án, -ón, -dor, -tor and -sor in the masculine will add an -a for the feminine. Adjectives
that end in -ete for the masculine will end in -eta for the feminine. Adjectives of nationality
add -a to the masculine to form the feminine: francés - francesa (French). Notice that when
you add -a, the adjective is no longer written with an accent. To form the plural of adjectives,
follow the same rules for forming the plural of nouns.

Most adjectives follow the noun they describe, but the following adjectives drop the final -o
if placed before a masculine noun in the singular: bueno - good; malo - bad; alguno - some;
ninguno - no, any; uno - one; primero - first; tercero - third

When grande means great, it precedes the noun and drops the -de before a singular noun of
either gender. Santo (saint) drops the -to before all masculine nouns, except those beginning
with Do- or To-.

56. More Adjectives

large grande high, tall alto

small pequeño low, short bajo
long largo pretty lindo, bonito
short corto beautiful hermoso
good bueno ugly feo
bad malo wide ancho
rich rico narrow estrecho
poor pobre heavy pesado
strong fuerte light ligero
weak débil hard duro
easy fácil soft blando
difficult difícil sweet dulce
 fat gordo sour agrio
thin delgado bitter amargo

When any form of the definite article is placed before an adjective, then the adjective
becomes a noun.

pobre - poor; el pobre - the poor man

If the neuter article lo is placed before a singular masculine adjective, the latter becomes an
abstract noun.

bueno - good; lo bueno - the good (everything that is good)

57. Sports

ball la pelota pool la piscina

game el juego basketball el baloncesto
match el partido tennis el tenis
team el equipo swimming la natación
player el jugador boxing el boxeo
soccer el fútbol wrestling la lucha
football el fútbol americano hockey el hockey
baseball el béisbol volleyball el vóleibol
racket una raqueta net una red
ball (small) una pelota cleats unos zapatos de fútbol
bat un bate skis unos esquís
glove un guante ski poles unos bastones
ball un balón boots unas botas
basketball hoop una canasta helmet el casco

58. Nature

air el aire grass la hierba sea el mar

el
archipelago gulf el golfo shadow la sombra
archipiélago
bank la orilla hail el granizo sky el cielo
bay la bahía hay el heno snow la nieve
barn el granero high tide la marea alta soil el suelo
beach la playa hill la colina south el sur
spring
branch la rama ice el hielo la fuente
(water)
bridge el puente island la isla star la estrella
bud el capullo isthmus el istmo stem el tallo
bush el arbusto jungle la jungla storm la tormenta
cape el cabo lake el lago strait el aprieto
cave la cueva leaf la hoja stream el arroyo
city la ciudad light la luz street el calle
climate el clima lightning el relámpago sun el sol
cloud la nube lily la azucena sunflower el girasol
coast la costa low tide la marea baja thaw el deshielo
comet el cometa meadow el prado thunder el trueno
la
constellation moon la luna tornado el tornado
constelación
country el país mountain la montaña tree el árbol
mountain
country(side) el campo la sierra trunk el tronco
range
la
current la corriente mouth (river) tulip el tulipán
desembocadura
daffodil el narciso mud el barro valley el valle
daisy la margarita nature la naturaleza view la vista
darkness la obscuridad north el norte water el agua (f)
desert el desierto peninsula la península fresh water el agua dulce
el agua
dew el rocío plain el llano salt water
salada
dust el polvo planet el planeta watering can la regadera
earth la tierra plant la planta waterfall la cascada
east el este pond el estanque wave la ola
pot (for
farm la granja la maceta weather el tiempo
plants)
field el campo rain la lluvia west el oeste
flower la flor rainbow el arco iris wind el viento
foam la espuma river el río world el mundo
fog le niebla rock la roca
foliage el follaje root la raíz
forest el bosque rose la rosa
frost el helada sand la arena
59. To Say and to Go Out

decir - to say salir - to go out

digo decimos salgo salimos
dices decís sales salís
dice dicen sale salen

60. Para vs. Por and Pero vs. Sino

Para is used to express: use or destination (for), purpose (in order to); point of future time
(for, by) and to be about to (estar para + infinitive.)

La carta es para Concha. The letter is for Concha.

Estudia para aprender. He studies in order to learn.
Lo tendré para el martes. I will have it by Tuesday.
Juan está para salir. John is about to leave.

Por is used to express: a place through or along which; expressions of time (in, during, at);
exchange, price (for); unit of measure (by, per); way or means (by); because of, on account
of, for; to go for, to send for; on behalf of, for the sake of; motive, reason. It is also used after
a passive verb to indicate the agent (by) and estar por + infinitive indicates what remains to
be done or to be in favor of.

por el pueblo through the town

por la mañana in the morning
Pagó un peso por el libro. He paid a dollar for the book.
Se vende por libras. It's sold by the pound.
Voy por tren. I'm going by train.
Voy por Alicia. I'm going for Alice.
Voté por Juanita. I voted for Juanita.
Fue escrito por Cervantes. It was written by Cervantes.
La carta está por escribir. The letter is yet to be written.
Estoy por escribirla. I am in favor of writing it.

Pero (but) usually follows an affirmative expression, but may follow a negative statement if
the verb of the first clause is repeated, or if another verb follows.

Bebe leche pero no bebe café. He drinks milk, but he does not drink coffee.

Sino (but) is only used in negative sentences of contrasting statements when the verb of the
first clause is understood but not repeated.

No bebe café sino leche. He does not drink coffee, but milk.
61. Object Pronouns

Subject Direct Indirect Object of Prepositions

yo I me me me to me mí me
tú you te you te to you ti you
él he/it lo him/it le to him/it él him/it
ella she/it la her/it le to her/it ella her/it
Usted you la you le to you Usted you
nosotros (as) we nos us nos to us nosotros (as) us
vosotros (as) you os you os to you vosotros (as) you
Ustedes you los, las you les to you Ustedes you
ellos (as) they los them les to them ellos (as) them

1. An object pronoun generally precedes the conjugated verb, except if is used in an

affirmative command, with an infinitive or gerund. Then it is attached to the verb as
one word. Déme Ud. el libro. Give me the book.
2. When you have more than one pronoun, the indirect comes before the direct. If both
pronouns begin with the letter l, then the first one is changed to se.
3. When one or two object pronouns follow and are attached to the verb form, an accent
mark must be added to retain the original stress of the word.
4. For clearness or emphasis, the prepositional form of a plus an object of a preposition
may be used. Nos envió a Ud. He sent us to you.
5. When the preposition con (with) precedes me or te, the words change to conmigo
(with me) and contigo (with you).

62. Parts of the Body

ankle el tobillo fever la fiebre pain el dolor

arm el brazo finger el dedo nose la nariz
artery la arteria fist el puño palm la palma
back la espalda flesh la carne pulse el pulso
beard la barba foot el pie rib la costilla
belly el vientre forehead la frente shin la espinilla
bladder la vejiga gum la encía shoulder el hombro
blood la sangre hair el cabello / el pelo skeleton el esqueleto
body el cuerpo hand la mano skin la piel
bone el hueso head la cabeza skull el cráneo
brain el cerebro health la salud sole la planta
breast el seno heart el corazón spine la espina dorsal
breath el aliento heel el talón stomach el estómago
calf la pantorrilla hip la cadera tear la lágrima
cheek la mejilla intestine el intestino temple la sien
chest el pecho jaw la quijada thigh el muslo
chin la barba / la barbilla kidney el riñón throat la garganta
coccyx el coxis knee la rodilla thumb el pulgar
cold el resfriado leg la pierna toe el dedo del pie
complexion la tez lip el labio tongue la lengua
cough la tos liver el hígado tooth el diente
disease la enfermedad lung el pulmón vein la vena
ear la oreja moustache el bigote wound le herida
elbow el codo mouth la boca waist la cintura
eye el ojo muscle el músculo wrist la muñeca
eyebrow la ceja nail la uña
eyelid el párpado neck el cuello
face la cara nerve el nervio

To express pain, use an indirect object pronoun + duele(n) + body part.

Me duele la cabeza. My head hurts.

Le duelen los pies. His feet hurt.

63. Asking Questions

Simply raise your voice at the end of the sentence.

Place the predicate in front of the subject of the sentence.
Add no? or verdad? or no es verdad? to the end of the statement. These translate to many
phrases in English, such as Isn't it? Aren't you? Don't you? Didn't he? Isn't she? etc.

64. To Give and to Bring

dar - to give traer - to bring

doy damos traigo traemos
das dais traes traéis
da dan trae traen

65. Relative Pronouns

A relative pronoun connects a dependent clause to a main clause and refers to something
already mentioned (the antecedent.) This pronoun may serve as the subject or object of a
verb, or the object of a preposition. Que and quien are the most commonly used relative
pronouns.

Que (who, whom, that, which) refers to persons or things, except after a preposition, when it
refers to things only. El que (and its forms - la que, los que, las que) and el cual (and its
forms - la cual, los cuales, las cuales) may replace que or quien. These pronouns are used for
clearness when there are two antecedents, and with prepositions.

La casa en que vivo es pequeña. The house in which I live is small.

He visitado la ciudad cerca de la cual vive. I visited the city near which he lives.

Quien (-es) (who) is used in a supplementary clause. When used with a preposition, it means
whom. Quien (-es) is often used in place of el que and its forms as well, when it means one
who, those who, etc.

Lo que and lo cual (which) refer to the whole sentence.

Cuyo (-a, -os, -as) is a possessive adjective and it agrees in gender and number with the thing
possessed, which is always the word that follows it.

66. Disjunctive Pronouns

Disjunctive pronouns are used independently of the verb. They are the pronouns which
follow prepositions, or show emphasis.

mí nosotros (-as)
ti vosotros (-as)
él ellos
ella ellas
Usted Ustedes

Ello is also used as a neuter pronoun meaning it. Sí can mean yourself, himself, herself,
yourselves or themselves. When con combines with mí, ti or sí, the words become conmigo,
contigo and consigo. For clearness, the forms of mismo (-a, -os, -as) can be added to these
pronouns.

67. To Hear, to Smell and to See

oír - to hear oler - to smell ver - to see

oigo oímos huelo olemos veo vemos
oyes oís hueles oléis ves veis
oye oyen huele huelen ve ven
68. Animals

la
animal el animal duck el pato lark sea gull la gaviota
alondra
el
la el águila seahors
ant eagle lion el león caballito
hormiga (f) e
de mar
el
antelope el antílope eel el anguila lizard seal la foca
lagarto
lobster la
antenna la antena egg el huevo shark el tiburón
(spiny) langosta
antler el asta elephant el elefante louse el piojo sheep la oveja
el
badger el tejón feather la pluma mackerel escombr shrimp la gamba
o
el
bat murciélag fin la aleta mole el topo skin la piel
o
beak el pico fish el pez monkey el mono slug la babosa
el
bear el oso flea la pulga mosquito mosquit snail el caracol
o
la
bee la abeja fly la mosca moth la polilla snake serpiente /
la culebra
el
el
beetle escarabaj fox el zorro mouse el ratón sole
lenguado
o
bird el pájaro frog la rana mule el mulo sparrow el gorrión
la
blackbird el mirlo fur el pelo mussel spider la araña
almeja
la el
bull el toro gill nest el nido squid
branquia calamar
la nightingal el
butterfly giraffe la jirafa squirrel la ardilla
mariposa e ruiseñor
la estrella
calf el ternero goat la cabra octopus el pulpo starfish
de mar
el
carp la carpa goose el ganso ostrich stork la cigüeña
avestruz
la
swallo
cat el gato gorilla el gorila owl el buho golondrin
w
a
el
caterpillar la oruga grasshopper ox el buey swan el cisne
saltamonte
 s
el la el
cheetah hamster oyster la ostra tadpole
guepardo marmota renacuajo
chicken el pollo hare la liebre parrot el loro tail la cola
el
chimpanze
chimpanc hedgehog el erizo partridge la perdiz tiger el tigre
e
é
claw la zarpa hen la gallina paw la pata toad el sapo
la el
cockroach heron la garza penguin trout la trucha
cucaracha pingüino
cod el bacalao herring el arenque pig el cerdo tuna el atún
cocoon el capullo hoof la pezuña pigeon el pichón turkey el pavo
cow la vaca horn el cuerno pike el sollo turtle la tortuga
el
crab horse el caballo pony el potro wasp la avispa
cangrejo
la
el hummingbir
crayfish el colibri rabbit el conejo weasel comadrej
cangrejo d
a
el el
crocodile iguana la iguana raccoon whale la ballena
cocodrilo mapache
crow el cuervo insect el insecto rat la rata wing el ala (f)
deer el ciervo jellyfish la medusa rooster el gallo wolf el lobo
el
dog el perro kitten el gatito salmon worm el gusano
salmón
la
donkey el burro ladybug la catarina scale zebra la cebra
escama
el
dragonfly la libélula lamb el cordero scorpion escorpió
n

69. Suffixes

Suffixes may be attached to nouns, adjectives or adverbs. Unaccented vowels should be

dropped before adding the suffixes. The most common suffixes are -ito (a) and -cito (a).
They express size, affection, admiration, appreciation or pity. The ending -ero (a) indicates
the maker or dealer in charge of something. To indicate where something is made or sold,
add -ería. When -eza and -ura are added to adjectives, they express abstract nouns. When -
dor is added to a verb (minus the final letter), it indicates the performer of the action.

70. Subjunctive Mood

The subjunctive is not used very often in English, but it is very common and important in
Spanish. Some command forms are actually the subjunctive, so the formation of the present
subjunctive should not be too difficult. You can use the present tense endings and switch the
vowel (-ar verbs use -e and -er/-ir verbs use -a):

Present Subjunctive

-ar verbs -er and -ir

-e -emos -a -amos
-es -éis -as -áis
-e -en -a -an

Usually when there is an irregular spelling change in the present indicative of a verb, that
form will be used for the stem of all of the subjunctive forms. (Review #29 from Spanish I)
Verbs than end in -erir, -ertir, or -entir use two different irregular spellings in the present
subjunctive:

mentir in present
subjunctive
mienta mintamos
mientas mintáis
mienta mientan

The past subjunctive is formed from the third person plural of the preterite. Remove the -on
ending, leaving you with -ar and -ier, and add these new endings:

Past (Imperfect) Subjunctive

all verbs
-
-a
amos
-as
-ais
-a
-an

An accent is added to the stem vowel as well in the first person plural form. Instead of
hablaramos, it is habláramos; instead of comieramos, it is comiéramos, etc. Note that there is
another way to form the past subjunctive (a different set of endings), but the endings given
are used more often. You must always the past subjunctive after como si. Es como si fuera
mi padre. It's as if he were my father.

The present perfect subjunctive is formed with the present subjunctive of haber and the past
participle of the main verb. Similarly, the past perfect subjunctive is formed with the past
subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb.

Present perfect subjunctive Past perfect subjunctive

haya hayamos hubiera hubiéramos
+ past + past
hayas hayáis hubieras hubierais
participle participle
haya hayan hubiera hubieran
You must always pay attention to the correct usage of verb tenses. When the verb of the main
clause is in the present or future, then the verb of the subordinating clause will be in the
present subjunctive. But if the verb in the main clause is in a past tense, the verb of the
subordinating clause will be in the past subjunctive.

71. Irregular Subjunctive Mood

Many verbs are irregular in the present subjunctive mood:

dar - to give decir - to say/tell estar - to be

dé demos diga digamos esté estemos
des deis digas digáis estés estéis
dé den diga digan esté estén
hacer - to
haber - to have ir - to go
do/make
haya hayamos haga hagamos vaya vayamos
hayas hayáis hagas hagáis vayas vayáis
haya hayan haga hagan vaya vayan
poder - to be able poner - to
querer - to want
to put/place
pueda podamos ponga pongamos quiera queramos
puedas podáis pongas pongáis quieras queráis
pueda puedan ponga pongan quiera quieran
saber - to know salir - to go out ser - to be
sepa sepamos salga salgamos sea seamos
sepas sepáis salgas salgáis seas seáis
sepa sepan salga salgan sea sean
tener - to have traer - to bring venir - to come
tenga tengamos traigo traigamos venga vengamos
tengas tengáis traigas traigáis vengas vengáis
tenga tengan traiga traigan venga vengan

Many verbs are irregular in the past subjunctive as well:

dar - to give decir - to say/tell estar - to be

diera diéramos dijera dijéramos estuviera estuviéramos
dieras dierais dijeras dijerais estuvieras estuvierais
diera dieran dijera dijeran estuviera estuvieran
haber - to have hacer - to do/make ir - to go
hubiera hubiéramos hiciera hiciéramos fuera fuéramos
hubieras hubierais hicieras hicierais fueras fuerais
hubiera hubieran hiciera hicieran fuera fueran
 poder - to be able poner - to querer - to want
to put/place
pudiera pudiéramos pusiera pusiéramos quisiera quisiéramos
pudieras pudierais pusieras pusierais quisieras quisierais
pudiera pudieran pusiera pusieran quisiera quisieran
saber - to know ser - to be tener - to have
supiera supiéramos fuera fuéramos tuviera tuviéramos
supieras supierais fueras fuerais tuvieras tuvierais
supiera supieran fuera fueran tuviera tuvieran
traer - to bring venir - to come
trajera trajéramos viniera viniéramos
trajeras trajerais vinieras vinierais
trajera trajeran viniera vinieran

72. Uses of the Subjunctive

The main uses of the subjunctive include (generally, que will follow the verb):

1. After the verbs querer and desear (to want) when there is a change of subject (but use the
infinitive if there is no change of subject)

2. When one person tells (decir) or asks (pedir) another person to do something.

3. After verbs of emotion or command, such as esperar (to hope), sentir (to be sorry), temer
(to fear), alegrarse (to be glad), mandar (to order), rogar (to request), when there is a
change of subject.

4. After dudar (to doubt) and other verbs expressing uncertainty (negative of creer), as well
as after quizás, tal vez and acaso (maybe) to reinforce the idea of doubt.

5. After most impersonal expressions, such as es posible que / puede que (it's possible), es
importante que (it's important), es necesario que / hace falta (it's necessary) if there is a
subject for the subordinate verb.

6. In adjective clauses is the antecedent is indefinite

7. After certain conjunctions, such as para que (in order that), sin que (without), and antes
que (before)

8. After time conjunctions, such as cuando (when), en cuanto (as soon as), hasta que (until),
when future is implied.

9. After que in expressions of wishes or desires: Que aproveche! Have a good meal!

10. To translate the future tense in subordinating clause: Cuando sea mayor iré a España.
When I'm older, I will go to Spain.
In contrary-to-fact conditions, the past subjunctive must be used in the if-clause (and the
main clause is in a conditional tense)

73. Adverbs

Most adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective.
However, two common adverbs that do not end in -mente are despacio (slowly) and
demasiado (too much).

Adjective Adverb
correcto correctamente correctly
fácil fácilmente easily
claro claramente clearly
absoluto absolutamente absolutely
rápido rápidamente rapidly

Lo + adverb + que expresses how, while lo más + adverb + an expression of possibility is

translated: as ... as ...

lo bien que how well

lo más pronto posible as soon as possible

74. Passive Voice

In passive sentences, the subject receives the action of the verb. In active sentences, the
subject does the action. However, the meaning of both sentences is the same. The passive
voice in Spanish is formed with a tense of ser and a past participle. Ser should be in the same
tense as the verb in its corresponding active sentence. The agent is expressed by por if the
action is physical; and by de if mental. The past participle agrees in gender and number with
the subject. If you use estar instead of ser, the past participle is called the predicate adjective
and it is not a passive sentence.

Active El viento destruye la casa. The wind destroys the house.

La casa fue destruida por el The house was destroyed by the
Passive
viento. wind.
Cuando la vi, la casa estaba When I saw it, the house was
Predicate Adjective
destruida. destroyed.

El niño fue castigado por su padre. The boy was punished by his father.
Rosa es amada de todos. Rose is loved by everyone.
75. Uses of the Infinitive

The infinitive is translated as a gerund (the -ing form of the verb) after these words: el, al, a
preposition, ver or oír.

El correr es buen ejercicio. Running is good exercise.

Partió sin hablar. He left without speaking.

Oigo cantar a Maria. I hear Maria singing.

76. Shopping

department
el almacén shop/store la tienda
store
el centro (open-air) el mercado (al
shopping mall
comercial market aire libre)
belt el cinturón (fixed) price el precio (fijo)
glasses las gafas Sale la rebaja
gloves los guantes to bargain regatear
sunglasses los lentes de sol to spend money gastar

77. Post Office and Bank

post office el correo Bank el banco

el cheque (de
envelope el sobre (traveler's) check
viajero)
mailbox el buzón to cash (a check) cobrar
mail carrier el cartero to save (money) ahorrar
stamps las estampillas to deposit depositar
package el paquete Account la cuenta

78. Conditional Tense

The conditional tense expresses an idea dependent on a condition that is either expressed or
understood. It can also refer to the past when it expresses probability.

To form the present conditional, add these endings to the infinitive for all three types of
verbs. Verbs that had irregular stems in the future tense, also use that stem for the conditional
tense.
 -ía -íamos
-ías -íais
-ía -ían

79. Infinitives followed by Prepositions

The following verbs require a, de, en or con when followed by another infinitive, although
the preposition is not always translated into English.

Verb + a + another infinitive Verb + de + another infinitive

acostumbrarse to become used to acabar
to have just
aprender to learn to acordarse
atreverse to dare to to remember
alegrarse
to be glad to
ayudar to help aprovecharse
comenzar to begin to to profit by
arrepentirse
convidar to invite to to repent
cansarse
to tire of
decidirse to decide to cesar
dedicarse to devote oneself to to cease
dejar
empezar to begin to to cease
encargarse
enseñar to teach to to take charge of
gozar
invitar to invite to take pleasure in
jactarse
to boast of
ir to go to olvidarse
negarse to refuse to to forget to
tratar
persuadir to persuade to to try to
principiar to begin to
rehusar to refuse to
resignarse to resign oneself to
resistirse to resist
resolverse to resolve to
venir to come to
volver to return to
Verb + en + another infinitive Verb + con + another infinitive
consentir to consent to contar
consistir to consist to count on
contentarse
divertirse to amuse oneself to content oneself with
soñar
empeñarse to insist on to dream of
esforzarse to endeavor to
insistir to insist on
ocuparse to busy oneself
pensar to think of
persistir to persist in
tardar to delay in
80. Office / School Supplies

pencil el lápiz Dictionary el diccionario

eraser la goma tape (audio) la cinta
pen la pluma Map el mapa
ink la tinta Newspaper el periódico
paper el papel Novel la novela
letter la carta Backpack la mochila
notebook el cuaderno Stapler la grapadora
book el libro Scissors unas tijeras

81. Parts of a Car / Gas Station

car el coche
garage el garage
tank el tanque
gasoline la gasolina
oil el aceite
air el aire
grease la grasa
tire la llanta
spare tire llanta picada
wheel la rueda
steering wheel el volante
brake el freno
speed la velocidad
slow despacio
danger peligro
stop alto
go siga, adelante
service station la estación de servicio

82. Travelling / Vacation

passport el pasaporte airport el aeropuerto

customs la aduana parking lot el aparcamiento
arrival la llegada bus stop la parada
departure la salida traffic jam los atascos
(round-trip) el pasaje (de ida y
map el mapa
ticket vuelta)
luggage el equipaje countryside el campo
single/double la habitación
mountain la montaña
room individual/doble
 train (bus) la estación de tren (de
beach la playa
station autobuses)
subway la estación de metro paths les chemins
to take a trip hacer un viaje vacation las vacaciones
to go on
ir de vacaciones to drive conducir
vacation
to pack hacer las maletas to visit visitar
to travel viajar to walk pasearse
to fly Volar to get lost perderse

83. Cosmetics / Toiletries

shampoo el champú brush el cepillo

soap el jabón comb el peine
makeup el maquillaje toothpaste la pasta de dientes
shaving el cepillo de
la crema de afeitar toothbrush
cream dientes
lotion la loción towel la toalla
el esmalte para las la maquinilla de
nail polish electric razor
uñas afeitar

84. Other Perfect Tenses

Beside the present and past perfect tenses, there are also the preterite, future and conditional
perfect tenses. All are conjugated with a form of haber and a past participle.

The preterite perfect is formed with the preterite of haber + past participle, and it has the
same meaning as the past perfect. But this tense is normally only used after conjunctions of
time, such as así que, luego que, tan pronto como (as soon as); cuando (when); después
(de) que (after); and hasta que (until).

The future perfect is formed with the future of haber + past participle and is also used to
express probability, referring to the present.

The conditional perfect is formed with the conditional of haber + past participle and is also
used to express probability, referring to the past.
85. Durations of Time

Ago : hace + a period of time

Se fue hace quince días. He left fifteen days ago.

Since / For : desde hace + a period of time (careful with verb tenses here: present tense in
Spanish, present perfect or present perfect continuous in English)
No vienes a verme desde hace un mes. You haven't come to see me for a month.

In : dentro de + a period of time (time at which something will happen)

Te llamo dentro de media hora. I'll call you in a half hour.

86. Telephone

Hello Diga telephone book la guía telefónica

Hello las páginas
Oiga yellow pages
(reply) amarillas
to transfer
This is... Soy... poner con alguien
someone
phone une tarjeta
to call Telefonear
card telefónica
phone
una cabina to pick up Descolgar
booth
call una llamada to hang up Colgar
el timbre del to leave a
ringtone dejar un recado
teléfono message
el tono de to be very hablar por los
dialtone
marcar talkative codos
wrong un número marcar un
to dial a number
number equivocado número
busy la señal de
signal ocupado

87. Exclamations

Exclamatory phrases, which express what a or how, begin with qué, cuánto, and cómo. Qué
can be followed by a noun or an adjective. Sometimes tan or más are also used with the
adjective to emphasize a defect or a quality. ¡Qué mujer! What a woman! ¡Qué familia tan
unida! What a united family!

Cuánto expresses quantity, and agrees in gender and number with the adjective that follows.
It can also be followed by a verb, in which case there is no agreement. Furthermore, lo que
can replace cuánto when a verb follows. ¡Cuánta comida! How much food! / There's a lot of
food! ¡Cuánto comes! How you eat! / You eat a lot!
Cómo expresses the manner in which something is done. It can only be followed by a verb.
¡Cómo baila! How he dances! / He dances well!

88. Colloquial Expressions

la pandilla group of friends ¡qué pasada! that's awesome!

el colega / el socio friend ¡qué rollo! it's boring!
el profe teacher ¡chulo! ¡chula! great!
el cole middle school ser un lince to be very clever
un(a) chaval(a) guy/girl llevarse un chasco to be disappointed
un tío guy estar hasta la gorra to be fed up
un ligue flirt ligar to flirt
un empollón hard-worker estar hecho papilla to be sad
un cabeza de chorlito scatterbrain estar hecho polvo to be tired
un cabeza cuadrada stubborn estar mal del coco to be crazy
un cara de mala leche mean look/face estar harto to be fed up

89. Aspects of Action

To express an action that is planned (going to happen): ir a + infinitive. Voy a acostarme.

I'm going to go to bed.

To express an action that is just about to happen: estar a punto de + infinitive or estar para
+ infinitive. El avión está para aterrizar. The plane is about to land.

To express an action that repeats: volver a + infinitive. Veulve a escribir su nombre. You
write your name again.

To express an action that has just happened: acabar de + infinitive. Acabo de llegar. I just
arrived.

90. Verbs of Feelings

Several verbs in Spanish that express feelings (pleasure, pain, etc.) have different word order
than in English. These verbs have the same construction as gustar (#35): Indirect object +
verb + subject. Me, te, le, nos, os, les are the indirect object pronouns. The verb is conjugated
in third person singular or plural because it agrees with the subject, not the indirect object.

gustar to like dar asco to hate

to feel
apetecer dar miedo to scare
like
 dar to
encantar to adore
lástima trouble
dar to feel
doler to hurt
ganas like

Te apetece salir. You feel like going out.

Le duelen los dientes. His teeth hurt.
Les da miedo la película. The film scares them.

You can also add a mí, a ti, a él, a ella, a usted, a nosotros/-as, a vosotros/-as, a ellos, a
ellas, or a ustedes before the indirect object for emphasis.

A mí me gusta el fútbol. Me, I like soccer.

Adiós!!!