How To Say & How To Spell It 2

09/10/13 How to say & How to spell it
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How to say & How to spell
1. Acento en la palabra
2. Acento en la frase ( sonidos débiles vs sonidos fuertes)
Pronunciación débil de los auxiliares y elementos gramaticales
3. Patrones de entonación
4. Contracciones y acento en la frase
5. Pronunciación del participio de los verbos
Acento en la palabra
When you look up a word in your dictionary, remember that this symbol ' tells you where the
stress goes. In this course we will use either this symbol or we´ll underline the stressed
syllable.
Cuando mires una palabra en el diccionario, recuerda que este símbolo ' te dice en qué sílaba va el
acento. En el curso utilizaremos este símbolo o subrayaremos la sílaba acentuada. Puedes hacerlo
más visual en tu cuaderno poniendo la sílaba acentuada de un color diferente, esto te ayudará a
reconocerla rapidamente.
There are two very simple rules about word stress:
1. One word has only one stress. (One word cannot have two stresses. If you hear two stresses, you
hear two words. Two stresses cannot be one word. It is true that there can be a "secondary" stress
in some words. But a secondary stress is much smaller than the main [primary] stress, and is only
used in long words.)
2. We can only stress vowels, not consonants.
Here are some more, rather complicated, rules that can help you understand where to put the stress. But do
not rely on them too much, because there are many exceptions. It is better to try to follow what we have
been insisting on "practice, practice and practice.
Hay dos reglas sencillas en relación al acento de las palabras en inglés:
1. Una palabra solo tiene UN ACENTO. (Una palabra no puede tener dos acentos. Si oyes dos
acentos, escuchas dos palabras. Dos acentos no pueden ser una palabra. Si bien hay
educacionadistancia.juntadeandalucia.es/semi/blocks/recopila/view.php?id=192599 1/16
palabras que tienen un acento "secundario", ese acento secundario es mucho más pequeño
que el acento principal y solo aparece en palabras largas.)
2. Sólo se acentúan las vocales, no las consonantes.
A continuación tienes algunas reglas que son, a veces, muy complicadas , pero que te pueden
ayudar a situar el acento correctamente. En todo caso, no las sigas al pie de la letra pues hay
muchas excepciones. Es mucho mejor seguir en lo que hemos estado insistiendo "práctica,
práctica, práctica"
Stress on first syllable

rule example
present,
export,
Most 2-syllable nouns
China,
Table
Stress on last syllable

rule example
to present,
to export,
Most 2-syllable verbs
to decide,
to begin
Stress on penultimate syllable (penultimate = second from end)

rule example
Graphic
Words ending in -ic Geographic
geologic
Words ending in -sion and television,

-tion
revelation
Stress on ante-penultimate syllable (ante-penultimate = third from end)

rule example
democracy,
dependability,
Words ending in -cy, -ty,
-phy and -gy photography
geology
critical,
Words ending in -al
geological
Compound words (words with two parts)

rule example
For compound nouns, the blackbird,

stress is on the first part
greenhouse
For compound adjectives, bad-tempered

the stress is on the
second part
old-fashioned
For compound verbs, the to understand

stress is on the second
part
to overflow
Acento en la frase
Remember, we stress the IMPORTANT words, NOUNS, ADJECTIVES AND VERBS
Recuerda que acentuamos las palabras significativas, NOMBRES, ADJETIVOS Y VERBOS
In fast speech, the unstressed vowels are usually pronounced with /ə/
En el lenguaje hablado las vocales no acentuadas se pronuncian normalmente con el sonido /ə/.
Recuerda ese sonido parecido a una a o a una e débil en español .
Mira estos videos para que veas la importancia del ritmo en inglés, aparte de pasártelo bien con el
profesor Joe
http://es.youtube.com/watch?v=DLOBq2WcINY&feature=related
http://es.youtube.com/watch?v=EkuegUpARzc&feature=related
Patrones de entonación: Oraciones enunciativas, interrogativas y negativas
Pronunciación
El sonido de la vocal en 'do' en la pregunta es más débil que en la respuesta corta.
Do you go out? Yes I do.

D'ya go out? Yes I doo.
Fíjate en la musicalidad (la entonación) de las siguientes preguntas. Observa como el tono de la voz decae.
1. What do you do?
2. What time do you get up?
3. What do you teach?
4. What do you do in the evening?
Task 1
¿Por qué hay dos 'do' en los ejemplos 1 y 4?
Por que el primer 'do' hace las funciones de verbo auxiliar en preguntas (como en éste caso)
En éstos ejemplos la entonación sube en las preguntas con 'do' y cae en las respuestas cortas:
1. Do you speak Spanish?
No, I don't
2. Do you go out much?
Yes, I do
Escucha y practica. Recuerda que en las frases negativas, la negación tiene énfasis en la frase
I don´t know
I didn´t see Susan at the office.
I haven't eaten in a Chinese restaurant for ages.
How to pronounce contractions and negation
I am I´m /aim/
You are You´re
He is He´s
She is She´s
It is It´s
We are We´re
You are You´re
They are They´re

That is That´s /ðæts/
My name is My name´s
Are not aren´t
Is not isn´t
Do not don´t
Does not Doesn´t
In the section A step Ahead you have examples with sentences, go there and practise them!
En la sección A step Ahead tienes ejemplos con frases completas, ve allí y practícalas.
Pronunciación del participio de los verbos regulares e irregulares
The past participle of regular -ed verbs is pronounced /t/ /d/ or /id/
Looked
Loved
Waited
Recuerda que el participio de los verbos regulares acaba en -ed y puede pronunciarse/t/ /d/ or /id/
To pronounce the past participle of irregular verbs there´s no rule, you have a list of irregular verbs with their
pronunciation in past and in past participle. Listen and repeat.
No hay reglas sencillas para la pronunciación del pasado o del participio de los verbos irregulares,
aquí tienes una lista que te ayudará a practicar su pronunciación.
Word Stress
Exercise 1
Group these w ords according to their stress:

1: ■ ▪
2: ▪ ■ ▪
3: ▪ ■
a) football, Selecciona... 1 2 3
b) amusing, Selecciona... 1 2 3
c) athletics, Selecciona... 1 2 3
d) canoe Selecciona... 1 2 3
e) igloo Selecciona... 1 2 3
f) circle, Selecciona... 1 2 3
g) download, Selecciona... 1 2 3
h) exhausted, Selecciona... 1 2 3
i) , Selecciona... 1 2 3
bamboo
j) login, Selecciona... 1 2 3
k) Selecciona... 1 2 3
taboo,
l) Selecciona... 1 2 3
tattoo.
Exercise 2
Listen, check your answ ers and repeat the w ords w ith the right stress.
Choose the right ending /t/ / d/ or /id/
a) Liked Selecciona... /t/ /d/ / id/
b) Wanted Selecciona... /t/ /d/ / id/
c) Stopped Selecciona... /t/ /d/ / id/
d) Opened Selecciona... /t/ /d/ / id/
e) Walked Selecciona... /t/ /d/ / id/
f) Finished Selecciona... /t/ /d/ / id/
g) Lived Selecciona... /t/ /d/ / id/
h) Washed Selecciona... /t/ /d/ / id/
i) Depended Selecciona... /t/ /d/ / id/
j) Preferred Selecciona... /t/ /d/ / id/
Exercise 3
Escucha las siguientes preguntas e identifica las palabras que se oyen más fuerte
Ej.) What's his name?
1. Where's she from? Selecciona... How How it How old What's What's Where's help you
married
2. How old is she? Selecciona... How How it How old What's What's Where's help you
married
3. Is she married? Selecciona... How How it How old What's What's Where's help you
married
4. What's your job? Selecciona... How How it How old What's What's Where's help you
married
5. What's their address? Selecciona... How How it How old What's What's Where's help you
married
6. Can I help you? Selecciona... How How it How old What's What's Where's help you
married
7. How are you? Selecciona... How How it How old What's What's Where's help you married
8. How do you spell it? Selecciona... How How it How old What's What's Where's help you
married
Si tienes alguna duda, consulta a tu tutor o tutora y recuerda que practice makes perfect!
How to say & How to spell
1. Contenidos
2. Word linking
3. La pasiva y la formas débiles
4. Las contracciones
Word linking. Linking in English
When we say a sentence in English, we join or "link" words to each other. Because of this linking,
the words in a sentence do not always sound the same as when we say them individually. Linking is
very important in English. If you recognize and use linking, two things will happen:
1. you will understand other people more easily

2. other people will understand you more easily
There are basically two types of linking:
1. consonant > vowel

We link words ending with a consonant sound to words beginning with a vowel sound
2. vowel > vowel
We link words ending with a vowel sound to words beginning with a vowel sound
When people speak quickly they link the consonant sound at the end of one word with the vowel sound at
the start of the next word. For example:
The lord of the Rings

Gangs of New York
Sometimes we don´t pronounce the letters t or d when they come at the end of a word and the next word
starts with a consonant sound. For example:
The Lost World

The Secret Garden
We add in a linking /j/ when a spred vowel ( /i:/ /i/ /oi/ / ei/ o /ai/ ) ends one word and the next word starts
with a vowel sound. For example:
away /j/ on holiday.
We add in a linking /w/ when a rounded vowel /u:/ or /au/ ) ends one word and the next word starts with a
vowel sound. For example:
go /w/ up
We add in a linking /j/ when the vowel /i:/ ends one word and the next word starts with a vowel sound. For
example:
The European Union
The passive and weak forms. How to pronounce the past tense of be
Remember that the passive is formed lik e this:
Subject + to be ( in the tense of the active sentence )+ past participle ( by-optional) For
example:
I was told to come here
That " to be" in the passive goes with a weak form.
Remember there are two forms:
Was for first person singular (I ) and third person singular ( He, she, it)
Were for the rest.
Here you are the different pronunciations
WAS WERE
Weak /w / In affirmative
Weak /w z/ In affirmative
sentences and in
sentences. Example
questions. Example
I was in Paris last
They were here
summer
yesterday.
Strong /w z/ In questions.
Strong /w / In short
Example.
answers. Example.
Was she in Paris last
No, they weren´t
summer?.
In negative sentences is
pronounced like this:/w
znt/. Example.
She wasnt there

yesterday.
Word Weak form Strong form

be /bI/ /b /
Be ready! Whatever will be, will
be.
been /bin/ /b /
Three criminals Where have you
have been arrested. been?
am / m/ /æm/
I am a teacher. Are you from
Córdoba? Yes, I am!
are / r/ AmE / / / r/ AmE / r/
They are playing I wonder who they
upstairs. are.
was /w z/ /w z/ AmE /w z/
The man was You weren’t a good
watching TV. student.Yes I was!
were /w r/ AmE /w / /w r/ AmE /w /
Those regions Were they the new
were very rich in the assistants?
past.
can /k n/ /Kæn/
How can you say Yes, we can!

that?
could /k d/ /kυd/
I could run a Could you stop that
marathon when I noise, please?
was 25.
do /d /‚/ /du/ /du /
Do you speak What does
English? Mr.Thompson do?
does /d z/ /d∧z/
What does he He does speak
like doing? Russian!
have /h v/‚// v/ /hæv/
I should have How many pets do
studied Medicine. you have?
has /h z/‚// z/ /hæz/
Scott has moved Has she finished
to town breakfast?
had /had/‚/ / d/ /hæd/
You had finished That’s all I had.
your homework by
5pm.
must /mast/‚//mas/ /m∧st/
I must stop Visiting Liverpool is a
eating chocolates. must this summer.
shall / l/ / æl/
I shall go soon. Shall I?
should / d/ / ud/
I should go and I know you should!
get some sleep.
would /w d/ /wud/
I would travel Would that help you?
around the world.
Contractions
People will understand you if you don´t use contractions when you speak, but contractions help you to speak
faster and understand better. It is very important to understand contractions in order to improve your listening
skills.
I am I´m /aim/
You are You´re
He is He´s
She is She´s
It is It´s
We are We´re
You are You´re
They are They´re
That is That´s /ðæts/
My name is My name´s
Are not aren´t
Is not isn´t
Do not don´t
Does not Doesn´t
Did not Didn´t /dɪdnt/
I have I´ve /aɪv/
You have You´ve /juːv/
He has He hasn´t /hæznt/
She has She hasn´t /hæznt/
We have We´ve /wiːv/
They have They´ve /ðeɪv/
I have not I haven´t /hævnt/
You have not You haven´t /hævnt/
He has not He hasn´t /hæznt/
She has not She hasn´t /hæznt/
I cannot I can´t /ka:nt/
How to say & how to spell it
1. Agrupaciones de consonants/Consonant Clusters
2. Acento en la palabra / Word Stress
3. Acento en la frase/ Sentence stress
Agrupaciones de consonantes
English consonant phonemes occur singly or in groups, and in the word, they occupy three positions-initial,
medial, and final. A group of two or more consonants next to each other in the same syllable is called a
consonant cluster. In English initial consonant clusters the maximum number of phonemes is 3. These
clusters of three have the following positional characteristics:
1. Only /s/ can occupy first position

2. Only the voiceless stops /p t k/ appear in second position
3. Only /l r y w / appear in third position
For more information click here.
http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/clustersindex.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk /schools/wordsandpictures/clusters/blender/game.shtml ( Press the

start buttom!)
Acento en las palabra/ Word stress
When you look up a word in your dictionary, remember that this symbol ' tells you where the stress goes. In
this course we will use either this symbol or we´ll underline
Pho' tographer
unders' tand
'restaurant
Sentence Stress
Remember, we stress the IMPORTANT words, NOUNS, ADJECTIVES AND VERBS
In fast speech, the unstressed vowels are usually pronounced with /ə/ We said at the beginning that the
schwa /ə/ was one of the distinctive features of English pronunciation and it was one of the most used
sounds in the English language. The strongly stressed words in a sentence are usually nouns, adjectives
and verbs, and the other words receive no stress being pronounced with a schwa /ə/ or with a weak vowel.
Example:
1. Sarah´s going to be a scientist.

2. The manager of the company is arriving at the conference tomorrow
How to say & how to spell it
1. Acento en la palabra
2. Acento en la frase
3. Uso de la schwa
Word stress
Notice the stress on the second syllable in the following words.
Listen and repeat
Attendance
Preparing
Surprise
Excited
Together
Sentence stress
Notice the rhythm of the sentence. Remember that one distinctive feature of English is the intonation .
Listen and repeat.
He might be a nice workmate but he isn't a good date.
When we finally got to the table and ordered, he had practically finished eating before my main course
had arrived
I can't figure why you guys can't tell us these things until it's too late.
Don't you think it would be a lot easier to just say you're sorry you've met someone you really like and
could you stop seeing each other for a while?
She was just thinking she would sit in the staff room and confront everyone as they came in when she
got to the door and heard giggles
Rhythm and the schwa /ə/
We said at the beginning that the schwa /ə/ was one of the distinctive features of English pronunciation and it
was one of the most used sounds in the English language. The strongly stressed words in a sentence are
usually nouns, adjectives and verbs, and the other words receive no stress being pronounced with a schwa /
ə/ or with a weak vowel.
Example:
Sarah´s going to be a scientist.
The manager of the company is arriving at the conference tomorrow
How to say & how to spell
In this unit, we´ll be having a look at some punctuation used on the internet.
Listen and repeat
Dot " . "
Hyphen " - "
Star " * "
Underscore " _ "
Forward slash " / "
At "@"
Hash " # "

How To Say & How To Spell It 2

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09/10/13 How to say & How to spell it

How to say & How to spell

There are two very simple rules about word stress:

Hay dos reglas sencillas en relación al acento de las palabras en inglés:

Stress on first syllable

Stress on last syllable

Stress on penultimate syllable (penultimate = second from end)

Words ending in -ic Geographic

Words ending in -sion and television,

Stress on ante-penultimate syllable (ante-penultimate = third from end)

Compound words (words with two parts)

For compound nouns, the blackbird,

For compound adjectives, bad-tempered

For compound verbs, the to understand

Remember, we stress the IMPORTANT words, NOUNS, ADJECTIVES AND VERBS

Recuerda que acentuamos las palabras significativas, NOMBRES, ADJETIVOS Y VERBOS

Patrones de entonación: Oraciones enunciativas, interrogativas y negativas

El sonido de la vocal en 'do' en la pregunta es más débil que en la respuesta corta.

Do you go out? Yes I do.

1. What do you do?

2. What time do you get up?

3. What do you teach?

4. What do you do in the evening?

¿Por qué hay dos 'do' en los ejemplos 1 y 4?

1. Do you speak Spanish?

2. Do you go out much?

I didn´t see Susan at the office.

I haven't eaten in a Chinese restaurant for ages.

How to pronounce contractions and negation

You are You´re

You are You´re

They are They´re

Pronunciación del participio de los verbos regulares e irregulares

Group these w ords according to their stress:

a) Liked Selecciona... /t/ /d/ / id/

b) Wanted Selecciona... /t/ /d/ / id/

c) Stopped Selecciona... /t/ /d/ / id/

d) Opened Selecciona... /t/ /d/ / id/

e) Walked Selecciona... /t/ /d/ / id/

f) Finished Selecciona... /t/ /d/ / id/

g) Lived Selecciona... /t/ /d/ / id/

h) Washed Selecciona... /t/ /d/ / id/

i) Depended Selecciona... /t/ /d/ / id/

j) Preferred Selecciona... /t/ /d/ / id/

How to say & How to spell

Word linking. Linking in English

1. you will understand other people more easily

2. other people will understand you more easily

There are basically two types of linking:

1. consonant > vowel

The lord of the Rings

The Lost World

away /j/ on holiday.

The European Union

Remember that the passive is formed lik e this:

I was told to come here

That " to be" in the passive goes with a weak form.

Remember there are two forms:

Here you are the different pronunciations

She wasnt there

Word Weak form Strong form

How can you say Yes, we can!

You are You´re