Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Estacion Total
Estacion Total
RESEÑAS ADICIONALES.
http://www.academia.edu/download/35048760/articulo3.pdf
Pachas, R. (2009). El levantamiento topográfico: Uso del GPS y estación total. Academia, Pág.
29-45.Habla sobre el uso y las aplicaciones de la Estación
Total.
https://books.google.es/books?hl=es HYPERLINK
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Cabezas, A. M. G. (2013). Lecciones de topografía y replanteos. Editorial Club
Universitario.Pág.61.Habla sobre los orígenes de distanciómetro.
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COLOMBIA
Faculty of mines. Topography Laboratory.
Task No. 11 and 12. Group 01. Date 06/26/2019
Professor Oscar de Jesús Zapata
Wilson Andrés Echeverri Gutiérrez. Carnet: 1234988144
ORIGINS OF THE DISTANCIOMETER, THE TOTAL STATION AND THE APPLICATION OF
THE TOTAL STATION IN TOPOGRAPHY
http://members.tripod.com/colocolo_hp48/Historia_Instrumentos_Topograficos.htm
"... The first distance meter was manufactured in Russia in 1936. This type of instrument was
used in the AGFA distance meter, manufactured in Stockholm in 1948. In 1957, Wadley
obtained a microwave distance meter, the Telurometer. Until 1968, laser electro-optical distance
meters will not appear. Wild will make the DI-10.
From these dates the advance has been little less than vertiginous, passing quickly to the
distance meters mounted in eccentric to the ones mounted on the own telescope or on a bridge
in the same casing of the apparatus. This could be done thanks to the reduction of size and
weight with a single horizontal movement (in the case of the bridge) or with a single vertical aim
(in the case of mounting on the telescope). More than a decade ago, the semi-stations
appeared, which were a distance meter mounted on the same theodolite, sharing a shell with it,
but with the analogue theodolite; the electronics could only know the results of the
measurement of the distance, having to type the angles by hand so that the device could
perform the desired calculations. With the appearance of electronic systems for capturing
angles, the race against time has been even faster and more effective, obtaining more precise
digital theodolites than before and even cheapening market prices. From the electronic
collection of angles, both in its incremental and absolute versions, we pass almost without
realizing the conception of the current total station, improving the angular reading as well as the
measurement of distances. The electronics also allows one, two or three axis compensating
systems for the verticality of the instrument. The next one that improved the data collection is
the data collectors, gradually appearing the external collectors (notebooks with their own
software that handled the operation of the station), collectors of registration cards, such as the
internal collectors in the station itself. The distance meters work by phase measurement or by
time measurements, which allows reading the distance to solid, provided that this is not a
material that absorbs the emitted wave. We can make reference to the latest models of the
motorized stations, in both versions, both for staking out points and robotic systems that, by
means of a search and monitoring system of the prism, can take data without an operator.
Finally, indicate that the Global Positioning Systems (GPS) allow us to capture data in real time
... "
https://es.slideshare.net/joseagutierrez393/equipos-topograficos-41622557
"... At the beginning of the 80s, distance meters emerged, auxiliary instruments that were
coupled to the tachymeters based on the emission and reception of electromagnetic waves that
were generated in the instrument itself and that measured the distance with accuracies of cm
and ranges of several km . Soon, these devices were compacted into a single angular
measurement instrument (the theodolite or tachymeter) plus the instrument for measuring
distances (distance meter), constituting the total stations, which are still valid for measurements
in engineering ... "
"... In 1957, Wadley obtained a microwave distance meter, the Telurometer. Until 1968, electro-
optical laser distance meters did not appear. About 12 years ago appeared the semi-stations,
which were a distance meter mounted on the same theodolite, sharing a casing with it aspect to
the current but with the analogue theodolite. With the appearance of electronic systems for
capturing angles, the race against time has been even faster and more effective, obtaining more
precise digital theodolites than before and even cheapening market prices. We can not forget
that the distance meters themselves already work by time measurement, which allows to read
the distance to solid, as long as it is not of a material that absorbs the emitted wave ... "
http://oa.upm.es/32391/1/instrumentos_topograficos.pdf
"... Daumlich44 tells us that the first electro-optical distance meter was manufactured in Russia
in 1936, and was carried out thanks to the work of the National Institute of Optics. After the
Second World War, the Swedes worked hard for this type of instrument to bear its imprint and,
in 1948, AGA manufactured its renowned Geodimeter. Almost ten years later, and in South
Africa, Wadley built another distant distance meter in 1957, using microwaves instead of visible
or infrared light waves. This device was called a Telurometer and was used in numerous
trilateration works during the second half of the 20th century, especially in developing countries,
where geodesic triangulation networks did not exist or they were not dense enough.
It would take ten more years for the electro-optical laser distance meters to appear. Wild made,
in 1968, the DI-10, "small dimensions" distance meter, which combined with a theodolite,
showed great advantages to topography and geodesy, providing distance measurements with
great precision and speed. This was followed by other European, American and Japanese
teams that were already trying to join the western market of topographic instrumentation.
From these dates, the progress was vertiginous, rapidly moving from the eccentric distance
meters (with respect to the goniometer) to the superimposed ones on the telescope itself or on a
crossbeam resting on the casing of the stumps of the apparatus. This was possible thanks to
the reduction of size and weight that these instruments experienced in the course of time,
allowing to collimate the points more comfortably, with a single horizontal movement, in the
case of the crossbar superimposed on the stumps, or with a single aim vertical, in the case of
mounting on the telescope itself ... "
"... Another development has been that of modern laser distance meters that do not require a
prism to measure distances, provided that the visual is directed to areas in which the
electromagnetic wave can bounce. Its application is very useful in the lifting of facades of
buildings, facilitating restoration work and, above all, avoiding risks by not having to place the
prism in dangerous places. Currently distances of up to 300 m can be recorded with this
system.
For more than a decade, there have been submillimeter distance meters in the market, ranging
from 2 to 15 km, but of extraordinary precision; the Mekometer 5000 offers values of ± 0.2 mm ±
0.2 ppm in its brochures; accuracy achieved, among other things, using as a carrier wave a
visible laser beam in the red band, generated by a He-Ne tube, modulating by means of a
Pockel effect crystal. The Sokkia Monmos system achieves accuracies in the order of 0.8 mm ±
1 ppm, by emitting waves in the infrared zone, and I think that the Geotronics firm some years
ago took out another model with similar features ... "
"... It would take ten more years for the electro-optical laser distance meters to appear. Wild
made, in 1968, the DI-10, "small dimensions" distance meter, which combined with a theodolite,
showed great advantages to topography and geodesy, providing distance measurements with
great precision and speed. This was followed by other European, American and Japanese
teams that were already trying to join the western market of topographic instrumentation.
From these dates, the progress was vertiginous, rapidly moving from the eccentric distance
meters (with respect to the goniometer) to the superimposed ones on the telescope itself or on a
crossbeam resting on the casing of the stumps of the apparatus. This was possible thanks to
the reduction of size and weight that these instruments experienced in the course of time,
allowing to collimate the points more comfortably, with a single horizontal movement, in the
case of the crossbar superimposed on the stumps, or with a single aim vertical, in the case of
mounting on the telescope itself ... "
http://glori-saavedra.blogspot.com/2012/03/la-estacion-total.html
"... The first total station found is the Trimble GEODIMETER model of 1971, then the GUPPY
model manufactured in 1976 by TOPCON, among others. Being a sum of instruments, its
progress is based on the technological innovation of its different components, in 1990 the E.T.
Robotics, 1993 the GPS reception was added, and in 2003 the R-Track technology for LC2
signal tracking, allows the work with a total station to be more dynamic and of great precision.
In relation to the handling of information, it was initially read on the screen and transcribed in the
field notebook; then when the electronic notebooks appeared this information was passed to the
computer with the program used according to the model or brand.
Currently the equipment has micro processors included that allow several stages to be carried
out in parallel.
We can find equipment manufactured by companies such as SOKKIA, LEICA, STONE,
SPECTRA, PENTAX, NIXON, TOPCON, etc ... "
http://webspersoais.usc.es/export9/sites/persoais/persoais/joseantonio.pardinas/modules/DOC_
COMUN/Estacion_Total.pdf
"... Up to the current configuration of the TOTAL STATION as a compact device, we went
through several combinations designed to take advantage of the advances that were made in
electronic measurement, both in distances and angles, as well as in the management and
calculation of them. In the last years of the decade of the fifties, the production of electronic
distance measurement instruments was notably accelerated. They are very rustic, heavy and
bulky instruments that use large external batteries.
Even so, and in spite of their scarcity, they soon become popular, because they gain in speed,
comfort, safety, scope and precision in the measurement of distances.
1.2. Electronic Distanciometry.
The development of electronic methods for measuring distances (EMD: Electronic
Measurement Distance) - (MED: Electronic Measurement of Distances), was born as a result of
the experiments carried out to measure the speed of light. From this result, the Swedish
physicist Bergstrand, reverses the process in order to measure DISTANCES. The measurement
is based on the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves according to the following
equation:
Distance = Speed x Time (d = c. T)
c = 299792.458 Km / s 300000.000 Km / s
The main antecedents of the electronic distanciometry have to be looked for far behind:
YEAR 1935: Employment of MICROWAVES. Robert A. Watson-Watt measures distances
between aircraft using RADAR technology, through the emission of MICROWAVE.
YEAR 1936. In Russia an electro-optic distance meter is manufactured.
YEAR 1948: Use of LUMINOUS SOURCES. Erick Bergstrand creates the GEODIMETER.
(Applications to Modern Geodesy).
YEAR 1957: Use of ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES. T. L. Wadley develops the
TELUROMETER. (Applications to Modern Geodesy).
END OF THE YEARS 60: Employment of LASER AND INFRARED.
1968. Invention of electro-optical laser distance meters. Wild manufactures the Model DI-10,
which, due to its small size, can be adjusted to a Theodolite, gaining speed and precision in
topographic measurements. We approach the Total Station tachymeter. The development of
laser technology enters the distance measuring equipment. Modern distance meters, from Total
Station, incorporate infrared ray wave emitters.
1.3. Electronic Goniometers
Until the emergence of the current electronic goniometer, we must make reference to two
important steps: the first will be the application of the compass to a semicircle graduated with a
fixed alidade and another mobile Oronzio Fineo makes in his work "Practical Geometry". The
next step will be the improvement that Josua Habernel will introduce with the theodolite-
compass dated in 1576.
A few years before, by 1530, the Portuguese mathematician and geographer, Pedro Nuñes,
devised a mathematical instrument to measure small angles, which I call nonius or nonio.
In 1730, John Sisson built the first goniometer that would be improved by Jesse Ramsden, who
introduced microscopes and micrometer screws for angular readings. Many years passed until
they got the current electronic angle measurement systems.
The construction of topographic devices of a classic type continues and, taking advantage of the
first advances in electronics and computer science, the first electronic Theodolites are built,
equipments equipped with a stationary optical telescope but with a system for measuring angles
electronically, by several methods:
a) Magnetic incremental rotary encoder. The incremental limbs do not have a fixed value in their
surface, they measure increments of angular values, with respect to a random reference origin,
circumstance that allows to fix the angular zero in any position without the need to move the
limb, using for that the keyboard of the instrument. There are two systems:
1.- the one based on the interferences produced by the rotation of two radial patterns, one
recorded on the limb, with equidistant traces, and another sector with the same recording that
rotates on the limb. the rotation of the latter produces interferences, with a <moire> pattern with
a luminosity that is explored by photosensors.
2.- the system that measures the oscillation of the luminous intensity, also analyzes changes of
luminosity when passing through a beam a limb that takes opaque and transparent zones.
b) Photoelectric incremental rotary decoder scanner. It has a coded limb that is read by
photosensors that move together with the alidade (dynamic), or that are fixed (static). The light
and dark positions of the sensors provide a binary code that is translated into angular value.
There are two methods: static measurement and dynamic measurement
1.4. Electronic calculators
The appearance, in the decade of the 60s, of the semiconductors that allowed to elaborate
integrated circuits in which thousands of transistors and necessary elements could be included
for complex circuits, packed in a small silicon block, was the first step towards the construction
of electronic pocket calculators.
In the field of Topographic instrumentation this circumstance allowed the field to be transferred
to an accessory of great interest because it allows the realization of complex calculations, in the
field, obtaining results, in real time, which, in another situation, would have to be resolved in the
cabinet. This technology allowed the assembly of the first data management systems in the
field, introducing the values of distance and angles, either manually or automatically, depending
on the case.
1.5. Initial associations
The appearance of the electronic Theodolite to which it fitted, either on top of the telescope or
on the support arms, an electronic distance meter, together with the possibility of saving the
data in an elementary electronic agenda, supposes the first basic idea of the Total Station.
The revolution of the Associations can be ordered as follows:
Electronic theodolites: Theodolites for angular measurement by means of electronic
goniometers.
Electronic theodolites, with stadiometer: Tachymeters with stationary telescope and electronic
goniometers.
Electronic theodolites with electronic distance meter: Any of the two previous types to which it
can be adjusted, on the telescope, electronic distance meter.
1.6. Total semistation.
At the beginning of the 1980s, the main Japanese manufacturers obtained a very interesting
arrangement of equipment that, together with the advantages of an economic type, displaced in
their favor the equipment market for Topography.
They are responsible for the construction of the Total Semiestación that, although it does not
carry out the communications and the data flow between the different parts by electronic
procedures, because the angular readings are still by optical means, it achieved the integration
in a single physical body of the two devices and reduced to zero the errors and problems
presented by the installation of the adjusted distance meter.
With the Total Semiestación or Semitotal Station, we get:
a) Eliminate parallax errors caused by the faulty alignment of the two axes (optical and infrared).
b) Avoid the need to work with the telescope in INVERSE CIRCLE (Glasses in inverted
position), in some equipment with the distance meter mounted on the eyepiece. (Wild, for
example). c) Suppress the need to do two aims. One to measure the angles (collimation aim
made with the telescope of the theodolite) and another one to aim at the prism with the
telescope of the distance meter to be able to measure the distance.
d) Facilitate the transport of equipment, eliminating so many separate packages.
This team of Semitotal was very interesting and is still very used in Topography of work.
The association between an electronic Theodolite, with automatic data output, and an electronic
Distance Meter, communicated to an external calculator or a data collector with calculation
capabilities, constitutes a first evolution of the Total Semi-station and a major step towards
fusion of the electronic processes of Distanciometry, goniometry and processing.
Such configuration and precursor of the modern integrated electronic Tachymeters or Total
Stations.
1.7. Connection and calculation of data.
The connection and calculation of the measured data with the electronic goniometers and with
the associated distance meters, by means of special cables, allows the transfer of the measured
values to a special notebook or calculator, equipped with the appropriate software for the
topographic calculation.
This allows obtaining data, in real time, different from the measurements made by the team,
which will always be angles and distances.
1.8. Integration of systems.
The evolution of the electronics allowed the miniaturization of the circuits and the reduction of
the volume necessary to have powerful calculation systems that can be installed in the gaps of
electronic tachymeters. It also allowed the reduction of the volume of the electronic goniometers
and the distance meters that could thus include the telescope of the tacheometers inside,
making the axes of collimation of the telescope and triggering of the distancer coincide, avoiding
the use of eccentricity constants in the measurements.
The TOTAL STATION is born, which we can define as an integrated electronic tacheometer that
gathers in one instrument, an electronic Theodolite equipped with electronic distance meter,
with internal communications that allow the transfer of data to an internal processor, capable of
performing multiple measurement tasks and Real-time calculation
Currently we can see intelligent Total Stations, with various calculation programs, data storage
in the station itself, motor servomechanisms that allow control by remote control from the
position of the prism, facilitating the work of a single person, or equipment that , without losing
the philosophy and the precision of the Total Station of great level, it adjusts in price and in
scope to the works of Topography more simple, like the measurement of fincas, topography of
work, etc.
In the same way, the data collectors advanced to the beat of the stations, changing from being
storage instruments and, in that sense, "dumb terminals", when interacting, in features and
computing capacity with personal computers ... "
file: /// C:
/Users/Mediateca/Downloads/Manual%20de%20Operacion%20de%20Estacion%20Total.pdf
"... A Total Station reaches its maximum functionality in the High Precision Topographic
Engineering, this is in the construction of Roads, Bridges, Buildings, Pipe or Duct Networks,
Dams, etc. In all these structures, precision is an indispensable requirement for the optimal
functioning of the work. In Construction Engineering the Total Station fulfills 2 essential
functions:
Survey: Measurement and representation of the physical reality existing in the field.
Stakeout: Trace on the ground the design of a work already studied and projected.
In the subject of Cadastre, it is feasible to use a Total Station in urban areas only because the
economic cost and performance are too out of date in rural areas, rendering their applicability
inefficient. It is also very likely that in urban areas its use is restricted to the lifting of the fronts of
the properties because of the visibility limitations of the posterior vertices of the lots, and it is
achieved with an unbeatable precision. In this case, the method must be combined with the use
of the measuring tape and compass for the measurement of the internal geometry of the
properties. In any case it should not be forgotten that in the cadastre the application of the Total
Station fulfills only one function:
Survey: Measurement and representation of the physical reality existing in the field ... "
"... The operation of the apparatus is based on a simple geometric principle that is very
widespread among the cadastral technicians known as Triangulation, which in this case
consists of determining the geographical coordinate of any point from two other known ones. In
clear words to carry out a survey with Total Station, we have to start from 2 points with known
coordinates or failing assumed, and from that position we can observe and calculate the
coordinates of any other point in the field ... "
file: /// C: /Users/Mediateca/Downloads/Cap6-EstacionTotal.pdf
"... For the execution of topographic surveys, instruments of varied characteristics and
sophistication are available. In this chapter, you will see one of the most current elements of the
Topography when it comes to performing fieldwork effectively, quickly and accurately.
The so-called Total Station, whose operation is based on electronic technology, combines an
electronic theodolite, a distance meter and a microprocessor.
Basic functions of a total station.
A total station allows to carry out the same operations that were previously carried out with other
devices (tacheometer level, theodolite, etc.), with the difference that it allows to take advantage
of advances in microelectronics.
To carry out these operations (taking horizontal distances, geometric distance, unevenness
between points, slopes in percentage, calculation of Cartesian coordinates X, Y, Z,
measurement of vertical and horizontal angles, etc.), the total stations have incorporated
computer programs to the team, which store data automatically, then transfer them to a
computer, and process the information through the use of specific programs (CAD, etc.) All
functions and information collected can be viewed on a digital screen and stored or modified
through a keyboard.
To proceed with the data collection, it will be sufficient to locate the device at a point (station
point) whose coordinates are known (reference system) or have been previously established
and place a prism at the point to be determined.
The station will emit a signal that will be reflected by the prism and returned to the emitting
source, registering in this way the elapsed time, from which, it will calculate the distance,
coordinates, etc. The program will be responsible for performing the necessary calculations to
be able to directly visualize the expected data. All data will be stored and ready for transfer and
further processing.
"... In general, the total stations reach to measure different ranges of distance according to the
use of one or more prisms, being the usual no more than three. These ranges can be
significantly lower in case of fog or mist, presence of dust, drizzle and high atmospheric
refraction. In the case of laser systems that can measure without reflection in a prism, the scope
is conditioned by the color of the reflecting surface, being greater the lighter it is, and the
luminosity of the place. Below are some data of maximum distances suggested by different
manufacturers for their products ... "
ADDITIONAL REVIEWS
http://www.academia.edu/download/35048760/articulo3.pdf
Pachas, R. (2009). The topographic survey: Use of GPS and total station. Academia, p. 29-45.
Talk about the use and applications of the Station
Total.
https://books.google.es/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Mis5DwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA9&dq=origenes+
of+the+tools+topograficos+distanciometro&ots=eYn3-
jd9jl&sig=i6rxMoeA2UgAxvMiFKdT9rvnyLY#v=onepage&q&f=false
Cabezas, A. M. G. (2013). Topography and stakeout lessons. Editorial Club
Universitario.Pág.61.Habla on the origins of distanciómetro.