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https://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/fig_2002/Ts5-
10/TS5_10_duncan_baffoe_bilson
-El anterior enlace contiene un artículo en el cual se habla sobre el origen del
distanciómetro.
https://ieeexplore-ieee-org.ezproxy.unal.edu.co/document/5008233?denied=
-El anterior enlace habla sobre las aplicaciones del distanciómetro.
ARTICLES IN ENGLISH
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“Historical evolution of topographic instruments
The first dysalatiometer was manufactured in Russia in 1936. This type of instrument was
used on the AGFA dyanometer, manufactured in Stockholm in 1948. In 1957, Wadley
obtained a microwave dysopour, the Telurometer. Electro-otic laser distancermeters will
not appear until 1968. Wild will manufacture the DI-10. From this date the advance has
been little less than dizzying, quickly passing to the eccentrically mounted distances to
those mounted on the eyeglass itself or on a bridge in the same housing of the device.
This could be done thanks to the reduction of size and weight with a single horizontal
movement (in the case of the bridge) or with a single vertical aim (in the case of mounting
on the eyeboard). More than a decade ago, semi-stations appeared, which were a
dysnodyometer mounted on the same theodolyte, sharing casing with it, but with analog
theodolyte; electronics could only know the results of the distance measurement, having to
type the angles by hand so that the device could perform the desired calculations. With the
advent of electronic angle capture systems, the race against time has been even faster
and more effective, obtaining more accurate digital theodoliths than before and even
lowering market prices. From the electronic capture of angles, both in its incremental and
absolute version, we pass almost without realizing the conception of the current total
station, improving the angular reading as well as the measurement of distances. Also
electronics allow one-, two- or three-axis compensating systems for instrument verticality.
The next step that improves data collection is data collectors, gradually appearing external
collectors (books with own software that handled station operation), log card collectors,
such as collectors inmates at the station itself. The distancermeters operate by phase
measurement or by time measurements, which allows to read the distance to solid,
provided that this is not a material that absorbs the emitted wave. We can refer to the
latest models of motorized stations, in their two versions, both for point rethinking and
robotics that through a system of search and tracking of the prism can be taken data
without operator. Finally, indicate that Global Positioning Systems (GPS) allow us to
capture data in real time.”
2. Infrared Wave Instruments: In this instrument amplitude modulated infrared waves are
used. Prism reflectors are used at the end of line to be measured. These instruments are
light and economical and can be mounted on theodolite. With these instruments accuracy
achieved is ± 10 mm. The range of these instruments is up to 3 km. These instruments are
useful for most of the civil engineering works. These instruments are available in the trade
names DISTOMAT DI 1000 and DISTOMAT DI 55.
“Total Station
A total station is an electronic/optical instrument that is used in modern topography and
building construction that uses electronic transit theodolyte in combination with an
electronic distance meter (EDM) and is also integrated with a microprocessor, an
electronic data collector and a storage system. The instrument is used to measure the tilt
distance of the object to the instrument, horizontal angles, and vertical angles. This
microprocessor unit allows the calculation of the collected data to calculate the horizontal
distance, coordinates of a point and the reduced point level. The data collected from the
total station can be downloaded to a computer/laptop for further processing of the
information. Total stations are mainly used by surveyors and civil engineers, either to
record characteristics such as surveying or to establish osut characteristics (such as
roads, houses or boundaries). They are also used by archaeologists to record excavations
and by police, crime scene investigators, private accident reconstruction is and insurance
companies to take action from the scenes. The total station, on the other hand, is a
multipurpose topographic instrument based on electronic distance measurement (EDM).
They can measure distances, angles, elevations with a high level of accuracy. Data
collected by a total station can be transferred via a USB port to the computer, where it can
be easily viewed and analyzed. The total station, on the other hand, can measure different
data instead of just angles. They have a minimum range of about 1 km and are very
accurate. The development of total seasons has significantly increased productivity in the
surveying profession in the following ways. First, greater accuracy: while theodolyte
coordinate measurements are performed in the traditional way – trigonometry and
triangulation – the angles are measured by an electro-optical scan with a high degree of
accuracy – up to 0.5 arcseconds. What's more, a disadvantage of traditional theodolites is
that they require a line of sight between two points; GPS technology can now be used by a
total station to include unseen points in the survey. Other productivity gains are due to
efficiency and functionality. One advantage is that many total stations, such as the Leica
Viva TS15 used by Jurovich Surveying, are robotic. This means that they can be operated
remotely, so only one surveyor is required in the field, rather than the two traditional ones.
For example, the robotic controller can transmit the view of the total station to a surveyor
at a remote point, which can perform measurements and change the target area without
having to go back to the total station. Total Stations also include up-to-date image capture
technology, which can record any image or screen view from the measurement site,
eliminating the need for costly visits and producing high-resolution images of the
conditions of the site. And did you know that a traditional problem for surveyors is simply
wet paper? A total station has electronic documentation and sketching functions, reducing
the need for paper fieldnotes. Finally, the data processed and stored in the Total Station
can be downloaded to other computer systems, for archiving or distribution, or to be used
with other applications such as mapping software. In the 21st century, Total Stations have
replaced manual theodolith as the surveyor's essential field tool. In general the stations
serve to make measurements of the magnitudes, these are: distances, levels and even
angles as mentioned here previously. The total stations that are classified or defined as
electro-optical "theodolites" are very economically accessible today.
The high accuracy, accuracy and ease that you are have, besides that they help to make
data (information) stored that is very relevant to surveyors makes this an essential
machine for many projects. There is no doubt that many of this give the great advantage of
saving formats in CAD. Thanks to its function of saving everything in CAD formats, the
same replacement finally to theodolites, in this way the theodoliths have been less used
today, there will come a time where they are waste. The only current opponent of these
machines are the topographic GPS, as this has many advantages over the total stations.
One of the advantages of a topographic GPS is that it does not need two people for data
collection, but of one then that is fixed to the ground. Total stations require two
professionals for data collection. A total station must have a station management
technician and an operator who places what is known as a prism. One advantage that
topographic GPS has over a station is that it does not need a visual line between what is
known as the prism and the device when the station does need it. On the other hand GPS
can not always be useful, since there are moments where these do not allow the reception
of a satellite signal because there are obstacles, these can be some of the following
mentioned: very thick forests, buildings, and others. The total station has much more
precision than a GPS the same is millimetres while a GPS station is centimeters, this
makes it very used and also necessary today. These stations are widely used to perform
the following works or projects: placing the neoprene-based supports under beams for
building bridges, locating the pods to then execute the concrete, relocating railway tracks.”
“The dyanthometer
The dyanthometer is a laser beam measuring instrument that calculates the distance (the
simplest) from the device to the next opaque point we aim at.
The dyanthometer was created to facilitate measurements where a flexometer could not
reach. If the distance was very long and there was no support this was bent or not long
enough.
Electronic measurement over distances
Electronic distance measurement (MED or EDM) is based on the properties of an
electromagnetic wave propagated in the atmospheric medium, and on the measurement of
its phase. The instrument that performs this measurement is the dyanometer, which is
usually coupled or incorporated into the Total Station, next to the eyelet.
MED is not an exclusive function of total stations, but electronic theodolytes also perform
it.
Thelurmeters
Electronic distance nanthyometer that determines distances by electromagnetic
procedures or microwave systems with frequencies of 1010 Hz and wavelengths from 1 m
to 1 cm.
Conventional electro dismantometers make a horizontal or vertical partition of the
eyepiece. With the left half they emit the ray of light and with the right half the reception.
This design is for working with conventional prisms but not for reflective cards. When we
measure with the reflective cards the inclination of this causes variations in the return of
the light beam that make it impossible to obtain a result, or get wrong results.”
“Total station
A total station (TS) or total station theodolite (TST) is an electronic/optical instrument used
for surveying and building construction. It is an electronic transit theodolite integrated with
electronic distance measurement (EDM) to measure both vertical and horizontal angles
and the slope distance from the instrument to a particular point, and an on-board computer
to collect data and perform triangulation calculations. Robotic or motorized total stations
allow the operator to control the instrument from a distance via remote control. This
eliminates the need for an assistant staff member as the operator holds the retroreflector
and controls the total station from the observed point. These motorized total stations can
also be used in automated setups knows as Automated Motorized Total Station (AMTS).
Angle measurement
Most total station instruments measure angles by means of electro-optical scanning of
extremely precise digital bar-codes etched on rotating glass cylinders or discs within the
instrument. The best quality total stations are capable of measuring angles to 0.5 arc-
second. Inexpensive "construction grade" total stations can generally measure angles to 5
or 10 arc-seconds.
Distance measurement
Measurement of distance is accomplished with a modulated infrared carrier signal,
generated by a small solid-state emitter within the instrument's optical path, and reflected
by a prism reflector or the object under survey. The modulation pattern in the returning
signal is read and interpreted by the computer in the total station. The distance is
determined by emitting and receiving multiple frequencies, and determining the integer
number of wavelengths to the target for each frequency. Most total stations use purpose-
built glass prism (surveying) reflectors for the EDM signal. A typical total station can
measure distances up to 1,500 meters (4,900 ft) with an accuracy of about 1.5 millimeters
(0.059 in) ± 2 parts per million. Reflectorless total stations can measure distances to any
object that is reasonably light in color, up to a few hundred meters.
Coordinate measurement
The coordinates of an unknown point relative to a known coordinate can be determined
using the total station as long as a direct line of sight can be established between the two
points. Angles and distances are measured from the total station to points under survey,
and the coordinates (X, Y, and Z; or easting, northing, and elevation) of surveyed points
relative to the total station position are calculated using trigonometry and triangulation. To
determine an absolute location, a total station requires line of sight observations and can
be set up over a known point or with line of sight to 2 or more points with known location,
called free stationing. For this reason, some total stations also have a Global Navigation
Satellite System receiver and do not require a direct line of sight to determine coordinates.
However, GNSS measurements may require longer occupation periods and offer relatively
poor accuracy in the vertical axis.
Data processing
Some models include internal electronic data storage to record distance, horizontal angle,
and vertical angle measured, while other models are equipped to write these
measurements to an external data collector, such as a hand-held computer. When data is
downloaded from a total station onto a computer, application software can be used to
compute results and generate a map of the surveyed area. The newest generation of total
stations can also show the map on the touch-screen of the instrument immediately after
measuring the points.
Applications
Total stations are mainly used by land surveyors and civil engineers, either to record
features as in topographic surveying or to set out features (such as roads, houses or
boundaries). They are also used by archaeologists to record excavations and by police,
crime scene investigators, private accident reconstructionists and insurance companies to
take measurements of scenes.
Mining
Total stations are the primary survey instrument used in mining surveying. A total station is
used to record the absolute location of the tunnel walls, ceilings (backs), and floors as the
drifts of an underground mine are driven. The recorded data are then downloaded into a
CAD program, and compared to the designed layout of the tunnel. The survey party
installs control stations at regular intervals. These are small steel plugs installed in pairs in
holes drilled into walls or the back. For wall stations, two plugs are installed in opposite
walls, forming a line perpendicular to the drift. For back stations, two plugs are installed in
the back, forming a line parallel to the drift. A set of plugs can be used to locate the total
station set up in a drift or tunnel by processing measurements to the plugs by intersection
and resection.
Mechanical and electrical construction
Total stations have become the highest standard for most forms of construction layout.
They are most often used in the X and Y axis to lay out the locations of penetrations out of
the underground utilities into the foundation, between floors of a structure, as well as
roofing penetrations.Because more commercial and industrial construction jobs have
become centered around building information modeling (BIM), the coordinates for almost
every pipe, conduit, duct and hanger support are available with digital precision.
[clarification needed] The application of communicating a virtual model to a tangible
construction potentially eliminates labor costs related to moving poorly measured systems,
as well as time spent laying out these systems in the midst of a full blown construction job
in progress.
Meteorology
Meteorologists also use total stations to track weather balloons for determining upper-level
winds. With the average ascent rate of the weather balloon known or assumed, the
change in azimuth and elevation readings provided by the total station as it tracks the
weather balloon over time are used to compute the wind speed and direction at different
altitudes. Additionally, the total station is used to track ceiling balloons to determine the
height of cloud layers. Such upper-level wind data is often used for aviation weather
forecasting and rocket launches.”