Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Guia Leyendas Becquer
Guia Leyendas Becquer
Presentación
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UDOHV3RGHPRVVXSRQHUTXHVXHVWDQFLDHQHOPRQDVWHULRGH9HUXHODHQODIDOGDGHO0RQFD\R\
VXVSDVHRVSRU6RULDORKDQLQYLWDGRDFUHDUHVDVKLVWRULDVHODERUDGDVSRUXQDSDUWHDSDUWLUGH
ODVWUDGLFLRQHVRUDOHV\SRURWUDGHVXSURSLDLPDJLQDFLyQ
/RVHVSDFLRVTXHSUHGRPLQDQHQODV/H\HQGDVVRQFLXGDGHV\PRQXPHQWRVTXHORVOHFWRUHV
FRQRFHQTXHFRQWUDVWDQFRQORVKHFKRVH[WUDRUGLQDULRV6HYLOOD7ROHGR6RULD\VXVWHUULWRULRV
DOHGDxRVVRQDOJXQDVGHODVSREODFLRQHVTXHVHPHQFLRQDQMXQWRFRQHODIDPDGRPRQDVWHULRGH
)LWHURODSDUURTXLDGH6DQWD,QpVHQ6HYLOODODLJOHVLDGH6DQ6DWXULRODVUXLQDVGH6DQ3ROR
²DPEDVSUy[LPDVD6RULD²\ODFDWHGUDOGH7ROHGR
/DDFRWDFLyQGHODDFFLyQHQHVSDFLRVUHDOHVVHFRUUHVSRQGHFRQODHVSHFLILFDFLyQWHPSRUDO
HQODTXHLQWHUYLHQHORIDQWiVWLFR6LJXLHQGRODVFRQYHQFLRQHVGHODQRYHODJyWLFD%pFTXHUHOLJH
ODPHGLDQRFKH\HORFDVRFRPRORVPRPHQWRVGHOGtDHQORVTXHVHURPSHODEUHFKDTXHVHSDUD
HVWHPXQGRGHOPiVDOOi$GLFLRQDOPHQWHODVIHFKDVHQODVTXHRFXUUHQHVWRVSURGLJLRVHVWiQ
YLQFXODGDVFRQGtDVVDJUDGRVHQORVTXHVHSHUPLWHODHQWUDGDGHORH[WUDRUGLQDULR-XHYHV6DQWR
1DYLGDG\'tDGH7RGRVORV6DQWRV
OXFORD | 11
LEYENDAS
Actividades
1 6HxDODODVOH\HQGDV\ODVORFDOLGDGHVTXHFRUUHVSRQGHQDORVtFRQRVGHVWDFDGRV
2 ¢(QTXpWLSRGHHQWRUQRVHGHVDUUROODORH[WUDRUGLQDULR"¢(QTXppSRFDVHHQPDUFDQODPD\RUtD
GHODV/H\HQGDV"¢3RUTXpFUHHVTXH%pFTXHUHOLJLyHVRVFRQWH[WRV"
3 ¢4XpSDSHOWLHQHHOUHGREOHGHODVFDPSDQDVHQODV/H\HQGDVGH%pFTXHU"¢(QTXpPRPHQWRGHO
GtDVXHOHLQWHUYHQLUORIDQWiVWLFR"2IUHFHWUHVHMHPSORVHQORVTXHODDPELHQWDFLyQDQWLFLSHOD
SUHVHQFLDGHOPiVDOOi
4 $QDOL]DGRVFXHQWRVLQIDQWLOHVHQORVTXHORVIHQyPHQRVVREUHQDWXUDOHVGHVHPSHxHQXQDIXQ
FLyQGHWHUPLQDQWH¢(QTXpWLHPSR\HVSDFLRVHGHVDUUROODQ"¢4XpVLPLOLWXGHV\GLIHUHQFLDVHQ
FXHQWUDVFRQORVUHODWRVGH%pFTXHU"
12 | OXFORD
GUÍA DE LECTURA
5 $VRFLDFDGDSDODEUDFRQVXVLJQLILFDGRFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH
OXFORD | 13
LEYENDAS
Construcción y función
de los personajes
<DTXHODDFFLyQGHODV/H\HQGDVVHVLW~DPD\RULWDULDPHQWHHQOD(GDG0HGLDORVSHUVRQD
MHV GH ODV QDUUDFLRQHV VRQ FRQGHV PDUTXHVHV GDPLVHODV PRQWHURV \ SDMHV 6XV SURWDJRQLVWDV
SHUWHQHFHQDODDULVWRFUDFLDVyORORVQDUUDGRUHVORVTXHKDQWUDQVPLWLGRODOH\HQGDGHJHQHUD
FLyQHQJHQHUDFLyQSURYLHQHQGHFODVHVVRFLDOHVLQIHULRUHV(VWHDVSHFWRSHUPLWHD%pFTXHUHQ
PDUFDUORVUHODWRVHQODWUDGLFLyQRUDO\SUHVHQWDUVHDQWHHOOHFWRUFRPRXQVLPSOH©WUDQVPLVRUª
GHORSRSXODUeOFXHQWDDTXHOORTXHKDHVFXFKDGRDXQTXHDOJXQDVGHODV/H\HQGDVFRPRKDQ
FRPSUREDGRHVSHFLDOLVWDVGHODREUDGHODXWRUVHYLOODQRVRQSXUDLQYHQFLyQVX\D3RURWUDSDUWH
DEXQGDQORVFDUDFWHUHVLGHDOLVWDVTXHVXFXPEHQDODVWHQWDFLRQHVRIUHFLGDVSRUORVSHUVRQDMHV
IHPHQLQRVGHTXLHQHVVHHQDPRUDQ&RPRVHKDLQGLFDGRHOHQWRUQRTXHURGHDDOSHUVRQDMH
SULQFLSDOH[SUHVDVXVVHQWLPLHQWRVVXVWHPRUHV\VXVDQKHORV/DGHVFULSFLyQVHFRQYLHUWHDVtHQ
XQYHKtFXORHVHQFLDOSDUDVLWXDUDOOHFWRUHQODDWPyVIHUDGHORVREUHQDWXUDO\SDUDTXHGLVSRQJD
GHORVUDVJRVPiVGHVWDFDGRVTXHFDUDFWHUL]DQDOSURWDJRQLVWD(VWH~OWLPRDVSHFWRHVPX\REYLR
HQHOFDVRGH)HUQDQGRODQDWXUDOH]DGHO0RQFD\RDGRSWDORVVHQWLPLHQWRVHLQTXLHWXGHVGHO
SURWDJRQLVWD\ORFRQGXFHKDVWDHOODJRHQHOTXHVHHQFXHQWUDHOHVStULWXIHPHQLQR
©(OVROKDEtDWUDVSXHVWRODFXPEUHGHOPRQWHODVVRPEUDVEDMDEDQDJUDQGHVSDVRVSRUVXIDOGD
ODEULVDJHPtDHQWUHORViODPRVGHODIXHQWH\ODQLHEODHOHYiQGRVHSRFRDSRFRGHODVXSHUILFLH
GHOODJRFRPHQ]DEDDHQYROYHUODVURFDVGHVXPDUJHQ
6REUHXQDGHHVWDVURFDVVREUHXQDTXHSDUHFtDSUy[LPDDGHVSORPDUVHHQHOIRQGRGHODV
DJXDVHQFX\DVXSHUILFLHVHUHWUDWDEDWHPEODQGRHOSULPRJpQLWRGH$OPHQDUGHURGLOODVDORV
SLHVGHVXPLVWHULRVDDPDQWHSURFXUDEDHQYDQRDUUDQFDUOHHOVHFUHWRGHVXH[LVWHQFLDªS
3RUVXSDUWHODVPXMHUHVGHODV/H\HQGDVVHFDUDFWHUL]DQSRUVXH[WUHPDGDEHOOH]DTXHHQ
DOJXQRVFDVRVVHFRQYLHUWHHQXQUDVJRVREUHQDWXUDO7DPELpQVRQFDSULFKRVDVWLUDQDV\WLHQWDQ
DO SURWDJRQLVWD KDVWD SURGXFLUOH OD PXHUWH R KDVWD TXH UHFLEH XQ FDVWLJR LUUHYHUVLEOH *DUFpV
PDWDD&RQVWDQ]D\0DQULTXHSLHUGHODFRUGXUD(VWHUDVJRSURYLHQHHQJUDQPHGLGDGHODSRH
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UHVLVWLUVHDVXVHQFDQWRVSHVHDODVDGYHUWHQFLDVTXHRWURVSHUVRQDMHVPiVH[SHUWRVOHVRIUHFHQ
ËxLJRHOPRQWHURLQWHQWDGLVXDGLUD)HUQDQGRGHDFXGLUQXHYDPHQWHDODIXHQWHGHORVÈODPRV
SHURpVWHQRSXHGHUHVLVWLUVHDODPLUDGDGHDTXHOORVRMRVYHUGHV$GHPiVORVSURWDJRQLVWDVSR
VHHQXQHVStULWXVRxDGRUHLGHDOLVWDTXHIDFLOLWDTXHLJQRUHQODSURKLELFLyQFDVLVLHPSUHPRWL
YDGRVSRUXQDPXMHUVRQLQJHQXRV\SUHVWDQSRFDDWHQFLyQDODRSLQLyQGHVXHQWRUQR
2WURVSHUVRQDMHVTXHGHVWDFDQHQODV/H\HQGDVVRQORVHQWHVVREUHQDWXUDOHVTXHFDVWLJDQOD
SURIDQDFLyQGHORVDJUDGRRVLPSOHPHQWHODGHVREHGLHQFLDGHXQDSURKLELFLyQ(OHVStULWXGH
/RVRMRVYHUGHVHVXQGHPRQLRORVIDQWDVPDVGH(O0RQWHGHODVÈQLPDVFDXVDQODPXHUWHGH3HGUR
\%HDWUL]\ODVHVWDWXDVDQLPDGDVGH(OEHVR\/DDMRUFDGHRURYHQJDQHOVDFULOHJLRFRQODSHUGLFLyQ
GHOSURWDJRQLVWD(VWDVILJXUDVTXHYLHQHQGHOPiVDOOiUHVSRQGHQDORVWLSRVGHODQRYHODJyWLFD
ILMDGRVSRUDXWRUHVFRPR+RIIPDQQ6XDSDULFLyQHQODOH\HQGDHVWiSUHFHGLGDSRUXQDVHULHGH
IHQyPHQRVPHWHRUROyJLFRVFRPRODWRUPHQWDODQHEOLQD\HOPXUPXOORGHOYLHQWRTXHSUHSDUDQ
DOOHFWRUSDUDODHQWUDGDGHORIDQWiVWLFR
14 | OXFORD
GUÍA DE LECTURA
Actividades
1 ¢&yPRVRQORVSHUVRQDMHVIDQWiVWLFRVGHODV/H\HQGDVGH%pFTXHU"¢4XpFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVWLHQHQHQ
FRP~Q"¢6XSUHVHQFLDHVSRVLWLYDRQHJDWLYD"$UJXPHQWDWXUHVSXHVWDFRQHMHPSORV
2 ¢3RUTXpHOQDUUDGRUGH(OUD\RGH/XQDDILUPDDOILQDOGHVXUHODWRTXH0DQULTXHKDUHFXSHUDGR
ODFRUGXUD"¢4XpVHQWLGRWLHQHHVDFRQVLGHUDFLyQ"
3 /HHDWHQWDPHQWHHOVLJXLHQWHSDVDMHGH/RVRMRVYHUGHVHQHOTXH)HUQDQGROHFXHQWDDËxLJRVX
H[SHULHQFLDHQODIXHQWHGHORVÈODPRV
©(QHOODJRFDHQFRQXQUXPRULQGHVFULSWLEOH/DPHQWRVSDODEUDVQRPEUHVFDQWDUHV\R
QRVpORTXHKHRtGRHQDTXHOUXPRUFXDQGRPHKHVHQWDGRVROR\IHEULOVREUHHOSHxDVFRDFX\RV
SLHVVDOWDQODVDJXDVGHODIXHQWHPLVWHULRVDSDUDHVWDQFDUVHHQXQDEDOVDSURIXQGDFX\DLQPyYLO
VXSHUILFLHDSHQDVUL]DHOYLHQWRGHODWDUGH
7RGRHVJUDQGHDOOt/DVROHGDGFRQVXVPLOUXPRUHVGHVFRQRFLGRVYLYHHQDTXHOORVOXJD
UHV\HPEULDJDHOHVStULWXHQVXLQHIDEOHPHODQFROtD(QODVSODWHDGDVKRMDVGHORViODPRVHQORV
KXHFRVGHODVSHxDVHQODVRQGDVGHODJXDSDUHFHTXHQRVKDEODQORVLQYLVLEOHVHVStULWXVGHOD
1DWXUDOH]DTXHUHFRQRFHQXQKHUPDQRHQHOLQPRUWDOHVStULWXGHOKRPEUHªSS
D ¢4XpVHQVDFLRQHVOHGHVSHUWyODIXHQWHHQFDQWDGDDOSURWDJRQLVWDGH/RVRMRVYHUGHV"
E 5HODFLRQDODGHVFULSFLyQGHOHQWRUQRHOHVStULWX\ORVPRWLYRVIDQWiVWLFRVGHODV/H\HQGDV
4 9LQFXODFDGDXQDGHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVFRQHOSHUVRQDMHFRUUHVSRQGLHQWH-XVWLILFDWXHOHFFLyQFRQ
HMHPSORVFRQFUHWRV
D &DSULFKRVRD (VWHEDQ
E 6RxDGRUD 5RPHUR
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K $UUHSHQWLGRD 0DQULTXH
L 6HUYLFLDO 2ILFLDOIUDQFpV
OXFORD | 15
LEYENDAS
El lenguaje de la obra
&RPRODLQWHQFLyQGH%pFTXHUHUDRIUHFHUXQDFUyQLFD©SHULRGtVWLFDªGHGHWHUPLQDGDVWUD
GLFLRQHVTXHKDEtDFRQRFLGRHQVXVYLDMHVSRU(VSDxDODPD\RUtDGHODVOH\HQGDVWLHQHQGRVSDUWHV
\SRUWDQWRGRVHVWLORV(OSULPHURFRUUHVSRQGHDODYR]GHODXWRUVHYLOODQRFRPRUHFROHFWRUGH
OH\HQGDVSRSXODUHVELHQVHDSRUTXH²DUDt]GHYLVLWDUHOOXJDUHQHOTXHVHKDEtDSURGXFLGRHO
SURGLJLR²XQDIXHQWHDSHWLFLyQVX\DOHKD\DUHODWDGRODOH\HQGDTXHpOWUDQVFULEHELHQVHDSRU
TXHXQDLPDJHQOHKD\DLQVSLUDGRODFRPSRVLFLyQGHODOH\HQGDFRPRVXFHGHHQ/RVRMRVYHUGHV
©<RFUHRTXHKHYLVWRXQRVRMRVFRPRORVTXHKHSLQWDGRHQHVWDOH\HQGD1RVpVLHQVXHxRV
SHUR\RORVKHYLVWR'HVHJXURQRORVSRGUpGHVFULELUWDOFXDOHUDQOXPLQRVRVWUDQVSDUHQWHV
FRPRODVJRWDVGHODOOXYLDTXHVHUHVEDODQVREUHODVKRMDVGHORViUEROHVGHVSXpVGHXQDWHPSHV
WDGGHYHUDQR'HWRGRVPRGRVFXHQWRFRQODLPDJLQDFLyQGHPLVOHFWRUHVSDUDKDFHUPHFRP
SUHQGHUHQHVWHTXHSXGLpUDPRVOODPDUERFHWRGHXQFXDGURTXHSLQWDUpDOJ~QGtDªS
(QODVHJXQGDSDUWHGHODKLVWRULDTXHFRQVWLWX\HODUHODFLyQ©REMHWLYDªGHOSURGLJLRHO
OHQJXDMHVHDGDSWDDODpSRFDTXHHVWiHYRFDQGRHODXWRUSRUORTXHODGHVFULSFLyQGHVHPSHxDXQ
SDSHO HVHQFLDO HQ OD LOXVLyQ GH OD UHDOLGDG /D SUHHPLQHQFLD GHO 5RPDQWLFLVPR HQ OD REUD GH
%pFTXHULQIOX\HHQORVUHWUDWRVGHDTXHOORVHVSDFLRVTXHVLUYHQFRPRHVFHQDULRGHORIDQWiVWLFR
(OOHQJXDMHSRVLEOHPHQWHPHUFHGDODLQIOXHQFLDGHODSLQWXUD\HOGLEXMR²DUWHVTXHHODXWRU
KDEtDFXOWLYDGRGHVGHODLQIDQFLD²HVFODUDPHQWHSOiVWLFR/RVFRORUHVODVIRUPDV\ORVVRQLGRV
UHIOHMDQORVVHQWLPLHQWRVGHOSURWDJRQLVWD\DGTXLHUHQXQDSUHVHQFLDFDVLFLQHPDWRJUiILFD(Q/RV
RMRVYHUGHVODQDWXUDOH]DTXHURGHDD)HUQDQGRVHGHVFULEHFRQJUDQDXGDFLD\PXOWLWXGGHGHWDOOHV
TXHSHUPLWHQDOOHFWRULPDJLQDUVHVLQJUDQHVIXHU]RHOHQWRUQRTXHURGHDEDDOSHUVRQDMH\HQHO
TXHVHHQFRQWUDEDODKHUPRVDPXMHUGHODTXH)HUQDQGRVHHQDPRUD
4XL]iXQRGHORVUDVJRVTXHPiVGHVWDFDHQHOOHQJXDMHGHOSRHWDVHYLOODQRHVVXFDSDFLGDG
SDUDVXJHULUDWUDYpVGHLPiJHQHVTXHKDFHQTXHHOOHFWRUQRVyORVHLPDJLQHVLQRTXHYLYDODH[
SHULHQFLDVREUHQDWXUDOTXHHVWiDSXQWRGHRFXUULU$VLPLVPRDQWHVGHTXHDSDUH]FDORIDQWiVWLFR
HOHQWRUQRGHOSURWDJRQLVWDVHWUDQVIRUPDSDXODWLQDPHQWHSRUPHGLRGHIRUPDV\VRQLGRVTXH
DQWLFLSDQODHQWUDGDGHORH[WUDRUGLQDULR)HUQDQGRR\HVRQLGRVHQHOYLHQWRTXHOHSURGXFHQ
PLHGR\FXULRVLGDG\HOSHUHJULQRDOHPiQTXHDVLVWHDOPLODJURGH(OPLVHUHUHWDPELpQREVHUYD
DWHQWRFyPRODQDWXUDOH]DYDDGRSWDQGRXQDDSDULHQFLDHVSHFLDOGHPLVWHULRVXVSHQVH\VLOHQFLR
©/DVJRWDVGHDJXDTXHVHILOWUDEDQSRUHQWUHODVJULHWDVGHORVURWRVDUFRV\FDtDQVREUHODVORVDV
FRQXQUXPRUDFRPSDVDGRFRPRHOGHODSpQGRODGHXQUHORMORVJULWRVGHOE~KRTXHJUD]QDED
UHIXJLDGREDMRHOQLPERGHSLHGUDGHXQDLPDJHQGHSLHD~QHQHOKXHFRGHXQPXURHOUXLGR
GHORVUHSWLOHVTXHGHVSLHUWRVGHVXOHWDUJRSRUODWHPSHVWDGVDFDEDQVXVGLVIRUPHVFDEH]DVGH
ORVDJXMHURVGRQGHGXHUPHQRVHDUUDVWUDEDQSRUHQWUHORVMDUDPDJRV\ORV]DU]DOHVTXHFUHFtDQDO
SLHGHODOWDUHQWUHODVMXQWXUDVGHODVOiSLGDVVHSXOFUDOHVTXHIRUPDEDQHOSDYLPHQWRGHODLJOHVLD
WRGRVHVRVH[WUDxRV\PLVWHULRVRVPXUPXOORVGHOFDPSRGHODVROHGDG\GHODQRFKHOOHJDEDQ
SHUFHSWLEOHVDORtGRGHOURPHURTXHVHQWDGRVREUHODPXWLODGDHVWDWXDGHXQDWXPEDDJXDUGDED
DQVLRVRODKRUDHQTXHGHELHUDUHDOL]DUVHHOSURGLJLRªSS
16 | OXFORD
GUÍA DE LECTURA
Actividades
1 /HHDWHQWDPHQWHHOVLJXLHQWHIUDJPHQWRGH/DFRU]DEODQFD\HVWDEOHFHXQSDUDOHOLVPRFRQHOHVWLOR
SRpWLFRGHO5RPDQWLFLVPR
©3RFRDSRFR\ELHQIXHVHTXHHOSHVRGHODQRFKHTXH\DKDEtDSDVDGRGHODPLWDGFRPHQ
]DUDDGHMDUVHVHQWLUELHQTXHHOOHMDQRPXUPXOORGHODJXDHOSHQHWUDQWHDURPDGHODVIORUHVVLO
YHVWUHV\ODVFDULFLDVGHOYLHQWRFRPXQLFDVHQDVXVVHQWLGRVHOGXOFHVRSRUHQTXHSDUHFtDHVWDU
LPSUHJQDGDODQDWXUDOH]DWRGDHOHQDPRUDGRPR]RTXHKDVWDDTXHOSXQWRKDEtDHVWDGRHQWUH
WHQLGRUHYROYLHQGRHQVXPHQWHODVPiVKDODJHxDVLPDJLQDFLRQHVFRPHQ]yDVHQWLUTXHVXVLGHDV
VHHODERUDEDQFRQPiVOHQWLWXG\VXVSHQVDPLHQWRVWRPDEDQIRUPDVPiVOHYHVHLQGHFLVDVªS
D ¢&yPRHVODQDWXUDOH]DHQODV/H\HQGDV"
E ¢4XpIXQFLyQGHVHPSHxDHVWDGHVFULSFLyQHQ/DFRU]DEODQFD"
D ¢4XpHOHPHQWRVWLHQHQHQFR
P~Q"¢4XpGLIHUHQFLDVREVHU
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E 8WLOL]DWXLPDJLQDFLyQ\UHGDF
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GRHOHVWLORGH%pFTXHU¢4Xp
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3 ¢3RUTXpVHOODPD©SURVDSRpWLFDªDOHVWLORTXHDGRSWy%pFTXHUHQODV/H\HQGDV"¢$TXpOH\HQGDWH
UHFXHUGDODVLJXLHQWHULPD"
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5LPD;,YY
OXFORD | 17
LEYENDAS
18 | OXFORD
GUÍA DE LECTURA
Actividades
1 ¢3RUTXp%pFTXHUGHQRPLQD©OH\HQGDVªDHVWRVUHODWRV"¢4XpFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVWLHQHHVWDIRUPDOLWH
UDULD"¢4XpSDSHOGHVHPSHxDODVXSHUVWLFLyQHQHVWDVQDUUDFLRQHV"
2 ¢4XpIXQFLyQGHVHPSHxDODUHOLJLyQFULVWLDQDHQODV/H\HQGDV"9LQFXODORVHOHPHQWRVPtVWLFRVFRQ
ORVFDVWLJRVHQFDGDXQDGHODV/H\HQGDV¢4XpVLPLOLWXGHVREVHUYDVHQHOGHVHQODFHGHORVGLVWLQWRV
UHODWRV"
3 ¢&XiOHVODUHOHYDQFLDGHODPRUHQODV/H\HQGDVGH%pFTXHU"2IUHFHWUHVHMHPSORVHQORVTXHVX
SUHVHQFLDVHDIXQGDPHQWDOHQODQDUUDFLyQ
4 ¢4XpUDVJRVFRPXQHVWLHQHQODVPXMHUHVGHODV/H\HQGDVGH%pFTXHU"¢$TXpFUHHVTXHVHGHEHHVD
LPDJHQ"¢4XpGLIHUHQFLDVREVHUYDVHQWUHVXFDUDFWHUL]DFLyQ\ODGHORVKRPEUHV"
OXFORD | 19
LEYENDAS
D ¢4XpVLPLOLWXGHVHQFXHQWUDVHQWUHHVWDUHSUHVHQWDFLyQ\ODVGHVFULSFLRQHVGHODV/H\HQGDV"
E 8WLOL]DWXLPDJLQDFLyQ\UHGDFWDODOH\HQGDTXHFRUUHVSRQGHUtDDHVWDLPDJHQ
20 | OXFORD
GUÍA DE LECTURA
Notas bibliográficas
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$PRU\PXHUWHHQHO5RPDQWLFLVPR)RQGRVGHO0XVHR5RPiQWLFR0DGULG%DUFHORQD0LQLVWHULRGH
(GXFDFLyQ&XOWXUD\'HSRUWH¬PELW6HUYLFLRV(GLWRULDOHV
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%pFTXHU*XVWDYR$GROIR/H\HQGDVHG3DVFXDO,]TXLHUGR0DGULG&iWHGUD
%pFTXHU2ULJHQHVWpWLFD\PRGHUQLGDG$FWDVGHO9,,&RQJUHVRGH/LWHUDWXUD(VSDxROD&RQWHPSRUi
QHD0iODJD3XEOLFDFLRQHVGHO&RQJUHVRGH/LWHUDWXUD&RQWHPSRUiQHD
%HQtWH]5XEpQ%pFTXHUWUDGLFLRQDOLVWD0DGULG*UHGRV
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%URZQ5LFD%pFTXHU%DUFHORQD$HGRV
)HUQiQGH]5REHUWR\-DFTXHV6RXEH\URX[HGV+LVWRULDVRFLDO\OLWHUDWXUD)DPLOLD\FOHURHQ
(VSDxDVLJORV;9,,,;,;7HUFHU&RORTXLR,QWHUQDFLRQDO$FFLyQ,QWHJUDGD)UDQFRHVSDxROD/pULGD8QL
YHUVLWp-HDQ0RQQHW0LOHQLR6DLQWeWLHQQH
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OXFORD | 21
LEYENDAS
22 | OXFORD
GUÍA DE LECTURA
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GHQODVDGYHUWHQFLDVTXHOHVKDFHQVXVVHUHVPiVFHUFDQRV\VXFXPEHQDODWHQWDFLyQ$FRVWXP
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VHQVLELOLGDGODSURSHQVLyQDODVROHGDG\ODLQFXUVLyQHQHVSDFLRVSURKLELGRVLQIOX\HQHQTXHORV
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OXFORD | 23
LEYENDAS
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24 | OXFORD
GUÍA DE LECTURA
6LJQLILFDFLyQGHOHVSDFLR\WLHPSR
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FRPRHOTXHVROtDSUHGRPLQDUHQODQDUUDWLYDGHVXVSUHGHFHVRUHVFRPRVLU:DOWHU6FRWW/D
DWUDFFLyQSRUOD(GDG0HGLDWDPELpQFRQWULEX\yDTXHODPD\RUtDGHODVOH\HQGDVVHVLWXDUDQHQ
HVHFRQWH[WRFXOWXUDOSURSLFLRDODVXSHUVWLFLyQ\ORVXILFLHQWHPHQWHOHMDQRDOOHFWRUGHOVLJOR;,;
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GHVXVVXGDULRVFRUUHQFRPRHQXQDFDFHUtDIDQWiVWLFDSRUHQWUHODVEUHxDV\ORV]DU]DOHVªSS
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4 5HVSXHVWDDELHUWD
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OXFORD | 25
LEYENDAS
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1 /RVSHUVRQDMHVIDQWiVWLFRVGHODV/H\HQGDVHQFDMDQHQGRVWLSRORJtDV/RVIHPHQLQRVVRQH[WUHPD
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VHQFLDQRFDXVDHODVRPEURRHOHQFDQWRGHTXLHQORVREVHUYDVLQRVXSDYRUHQ(O0RQWHGHODV
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FRQVHPEODQWHSiOLGR\ORVFDEHOORVGHVRUGHQDGRV
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LUUXSFLyQWLHQGHDYDORUDUVHFRPRXQDH[SHULHQFLDQHJDWLYDSXHVSURGXFHODSHUGLFLyQGHTXLH
QHVKDQSUHVHQFLDGRHOIHQyPHQR%HDWUL]PXULyDOSHUFDWDUVHGHTXHODEDQGDD]XOUHSRVDED\D
HQVXKDELWDFLyQ3HGURSHUHFLyDOREVHUYDUODVHVWDWXDVTXHORFDVWLJDEDQSRUVXURER\)HUQDQGR
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26 | OXFORD
GUÍA DE LECTURA
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XQDH[WHQVLyQGHODVHQVLELOLGDGGHOSHUVRQDMH/DEHOOH]DGHOHQWRUQRTXHREVHUYD*DUFpVHVWi
YLQFXODGDFRQVXVHQVRxDFLRQHVVREUH&RQVWDQ]D\GHDOJXQDPDQHUDDQWLFLSDORTXHVXFHGH
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E /DGHVFULSFLyQHVWiUHODFLRQDGDFRQODDWPyVIHUDGHHQVRxDFLyQHQODTXHDSDUHFHQODVFRU]DV
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2 D $PEDVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVWLHQHQFRPRWHOyQGHIRQGRXQULFRSDODFLR(QHOFDVRGH/DFRU]D
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VHXWLOL]DEDQSDUDHOGHVFDQVRGHORVQREOHVTXHVHUHFUHDEDQFRQHVHSDVDWLHPSR(OWRUUHyQ
HYRFDOD(GDG0HGLDDOLJXDOTXHRFXUUHFRQORVSHUVRQDMHV\ORVUHFXUVRVOLQJtVWLFRVGH/D
FRU]DEODQFD4XL]iODGLIHUHQFLDPiVQRWDEOHVHDTXHHQHOFDVRGHODSLQWXUDHOEDxRQRHVWi
UHODFLRQDGRFRQXQKHFKRVREUHQDWXUDOPLHQWUDVTXHHQ/DFRU]DEODQFDKD\XQDWUDQVIRUPD
FLyQDQWHULRU\RWUDSRVWHULRUTXHLQIOX\HQHQODDSUR[LPDFLyQDHVDDFWLYLGDGFRWLGLDQD
E 5HVSXHVWDDELHUWD
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SUHVHQWDHQ(OUD\RGH/XQD/DDILUPDFLyQGHWDOLQFDSDFLGDGHVHOPRWLYRSRUHOTXHHOQDUUDGRU
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1 %pFTXHUVHDFRJHDXQJpQHURTXHHVWDEDHQERJDHQVXWLHPSR$GRSWDHOWtWXORGH/H\HQGDV
SRUTXHVXVQDUUDFLRQHVFRPRODVGH=RUULOODSUHWHQGtDQRIUHFHUXQDFRPSLODFLyQGHWUDGLFLRQHV
RUDOHVHQODVTXHLQWHUYHQtDQIHQyPHQRVVREUHQDWXUDOHV/DVXSHUVWLFLyQHVIXQGDPHQWDOSXHVWR
TXHHQHOWHUUHQRGHORIDQWiVWLFRVLHPSUHH[LVWHQODVGLFRWRPtDVUHDOLGDGIDQWDVtDIHGHVFRQ
ILDQ]D\HVSHFLDOPHQWHUD]yQVXSHUVWLFLyQ$TXHOORTXHHVFRQWUDULRDODVOH\HVItVLFDVORTXH
VRODPHQWHSXHGHGDUVHHQHOWHUUHQRGHORUHOLJLRVR\GHODIDQWDVtDSHUWHQHFHDODVXSHUVWLFLyQ
6HDWULEX\HXQSRGHUH[FHSFLRQDODXQREMHWRRDXQHVSDFLRWDOFRPRVXFHGHHQ(O0RQWHGHODV
ÈQLPDVFRQORVUHSDURVH[FHVLYRVGH%HDWUL]SDUDDFHSWDUODSUHQGDTXHOHUHJDODED$ORQVRRFRQ
HOWHPRUGHHVWH~OWLPRSHUVRQDMHGHUHFXSHUDUODEDQGDD]XOHQODQRFKHGH7RGRVORV6DQWRV
OXFORD | 27
LEYENDAS
2 /DUHOLJLyQFULVWLDQDHVWiSUHVHQWHHQFDVLWRGDVODVOH\HQGDV3RUXQDSDUWHGHELGRDODRULHQWD
FLyQLGHROyJLFDGHORVGLDULRVHQORVTXHFRODERUDED%pFTXHUSHURSRURWUDDODLPSRUWDQFLDTXH
DGTXLHUHORVDJUDGR\ODVXSHUVWLFLyQHQODV/H\HQGDV3HGURGHEHSDJDUHOKXUWRDODHVWDWXDGHOD
9LUJHQFRQVXSURSLDPXHUWHODSURIDQDFLyQTXHVXSRQHHOEHVRDXQDHVWDWXDIXQHUDULDWDPELpQ
GHVDWDODYHQJDQ]DORVPRQMHVGHEHQUHJUHVDUDODYLGDFDGD-XHYHV6DQWRSDUDHQWRQDUHO0LVH
UHUHTXHKDEtDTXHGDGRLQFRQFOXVRSRUODPDVDFUHGHODTXHIXHURQYtFWLPDV(QUHVXPHQFDVL
WRGRVORVIHQyPHQRVVREUHQDWXUDOHVHVWiQYLQFXODGRVFRQODWUDQVJUHVLyQHQXQHVSDFLRVDJUDGR
3 (ODPRUHVHOPRWRUTXHHPSXMDDORVSURWDJRQLVWDVDURPSHUFRQODVSURKLELFLRQHV$OLJXDOTXH
HOSRHWDURPiQWLFRSRFRVSHUVRQDMHVGHODV/H\HQGDVFDUHFHQGHHVDPRWLYDFLyQTXHFDVLVLHPSUH
HVWiDVRFLDGDFRQODPXHUWH(ODPRULOLPLWDGRGH3HGUR\GH$ORQVRHQ/DDMRUFDGHRUR\HQ(O
0RQWHGHODVÈQLPDVOHVFDXVDODPXHUWHHOHQDPRUDPLHQWRGH)HUQDQGRGHOHVStULWXGHODIXHQWH
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