4.

radiación solar sobre superficies

inclinadas



Petros Axaopoulos TEI de Atenas Grecia

Resultados del aprendizaje

Después de estudiar este capítulo, los lectores podrán:

• Definir la radiación solar directa, difusa y reflejada sobre lasuperficie inclinada

saber el significado del índice de claridad
• Calcular la radiación solar por hora y mensual en superficie de diversas orientaciones
• Y ángulos de inclinación
• Explicar cómo el ángulo de orientación y la inclinación de una superficie afectan a la
radiación solar incidente
• Entender cómo la elección del ángulo de orientación y la inclinación de un panel
fotovoltaico afecta sus actuaciones
• Determinar el ángulo de inclinación óptimo de un panel fotovoltaico, teniendo en
cuenta la latitud de la ubicación, la aplicación prevista y el período de tiempo que el
sistema solar está destinado a ser utilizado

Conocimiento de la radiación solar recibida por una superficie inclinada es necesario para la
mayoría de aplicaciones y estudios con sistemas solares. En general, como estaciones
meteorológicas sólo proporcionar la radiación solar total en el plano horizontal, un método
para calcular la radiación sobre una superficie inclinada en una base por hora o mensual es
necesario. Para ello, las siguientes secciones describen una metodología para el cálculo de la
radiación solar sobre superficies inclinadas en periodos mensuales y por hora.

4.1 RADIACIÓN POR HORA SOBRE SUPERFICIE INCLINADA

La radiación solar recibida por un plano inclinado sobre la superficie del terreno consta de tres
componentes: la radiación directa procedente del disco solar, la radiación difusa derivada de la
bóveda del cielo y la radiación reflejada desde el suelo en los alrededores
(fig. 4.1).






Figura 4.1 Radiación solar directa, difusa y reflejada sobre superficie inclinada.

La radiación directa que recibe una superficie depende del ángulo de incidencia de los rayos
solares. La radiación difusa recibida por la superficie inclinada no depende de la orientación del
plano y no viene de la totalidad de la bóveda del cielo o la tierra cercana - se trata sólo de la
parte del cielo que la superficie "ve". Por lo tanto, para el cálculo de la radiación solar sobre una
superficie inclinada, un factor de conversión debe tenerse en cuenta para cada uno de los
componentes [1].

I b I b,T
I bn Θz I bn Θ
β
( α) (β)


Figura 4.2 Determinación de factores de conversión para la irradiación solar directa. Radiación
α) irradiancia horizontal superficial β) sobre superficie inclinada

El factor de conversión de la radiación solar directa (Rb), es la relación entre la irradiancia solar
directa sobre la superficie inclinada (Ιb, T), para que en una superficie horizontal (Ιb).

De la figura 4.2 se deduce fácilmente la siguiente ecuación:

 The conversion factor for the direct solar irradiance (Rb), is the ratio of the direct solar
irradiance on the inclined surface (Ιb,T), to that on a horizontal surface (Ιb).
The conversion factor for the direct solar irradiance (Rb), is the ratio of the direct solar
From Fig. on
irradiance 4.2the
theinclined
following equation
surface (Ιb,T),isto
easily
that deduced:
on a horizontal surface (Ιb).

From Fig. 4.2 the following equation is easily deduced:

I I cosθ cosθ
Rb = b,T = b,n = (4.1)
I I
I b,Tb I b,n cos θ
b,ncos θ Ζ
cosθθ Ζ
cos
R=
b
= = (4.1)
I b I b,n cosθ Ζ cosθ Ζ
Introducing
cosθΖ from equation 3.5, into equation 4.1, the new equation can be written as:

Introducing cosθ
Introduciendo cosθ Ζ from equation 3.5, into equation 4.1, the new equation can be written as:
Ζ de la ecuación 3.5, en la ecuación 4.1, la nueva ecuación puede ser escrita
como: cos θ
Rb = (4.2)
cos φ cos δ cos ω + sin φ sin δ
cos θ
Rb = Rb = (4.2)(4.2)
From this equation, it becomes cos φobvious
cos δ cos ω +the
that φ sin δof Rb varies during the day and year
sinvalue
for a given location.
De esta ecuación, resulta obvio que el valor de R b varía durante el día y año para un lugar
From this equation, it becomes obvious that the value of Rb varies during the day and year
determinado.
for a given
The location.
calculation of the component for the diffuse radiation is based on the assumption that
the diffusion is isotropic, i.e. that it is uniformly received from the entire sky dome. The
El cálculo del componente para la radiación difusa se basa en el supuesto de que la difusión es
The calculation
conversion factorof thefor component for the(Rdiffuse
diffuse radiation d) is the radiation
ratio of isdiffuse
isotrópica, es decir, que es uniformemente recibió de la cúpula del cielo entero. El factor de
basedradiation
on the assumptionincident onthat the
the diffusion
inclined surface is isotropic,
(Id,T) to that i.e. on
that
theit) es la proporción de incidencia de la radiación difusa sobre
is uniformly
horizontal planereceived
(Id). Thefrom the entire
diffuse radiation sky coming
dome. The from
conversión de radiación difusa (R d
conversion
the celestial factor
dome, foronly
diffuse radiation (Rreaches
a percentage ) is the theratio of
inclined diffuse radiation
surface. This incident
percentage on isthe
the
superficie inclinada (Id,T) para que en el plano horizontal (I d
d). La radiación difusa procedente de
inclined
ratio ofsurface (Id,T) to of
the portion thatcelestial
on the horizontal
dome thatplane the (Iinclined
d). The diffuse
surfaceradiation
"sees", coming to the from entire
la bóveda celeste, sólo un porcentaje llega a la superficie inclinada. Este porcentaje es la
the celestial dome,
hemispherical surfaceonlyofa the percentage
celestialreaches
dome. In thethe inclined surface.
isotropic modelThis andpercentage
for an unshaded is the
proporción de la porción de la bóveda celestial que la superficie inclinada "ve", a toda la
ratio
inclined of the
surface portionon the of ground,
celestialwith dome slope that theconversion
β, the inclined surface factor is"sees",the view to factor
the entire to the
superficie semiesférica de la bóveda celeste. En el modelo isotrópico y de una superficie
hemispherical
sky and is given by: surface of the celestial dome. In the isotropic model and for an unshaded
inclinada sin sombra en el suelo, con la pendiente β, el factor de conversión es el factor de vista
inclined surface on the ground, with slope β, the conversion factor is the view factor to the
al cielo y está dada por:
sky and is given by:

I 1 + cos β
Rd = d ,T = (4.3)
Id 2
I 1 + cos β
Rd = d ,T = (4.3)
Id 2
The conversion factor for the reflected radiation (Rr) is the ratio of reflected radiation

incident on the inclined surface (Ir,T) to that on the horizontal (Ir). However, the reflected on
TheEl factor de conversión de la radiación reflejada (Rr) es la proporción de incidencia de la
the conversion
horizontal plane, factorisfor thethe reflected
product of theradiation (Rr) is the ρratio
diffuse reflectance of the ofsurroundings
reflected radiation and the
radiación reflejada sobre la superficie inclinada (I
incident
total solar on the inclined on
irradiance surface
the (Ihorizontal
r,T) to that (I). on the
As in r, T ) para que en la horizontal (I
horizontal
the previous(Ir). However,
case, assuming r
the reflected). Sin embargo,
that on the
thereflejada en el plano horizontal, es el producto de la ρ reflectancia difusa de los alrededores y la
horizontal
reflected plane, isisthe
irradiance productthen
isotropic, of the fordiffuse reflectance
an inclined surfaceρ oftilted
the surroundings
at slope β from and the the
irradiación solar total en la horizontal (I). Como en el caso anterior, suponiendo que la radiación
total solar irradiance
horizontal, the conversion on the horizontal
factor is the view (I). factor
As in tothe theprevious
ground and case, assuming
is given by: that the
reflejada es isotrópico, entonces por una superficie inclinada inclinada en pendiente β respecto
reflected irradiance is isotropic, then for an inclined surface tilted at slope β from the
a la horizontal, el factor de conversión es el factor de vista al suelo y está dada por:
horizontal, the conversion factor is the view factor to the ground and is given by:
I 1 − cos β
Rr = r ,T = (4.4)
Iρ 2
3
Por lo tanto, la irradiación solar total en la superficie inclinada Ι
Thus, the total solar irradiance on the tilted surface ΙΤ for an hour Τis durante una hora es la suma de
the sum of three terms:
tres términos: 3
ΙΤ = ΙbRb + IdRd + ΙρRr (4.5)
ΙΤ = ΙbRb + IdRd + ΙρRr (4.5)
Considering the equations 4.1, 4.3 and 4.4, the equation 4.5 can be rewritten as:
Teniendo en cuenta las ecuaciones 4.1, 4.3 y 4.4, la ecuación 4.5 puede ser reescrita como:
cos θ 1 + cos β 1 − cos β
IT = I b + Id + Iρ (4.6)
cos θ Ζ 2 2

This equation can be used to calculate the hourly total solar irradiation on an inclined
surface at slope β from the horizontal, where the angles θ and θZ correspond to the
midpoint of the considered time. The reflectance ρ is usually taken 0.2, but when the
surrounding area is covered with snow its value can be very high. Various values of ρ are
 1 − cos ΙβΤ = ΙbRb + IdRd + ΙρRr
I r ,T (4.5)
Rr = = (4.4)
Iρ 2
Considering the equations 4.1, 4.3 and 4.4, the equation 4.5 can be rewritten as:
Thus, the total solar irradiance on the tilted surface ΙΤ for an hour is the sum of three terms:
cos θ 1 + cos β 1 − cos β
IT = I b + Id + Iρ (4.6)
ΙΤ = ΙbRb + IdRd +cosΙρRθrΖ (4.5)2 2
Esta ecuación puede utilizarse para calcular la irradiación solar total por hora sobre una
This equation
equations canand
4.1, 4.3 be 4.4,
usedthetoequation
calculate4.5thecanhourly total solar
Considering thesuperficie inclinada en pendiente β de la horizontal, donde los ángulos θ y θ
be rewritten as: irradiation on an inclined
Z corresponden al
surface at slope β from the horizontal, where the angles θ and θ
punto medio del tiempo considerado. La reflectancia ρ se toma generalmente 0.2, pero cuando
Z correspond to the
midpoint of cos theθ considered β
1 + cos time. 1 − cos
The β
reflectance ρ is usually taken 0.2, but when the
el área circundante está cubierta de nieve su valor puede ser muy alto. Varios valores de ρ se
I T = I b area is+ covered
surrounding Id with ρ its value can
+ Isnow (4.6)be very high. Various values of ρ are
cos θ Ζ
dan en la tabla 4.1 2 2
given in Table 4.1
This equation Tabla 4. 1 reflexión de diferentes superficies
can be used to calculate the hourly total solar irradiation on an inclined
Table 4.1 Reflectance of different surfaces
surface at slope β from the horizontal, where the angles θ and θZ correspond to the
midpoint of the considered time. The reflectance ρ is usually taken 0.2, but when the
surrounding area is covered with snow its value can be very
Tipo de superficie de la tierra high. Various values of ρ are
Reflectancia
Type of ground surface Reflectance
given in Table 4.1

Fresh snow 0.87
Table 4.1 Reflectance of different surfaces Nieve fresca 0.87
Dry sand 0.18
Arena seca
Wet sand 0.18
0.09

Type of ground surface Coniferous forest Reflectance 0.05
Arena húmeda
New concrete 0.09
0.33
Fresh snow Old concrete
Bosque de coníferas 0.87 0.23
0.05
Dry sand 0.18
Dividing Wet sidesConcreto nuevo
bothsand of equation 4.6 by I and0.09 0.33
considering the
equation 4.1, the following
equation can be written:
Coniferous forest 0.05
Hormigón viejo 0.23
New concrete 0.33
Old concrete 0.23
IT  I d  I d  1 + συνβ  1 − συνβ
= 1 −  Rb +   +ρ (4.7)
Dividing both Dividiendo ambos lados de la ecuación 4.6 por y teniendo en cuenta la ecuación 4.1, se puede
sides of equation I4.6 by I Iand considering
I  2 the equation24.1, the following
escribir la siguiente ecuación:
equation can be written:
Depending on the value of the hourly clearness index K, the ratio Id /I is given by the
following relations [2].
IT  I d  I  1 + συνβ  1 − συνβ
= 1 −  Rb + d  + ρ (4.7)
I  I  I  2  2
Ιd/I = 1 - 0.09K for Κ ≤ 0.22 (α)
Depending on the value of the hourly clearness index K, the ratio Id /I is given by the
following relations [2].
4
Dependiendo del valor del índice de claridad cada hora K, la relación y d/i está dada por las
relaciones siguientes [2].
Ιd/I = 1 - 0.09K for Κ ≤ 0.22 (α)


Ι /I = 1 - 0.09K for Κ ≤ 0.22 (α)
4d

Ιd/I = 0.9511 - 0.1604Κ + 4.388Κ2 - 16.638Κ3 + 12.336Κ4 for 0.22<Κ<0.8 (β)
Ιd/I = 0.165 for Κ >0.8 (γ) (4.8)


 Ιd/I = 0.9511 - 0.1604Κ + 4.388Κ2 - 16.638Κ3 + 12.336Κ4 for 0.22<Κ<0.8 (β)
2 3 4
Ιd/I = 0.9511 - 0.1604Κ + 4.388Κ - 16.638Κ
Ι /I = 0.165 + 12.336Κ
for Κ >0.8 (γ) for 0.22<Κ<0.8 (β) (4.8)
d

Hourly clearnessΙd/Iindex = 0.165

(K) isforthe
Κ >0.8
ratio(γ)of total solar irradiation on a horizontal(4.8)
Cada hora índice de claridad (K) es la relación de la irradiación solar total sobre una superficie surface (I) to
horizontal (I) la irradiación extraterrestre por hora sobre una superficie horizontal (Ιο). Este to
the hourly extraterrestrial irradiation on a horizontal surface (Ιο). This index is considered
Hourly clearness index (K) is the
be the attenuation ratio
factor of total
of the solar irradiation
atmosphere. on awhen
In general, horizontal surface (I) to
the atmosphere is clearer, a
índice se considera el factor de atenuación de la atmósfera. En general, cuando la atmósfera es
the hourlysmaller
extraterrestrial irradiation on is
a horizontal surface (Ιο). This index is considered to
fraction of irradiation scattered. Additionally, the clearness
más clara, una fracción más pequeña de radiación se dispersa. Además, el índice de claridad es index is a stochastic
be the attenuation factor of the atmosphere. In general, when the atmosphere
parameter, which is a function of time of year, season, climatic condition and geographic is clearer, a
un parámetro estocástico, que es una función de la época del año, estación, condiciones
smaller fraction of irradiation is scattered. Additionally, the clearness index is a stochastic
location.
climáticas y ubicación geográfica.
parameter, which is a function of time of year, season, climatic condition and geographic
location.
I
K= (4.9)
I
Io
The calculation of theKhourly = (4.9)
extraterrestrial irradiation on a horizontal surface can be
Io
El cálculo de la irradiación extraterrestre por hora sobre una superficie horizontal se puede
approximated by the following relationship if the zenith angle (θZ) corresponds to the
The calculation of the hourly extraterrestrial irradiation on a horizontal surface can be
aproximar por la relación siguiente si el ángulo cenital (θ
midpoint of the considered time. Z) corresponde al punto medio del
approximated by the following relationship if the zenith angle (θZ) corresponds to the
tiempo considerado.
midpoint of the considered time.

I o = Gon cos θ Ζ (4.10)
I o = Gon cosIθo Ζ= Gon cos θΖ (4.10)
(4.10)

The extraterrestrial irradiation on a horizontal surface (Ιο) can) puede obtenerse mediante la
La irradiación extraterrestre sobre una superficie horizontal (Ι
be obtained by integrating the
ο
equation 4.10 for a period between hour angles ω1 and ω2 [2].
integración de la ecuación 4.10 para un periodo de hora ángulos ω
The extraterrestrial irradiation on a horizontal surface (Ιο) can be obtained by 1 y ω 2 [2].
integrating the

equation 4.10 for a period between ω2 hour angles ω1 and ω2 [2].
12 ⋅ 3600 360 ⋅ n
I o(ω1 −ω2 ) = ∫ Gon cos θ Ζ dω = Gsc (1 + 0.033cos )⋅
ω2
ω1 12 ⋅ 3600 π 360 ⋅ n 365
I o(ω1 −ω2 ) = ∫ Gon cos θ Ζ dω = Gsc (1 + 0.033cos )⋅ (4.11)
 π π (ω 2 − ω1 ) 365 
⋅ 1cos φ cos δ (sin ω 2 − sin ω1 ) +
ω sin φ sin δ  (4.11)
  π (ω 2 − ω1 ) 180
 
⋅ cos φ cos δ (sin ω 2 − sin ω1 ) + sin φ sin δ 
 180 

Example 4.1
A PV panel is to be installed in Ioannina, Greece (φ = 39ο 42΄), at a slope of 35ο to the south.
Example 4.1
Using the isotropic diffuse model, calculateο the hourly total solar
Ejemplo 4.1 irradiation as well as
A PV panel is to be installed in Ioannina, Greece (φ = 39 42΄), at a slopeο of 35ο to the south.
direct, diffuse and reflected, which will receive this panel for the
Un panel del PV debe ser instalado en Ioánnina, Grecia (φ = 39 hour 10 AM to 11 AM solar ο
42΄), con una pendiente del 35
Using the isotropic diffuse model, calculate the hourly total solar irradiation as well as
time, on 3 April. The hourly total solar irradiation on horizontal surface is 520 Wh/m2 and
al sur. Usando el modelo difuso isotrópico, calcular la hora total irradiación solar así como
direct, diffuse and reflected, which will receive this panel for the hour 10 AM to 11 AM solar
the ground reflectance ρ = 0.2.
time, ondirecta, difusa y reflejada, que recibirá este panel para la hora 10:00 a 11:00 solar tiempo, el 3
3 April. The hourly total solar irradiation on horizontal surface is 520 Wh/m2 and 2
the groundde abril. La irradiación solar total por hora en superficie horizontal es 520 Wh/m
reflectance ρ = 0.2. y la tierra
Solution
reflectancia ρ = 0.2.
On April 3, n = 93 and from equation 3.2 the solar declination is:
Solution
284 + 93
On AprilSolución
3, n = 93 and from equation δ3.2= the ⋅ sin(360
solar
23.45 declination is:) = 4.810
El 3 de abril, n = 93 y de la ecuación 3.2 la declinación solar es:
284 + 93 365
δ = 23.45 ⋅ sin(360 ) = 4.810
365

5

The solar hourEl ángulo de hora solar (ω) puede considerarse como representante, si se calcula para el punto
angle (ω) can be considered representative, 5 if calculated for the midpoint of
o
the consideredmedio del tiempo considerado. Por lo tanto, ω = - 22.5
time. Hence, ω = - 22.5 . With known values of δ, ω. Con valores conocidos de δ, ω y φ, el
o
and φ, the solar zenith
ángulo del cenit solar (θ
angle (θZ) can be calculated from equation Z ) puede calcularse de la ecuación 3.5:
3.5:

cos θ Ζ = sin 4.81⋅ sin 39.7 + cos 4.81⋅ cos 39.7 ⋅ cos( −22.5) = 40.370

From equation 2.5 the extraterrestrial solar irradiance Gon is calculated and then the hourly
extraterrestrial irradiance on a horizontal surface (Ιο) is given by:

Ιο = 1365.6×cos40.37 = 1040.45 kW/m2

 The solar hour
the considered time.angle (ω) ω
Hence, can
= -be considered
22.5o
. With representative,
known if calculated
values of δ, for solar
ω and φ, the the midpoint
zenith of
o
anglethe
(θZconsidered time. Hence,
) can be calculated ω = - 22.53.5:
from equation . With known values of δ, ω and φ, the solar zenith
angle (θZ) can be calculated from equation 3.5:
cos θ Ζ = sin 4.81⋅ sin 39.7 + cos 4.81⋅ cos 39.7 ⋅ cos( −22.5) = 40.370 0
cos θ Ζ = sin 4.81⋅ sin 39.7 + cos 4.81⋅ cos 39.7 ⋅ cos( −22.5) = 40.37
From equation De la ecuación 2.5 irradiancia solar extraterrestre G
2.5 the extraterrestrial solar irradiance Gon is calculated en es calculado y luego la irradiancia
and then the hourly
From extraterrestre horaria sobre una superficie horizontal (Ι
equation 2.5 the extraterrestrial solar irradiance
extraterrestrial irradiance on a horizontal surface (Ιο) is given by: G on is ) está dada por:
calculated
ο and then the hourly

extraterrestrial irradiance on a horizontal surface (Ιο) is given by:
2
Ιο = 1365.6×cos40.37Ιο = 1365.6 × cos40. 37
= 1040.45 kW/m = 1040.45 kW/m2
Ιο = 1365.6×cos40.37 = 1040.45 kW/m2
Aquí cabe mencionar que Ι
Here it is worth mentioning that Ιο could ο podría ser calculada a partir de la relación 4.11 durante un período
be calculated from the relation 4.11 for a period
Here it is worth
of one hourde una hora de ω mentioning
from ω1 (10ΑΜ)1 (10ΑΜ) ω that Ι could be calculated from the relation 4.11fromfor athis
period
2 (11ΑΜ). Por razones de la comparativa el valor de este cálculo es ο
ο
to ω2 (11ΑΜ). For comparative reasons the value
of one hour from ω1 (10ΑΜ) 2 to
2 ω2 (11ΑΜ). For comparative reasons the value 2 from2 this
calculation is= 1037.71 kWh/m
Iο = 1037.71 kWh/m . Este valor puede compararse con 1040.45 kWh/m
. This value can be compared with 1040.45 , suponiendo que la
kWh/m ,
calculation is Iο = 1037.71 kWh/m2. This value can be compared with 1040.45 kWh/m2,
radiación es constante durante el periodo necesario de una hora.
assuming that the irradiance is constant for the required period of one hour.
assuming that the irradiance is constant for the required period of one hour.

K se puede calcular usando la ecuación 4.9.
K can be calculated by using equation 4.9.
K can be calculated by using equation 4.9.

520
K= 520= 0.5
K=
1040.46 = 0.5
1040.46

Replacing the value of Κ in equation 4.8(β), the ratio Ιd/I = 0.66. Hence:
Replacing the value of Κ in equation 4.8(β), the ratio Ιd/I = 0.66. Hence:
Reemplazando el valor de Κ en la ecuación 4.8(β), la relación Ιd/i = 0.66. Por lo tanto:

Id = 0.66×520 = 343.2 Wh/ m2 2
Id = 0.66×520 = 343.2 Wh/ m
Ib = 0.34×520 = 176.8 Wh/ m2 2 2 2
Id = 0.66 x 520 = 343.2 Wh / m
Ib = 0.34×520 = 176.8 Wh/ Ib = 0.34 x 520 = 176.8 Wh / m
m

At this point, the solar incident angle (θ) should be calculated. Knowing the solar zenith
At this point, the solar incident angle (θ) should be calculated. Knowing the solar zenith
angleangle
(θΖ), (θEn este punto, se calculará el ángulo de incidencia solar (θ). Conociendo el ángulo del cenit
the solar altitude can be calculated by equation 3.1 as follows:
Ζ), the solar altitude can be calculated by equation 3.1 as follows:
solar (θΖ), la altitud solar se puede calcular por la ecuación 3.1 como sigue:
h = 90 – 40.37 = 49.63οh = 90 h =–90
40.37 = 49.63
– 40.37
ο
= 49.63ο

The solar
The solarEl ángulo de acimut solar (α) se puede calcular mediante la ecuación 3.14:
azimuth angleangle
azimuth (α) can
(α) be
cancalculated via equation
be calculated 3.14:3.14:
via equation

cos 4.81⋅ sin( −22.5)
sin αsin= α = cos 4.81⋅ sin( −22.5) = −36.07 0
= −36.070
cos 49.63
cos 49.63


Given that γ
Given that = 0,γ equation 3.163.16
= 0, equation yields:
Dado γ = 0, ecuación 3.16 rendimientos:
yields:

cos θcos = cos ⋅ cos + sin+35 ⋅ sin ⋅ cos(⋅ −cos( = 22.42 0
θ =35cos 35 ⋅40.37
cos 40.37 sin ⋅ sin 40.37
3540.37 −36.07)
36.07) = 22.42
0

Sustituyendo los valores conocidos en la ecuación 4.6, se puede calcular la irradiación total en
superficie inclinada (ΙΤ):

6 6

Ι = 214.52 +312.17 +9.4 = 536.1 Wh/ m2

 cos 22.42 1 + cos 35 cos 22.42 + 1 −343.2 1 + cos 35
cos 35 1 − cos 35
Τ = 176.8 + 343.2Ι Τ = 176.8 + 520 ⋅ 0.2
cos 40.37 2
+ 520 ⋅ 0.2
2
cos 40.37 2 2

Ι Τ = 214.52
Ι Τ = 214.52 + 312.17 + 9.4 = 536.1 Wh / m+2 312.17 + 9.4 = 536.1 Wh / m
2

En consecuencia, la irradiación total en el panel del PV es 537.27 Wh/m2, el directo es 214.52

2 2 2 2
Wh/mon
he total irradiation , 312.17 Wh/m
Consequently,PV the total
panel is es la difusa y la reflejada es 9.4 Wh/m
irradiation
537.27 Wh/m on2, PV
the panel
directisis537.27
214.52 . , the direct is 214.52
Wh/m
2 2 2 2
Wh/m
2 ,and
use is 312.17 Wh/m the the
diffuse is 312.17
reflected Wh/m
is 9.4 Wh/mand . the reflected is 9.4 Wh/m .
4.2 RADIACIÓN MENSUAL SOBRE LA SUPERFICIE INCLINADA
4.2
RADIATION ON MONTHLY RADIATION ON TILTED SURFACE
TILTED SURFACE
El mismo procedimiento que se utiliza para desarrollar ecuaciones para IT, también puede ser
dure such asThethe same procedure
one used such equations
to develop as the onefor used
thetoIT,develop
may also
utilizado para el cálculo de la total irradiación solar diaria (H
equations for the IT, may also be
beT) sobre una superficie inclinada.
culation of theused
total for thesolar
daily calculation of the
irradiation (Htotal daily solar irradiation (HT) on a tilted surface. Since the
T) on a tilted surface. Since the
Como la difusa y el suelo reflejaban irradiaciones independientes del ángulo de la incidencia, los
diffuse and
und reflected irradiations ground
are independent of the angleare
reflected irradiations of independent
incidence, theof the angle of incidence, the
factores de conversión diarios es igual a los instantáneos factores dados por las ecuaciones 4.3
daily
factors are the conversion
same factors are thefactors
as the instantaneous same given
as thebyinstantaneous
equations 4.3factors given by equations 4.3
y 4.4.
and 4.4.
Suponiendo que el modelo isotrópico de la difusa y global refleja la radiación y de una manera
Assuming
he isotropic model thatdiffuse
for the the isotropic model
and global for the radiation
reflected diffuse andandglobal
in a reflected radiation and in a
análoga a la ecuación 4.6, la irradiación solar diaria total en una superficie inclinada puede ser
us to equationmanner
4.6, analogous
then the totaltodaily
equation
solar 4.6, then the
irradiation ontotal daily
a tilted solar irradiation on a tilted surface
surface
escrita como:
s: can be written as:

 1 + συνβ  H = 1H− R συνβ  1 + συνβ   1 − συνβ 

+ Rd + Hρ
H T = H b Rb + Rd   + HTρ  b b (4.12)  (4.12)
 2   2 
 2 
 2 

s the ratio of In this case, Rb isradiation

En este caso, R
the daily beam the ratioon ofthe
thetilted
daily surface
beam radiation on the
H b ,T to that on tilted surface H b ,T to that
b es la relación entre la radioterapia diaria en la inclinada superficie H
on
b T, en la
thesuperficie horizontal H
urface H b . Thus, horizontal
for surfacessurface
that areH bsloped
. Thus,toward
for surfaces that are(γsloped
the equator = 0) in toward the equator (γ = 0) in
b. Así, para superficies que están inclinadas hacia el Ecuador (γ = 0) en el
misphere, thisthe northern
ratio can behemisphere,
determined by thisintegrating
ratio can be determined
equation bythe
4.2 for integrating equation 4.2 for the
hemisferio norte, esta relación puede determinarse mediante la integración de la ecuación 4.2
e period, fromappropriate
apparent sunrise ω sr tofrom
time period, '
apparent
apparent sunrise
sunset
'
ω sr the
ω ss on
'
apparent' sunset ω ss on the tilted
totilted
'

por el período de tiempo apropiado, de aparente amanecer ωsr a la puesta del sol aparente ωss'
m true sunrise ω sr to sunset
surface ω ss true
and from sunrise
for the ω sr to surface.
horizontal sunset ω ss for the horizontal surface.
en la superficie inclinada y de verdadero amanecer ωsr a sunsetωss para la superficie horizontal.
ω ' ss ω ' ss

∫ συνθ dω ∫ συνθ dω
ω 'sr
Rb = ωωsssr Rb =
'
ω ss (4.13) (4.13)

∫ω συνθ Ζ dω ∫ω συνθ Ζ dω
sr

sr

'
Dado que ωsr' = - ωss' y ωsr = - ωss , estos ángulos pueden han unificado notación
'
ω''s yωs
- ω ss and ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω ω s and ω s
'
Given
sr = - that
ss , these
sr = -angles
ss and
can have
sr = -
unified
ss , these angles
notation '
s can
andhave
s
unified notation
respectivamente [3]:
respectively [3]:
cos(φ − β ) cos δ sin ω s′ + (π /180)ω s′ sin(φ − β ) sin δ
Rb = (4.14)
cos(φ − β7) cos δ sincos ω s′ +φ (cos δ sinω
π /180) ω′s sin(
+ (π
7φ /−180)
β ) ω s sin
sin δ φ sin δ

Rb = s
(4.14)
where ω
cos
φ cos δ sin ω s + (π / 180)ω s sin φ sin δ
s' is the sunset hour angle for the tilted surface, given by the following equation,
donde ω
and where “min” s' es el ángulo de hora al atardecer por la superficie inclinada, dada por la siguiente
means the smaller of the two items in the brackets.
e ωs' is the sunset hour angle for the tilted surface, given by the following equation,
ecuación, donde "min" significa el más pequeño de los dos elementos de los soportes.

}
where “min” means the smaller of the two items in the brackets.
{
ωs′ = min ωs , ar cos ( − tan (φ − β ) εφδ ) (4.15)
{
ωs′ = min ωs , ar cos ( − tan (φ − β ) εφδ ) (4.15) }
For solar applications, in many cases, it is necessary to calculate the monthly total solar

irradiation on inclined surface. In such cases, an equation similar to 4.12 can be used, if the
olar applications, Para aplicaciones de energía solar, en muchos casos, es necesario calcular la irradiación solar
conversioninfactor
manyiscases, it is necessary
calculated to calculate
for the typical day of thetherelevant
monthlymonth.
total solar
Thus, the average
inclinedtotal mensual sobre superficie inclinada. En tales casos, puede utilizarse una ecuación similar a
ation onmonthly surface. In such cases, an equation similar to 4.12 can be used, if the
total solar irradiation on an inclined surface can be assessed using the following
ersion factor is calculated for the typical day of the relevant month. Thus, the average
equation:
hly total solar irradiation on an inclined surface can be assessed using the following
tion:
 1 + cos β   1 − cos β 
H T = H b Rb + H d  + ρH   (4.16)
 2   2 
 1 + cos β   1 − cos β 
H T = H b Rb + H d +ρH (4.16)
 cos φcos( cosφδ−sin β )ωcos s +δ(π sin/ 180) ω s′ +ω(πs sin /180) φ sin ωδs′ sin(φ − β ) sin δ
ωs′ = min ωs , ar cos (cos(
where cos(sφR− =
ω ' is
{ βhour
the
−where
Rb =
tan
sunset
) cosangle
φ (−φβω
δ sin ω
−)sβ'cos
hour ω′
)s′εφδ
is
s +the
δ=angle
the
cos sin
min
(π /180)
}{
φ)sunset
ω(4.15)
cos ′ω+
sfor
δs ,(sin
′πar
hour
ω s sin(φ −given
the
ω
/180)
cos s +
tilted ( (ωπtan
angle
− ′ /sin(
β ) sinby
for
180)
s surface, ( φ ω
φ−the }
−βsβsin ) )εφδ
tilted
sin
δ the following equation,
given
φ sin δ)by δ(4.15)
surface,
the
(4.14)
given by the following equation
following equation,
where ωs' isRbthe = sunsetb“min” and cos where φfor cos “min” δ sin tilted
ω s of
means +surface, πthe
(the / 180) smaller ωitems sinof φinsin
theδtwo items (4.14) in the(4.14) brackets.
and where
and wherecos
“min” means φ cos
the δ sin ωof
means
smaller
the
s +the (π /two
smaller 180)items ω s sininφ the two sin δbrackets.
s the brackets.
ar applications, in where manyFor ωs' is the
cases, issunset cos(hour φ − βtoangle ) cos δfor sinthe ω ′ +tilted (πmonthly /180) surface, ω ′ sin(given φsolar − βby ) sin the δ following equation,
solarit applications,
b =
necessary calculate
φ − β cases, ) cossthe δ sin it isω s′necessary + (πstotal ω s′calculate
sin(φ − β )the sin δmonthly
{ }
R in many
cos( /180)to (4.14) total solar
tion on inclinedwhere and
surface.
ωs' is the where
In such
sunset“min”
cases, hour means
an R
equation
angle the
b cos= for φ
smaller similar
cos
the δ
{ of
sin
tilted to ω
the ω ′ +
4.12 =
two
surface, (
( π
min items
can
/180) ω
(be
given ω, in
ar
φ(φfollowing
used,
s−
}
the
sincos
by)
βεφδ φthe(
if
sin−
)
brackets.
the δ
tan
δsimilar
following( φ ω− ′β ) εφδ )
π /180)
+δ (4.12
equation, (4.15)
ωbe ′ used, φ(4.14)
− ifβ the
) sin δ
where ωs' is the sunsetirradiation onfor inclined ′ surface.
ωtilted
s =
{ min
( ωIn sφ , ar
tan (items
such cos δ
φ − β b)inεφδ
−by
cases,
}ω
tan cos(
)
+an π β/ 180)
−equation ) cos ω sin φ
(4.15) sto can s sin(
s s
hour angle ′
ωs =the min the ωofs , the arofcos surface,cos
−two cos given s
R sin = the (4.15) equation,
sin sin
sion factor and 4.12, si se calcula el factor de conversión para el día del mes correspondiente. Por lo tanto, la
is calculated
where “min” for the
means typical daysmaller relevant
the month. Thus,
the s
the
brackets. average
of φthe
s
conversion factor is two calculated forthe the typical daycos cosrelevant δ sin ω s month. + (π / 180) Thus,ω s sin theφ average
sin δ
}
and where “min” means the smaller of the items in brackets.
irradiación solar total mensual promedio sobre una superficie inclinada puede evaluarse
ly total solar irradiation
where 'on
ωsmonthly an inclined
is the sunset
total For solar ωs′ angle
surface
hour solar = min
irradiation canfor
applications, ωbe { sthe
assessed
, ar on cos
tilted
an in ( −inclined
many tanusing
surface, ( φcases,
−the βgiven
surface ) εφδ
following
it )
by
is can (4.15)
the
necessary be following
assessed to equation,
using
calculate the
the following
monthly total sola
}
where solarωapplications,
s' is the sunset in hour manyangle foritthe tilted surface, given bythe themonthly followingtotal equation,
{
For cases, is necessary to calculate solar
−' (isβ−such ) angle
mediante la siguiente ecuación:
on: and where
′ where ω
“min” means ′ =irradiation
{
the ω−s ,tan
smaller of the two (surface.
}
φ the
) − β(4.15)
items )two
εφδ in the brackets.
s , ar cos (surface.
For solar applications, in many cases, it
on(cos is necessary to calculate the monthly total solar
irradiation and ωequation:
irradiation
on s = minon
inclined
ωsinclined
“min”
surface.
min means
In
where
such
ar
the
cases,
ωφinclined
smaller
sIn
an
)the
tanεφδof sunset
cases,
equation
an Inequation
hour
similar
such
items (4.15)
to
cases,
in the
4.12
for
similar an the equation
brackets.
can
tilted
to
be
4.12surface,
used,
similar
can
if
to
given
be used,
the
4.12ifbycan
the thebefollowing
used, if the
e
For cos(
solar φ − β )
applications, cos δ
conversion
sin ω
and
in ′ +
many ( π
wherefactor /180)
cases, is
“min”ω ′
calculated
itsin( means
is φ −
necessary β for
)
the sin the δ
smaller
to typical
calculate of day
the of
two
the the items
monthly relevantin the
totalmonth.
brackets.
solar Thus, the average
Rb conversion factor 1′is calculated for 1the s typical day of the relevant month. Thus, the average
= ω +for βtotal ωtypical
{ ( −irradiation β  relevant
} )
s
cos cos (4.14)
conversion
For solar H factor
=
irradiation
monthly H
applications,
T b
isR bon
calculated
cos +
total φ H
inclined
cos
in d monthly
solar δ
many =
sin ω
min
surface. the
irradiation
cases, +
sωs′= min( +
π , ρ
In
it
H
ar
/ solar
H
180) cos
such
on
is =ω
day
{
ω
an
necessary
H
−
cases,
, arsin
of the
tan
inclined
R cosφ+( φsin
an(

H
−−δβ
to on)1εφδ
equation
surface
tan
+an
(
calculate φ
cos
− β
βsimilar
}
month.
inclined
(4.16)
can(4.15)
)  bemonthly
εφδ
the + ρ)
Thus,
surface
to(4.15)
assessed
H
1 −the
4.12 cos
can
can
total βbe
average
using solar
be assessed
used, using the following
if (4.16)
the following the
   
s s
   
}
s
For solarmonthly
applications, total in
solar many cases,
irradiation it 2
on is necessary
an inclined T to s calculate
surface b 2 b
can d the
be monthly
assessed total
using solar
the following
irradiation equation:
conversion
irradiation equation:
on inclinedonsurface.
monthly
inclined
total
factor
Insurface.
equation:
is
such cases,
solar
calculated
In such
irradiation
an equation
for theantypical
cases,
on an inclined
equation
similar
dayω tos′ similar
surface
{
=ofmin
4.12 can
the 2 relevant
can
ωsbe
to ar cos
,4.12
be
used,
can
assessed
(−ifbetan
month.
the used,
using
φ − βif )the
2(Thus,
the
the ) (4.15)
εφδaverage
following
here ω ' is conversion
the sunset
For solar factor
hour is
angle
applications, calculated
for the
in for
tilted
many the typical
surface,
cases, it isday
given necessaryof bythe the relevant
to following
calculate month. equation,
the Thus,monthly the average
total solar
ngconversion factorfactoris calculated as thefor the of typical day of the relevant is 1month. Thus, to the +1average
s
the conversion ForR solar
Definir el factor de conversión applications,
ratio the in average
como many cases,
monthly it total necessary
solar irradiation
βassessed
el cociente de la irradiación solar total al promedio
 +H  calculate
1using cos
−monthlyβthethe  1if−solar
monthly
βbefollowing costotalβirradiation
 solar
ndmonthly
where “min”monthly
total means
solar
equation:
total
irradiation Defining
the solar
irradiationon smaller
inclined onthe
irradiation of
an conversion
the
surface.
inclinedon
two an
In items
H
factor
inclined
such
surface in
H the
cases,
T = applications,

R
+
bcanR
as
surface
b +be
an the
brackets.β
H equation
H ratio
can
d  inan
assessed = cos
be of

the
similar
R −
using + +Haverage
ρ to
β
the H  4.12
following
cos
can  +ρused,total
H tobe the(4.16) if the (4.16) to
ned surfaceequation:H Tmensual
to that on irradiationainclined
horizontal on inclined
surface
=
For surface.
H solar
+ results In 1 such cos
to:a horizontal cases, T
+ ρ many b 1
equation b
cos
cases, d

similar 2
it is to 4.12
necessary
  can

used,
calculate
2  the monthly
equation: conversion on
conversionfactor isfactor H
surface
calculated
T H bH
is calculated
R forb to Hthat
the typicald foron dayofsurface.  the H 2  ofInthe
surface
dayrelevant  H 
results
month.  2
to:
Thus, 
(4.16)theThus,
average
irradiation on the 2 typical
inclined 1 + cos β be 2such relevant1cases, month.
βan equation
the average
similar to 4.12 can be use
T
monthly ′s = min ω
ωmonthlytotal solartotal
s ,

{
irradiation
ar cos
solar ( −
= ΗRconversion
Η Τ Defining
tanH
irradiation on (
T φ = an− H β b )
R as
R
onεφδ
inclined b
1 +the
+ an )}H
factor iscalculated d

surface
(4.15)
inclined
β1−Ηcos
can
surface
2R the
+
 for the ρ
− cos
assessed
canH
 − cos
β monthly
(4.17)
be using
assessed
typical day the following
using (4.16)
 of the relevant month. Thus, the
the following
equation: Defining
equation: the conversion H = H 
monthly 1Rthe+b +
factor cos conversion
H β
total  cosfactor
solar ratio
 +
irradiation ofΤρ = H βasΗR the
1average
on
ratio
an
of the
inclined
2 average  total solar
surface
monthly total(4.17)
(4.16) can irradiation
solar irradiation
be assessed using the f
Defining the conversion H T = Hfactor b Ron b +inclined
T R das thesurface
H b ratioof d
+ ρthe
H T2to that H average  
monthly total 
(4.16) solar irradiation
on inclined surface H Tequation:
en la superficie inclinada to that 2 ontoasurface horizontal
en los resultados de una superficie horizontal
horizontal Hresults
on
2 amonthly
surface  H results
horizontal 2  to: H results
surface a: to:
or solar applications,
on inclined in
surface many H cases,
to that it is
on necessary
a calculate R+ for the
aβ1given to: total solar
siteβ 1− cos
his simple equation,Defining the H T the canTconversion
be calculated if the H the and  1ratio + cos month,1 −if cos
ρ Hβbe β for
factor Rthe as cosbe of the average monthly total solar irradiation
radiation on inclined surface. UsingInthis such simple cases, Hequation,
T an = Hequation HbR Tb = +H H
H bsimilar
dR Tb can + Hto d 4.12  + can
calculated
 + ρ
used, the H Hthe
if and R a given
(4.16) month, site
(4.16)
some Η month. = Η  R2total 
solar Η = Η 
tDefining
angle, are
onversion the factor
known.
Defining
conversionon
the inclined
For
is calculated
some
conversion
factor
and
surface
forRthe
tilt
cities,
angle,factor
as typical H
theare to
tables
R that
asknown.
day
are
the
Tratio of the average on
of Η
ratioa
theFor
horizontal
available of
relevant
the with
2 surface
average
monthly Τcities,
the H
values
monthly
tables
Thus,
results
the
of 2 to:
R
total
Τ irradiation
are    12+ coswith
, R solar
available
average β  the values
irradiation − cosofβR,
 1(4.17) (4.17
ng all months and
onsurface
inclinedvarious tilt angles. Τ = Η R
H results H T = H b R b + H d  (4.17)
 + ρ H
  (4
on inclined
monthly total solar Hsurface
T to
irradiation thaton
including Hon T anto
all that
a horizontal
months
inclined on aand horizontal
surface
surface various canH surface
results
tilt
be angles. assessed to: using to:the following  2   2 
Defining Using the this
Defining conversion
simple
the factor
Using
equation,
conversion thisRfactor as
thetheHRequation,
simple ratio can Ηof be =calculated
the theΗaverage
Rof H Tthe monthly
canifaverage
be
thecalculated H monthly totalRsolar
and ifforthe airradiation
given and
H solar R
month, (4.17)
for asite given month, site
quation: T as the Τ ratio total irradiation
with theUsing equation
onthis simple
4.7,
inclined equation,
the
surface equation the
to H
4.16 can
can be be Η
calculated
transformed
=aconversion
Η
if the to
H H the and R
following for a given month, site
andonSimilar
inclined
Con esta simple ecuación,
tilt angle,with H T are
surface thethat
and ΗH
known.
tilt T on a horizontal
equation
Defining
Τ =angle,
to Ηthat
T se puede calcular si la
RFor 4.7,
on
the Τ some
are the Rsurface
horizontal
known. equation
cities, For results
surface
y
tables
factor some 4.16 Has
Rare to:
canresults
cities, available
the beratio
tables transformed
to:
para un mes determinado, sitio
(4.17)ofwithare (4.17)
the
theavailable
averageto
valuesthe withfollowing
of Rthe
monthly , total
values of irr
solar R
on: and tilt angle, are known. For some cities, tables are available with the values of R ,
de Using
includingequation:
this simple
all months equation,
including on
and 1 +inclined cos β T surface
the
various
all H
months can
tilt angles.
and be  1 −Hcos
calculated
various β tilt if the
angles. H and R for a given month, site
including all months H T = and H b Rvarious b + Hd  tilt angles. + ρ H  T to that on a horizontal
 (4.16) surface H results to:
Using
Using thisHsimple this simple
and tilt angle, equation, the
are known. H
beβ calculated can
T 2For  be some Η
calculated =
Τ cities, Η
H and R Η if =
the
2Τtables Η  aare
H
R and R for
available a given with month, the values (4.17) of R(4.17)
site ,
 equation, d 
HSimilar the H dHthe T1 can
+Similar
cos   1 − if the
cos β 
R for given month, site
T
= 1 − including R + with
all months some
equation
and with
+  ρ 4.7,
and y ángulo de inclinación, son conocidos. Para algunas ciudades, las mesas están disponibles con
 are H various
=) cos
theH
tilt the
equation
angles. equation H 4.7,
(4.18)  1 +4.16
the
cos βcan
equation
 be  transformed
1 −4.16 cos β
can  be to the
transformed following to the following
tiltwithangle, known. φFor −the βsome −δcities,
sin 2ωare ′4.16+tables+π /180)canare ωavailable
′ transformed φthe −+βρ with δΗ the = values
Η,R of R ,
b T d d
and tilt Similar
angle,
H  are H known.
the For
equation
H  cos( 4.7,2 cities,   1tables
equation  sR b (available  be with
s sin(  values
) sin  to Τofthe R following
(4.18)
los valores
Using this
Using
equation:
simplethisRRand =the
de
bequation,
simple equation:
, incluyendo todos los meses y varios ángulos de inclinación.
Hthe
equation, H can H be HT calculated  ω iftotal
the 2 H and R Hforand 2a given  month,a(4.14)
givensite
efining including
theequation:
conversion all months
factor as various ratio tilt of T the
angles.
the can be
H calculated if the R for month, site
including all months and
Similar
various
with
tilt
the
angles.
equation
cos φ cos 4.7,
δ average
sin
the
ωequation
s + (π /180)
monthly
4.16 s sin can
φsolar
sin
be
δirradiation
transformed to the following
n inclined surface Htiltto thattilt onare a horizontal surface Hsimple results to:
and T and angle, angle, known. are Using known.
For some For someequation,
cities, cities, are
tables tables available are available with thewith values the ofvalues
RH, andofRRfor , a given mo
equation: H H4.7, the equation Hthis d  HT H
Similares con la ecuación 4.7, la ecuación 4.16 se puede transformar a la ecuación siguiente:  d  1can H+dcos beβthe  HHd T 1can −+ cos
be calculated
β the(4.18)
if the
1 − cos β 
following
Similar with the equation 4.16 transformed ρ to
T
Similar with the
including including
equation all d
4.7,
months all the
 hour months
and equation =
 and
various and 1 −
proposed various
tilt4.16 1
angles. R cantilt
+tilted +
cos=H angles.
beβH d1−
surface, transformed
 known. −Rbeen +For +
 β some to the
 [4-9], following  +tablesρequation,
ratio 21given
researchers
l relations wherefor theωs'ratio have Hbeen by various  (4.18)[4-9],
 (4.18) by various 
is the Hsunset d angle Htilt
for d the
b bcos
angle, are +have ρ  by the following
2cities, are available with the valu
T
equation: equation: H = relations
Several 1 − H  Rfor
Η = b + the
Η R
H   H   H   H proposed
 2 (4.17)  2researchers

H  usingHthe1following  β 4.16  1 − cos
and where “min” means
H ratio the smaller including of the all two months
2 H
items andin the various brackets.
2 tilt angles.
equationHH calculated
Τ
ing to Liu and Jordan Similar[9], Similar
with this the with can
tothe T beequation Hthe d 4.7, thed equation  4.16 + cos can equation: can be β  tothethe
transformed to theequation: following
According Liu= and  14.7, −Jordan  Requation
b + thisratio can be
[9],  +becalculated
ρ transformed
 using  (4.18) following
following
 HHTdH  can
equation: dd  1 + cos HHβdwith if1the +Hcos d 1 β −  2β
 equation 1 −H4.7,
for β  2
by site
}
equation: HH  R H cos
sing this simple equation,
H
Several d
=
H T Several
= 1 −the relations
relations
H − Hfor
H
=TR ω

the +
H
1bs′ −+=Several
be
min
ratioH
H
for


Similar
calculated
 2ω
H the
−
{
+ ratio
b ,relations
s d ar cos
2 H
have
(+3− ρ
 
for
tanthe

H2 proposed
been
H(theφhave cos
and
− β
2
+ratio
)ρRbeen )a(4.18)
εφδ
  by
dgiven
proposed
(4.15)
2 2various
the
have  month,

equation
(4.18)
been various
researchers
proposed4.16researchers
canby be
[4-9],
varioustransformed
[4-9],
researchers to the
[4-9]f
nd tilt angle, are known. 1.390  For some cities, tables
4.027 K 5.531 K H
equation: 3.108 K are available (4.19) with H the−values 3.108 Kof
3
βR ,following
d
H According HtoT LiuAccordingand
H TH Jordan H = 1.390
d  to[9], HLiu dHthisand − 4.027
d d 1ratio +H
Jordan cosdcan K β1[9],++be 5.531
cos β1K
calculated
this  − cos
ratio β 1using
can  −becos the
calculated (4.19)usingequation:
the following equation:
ncluding allAccording
months and various tilt angles.
Varias relaciones para la relación
to
Several Liu and Jordan
relations = for 1 − the
[9], =
this Hratio
1 −
Rb + can H be R  b +  + ρ
han sido propuestas por varios investigadores [4-9],
calculated
have been  using 
proposed  +
the ρ 
following
by (4.18)
various 
equation: (4.18)
researchers [4-9],
For solar applications, in
H H d H H H many cases, d H HH  HH it is necessary 2T   H to calculate
2  d  2  H the monthly
2
 d  1 + cos  β total

solar
 1 − cos β
Several for relations for surface.
the ratio have been by=be
proposed − 2 byresearchers
Rvarious + 3 can researchers used, if+[4-9], ρ
Several relations
irradiation onthe
According ratio
inclined to the Hequation=H4.16
Liu and HInd such
have
Jordan been [9],
1.390can
milar with the Según Liu y Jordan [9], esta relación puede calcularse utilizando la siguiente ecuación:
equation 4.7,
cases, proposed
this− 4.027
anH
ratio
be K
equation
can + 5.531
transformed  various
1calculated
similar
K 
−to3.108
to b 4.12
using
the Kfollowing 
the [4-9],
2be
following
(4.19)
the
3equation:  (4.18)
conversion factor is calculated H
d
2H= 1.390  − 3H  K + 5.531
4.027 H 
K − 23.108 K  2
(4.19) 
−Hfor theKtypical day of the relevant month. Thus, the average
d
AccordingAccording
quation: to Liu to Liu and [9],Jordan= 1.390 [9], 4.027
this ratio + 5.531
d can be
Hcalculated H HKd calculated − 3.108 Kfollowing
using the (4.19) following equation:
monthly and
Several
Jordan
totalSeveral solarHrelations
relations
this
irradiation
for the
ratio forcan
on
ratio the
an
be ratio
inclined have surface
using
been have the
can been
proposed be proposed
assessed by
equation:
various usingby researchers
various
the followingresearchers
[4-9], [4-9],
8
Hd H H 2 3
equation: According to Liu and=Jordan 1.390 − 4.027 K + 5.531K − 3.108HKd 8 (4.19)
According
H H d to H dLiu Hand d Jordan
H dH  1 + Several
[9], cos thisβ  [9],
2relations
ratio this
 can
1 − ratiobe
cos 2 3for β can 
calculated the beratio calculated
3 using theusing have
following the
been following
proposed
equation: equation:by various researche
T
= 1 −= 1.390 H R −b +=
4.027 1.390 K −
+ 4.027
5.531 KK  ++ − ρ
5.531
3.108
 K K − 3.108 K
(4.19)
(4.18) H (4.19)
H H  H  H  According 2  to 1Liu + cos 2 β Jordan
and   8 [9], 21 −this cos ratio β  3 can be calculated using the following equa
= d b Rb + H d 2 +ρH 
H H H   (4.16)
En este H d T
the=clearness
1.390 = 4.027
In this case, K iscaso, es el índice de claridad dado como el cociente del promedio diario
− 1.390
index K−given
4.027
+
8 5.531 2as KKthe +5.531 − 3.108
ratio Kof K −the
3
3.108
2 monthly K(4.19)
8 (4.19) daily of the
average
H H
mensual
total irradiation Hon de la
d
a horizontal surface ( Hby )H tovarious
d the monthly average daily extraterrestrial 2 3
everal relations for the ratio have been proposed
8 = 1.390 − 4.027 K +[4-9],
researchers 5.531K − 3.108 K (4.19)
the clearness Defining
index the
irradiation
given conversion
as(InH
the this H case,
o ).ratio
factor of K R isas
the thetheclearness
monthly ratio averageof the index average
H
daily given of themonthly
as the ratio total of solar
the irradiation
monthly average daily of the
ccording toon Liuinclined
and Jordan [9], H this ratio can be 8calculated8 using the following equation:
n a horizontal surface surface
( H ) totalto the to that
Radiación total sobre una superficie horizontal (
T irradiation
monthly on on a horizontal
average a horizontal daily surface
H extraterrestrialsurface H results to:
) para el extraterrestre diaria promedio
( H ) to the monthly average daily extraterrestrial
K= (4.20)
mensual Irradiación irradiation ( H o ). Ho 8 8
Hd 2
Η = Η 3
=H1.390 − 4.027 K + 5.531 K − 3.108 Τ K R (4.19)
H (4.17)
K H= (4.20) K = (4.20) 8
The monthly
Ho average daily In extraterrestrial
this case, K irradiation is the clearness H o( H o ),index can be given calculatedas the ratio by integrating
of the monthly average daily
Using the this Gsimple equation,
ο over the period from the H can
Tsunrise
total be
irradiation calculated
(ωsr) to sunset on a horizontalif the(ωss). H and R for a given month,
surface ( H ) to the monthly average daily extrater site
and tilt La irradiación extraterrestre diaria
age daily extraterrestrial angle,irradiation
are
Theknown. monthly ( H oFor ),average
can some
irradiation daily
be calculated cities, H otables ).byal promedio mensual puede calcularse integrando
(extraterrestrial are available
integrating irradiation with ( H othe ), can values of R , by integrating
be calculated
including all months and various tilt angles. ω
riod from sunrise (ωsr) to sunset the G(ω ο over
ss). the period ss sunrise (ωsr) to sunset (ωss).H
from
H 8 =
∫ G cos θ d ω K=
(4.21) (4.20)
o o Ζ H
ω
Similar with the equation 4.7, the equation 4.16 can be transformed to the following ω ω
o

ss sr ss
equation:
H = ∫ G cos θ d ω = ∫ daily
The monthlyHaverage
(4.21) G cos θ dω (4.21) ( H o ), can be calculated by inte
o o Ζ o Ζ
o extraterrestrial irradiation
ω ω from sunrise (ωsr) to sunset (ωss).
sr   the G
2 ο over the period
sr
 = H given as the
In this case, K is the clearness Kindex ratio of the monthly average daily of the
(4.20)
irradiation ( H o ). K = H oH (4.20)
KH=o ( H ) to the
total irradiation on a horizontal surface monthly average daily extraterrestrial
(4.20)
HH o
irradiation ( H o ). In this case, KK=is the clearness index given as the ratio of the monthly average daily of
(4.20)
The monthly average daily extraterrestrial H irradiation
o (
Ha horizontal H o ), can be calculated by integrating
The monthly average daily total irradiation
extraterrestrial
K on
=irradiation o surface
), can be( calculated
( H(4.20) H ) to the by
monthly average daily extraterrest
integrating
theThe
Gο over the period from sunrise (ω
monthly average daily extraterrestrial
sr) to sunset (ω ).
ss ( H o ), can be calculated by integrating
irradiation
the Gο over the period from sunrise (ω
irradiation Ho
( Hsro) ).to sunset (ωss).
themonthly
The Gο over the period
average from
daily sunrise (ωsr) to
extraterrestrial sunset (ω(ssH
irradiation ). o ), can be calculated by integrating
la Gο durante el periodo de sunrise (ω ω sr) a sol (ωss). H
the
The Gοmonthly
over theaverage period from dailysunrise ω ss (ωsr) to sunset
extraterrestrial irradiation(ωss). ( H K o=), can be calculated (4.20) by integrating
the Gο over the period from H = ∫ ss ss ω G cos θ d ω (ωss). (4.21) H o
H o= sunrise G (ω ocossr) toΖ
θ dsunsetω
o H ω∫=ωss∫ o G cos
(4.21)
Ζ θ dω (4.21)
oω sr o Ζ
H =srω∫ωaverage
The monthly G cos θ
daily d ωextraterrestrial (4.21) irradiation ( H o ), can be calculated by integrat
oover the srssperiod
o Ζ sunrise (ωsr) to sunset
the Gο H ω
= ∫ G cos θ d ω from (4.21) (ωss).
2 o sr o
Si la constante solar en W/m y las ecuaciones 2.5 y 3.5 se tienen en cuenta, entonces Ζ
If the solar constant is in W/m2 2 and ω thesr equations 2.5 and 3.5 are taken into account, then
If the solar constant is in W/m and 2 the equations 2 2.5 andω3.5 ss are taken into account, then
theIffollowing
the solar equationconstant is in give
will W/mtheand H othe equations
in J/m2 2 : 2.5 and 3.5 are taken into account, then
thela siguiente ecuación dará el
following equation will give en the H inJ/m J/m: : 2 H = ∫ G cos θ d ω (4.21)
Ifthe
thefollowing
solar constant equation is inwillW/m give2
theothe
and in J/m : 2.5
H oequations o and 3.5oare taken Ζ into account, then
2 ω
the following equation will give the H o in J/m2 : 2
If the solar constant is in W/m and the equations 2.5 and sr 3.5 are taken into account, then
the following equation will give the H o in J/m :
24 ⋅ 3600 ⋅ G  360n   πω 
Ηο =24 ⋅ 3600 ⋅ Gscsc 1 + 0.033cos360n    cos φ cos δ sin ω s +πω s s sin φ sin δ  (4.22)
Ηο = 24 ⋅π3600 ⋅ G 1sc+0.033cos 365360ncos  φ cos δ sin ω πω
s + 180sins φ sin δ  (4.22) 
Ηο = π   1If+the
0.033cos
solar 365  
constant   cos
is φ cos
in W/m δ 2sin and ω180 + equations
s the sin φ sin δ  and
2.5 (4.22) 3.5 are taken into account, th
2424 ⋅ 3600
⋅ π ⋅ G⋅ Gsc   360365 n n  πω180πω  
ΗΗ = 3600 1
 1+ 0.033cos
El promedio mensual diario de irradiación extraterrestre 360  
cos φ
   coswill cos
φ cos δ sin
δ sin ω +
sωH+
s
sin φ sin δ 
(4.22)
es una cantidad útil y puede
sin:φ sinδ  (4.22)
2
ο = + 0.033cos
ο sc the following equation give the in J/ms
The monthly πaverage
π  daily 365
extraterrestrial 365  irradiation H o is 180
s ao useful
180 quantity and can be
and
The monthly average daily extraterrestrial irradiation H oο is a useful ο quantity can be
calculated
The monthly by equationaverage 4.22dailyforextraterrestrial
latitudes in the irradiation range +60 H tooο-60
isο a. οuseful quantity and can be
calculated by equation 4.22 for latitudes in the range +60ο to ο-60
calcularse por laecuación 4.22 para latitudes en la gama +60 a-60 . ο.
calculated
The
Themonthly
monthly byaverage
equation
averagedaily 4.22 for latitudes in the
dailyextraterrestrial
extraterrestrial range +60
irradiation
irradiation H oH is to
o isa-60 a .useful
useful quantity
quantity andand cancan be be
calculated by equation 4.22 for 24 ⋅ 3600 ⋅ Gsc  ο οn   ο ο
360 . .φ cos δ sin ω s +
πω 
calculated by equation Ηο4.22 = for latitudes
latitudes inin1 +the
the range
0.033cos
range +60 +60to to -60
-60 cos s
sin φ sin δ  (4.22)

Example 4.2 π  365  180 
Example
Ejemplo 4.2
Using the4.2isotropic diffuse assumption, calculate the average monthly total solar irradiation
Example 4.2
Using the the
Using
isotropic diffuse
panel
isotropic at a assumption,
diffuse slope assumption,
calculate
to the the average
Utilizando la hipótesis difusa isotrópica, calcula el promedio mensual total irradiación solar en
on inclined PV of 40ο οaverage south,
calculate foraverage monthly
a latitude total
ο solar irradiation
ofirradiation
37 06΄ N.HThe ground
Example
Example 4.2
4.2 The monthly dailyο the extraterrestrial monthly ο total solar o isirradiation
a useful quantity and can
on inclined
Using
on PV panel
theisotropic
inclined isotropic
PV panel at a slope
el panel del PV inclinado con una pendiente de 40
reflectance is 0.2 and the
diffuse of
monthly 40
assumption,
at a assumption,
slope of 40 to
values οthe south,
of
tocalculate total
the4.22 south,for a latitude
al sur, para una latitud de 37
irradiation
the foraverage
a latitudeon of a37
monthly 06΄ο N. The
horizontal
ofrange
37 total
06΄
ο ground
06΄ N. La
surface
ο
solar
N.toThe οare
irradiation
ground
Using the diffuse
calculated by calculate
equation thefor average
latitudes monthly
in the total solar
+60 irradiation
-60 .
reflectance
shown inclined
in
reflectance is
table 0.2PV and
4.2.
is panel
0.2 the
and at monthly
thea slope
monthly values
of 40
ο ο of total irradiation on a horizontal
reflectancia de la tierra es 0.2 y los valores mensuales de la irradiación total en una superficie
on valuesto theof south,
total for a
irradiation latitude on of
a 37
ο ο
06΄
horizontal surface
N. The
surface are
ground
are
on inclined PV panel at a slope of 40 to the south, for a latitude of 37 06΄ N. The ground
shown in table 4.2.
horizontal se muestran en la tabla 4.2.
reflectance is 0.2
shown in table
reflectance is 0.2 and the monthly values of total irradiation on a horizontal surface areare
4.2. and the monthly values of total irradiation on a horizontal surface
shown in table 4.2.
shown in table 4.2. Example 4.2
Solution
Solution
Solución
Solution
First, the mean monthly Using total solar irradiation
the isotropic diffuse assumption,for the inclined calculate surface
the average H T will monthlybe total solar irradiat
First, Solution
the mean monthly total solar irradiation for the inclined surface H will be
First, theanalytically
Solution
calculated mean monthly on inclined
for total PV
January solar
and panel irradiation
then atina slope
a similar for
of 40 the ο
toinclined
manner the can surface
south,be for a latitude
H T will
calculated
T
theofbe37ο 06΄ N. The grou
First,
calculated the mean monthly total solar irradiation for the inclined surface H will be
corresponding
First, theanalytically
calculated mean values for
monthly
analytically January
reflectance
forfor the
total
January and
otheris 0.2
solar then
En primer lugar, la irradiación solar total al promedio mensual para la superficie
and and
months. inthe
irradiation
then ain similar
monthly
For afor thethe
similar manner
values
mean inclined
manner cantotal
of
January be calculated
surface
can irradiation
day,calculated
be Hthe T
T will
the
on be
solar a horizontal surface
the
calculated analytically
corresponding values for for
the January
other and thenFor
months. in athe similarmean mannerJanuary canday, be calculated the
inclinada
declination se calculará analíticamente para enero y luego de manera similar se puede calcular
corresponding
calculated can bevalues
analytically calculated,
shown
forfor inconsidering
the
January tableother 4.2.
and the in
months.
then 17th a For from
similar the table
mean
manner 3.1.January
Thusbe
can nthe
forcalculated
day, = 17,
thesolarthe
solar
the
corresponding
declination cangives: values
be calculated, for the other
considering the the months. 17th17th For
fromfrom the
table mean
3.1.3.1. January
ThusThusfor for day,
n = n17, the solar
the the
los valores correspondientes para los otros meses. Para el medio día de enero, la declinación
equation
declination
corresponding
declination
3.2 can
can be
be calculated,
values for the considering
calculated, other
considering months. the For 17ththe from table
mean tableJanuary3.1. Thus day, n==17,
for the solar
17, the
equation 3.2 gives:
solar se puede calcular, considerando 17 de la tabla 3.1. Así para n = 17, el da de la ecuación
equation
equation 3.2
declination cangives:
3.2 Solution
be calculated, considering the 17th from table 3.1. Thus for n = 17, the
gives:
3.2:
equation 3.2 gives: First, 284 + 17
δ =the 23.45 mean
⋅ sin(360 monthly
284284
total
+ 17+ 17 ) = −solar20.920 irradiation
0 for the inclined surface H T will
δ = δ23.45
calculated ⋅ sin(360 for
analytically 365
284 )+=17−) 20.92
January and then in a similar manner can be calculated
δ ==23.45
23.45⋅ ⋅sin(360 )==−−20.92
0
sin(360 365 20.920
Using the equation 3.10corresponding the sunset hourvalues angle ω s is:
284
for +365
365 17 other months.
the For the mean January day, the so
Using the theequation 3.103.10 the the δ = 23.45
sunset hourhour⋅ sin(360
angle ωs is: ) = −20.920
Using
Using theequation
equation 3.10 the sunset
sunset hour
declination can be calculated, angle
angle ω ω
365 ssis:
is: considering the 17th from table 3.1. Thus for n = 17,
Using the equation 3.10 equation
the sunset 3.2
Utilizando la ecuación 3.10 es la puesta del sol ángulo horas ω gives:
hour angle ω s is: s :
9
ω s = arccos θ ( − tan 37.1⋅ tan( −20.92) = 73.290 99
⋅ tan( 0 284 + 17
ω s θ=( −arccos θ ( −⋅ tan( −20.92)
δ == 0 = 73.2 0
20.92)⋅ sin(360
= 73.2 365 ) = −20.92
ω s = arccos tan 37.1 23.45 0
ω s = arccos θ ( − tan−37.1
tan 37.1 9 ⋅ tan(
20.92) −73.2
hat δ and ωs are Desde que δ y ω
now known, the s son ahora conocidos, la irradiación extraterrestre diaria al promedio mensual
monthly average daily extraterrestrial irradiation
Using the equation 3.10 the sunset hour angle ωs is:
calculated from Since
the that δ and ω s are now known, the monthly average daily extraterrestrial irradiation
Since that δ equation
Sinceandthat
ωs δ 4.22:
are now
and ωs known,
are nowthe monthly
known, the average
monthlydaily extraterrestrial
average irradiationirradiation
daily extraterrestrial
is calculated from the equation 4.22:
H o se calcula de la ecuación 4.22:
H o is calculated from the equation
H o is calculated from the 4.22:
equation 2
4.22:
H o = 146.31 kWh/m 9
H o = 146.312 kWh/m2 2
H o = 146.31H o kWh/m
= 146.31 kWh/m
arness index K can be obtained from equation 4.20:

The clearness index K can be obtained from equation 4.20:
The clearness index
El índice
The K
clearness can be obtained
can be from equation
from 4.20:
de claridad puede obtenerse de la ecuación 4.20:
index K obtained equation 4.20:
51
Κ= = 0.35 51
146.31 51Κ = 51 = 0.35
Κ H= d Κ ==146.31
0.35 = 0.35
ue of clearness index K is used to calculate 146.31 146.31 4.19
from equation Hd
The value of clearness index KHis used to calculate Hd H d from equation 4.19
The valueThe
of clearness index K isindex
value of clearness used K to is
calculate from H
used to calculate equation
from4.19
equation 4.19
H H
Hd
= 1.446 − 2.965 ⋅ 0.35
H d+ 1.727 ⋅ (0.35) = 0.62
2
2
 ratio of the monthly average daily of the s
H o is calculated
H from
isω2s =
thearccos θ
equation
calculated (
from− 4.22:
tan 37.1
the ⋅ tan( −20.92)
equation 4.22: = 73.2
0
he monthly average
H o = daily
146.31extraterrestrial
kWh/m
o
ω = arccos θ ( − tan 37.1⋅ tan( −20.92) = 73.20
Since that δ and ωs are now known, s the monthly average daily extraterrestrial irradiation
ω sH=oarccos θ ( − tan 37.1 ⋅ tan( − 20.92) ω=s 73.2
= arccos
0 θ ( − tan 37.1⋅ tan( −2 20.92) = 73.202
Since that δ from
is calculated and ωthe s are now known,
equation 4.22: the H omonthly
= 146.31average
kWh/m daily extraterrestrial
H o = 146.31 kWh/m irradiation
K can
(4.20) be obtained
Since from
that equation
δ and ω 4.20:
s are now known, the monthly average daily extraterrestrial irradiation
H o is calculated from the equation 4.22:
ωs are now known, Since
H othe that δ and
monthly average
is calculated ω are
froms thedaily now known, the
=extraterrestrial
equation
H monthly
4.22:kWh/mirradiation
146.31 2 average daily extraterrestrial irradiation
The clearness index
The K can
clearness be oobtained
index K canfrom
be equation
obtained 4.20:
from equation 4.20:
om the equation Κ H=o is 51
4.22: calculated
= 0.35from the equation 4.22: kWh/m2
H o = 146.31
on ( H o ), can be calculated by integrating
146.31 H o = 146.31
51 4.20: kWh/m2
ωss). The clearness index K can be2obtained from equation 51
H = 146.31 kWh/mHd Κ H=o = 146.31 = 0.35
Κ = 2 = 0.35
kWh/m
ss index K The is used to calculate
clearness
o index K canfrom equationfrom
be obtained 4.19146.31
equation 4.20:146.31
The clearness index H K can be obtained 51 from equation
Κbe= used =calculate
0.35 H d 4.20: Hd
x K can (4.21) The value of clearness
El valor del índice
be obtained The clearness The value
index index
K of can K is
clearnessobtained
146.3151to
index K
from equation 4.20: de claridad se utiliza para el cálculo
fromis used from
4.20:equationfrom
to calculate
equation 4.19 equation 4.19
de la ecuación 4.19
Hd Κ = =510.35 H H
= 1.446 − 2.965 ⋅ 0.35 + 1.727 ⋅ (0.35) 2 = 0.62 146.31 Κ = H d = 0.35
H The value of clearness
51 index K is used to calculate 146.3151from equation 4.19
Κ = = 0.35 Hd H d Κ = H H d = 0.35
The value of146.31 clearness index K= is used−to
1.446 =⋅ 0.35
calculate
2.965 1.446 +−1.727
146.31 H⋅ d(0.35)
from
2.965 ⋅ 0.35 +
2
equation = 0.62⋅ (0.35) 2 = 0.62
4.19
1.727
le The value of clearness index K is
H by the equation usedH to calculate
H is: from equation 4.19
2.5ω'and
s at the inclined
3.5 are taken surface is calculated
into account, H d then 4.15 and H H d
ess index K is used Thetovalue ofHclearness
calculate d fromindex K
equationis used
4.19 to calculate
= 1.446 − 2.965 ⋅ 0.35 + 1.727 ⋅ (0.35) H 2
= 0.62from equation 4.19
−1 The sunset hour Hangle
The H Hd ω's at
sunset hourtheangle
inclined surface
ω's0 at is calculated
the0 inclined surfacebyisthe equation
calculated by4.15 and is: 4.15 and is:
the equation
{73.2, cos ( − tan(37.1 − 40) ⋅ tan( −20.92))}
El ángulo de la puesta del sol por hora ω'=H1.446d
=− 2.965 ⋅ 0.35
min(73.2 s en la superficie inclinada se calcula mediante la
, 91.1+ 1.727
) ⋅ (0.35) 2 = 0.62
ecuación 4.15 y es: H = 1.446 − 2.965 ⋅ 0.35 + 1.727 ⋅ (0.35) 2 = 0.62
H d The sunset ω s =+ω' H H
ωinclined
' d −1
−0.62 −1
is−calculated
−⋅tan(37.1 −by ⋅=tan(
s == −the
hour⋅angle '
s at the
min{73.2, cos surface
(1.446tan(37.1 40) tan( 20.92))} equation2 −20.92))}
min(73.24.150 ,and = min(73.2
91.1 0
is:) 0
, 91.10 )
= 1.446
πω −
2.965 0.35 1.727 ⋅ (0.35) 2 min{73.2,
= − 2.965
cos ⋅(0.35 + 1.727 ⋅40)
(0.35) = 0.62
by equation s4.14 as:  H inclined surface is calculated by the equation 4.15 and is:
δ sinH ω s + The sin φ sin δhour
sunset  (4.22)angle ω's at the
180 The ωR ' sunset  hour angle − ω' s at the inclined surface is calculated by the equation 4.15 and is:
s = ( −calculated −by ⋅ tan( −20.92))} = min(73.20 , 91.1
1 0
The min{73.2,
b is calculated The cos
Rby
b isequation
tan(37.1 4.14 40)as:
equation 4.14 as: )
⋅gle
cos( ω'−s20.92)
at the ⋅inclined
sin 73.2 +' (3.14hour
Theωsurface
sunset /180) ⋅ 73.2−ω'
angle ⋅ sin(37.1
s−at − 40) ⋅ sin(
theequation
inclined −20.92)
s = min{73.2,
is calculated
cos 1 (by the
tan(37.1 − 40) ⋅surface
4.15
tan( −and is is:
20.92))}calculated
= 2.09 = min(73.2by the 0 equation
,91.100 ) 4.15 and is:
⋅ cos(H−o20.92) ⋅ sin 73.2 ω '
= −1
− − ⋅ − = 0
+ (3.14 ⋅ 73.2 be⋅ sin 37.1⋅ sin( −20.92)
tion is a useful quantity min{73.2,
/ 180)can
s and cos ( tan(37.1 40) tan( 20.92))} min(73.2 , 91.1 )
ο The−1R ο cos(37.1
b is calculated by −' 40) ⋅cos(37.1
cos( −4.14
equation 20.92) − as: −⋅1 sin
40) ⋅ cos( + (3.14
−020.92)
73.2 ⋅ sin
/180)73.2⋅ 73.2
+ (3.14⋅ sin(37.1
/180) ⋅−73.2 40)⋅⋅sin(37.1
sin( −20.92)− 40) ⋅ sin( −20.92)
n{73.2, cos ( − tan(37.1
ge +60 to -60 . Rb = − 40)ω⋅ R tan( =−20.92))}cos
s b= min{73.2, = min(73.2( − tan(37.1 , 91.1 − 040)
) ⋅ tan( −20.92))} = min(73.20 , 91.10 ) = 2.09 = 2.09
cos 37.1 by ⋅equation
cos( −20.92)
The R b se calcula mediante la ecuación 4.14:
is calculated cos4.14 37.1 ⋅ cos(
⋅ sin
as: −20.92)
73.2 + (3.14 ⋅ sin + (3.14
73.2⋅ 73.2
/ 180) 37.1⋅⋅sin(
⋅ sin/ 180) 73.2−⋅20.92)
sin 37.1⋅ sin( −20.92)
The R−b 40)
cos(37.1 is calculated
⋅ cos( −20.92) by equation
⋅ sin 73.2 4.14 + (3.14 as:/180) ⋅ 73.2 ⋅ sin(37.1 − 40) ⋅ sin( −20.92)
tioned Rb = the
values, mean monthly total solar irradiation for the inclined = 2.09
d by equation 4.14 Theas: R
cos
cos(37.1 b −
37.1 is⋅40)
calculated
cos(⋅ cos(−20.92) by⋅ sin
−20.92) equation
⋅73.2
sin 73.2 + 4.14 as:
+ (3.14
(3.14 / 180) ⋅ 73.2
/180) ⋅ sin⋅ sin(37.1
⋅ 73.2 37.1⋅ sin(−−40) ⋅ sin( −20.92)
20.92)
obtained forRJanuary,b = using −the
cos(37.1
by ⋅ cos( −20.92)
40)equation 4.18.⋅ sin 73.2 + (3.14 /180) ⋅ 73.2 ⋅ sin(37.1 − 40) ⋅ sin( −20.92) = 2.09
e average monthly UsingRb =total
thecos solar
aforementioned
37.1 ⋅ cos( −
irradiation
Using the 20.92) ⋅
aforementioned
values,sin the +mean
73.2 values,
(3.14 monthly
/ 180)the⋅ 73.2
mean ⋅
total sin monthly
solar
37.1 ⋅ −
total
irradiation
sin( 20.92)solar
for irradiation
the inclined =for
2.09
the inclined
h,) ⋅for
cos(a−latitude
20.92) ⋅ sin of 73.2
37 ο +
06΄ (3.14
cos(37.1
N. cos −
37.1
/180)
The 40)⋅ ⋅cos(
ground ⋅
73.2
cos( −⋅20.92)
−sin(37.1
20.92) ⋅ sin
⋅− 73.2
40)
sin 73.2⋅ + (3.14
sin(+ −
(3.14 / 180)
20.92) /180) ⋅ 73.2
⋅ 73.2⋅ sin
⋅ 37.1⋅ sin(
sin(37.1 − −20.92)
40) ⋅ sin( −20.92)
surface Rb =H T , cansurface 2 H T , can
be obtained forbeJanuary,
obtained byfor usingJanuary, =by2.09
the equation using4.18.the equation 4.18. = 2.09
1l ⋅irradiation
cos( −Using
20.92)on
the⋅ sin
H + (3.14
= 69.62
aaforementioned
horizontal
T 73.2 kWh/m
surface
/ 180)
cos 37.1 ⋅ 73.2
values,⋅are
cos(the ⋅−sin 37.1⋅ sin(
20.92)
mean sin −20.92)
73.2
monthly +total
(3.14solar ⋅ 73.2 ⋅ sin 37.1
/ 180)irradiation ⋅ sin(inclined
for the −20.92)
surface
Using HUtilizando los valores ya mencionados, la irradiación solar total mensual promedio para la
, can
Tthe be obtained for
aforementioned January,
values, the by mean
H using
=monthlythe equation
69.62 total
H T =solar
kWh/m 2 4.18.
69.62 irradiation
kWh/m 2 for the inclined
2 months are shown in the Using the aforementioned values, theT mean monthly total solar irradiation for the inclined
surface H , table
can be
4.2
obtained for January, by using the equation 4.18.
ntioned values, the surface T
mean
Using the ,aforementioned
H Tmonthlycan be total obtained for
solarvalues, January,
irradiation thekWh/m by using
for
mean the the equation
2 inclined
monthly total solar 4.18.
irradiation for the inclined
for the inclined Thesuperficie
results
surface for The the
H T 12 puede obtenerse para enero, utilizando la ecuación 4.18.
results
months
will beforHthe T =12
are 69.62
shown months in the aretable
shown 4.2in the table 4.2
obtained for January, by using the equation
surface H T , can be obtained for January, by using 4.18. the2equation 4.18.
similar manner can be calculated the H T =H69.62 kWh/m2
T = 69.62 kWh/m
or theThe results
mean for the day,
January 12 months the solar are
2
shown in the table 4.2
th from table Table
The resultsH
3.1. = 69.62
4.2
Thus for
for the
kWh/m
Table
n
12 = 4.2
17,
months the are shown in H
the = 69.62
T table 4.2 kWh/m2
The results
T

for the 12 months are shown in the table 4.2
En la tabla 4.2 se muestran los resultados de los 12 meses
12 months are
Table 4.2shown in the table
The results 4.212 months are shown in the table 4.2
for the
17
) = −20.92
Table
0 4.2 4.2
Table
5
: Tabla 4.2
Table 4.2
10

10 10
Mes Η Η ο Ηd/ R b Η Τ
kWh/m
10 h
2
10 10kWh/m kWh/m
2 2

10 10
Jan. 51 146.3 0.62 2.0 69.62
1 9

Feb. 67.4 172.4 0.55 1.6 84.92

8 8
 Mart 111 247.3 0,46 1.3 126.5
e 8 2 4

Apr. 149 294.6 0.38 1.0 147.5

0 2 1

May 193 343.4 0.32 0.8 169.8

o 8 4 4

Junio 205 347.1 0.29 0.7 170.1

0 7 5

Julio 212 350.3 0.28 0.8 180.2

0 0 0

Aug. 194 318.6 0.28 0.9 184.3

8 4 0

Sept. 161 258.9 0.27 1.1 181.9

0 9 3

Oct. 111 207.0 0.35 1.5 148.7

8 5 4

Nοv. 75 151.5 0.40 1.9 116.2

0 7 5

Dec. 52 134.5 0.55 2.2 78.00

4 2



4.3 Radiación SOLAR en la superficie de diversas orientaciones y ángulos de
inclinación


El incidente de la radiación solar sobre una superficie depende, entre otras cosas, de su
pendiente y su orientación. Para una superficie en un lugar determinado, el aumento de los
resultados de la pendiente a la recepción de más radiación durante el invierno que durante el
verano. Por lo tanto, para aplicaciones de energía solar que requieren energía de paneles
solares principalmente durante el invierno la pendiente debe ser grande, mientras que cuando
los paneles se utilizan durante el verano la inclinación debe ser pequeño.

Para la disponibilidad de energía máxima durante el invierno, verano y todo el año, una regla
que se aplica a la pendiente del colector es que esta pendiente respectivamente debe ser
aproximadamente de 10° a 15° mayor que la latitud, aproximadamente de 10° a 15° menor que
la latitud e igual a la latitud del sitio. Por lo tanto, diferentes sitios/ubicaciones tienen
pendiente óptima diferentes ángulos para paneles solares.



Figura 4.3 Efecto de la pendiente superficial receptora sobre la irradiación diaria al promedio
mensual para una latitud de 38ο, reflectancia terrestre 0.2 y orientación hacia el sur (γ = 0).

Figura 4.3 muestra la irradiación diaria al promedio mensual recibida por Sur frente a las
superficies de varias inclinaciones[10]. Estos valores se refieren a la latitud 38° N, ρ = 0.2 y son
aproximados. Sin embargo, estos proporcionan un cuadro completo de la influencia de la
vertiente en la irradiación solar recibida por una superficie. Esta cifra confirma la regla
mencionada anteriormente.

Se sabe que el ángulo de inclinación del panel PV en gran medida determina la irradiancia solar
recibida y es el factor principal que regula la potencia del panel. Como la posición del sol sobre
la esfera celeste cambia durante el día y sigue un camino diferente por cada día del año, es
evidente que la determinación de un ángulo de inclinación óptimo es esencial para el óptimo
funcionamiento de cada sistema del PV.

Para ilustrar el efecto de la inclinación de un panel fotovoltaico a la salida de energía eléctrica,
se realizó un experimento en un momento específico, en la mañana de un día en Atenas [11]. La
potencia del panel fotovoltaico fue 55 Wp, su orientación sur y la inclinación de los ángulos
fueron elegidos para cambiar de 0◦ a 90◦ en un intervalo de 10◦. Los resultados experimentales
se representan gráficamente en la figura 4.4. Como puede verse en esta figura, el ángulo de
inclinación óptimo es alrededor de 60◦. Más allá del ángulo de inclinación óptimo, la potencia
de salida cae poco a poco. El ángulo de inclinación óptimo del ejemplo mostrado en la figura 4.4
es alta ya que es mañana (10:34), así la altitud solar es baja.

Figura 4.4 Resultados experimentales de la máxima potencia del panel fotovoltaico en
diferentes ángulos para Atenas la inclinación (φ = 380N).

Otro factor que afecta el incidente de la radiación solar sobre una superficie es la orientación de
la superficie. Teniendo en cuenta que la radiación solar es simétrica al mediodía solar, entonces
la mejor orientación para un panel solar fijo es el sur (γ = 0). Desviaciones del ángulo acimut por
10° o 20° este o al oeste del Sur tendrá poca influencia en la energía solar anual recopilada. La
orientación de un panel fotovoltaico tiene también un efecto en el tiempo que va a recibir la
radiación solar. Por ejemplo, un panel solar ubicado en el sureste recibirá la mayor cantidad de
radiación solar por la mañana.

Figura 4.5 muestra el promedio mensual diario de irradiación sobre la horizontal y cuatro
superficies verticales (sur, este, norte y oeste) en latitud 38o N [10]. Una característica que
muestra esta figura es que todas las curvas excepto que del Sur frente a la superficie tienen un
máximo que corresponde el solsticio de verano, mientras que el sur frente a la superficie tiene
dos máximos que corresponden a la primavera y el equinoccio de otoño. Además, se aprecia
que la superficie vertical con orientación sur recibirá grandes cantidades de radiación solar
durante los meses de invierno, mientras que la superficie horizontal predomina durante los
meses de verano.



Figura 4.5 Media mensual diario de irradiación sobre horizontal y cuatro vertical superficies,
(sur, este, norte y oeste) en latitud 38o N.

Para una descripción más detallada, empecemos con la curva que representa la irradiación solar
sobre la superficie vertical orientada al norte. Durante los meses de invierno, el sol sale y se
pone al sur de la línea este-oeste y por lo tanto no es cualquier irradiación solar directa en esta
superficie. Por el contrario, durante los meses de verano, debido a la longitud más larga del día,
una pequeña cantidad de radiación solar cae sobre esta superficie.

Las curvas que representan la irradiación solar sobre superficie orientada al este y oeste vertical
tienen valores mayores que el de orientación norte superficie vertical. Durante los meses de
verano el sol se levanta y al norte de la línea este-oeste, el camino aparente del sol es más largo
y por lo tanto, la irradiación solar incidente en estas superficies es mayor que el de orientación
norte superficie vertical.

La superficie horizontal recibe mucha más radiación en verano debido a la altitud solar se
maximiza.

La curva que representa la irradiación solar vertical Sur frente a la superficie tiene una forma
completamente diferente en comparación con las otras curvas. Los dos valores máximos
corresponden a la primavera y el equinoccio de otoño. Durante los meses de invierno, debido a
la baja altitud solar, esta superficie recibe la mayor cantidad de irradiación solar. La
combinación de baja altitud solar con la longitud del día corto durante el invierno da los
resultados de la superioridad de la superficie orientada al sur en comparación con las otras
orientaciones.

La regla empírica mencionada anteriormente para la inclinación de un panel fijo da buenos
resultados cuando se aplica en pequeñas instalaciones de energía solar. Sin embargo, en el caso
de grandes instalaciones solares, incluso un ligero cambio en la pendiente corresponde a un
gran cambio en la radiación incidente. Además, con sistemas fotovoltaicos donde es alto el
costo de los paneles solares, es necesario estudiar la pendiente óptima para cada aplicación
particular. Por ejemplo, si los paneles fotovoltaicos se utilizará un sistema de conexión a red
que sigue siendo funcional durante todo el año, la pendiente óptima se calculará con el
incidente de máxima irradiación solar en los paneles tomando en consideración el año entero.
Este ángulo óptimo del panel es generalmente cerca del ángulo de latitud. Sin embargo, en el
caso de un sistema fotovoltaico autónomo con baterías como un almacenamiento de energía,
el criterio no puede ser la irradiación solar total, sino la irradiación diaria durante el mes con la
irradiación solar siendo menos, para reducir al mínimo los requisitos de almacenamiento de
energía. Por ejemplo, en el hemisferio norte, diciembre se considera ser el mes con la
irradiación más baja, por lo que el ángulo del panel será mayor que el ángulo de latitud.
Generalmente, la pendiente de panel óptimo debe determinarse por la latitud de la
localización, la aplicación prevista y el período de tiempo que el sistema solar está destinado a
ser utilizado.

Referencias

[1] Agami Reddy T. 1987. The design and sizing of active solar thermal systems, Clarendon press Oxford.
[2] Duffie, J. A. and W. A. Beckman 2006. “Solar Engineering of thermal Processes” John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [3] Klein
S. A. 1977. “Calculation of monthly average insolation on tilted surfaces” Solar Energy Vol. 19, 325329.
[4] Collares-Pereira M. and A. Rabl 1979. “The average distribution of solar radiation-correlation between diffuse
and hemispherical and between daily and hourly insolation values”. Solar Energy 22, 155 -164. [5] Erbs D, Klein
SA, Duffie J A. 1982. “Estimation of the diffuse radiation fraction for hourly, daily and monthly-average global
radiation”. Sol Energy 28(4): 293-302.
[6] Ruth D. W. and R. E. Chant 1976. The relationship of diffuse radiation to total radiation in Canada. Solar Energy
18, 153 154.
[7] Choudhury N. K. D.1963. “Solar radiation at New Delhi”. Solar Energy 7, 44 -52.
[8] Tuller S. E. 1976. “The relationship between diffuse, total, and extraterrestrial solar radiation”. Solar Energy 18,
259 -263.
[9] Liu B.Y. H. and R.C. Jordan 1960. “The interrelationship and characteristic distribution of direct, diffuse, and total
solar radiation” Solar Energy 4(3), 1-19.
[10] Axaopoulos P. J 1995. “Renewable energy sources” in Greek. Course notes.
[11] Axaopoulos P. J and Emmanouil D. Fylladitakis 2014. “Photovoltaic engineering e-learning applications
developed for remote laboratory experimentation systems” Int Journal Energy Environ Eng 5:78.