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50,40#+#.+3 +# y $%3 401+,03 +35)/-/) 50,0 dEy = dE cos()6 "3 8%5/$ =+) ;(+
d
cos() = p
(x + d2 )
2
! !"#$%&' () *+$,-.!&,/ 0, '%&'12
"# #$%& '&(#)&
k1 ddx
dEy = 3
(x2 + d2 ) 2
*(%#+)&(,- ,#$,# x = L .&$%& x = L/
L
L
1 x ) = 2k1 L
Z

Ey = k1 d 3 dx = k1 d(
2 2 2 2 2
(d x + d L d L2 + d2
L (x + d ) 2
"# #$%& '&(#)& 0& 12#)3& 42# #5#)6# #0 &0&'7)# .-)83-(%&0 $-7)# 2(& 9#42#:& 6&)+& dq ,#0
&0&'7)# ;#)%86&0 42# #$%& & 2(& &0%2)& y $#)<
2k1 L
dF = dqE = dq p
d L2 + y 2
=$%# &0&'7)# %8#(# ,8$%8(%& ,#($8,&, ,# 6&)+& >& 42# $8 78#( %8#(# 0& '8$'& 6&)+& %-%&0 &0'&?
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Q
2 =
L
C$8@ dq = 2 dy > 0& 12#)3& 42#,& #D9)#$&,& 6-'-
2k1 L
dF = 2 dy p
y L2 + y 2
*(%#+)&(,- ,#$,# y = L .&$%& y = 2L

L
1
Z
F = 2k1 2 L p dy
L y L2 + y 2
E# %8#(# 42# p
1 1 L2 + y 2 L
Z
p dy = ln( )
2
y L +y 2 L y
F-) 0- %&(%- p 2L
1 L2 + y 2 L
F = 2k1 2 L( ln( ) )
L y
L
"#$&))-00&(,-
51
F = 2k1 2 ln( )
2( 2 1)
G##'90&3&(,- 0-$ ;&0-)#$ ,# 1 > 2 #( 12(68H( ,# Q/

kQ2 51
F = 2 ln( )
L 2( 2 1)
!"#$%&' ()
!"#$%#& #" '%&()" !" #$%&'& &( )'"*! *%& +& &,&($&- %-" .%/-$." /-0-/1"2&-1& #"(3" 4& "-$.5 b
6 4&-+/4"4 4& $"(3" %-/'5(2& 6 %- "#"27(& /3%"#2&-1& #"(35 $5- 4&-+/4"4 4& $"(3" %-/'5(2&
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*"$+,-./0
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$"#$%#"( #" '%&()" 85( %-/4"4 4& #"(35 *%& +& &,&($&- "275+ 57,&15+ ?&+15 &+9 #" '%&()" 4& %-5 %
51(5 +57(& &# 51(5@: A5-3"25+ &# "#"27(& &- &# &,& B9 6 +&" &# 8#"-5 45-4& &+1>- "275+ 57,&15+
&# 8#"-5 B6: C& #" +/2&1(D" 4&# 8(57#&2"9 E&25+ *%& #" '%&()" *%& &,&($& #" .%/-$." +57(& %-
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A5( 1"-159 -5+ 7"+1" E&( #" '%&()" 85( %-/4"4 4& #"(35 &- BFG 4&# "#"27(&:
H&"- r~2 = ~09 r~1 = xx + y y 9 $5- x + 6 d y b + d9 #" 85+/$/=- 4&# &#&2&-15 4B
&- BFG 4&# "#"27(& 6 #" 85+/$/=- 4& #" .%/-$."9 (&+8&$1/E"2&-1&: I+D9 1&-&25+ *%& #" '%&()"
+57(& 1"# &#&2&-15 &+
dq1 r~1
Z Z
~
dF21 = dq2 , con dq1 = dxdy
3
40 |r~1 |
Z + Z b+d Z + Z b+d
dxdy xx dxdy y y
= dq2 3 dq2 3
d 40 (x2 + y 2 ) 2 d 40 (x2 + y 2 ) 2
dq2 y + b+d dxdy y
Z Z
= 3
40 d (x2 + y 2 ) 2
!b+d
dq2 y + 1
Z
= dx

p
40

2
x + y d2
!
dq2 y + 1 1
Z
= p dx, pero dq2 = dx2
40 x2 + (b + d)2 x2 + d2
!
dF~21 y +
1 1
Z
= = p dx
dx2 40 x2 + (b + d)2 x2 + d2
p !+
y x + x2 + (b + d)2
= ln
20 x + x2 + d2

0
q
2
1 + 1 + ( b+d )

y x b + d
= lm ln q ln
20 x+ d 2 d
1 + 1 + (x)

y d
= ln
20 b+d
dF~21

y d
= = ln
dx2 20 b+d
! !"#$%&' () *+$,-.!&,/ 0, '%&'12
!"#$%&' ()
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"#-;)#.(-#% (%0# /+,/*,+$'# (, /+-;#5 9, /+-;# (,@/0)&/# >*( ;)#'*/( *$+ ;(>*(C+ /+)4+
dq *.&/+'+ ($ (, ;*$0# r~ = xi '(, +,+-.)( %#.)( (, ;*$0# '( ~r = dj %()7B
~ = kdq(~r r~ ) kdq(xi + dj)

dE =
|~r r~ |3
3
(x2 + d2 ) 2
6?#)+D %( 0&($( >*( dq = dx A ;#) ,# 0+$0#B
~ = kdx(xi + dj)
dE 3
(x2 + d2 ) 2
E$0(4)+$'# '(%'( + +B
+ + +
kdx(xi + dj) x d
Z Z Z
~ =
E 3 = k(( 3 )i + ( 3 )j)
(x2 + d2 ) 2 (x2 + d2 ) 2 (x2 + d2 ) 2
!
"# $%&'()& f (x) = x

3 *+ (,-#. / -0. 10 2#&20 1# (&2*3.#1 4* *+2# $%&'()& *& %& (&2*.5#10
(x2 +d2 ) 2
-#. 20,# 5#10. 67 80. 02.0 1#409 1# $%&'()& g(x) = d
3 *+ -#. / 1# (&2*3.#1 4* *+2# $%&'()&
(x2 +d2 ) 2
4*+4* # + +*.: *1 40;1* 4* 1# (&2*3.#1 4* 3<=> 4*+4* 6 # +?
Z + Z +
g(x)dx = 2 g(x)dx
0
80. 10 2#&209 1# *=-.*+()& -#.# *1 '#,-0 +* .*4%'* #

+
1
Z
~ = 2kd
E 3 j
0 (x2 + d2 ) 2
@* 2(*&* A%* 1 x
R
3 = 1
(x2 +d2 ) 2 d2 (x2 +d2 ) 2
80. 10 2#&20
~ = 2kd( x 2k
E )j = j

3
d2 (x2 + d2 ) 2 d
0
BC0.# A%* +#;*,0+ '0,0 *+ *1 '#,-0 *1D'2.('0 3*&*.#40 -0. %& #1#,;.* (&E&(20 -04*,0+ '#1F
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40&4* E *+ *1 '#,-0 *1D'2.('0 -.04%'(40 -0. *1 #1#,;.* (&E&(20 # 1# #12%.# *& A%* +* *&'%*&2.#
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# ds9 40&4* ds *+ %& -*A%*H0 2.0G0 4* #1#,;.* '(.'%1#. *1 '%#1 -04*,0+ *+'.(;(. *& $%&'()&
4*1 :&3%10 '0,0 ds = Rd7 L* *+2# ,#&*.# 1# $%*.G# +0;.* %&# '#.3# dq +*.:?
2k 2k2 d
dF = dqE = Rd =
R + R sin() 1 + sin()
M&2*3.#&40 4*+4* = 0 # = 0;2*&*,0+ 1# $%*.G# 202#1 +0;.* *1 #1#,;.* +*,('(.'%1#.7 8#.#
*+20 %2(1(G#,0+ *1 C*'C0 4* A%*?
! !"#$%&' () *+$,-.!&,/ 0, '%&'12
1 sin() 1
Z
=
1 + sin() cos()
"#$ %&'# '%$%(#& )*% +, -*%./, .%&*+',$'% %&
F = 4k2
!"#$%&' (
!" #! $%&''
!"#$%&' ()
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+'&*$.#/* *+@
~= q
Z
= ~ dS
E (1)
S 0
A-*1B+4 *) ;'<, >'* "($"8/*+" )" +'&*$.#/* #*$$"-" C>'* ))"1"1,+ DE +*$B /%'") " )" +'1" -*
),+ ;'<,+ >'* &"+*! &,$ )" +*1/*+0*$" C>'* ))"1"1,+ Se E 3 ),+ ;'<,+ >'* &"+*! &,$ *) 1"!(,
#2!/#,C>'* ))"1"1,+ Sc E9 F+(, +* &'*-* *+#$/7/$ #,1,@ = e + c
= c = + e (2)
G* *+(" 1"!*$"4 *!#,!($"!-, *) 8"),$ -* e $*+,)8*1,+ *) &$,7)*1" /!1*-/"("1*!(*9 e +*
#")#')" #,1,@
Z
e = ~ dS
E ~
Se
F) #"1&, *)5#($/#, &$,-'#/-, &,$ )" #"$%" q *+ E = 41 Rq r9 G,!-* r *+ *) 8*#(,$ '!/("$/,

0
2
*! -/$*##/2! $"-/")9 F) 8*#(,$ dS~ ("17/5! *+(" *! -/$*##/2! $"-/")4 3" >'* dS~ = ndS 3 n *+
&"$")*), " r #,1, 1'*+($" )" .%'$"@
HI
! !"#$%&' () &*+ ,* -!%..
"# #$%&' $# %#()*+ ,-#

~ dS
~= 1 q 1 q
E 2
r ndS = dS
40 R 40 R2
.(%#/*0()& $# &1%2#(# #3 4-5& 60*0 30 $#72#$8#*09
1 q 1 q
Z Z Z
e = ~ ~
E dS = dS = dS
2 40 R2 Se
Se Se 40 R
:0 2(%#/*03 Se dS ;&**#$6&()# 03 +*#0 )# 30 $#72#$8#*0< =(%&(;#$ Se dS = 2R2 < "# #$%0

R R
70(#*0 #3 4-5& $#*+9
1 q q
e = 2
2R2 = (3)
40 R 20
"# >?@'>A@ B > @ $# %2#(# C(037#(%# ,-#9
q
c =
20
!"#$%&' ()
D&($2)#*# -(0 ;+$;0*0 ;23E()*2;0' $2( #$6#$&*' )# *0)2& F B 30*/& 2(C(2%&' ;&( )#($2)0) )# ;0*/0
$-6#*C;203 -(28&*7# >G#* C/-*0@< =(;-#(%*# #3 ;076& #3H;%*2;& #( %&)& #3 #$60;2& >-$# 3#B )#
I0-$$@<
*"$+,-./0
"# 30 :#B )# I0-$$ $01#7&$ ,-# #3 4-5& )#3 ;076& #3H;%*2;& #$ 2()#6#()2#(%# )# 30 $-6#*C;2#
-$0)0 60*0 #(;#**0* ;2#*%0 ;0(%2)0) )# ;0*/0 >72#(%*0$ #$%0 ;0(%2)0) $#0 30 72$70@ B ,-#
#$ )2*#;%07#(%# 6*&6&*;2&(03 0 30 ;0*/0 #(;#**0)0' ;&( ;&($%0(%# )# 6*&6&*;2&(032)0) 10 < =$
)#;2*'
!
~ ndS = Qint
I
E
0
!" # Qint #$ %& '&()& #"'#((& & *!( %& $+*#(,'-# . /$0& 1!(2& -"0#)(&% # %& 3#4 #
5&+$$ $# *+# # #6*(#$&( #" 1!(2& -1#(#"'-&% +$&" ! #% 0#!(#2& # %& -7#()#"'-& 8%! '+&% $#
#9& &% %#'0!(:; !<0#"-#" ! %& #6*(#$-=" #>+-7&%#"0#
~ =
~ E

0
/$ *!$-<%# +$&( %& 3#4 # 5&+$$ *&(& '&%'+%&( #% '&2*! #%?'0(-'! <&9! &%0&$ '!" -'-!"#$ #
$-2#0(@&; %! '+&% $# '+2*%# #" #$0# '&$!. A!")&2!$ '!2! #9# B #% #9# # $-2#0(@& #% '-%-" (!.
A!( %& $-2#0(@& '-%-" (-'&; #% '&2*! #%?'0(-'! "! #*#" # # 4 *!( $#( -","-0! "! #*#" # #
z . C$@ & *(-!(-; $&<#2!$ >+# E(~
~ r) = E(r)r; !" # r $# 2- # #$ # #% #9# &% *+"0! #" '+#$0-="
4 r #$ #% 7#'0!( +"-0&(-! >+# 7& #$ # #% #9# &% *+"0!.
D#<#2!$ #%#)-( +"& $+*#(,'-# # -"0#)(&'-=" !" # |E| ~ "! #*#" & # %&$ 7&(-&<%#$ >+# #E
$'(-<#" %& $+*#(,'-# 8#$ #'-(; |E| #<# $#( '!"$0&"0# $!<(# %& $+*#(,'-#:; *&(& *! #( $&'&(
~
~ 1+#(& # %& -"0#)(&%. A!( #%%!; '!"$- #(#2!$ +"& $+*#(,'-# '-%@" (-'& # (& -! ( '!" #9# #
|E|
$-2#0(@& #% #9# B 84 #% #9# #% '-%-" (! '&()& !:. A! #2!$ -$0-")+-( !$ '&$!$F
&: G- r < R.
/" #$0# '&$! 0#"#2!$ >+# "! H&4 '&()& #"'#((& & *!( #% '-%-" (!; *!( %! '+&%
~ ndS = Qint = 0
I
E
0
C #2I$;
I Z Z
~ ndS =
E E(r)r ndS + E(r)r ndS
manto tapas
Z
= E(r) dS
manto
= E(r)(2r)h
~ = ~0
= E(r)(2r)h = 0 = E(r) = 0 = E
/$ -"0#(#$&"0# #% H#'H! >+# #% '&2*! #%?'0(-'! $#& "+%! #"0(! #% '-%-" (!.
<: G- R r.
/" #$0# '&$! 0#"#2!$ >+#

~ ndS = E(r)(2r)h = (2R)h = E(r) = R
I
E
0 0 r
A!( 0&"0!;
~0

~ r<R
E(r) = R

0 r R r
J!0# >+# #% $&%0! # -$'!"0-"+- & #% 2= +%! #% '&2*! #%?'0(-'! 8>+# #$ "!(2&% & %& $+*#(E
,'-#: #$ + 0 .
! !"#$%&' () &*+ ,* -!%..
!"#$%&' ()
"# $%#&# '&( )%*$+%,'-%.& #*/0+%-( )# -(+1( )# +()%2 3 4 )#&*%)() 5(+%(,6# = r 7(+(
r < R8 9(6-'6# 6( #&#+1:( 72$#&-%(6 (-';'6()( 72+ 6( )%*$+%,'-%.&8
*"$+,-./0
"(,#;2* <'# 6( #&#+1:( 72$#&-%(6 (*2-%()( ( '&( )%*$+%,'-%.& )# -(+1( =2 (6 -(;72 #60-$+%-2
<'# 0*$( 7+2)'-#> #*$? )()( 72+
0
Z
U= ~ 2 d3 x
E
2 R3
)2&)# 6( %&$#1+(6 #* *2,+# $2)2 #6 #*7(-%28 @2+ $(&$2A -2&2-%#&)2 #6 -(;72 #& $2)2 #6 #*7(-%2A
72)#;2* -(6-'6(+ 6( #&#+1:( 72$#&-%(6 <'# <'#+#;2*8
B()2 <'# 6( )%*$+%,'-%.& )# -(+1( #* *%;0$+%-( #*/0+%-(;#&$# 4 $(;,%0& 6( )#&*%)() )# -(+1(
$%#&# *%;#$+:( #*/0+%-(A ( 7+%2+% *(,#;2* <'# #6 -(;72 #60-$+%-2 $%#&# *%;#$+:( #*/0+%-(A #* )#-%+A
~ r) = E(r)rA )2&)# r #* 6( )%*$(&-%( )#6 -#&$+2 )# 6( #*/#+( (6 7'&$2 #& -'#*$%.& 4 r #* #6
E(~
5#-$2+ '&%$(+%2 )%+%1%)2 )#6 -#&$+2 )# 6( #*/#+( (6 7'&$28
@2)#;2* )%5%)%+ #6 7+2,6#;( #& )2* +#1%2&#*
(> r < R 92&*%)#+#;2* -2;2 *'7#+C-%# )# %&$#1+(-%.& '&( -?*-(+( #*/0+%-( )# +()%2 + -2&
;%*;2 -#&$+2 <'# 6( )%*$+%,'-%.& )# -(+1( 8 @2+ 6( 6#4 )# D('** $#&#;2*
Qint
I
~ ndS =
E
0
1
I Z
E(r)r ndS = d3 x
0
1 2 r 3
Z Z Z
E(r)4r2 = r sen()drdd
0 0
Z r 0 0
4
E(r)4r2 = r3 dr
0 0
r4
E(r)4r2 =
0
2
= E(r) = r
40
,> R r 92&*%)#+#;2* &'#5(;#&$# -2;2 *'7#+C-%# )# %&$#1+(-%.& '&( -?*-(+( #*/0+%-( )#

+()%2 + -2& ;%*;2 -#&$+2 <'# 6( )%*$+%,'-%.& )# -(+1( 8 @2+ 6( 6#4 )# D('** $#&#;2*
Qint
I
~ ndS =
E
0
4 R 3
Z
2
E(r)4r = r dr
0 0
R4
E(r)4r2 =
0
R 2 2

= E(r) = R
40 r
!
"#$ %&'%#( %)')*#+ ,-)

(
2
~ 40 r r r<R
E(r) = R 2 2

40 r R r Rr
./#$& ,-) 0#'#0)*#+ )1 0&*2# )130%$40# )' %#5# )1 )+2&04#( 2#5)*#+ 0&10-1&$ 1& )')$67&
2#%)'04&1 &0-*-1&5& )' 1& 54+%$48-049' 5) 0&$6& :
0
Z
U = ~ 2 d3 x
E
2 R3
0 2 +
Z Z Z
= E(r)2 r2 sen()drdd
2 0 0 0
40 +
Z
= E(r)2 r2 dr
2 0
Z R 2 Z + 2 8
40 6 R
= 2 r dr + dr
2 0 160 R 1620 r2
! R + "
2 r7 1
8

= R
80 7 0 r R
2 R7

= + R7
80 7
2 7
= R
70
! !"#$%&' () &*+ ,* -!%..
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-,% 6 4$&+#)*(%7 8#% -($/)#% '( ,*9,% (%+(),% (%/:$ , 4$, '&%/,$-&, *($#) ;4(
2R7 <(, d~ (3 2(-/#) ;4( 2, '(3 -($/)# '( 3, (%+(), =#%&/&2, ,3 -($/)# '( 3, (%+(), $(1,/&2,7
>)4(9( ;4( (3 -,*=# (3.-/)&-# ($ 3, &$/()%(--&?$ '( 3,% (%+(),% (% -#$%/,$/( 6 ($-4($/)(
%4 2,3#)7
*"$+,-./0
@(3 =)#93(*, !A0 %,9(*#% ;4( (3 -,*=# (3.-/)&-# ($ (3 &$/()&#) '( 4$, (%+(), *,-&B, '(
~
'($%&',' '( -,)1, 4$&+#)*( (% E(r) r
= 3 r7
0
@( 3, %&*(/)C, '( 3, '&%/)&94-&?$0 , =)&#)& %,9(*#% ;4( ,'(*:% =,), R r (3 -,*=#
~ r) = E(r)r7 <& 9&($ $# (% $(-(%,)&# =,), 3, )(%#34-&?$ '(3 =)#93(*, -#$#-() (3
-4*=3( E(~
-,*=# (3.-/)&-# +4(), '( 3, (%+(),0 ($-#$/).*#%3# 4%,$'# 3, 3(6 '( D,4%%7
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(*#% ;4(
~ ndS = Qint
I
E
0
4R3
E(r)4r2 =
30
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E(~
30 r2
>#) /,$/#0 /($(*#% ;4( (3 -,*=# (3.-/)&-# 1($(),'# =#) 3, (%+(), *,-&B, (%
( r
~ 30 r r < R
E(r) = R3
30 r 2
r R r
>#$1,*#% (3 #)&1($ '( -##)'($,',% ($ (3 -($/)# '( 3, (%+(), '( '($%&',' '( -,)1, 7 G%C0
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E~1 (r) = ~r para |~r| < R
30
~ para |~r d|
~ <R
E~2 (r) = (~r d)
30
8#% 2(-/#)(% ($ 3, &$/()%(--&?$ '( ,*9,% (%+(),% %,/&%+,-($ %&*43/:$(,*($/(
~ < R 6 |~r| < R7 G%C0 =#) (3 =)&$-&=&# '( %4=()=#%&-&?$0 (3 -,*=# (3.-/)&-# ($ 3,
|~r d|
&$/()%(--&?$ '( ,*9,% (%+(),% (%
~ r) = E~1 (~r) + E~2 (~r) = ~r (~r d)

E(~ ~ = d~
30 30 30
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E(r) = R3
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r R r
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F~ = Q 3
r
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310&3&.#(1 .'
r
m~a = F~ = Q r
30
r
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= r + Q r =0
3m0
r + w2 r = 0
M1) ($#(1A .2 310&3&.#(1 %.

q 2$ ,$)/$ .' +# 310&3&.#(1 $)3-#&,1 '&382. > '+ 8.)I1%1 %.
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2
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( r
~ 30 r + E0 x r < R
E(r) = R3
30 r 2
r + E0 x R r
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x
( 330 + E0 ) x
R < x < R
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E(r) = ( 3R0 x2 + E0 ) x Rx
3
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x R

6($*(0%"-*# +,# (5"7,# .*#&$&*("# )" "85&+&'%&*9
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x 30 E0
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30
<,%, 85" x1 "3&#0"4 #" )"'" $5-.+&% 85"
30 E0 R
x1 = > R = E0 <
30
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Z
V (x) = ~
E(x) xdx + c
Z
x
= + E0 dx + c
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60
U (x) = QV (x)
x2
= QE0 x + Q Qc
60
d2 U Q
= 2 U = = >0
dx2 30
<*% +* 0,(0*4 "# .5(0* )" "85&+&'%&* "#0,'+"9

&&: R x ;5"%"-*# 85"
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!
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r r
R R R
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30 E0 30 E0 30
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R
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Z Z Z
~
E ndS = ~
E ndS + E (1)
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,# 2/$2# Z Z
~ ndS =
E E r ndS = 0 (2)
tapas tapas
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Z Z Z
~ ndS =
E E r ndS = E dS
manto manto manto
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R R
Z
~ ndS = E 2rL
E (3)
manto
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E 2rL = (4)
0
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dq = (r ) dV (5)
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dV = 2r dr L (6)
D&&0+)(E(57# FGH &5 FIH@

dq = 2r dr L p(r )
r
dq = 2r dr L 0 (1 )
R
r 2
= dq = 2L 0 (r )dr
R
J5*&2,(57#@
r 2
r Z r Z r 2
r
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q = 2L0 (r )dr = 2L0 ( r dr dr )
0 R 0 0 R
r2 r3 3Rr2 2r3
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2 3R 6R
L0
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3R
K& F H 4 F!H@
L0
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3R0
K&-+&B(57# E @
0
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r=
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160
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Z
E~ ndS = 0
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Z Z
~
E ndS = E dS
S S
9( (1-# )#/('#= #*$.%#/0+ $# $(4 0( 2#&11= 1( -(/0'8 ;&( ($ >&7+ -+-#$ 1+A'( $# %#7# 1('8 ($
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qint
Z Z
=E dS + E dS = EA + EA = 2EA = (1)
S1 S2 0
9+/0( S1 4 S2 1+/ $#1 1&*('6%.(1 $#-('#$(1 ./0.%#0#1 #/-('.+')(/-(3
C+0()+1 %#$%&$#' $# %#'2# ./-('.+' qint 4# ;&( 1#A()+1 $# 0.)(/1.+/(1 0( $# %#7# 4 $# 0(/1.0#0
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qint = V = 2xA
E(()*$#F#/0+ (1-( ?#$+' (/ GHI +A-(/()+15
2xA
2EA =
0
x
E=
0
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~ = x i, si 0 < x < a
E
0
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x>a
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@, ',%*, )23#%)&% 5#%< -, ',%*, 0+# #53, (#5(# a < x < aA $&% -& 3,23&9 qint = 2aA? :$-)',2(&
-, -#4 (# *,+559
2aA
= 2EA =
0
a
E=
0
B- ',/$& #53, #2 ()%#'')12 i $&% -& 3,23&9
a
E = i, si x > a
0
C&3,% 0+# #- ',/$& #2 #53, %#*)12 #5 '&253,23#?
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r<R
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R
0'8(69'- *(.3(#/-: ; 0'* #' <%/ E ~ n = E ; 0'* #' )(=)' = E dS = E4r2 >
R
S
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./ @(%-- -/ )/=.*4 <%/
qint
= E4r2 = =0
0
E = 0, si r < R
r>R
C'=-3./*(6'-5 (# 3@%(# <%/ /= /# 2(-' (=)/*3'*5 %=( 2(-2(*( /-D,*32( ./ *(.3' r > R 2'6'
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Z Z
= ~
E ndS = E dS = E4r2
S S
G( 2(*@( 3=)/*=( qint -/*4 #( 2(*@( 2'=)/=3.( /= )'.( #( -%0/*123/5 #( 2%(# -/ '9)3/=/ 6%#)30#37
2(=.' /# 4*/( )')(# 0'* #( ./=-3.(. -%0/*123(# ./ 2(*@(B qint = 4R2 >
?'* #( #/; ./ @(%--5 -/ )/=.*4 <%/
qint 4R2
= E4r2 = =
0 0
H/-0/&(=.' /# 2(60' /#,2)*32' -/ )3/=/ <%/
R2
E=
0 r2
"-)/ 2(60' /-)(*4 /= .3*/223I= *(.3(#5 0'* #' )(=)'B
2
~ = R r, si r > R
E
0 r2
H'=./ r /- /# +/2)'* %=3)(*3' /= .3*/223I= *(.3(#>
JA'*( <%/ /=2'=)*(6'- #'- .'- 2(60'- /#,2)*32'- 0'./6'- /=2'=)*(* /# 2(60' */-%#)(=)/
-%0/*0'=3,=.'#'-> ?(*( /-)'5 2'=-3./*(*/ K */@3'=/-B
L: 0 < x < a
LL: a < x < a + 2R
LLL: x > a + 2R
~ = R22 r> JA'*( )/=/6'-

~ = x i ; E
L: 0 < x < aB "= /-)( */@3I= #'- 2(60'- /#,2)*32'- -'=B E 0 0 r
<%/ /M0*/-(* r ; r ./ D'*6( 2'=+/=3/=)/ 0(*( 0'./* -%6(* (69'- 2(60'-> C'=-3./*/6'- #(
-3@%3/=)/ 1@%*(B
N/6'- <%/ -/ 2%60#3*4 <%/ a + R = x + r 2'= #' <%/ */-%#)( r = a + R x> J./64-5 +/6'-
<%/ r = i ; 0'* #' )(=)' 0'./6'- /-2*393* /# 2(60' /#,2)*32' 2'6'B
~ = R2
E i
0 (a + R x)2
!
~ =E
"# #$%& '&(#)&* #+ ,&'-. #+/,%)0,. )#$1+%&(%# #( #$%& )#203( #$ E ~ + E
~ * #$ 4#,0)
~ = ( x R2
E )i
0 0 (a + R x)2
556 a < x < a + 2R7 8( #$%& )#203( #+ ,&'-. +. &-.)%& $.+. E 9& :1# #+ ,&'-. -).41,04. -.)
+& ,&$,&& #$;#)0,& #$ (1+. #( #+ 0(%#)0.) #++&< =.) +. %&(%.7
~ = a i, si a < x < a + 2R
~ =E
E
0
5556 x > a + 2R 8( #$%& )#20.* &'>.$ ,&'-.$ #$%&)?( #( 40)#,,03( 9 $#(%04. i< =&)& .>%#(#)
~ #( ;1(,03( 4# @* ,.($04#)&'.$ +& $0210#(%# A21)&7
+& #@-)#$03( 4# E
B#'.$ :1# $# ,1'-+# +& )#+&,03( x = a + R + r* ,.( +. :1# )#$1+%& :1# r = x a R< C4#'?$*
r = i< "# #$%& ;.)'&* %#(4)#'.$ :1#7
~ = R2
E i
0 (x a R)2
D1#2.* -.) -)0(,0-0. 4# $1-#)-.$0,03(* #+ ,&'-. #+/,%)0,. #( #$%& )#203( $#)?7
~ = ( a + R2
E )i, si x > a + 2R
0 0 (x a R)2
E0(&+'#(%# #+ ,&'-. #+/,%)0,. )#$1+%&(%# -.) &'>&$ 40$%)0>1,0.(#$ 4# ,&)2& $#)?7
! !"#$%&' () &*+ ,* -!%..
R2
x
( 0
0 (a+Rx)2
)i 0<x<a
~ = a
E 0 i a < x < a + 2R
( a + R2

0 0 (xaR)2
)i x > a + 2R
!"#$%&' ()
!"#$%&'(')"$ &"$ '$*'(+$ #" ,"#,-#.(%,+$ &' (+&%" R/ ,"# &'#$%&+&'$ &' ,+(0+ 1"23)-.(%,+$
4 3#%*"()'$5 6"$ ,'#.("$ &' +)7+$ '$*'(+$ '$.8# + 3#+ &%$.+#,%+ )'#"( 93' 2R5 :'+ d~
'2 1',."( 93' 1+ &'2 ,'#.(" &' 2+ '$*'(+ ;"$%.%1+ +2 ,'#.(" &' 2+ '$*'(+ #'0+.%1+5 <(3'7' 93' '2
,+);" '2-,.(%," '# 2+ %#.'($',,%=# &' 2+$ '$*'(+$ '$ ,"#$.+#.' 4 '#,3'#.(' $3 1+2"(5
*"$+,-./0
>'2 ;("72')+ ?@/ $+7')"$ 93' '2 ,+);" '2-,.(%," '# '2 %#.'(%"( &' 3#+ '$*'(+ )+,%A+ &' &'#$%&+&
~
&' ,+(0+ 3#%*"()' '$ E(r) r
= 3 r5
0
>' 2+ $%)'.(B+ &' 2+ &%$.(%73,%=#/ + ;(%"(% $+7')"$ 93' +&')8$ ;+(+ R r '2 ,+);" ,3);2'
~ r) = E(r)r5 :% 7%'# #" '$ #','$+(%" ;+(+ 2+ ('$"23,%=# &'2 ;("72')+ ,"#",'( '2 ,+);"
E(~
'2-,.(%," *3'(+ &' 2+ '$*'(+/ '#,"#.(-)"$2" 3$+#&" 2+ 2'4 &' C+3$$5
!"#$%&'(')"$ ,")" $3;'(D,%' &' %#.'0(+,%=# 3#+ ,8$,+(+ '$*-(%,+ &' (+&%" r > R5 E'#')"$
93'
~ ndS = Qint
I
E
0
4R3
E(r)4r2 =
30
3
= ~ r) = R r
E(~
30 r2
<"( .+#."/ .'#')"$ 93' '2 ,+);" '2-,.(%," 0'#'(+&" ;"( 2+ '$*'(+ )+,%A+ '$
( r
~ 30 r r < R
E(r) = R3
30 r2
r R r
<"#0+)"$ '2 "(%0'# &' ,""(&'#+&+$ '# '2 ,'#.(" &' 2+ '$*'(+ &' &'#$%&+& &' ,+(0+ 5 F$B/
.'#')"$ 93' 2"$ ,+);"$ '2-,.(%,"$ '# 2"$ %#.'(%"('$ &' ,+&+ '$*'(+ '$.8# &+&"$ ;"(

E~1 (r) = ~r para |~r| < R
30
~ para |~r d|
~ <R
E~2 (r) = (~r d)
30
6"$ 1',."('$ '# 2+ %#.'($',,%=# &' +)7+$ '$*'(+$ $+.%$*+,'# $%)32.8#'+)'#.'
~ < R 4 |~r| < R5 F$B/ ;"( '2 ;(%#,%;%" &' $3;'(;"$%,%=#/ '2 ,+);" '2-,.(%," '# 2+ %#.'($',,%=#
|~r d|
&' +)7+$ '$*'(+$ '$
~ r) = E~1 (~r) + E~2 (~r) = ~r (~r d)

E(~ ~ = d~
30 30 30
'2 ,3+2 '$ ,"#$.+#.'/ .+2 ,")" $' 93'(B+ ;("7+(5
! !"#$%&' () &*+ ,* -!%..
!"#$%&' (
!"#$%&'( )(#%"*!#+"'"&%!
!"#$%&' ()
!"#$%&'& (" )*+"! $","$-! %& %&"#$%+% %& .+'/+ #()&',.$+* ("$0!'1& > 0 "!'1+* +* &2& 3
%& &.(+.$4" x = 05 6" ax #& &".(&"-'+ ("+ .+'/+ )("-(+* q < 05
+7 6".(&"-'& &* )!-&".$+* &*8.-'$.! #!9'& &* &2& 3 : &"-'& *+ .+'/+ q < 0 : &* !'$/&"
.!!'%&"+%! ;5
97 <"+ )+'-=.(*+ %& 1+#+ m : .+'/+ e < 0 #& (9$.+ &" &* )("-! 1&%$! &"-'& q : ; : #& %&2+
*$9'&5 > !" ?(8 &"&'/=+ .$"8-$.+ **&/+ *+ .+'/+ +* )*+"!@ A$/"!'& &0&.-!# /'+B$-+.$!"+*&#75
*"$+,-./0
+7 !"!.&1!# &* .+1)! &*8.-'$.! /&"&'+%! )!' &* )*+"! : *+ .+'/+ q #!9'& &* &2& 3 ?(& *!#
("&5 C+*&# .+1)!# #!"
E~1 = x
20
1 q 1 q
E~2 = 2
x = x
40 (a x) 40 (a x)2
D#=E &* .+1)! &*8.-'$.! &"-'& ; : q A?(& &#-FE %$/+1!#E &" &* )("-! D7 &#

~ = E~1 + E~2 = 1 q
E + x
20 40 (a x)2
G&'! :+ ?(& E~ = V
~ E &"-!".&# &" A*+ '&/$4" )&%$%+7

V V V 1 q
=0 =0
y = +
z x 20 40 (a x)2

x 1 q
= V (x) = + +C
20 40 (a x)
97 6* .+1)! &*&.-'!#-F-$.! &# .!"#&'B+-$B!E +#= ?(& )!%&1!# (#+' .!"#&'B+.$4" %& &"&'/=+
&"-'& &"&'/=+ )!-&".$+* : .$"8-$.+5 H+ .+'/+ e )+'-& %&* '&)!#! %&#%& a/2x I+.$+ &*
)*+"!5 G!' .!"#&'B+.$4" %& &"&'/=+E -&"&1!# ?(&
JK
! !"#$%&' () "'$*+ ,!& *&* $-'*.$!$, '
mv 2
eV (a/2) = eV (0)
2
mv 2
= K = = e (V (0) V (a/2))
2
1 q 1 2q a
= e +C + + C
40 a 40 a 40

1 q a
= e +
40 a 40
!
!"#$%&' ()
"# $%#&#& '() #)*+,-) .(&'/.$(,-) '# ,-'%() r1 , r2 0 .-,1-) q1 , q2 )#2-,-'-) 2(, /&- 1,-& '%)3
$-&.%- d >> r1 , r2 4 "% -56-) )# .(&#.$-& - $,-7+) '# /& .-68# .(&'/.$(, 9'#)2,#.%-68#: ;/#
)%,7# )<8( 2-,- $,-&)2(,$-, .-,1- '# /&- - ($,-=: #&./#&$,# 8-) '#&)%'-'#) '# .-,1- )/2#,>.%-8#)
'# .-'- /&- 9#& */&.%<& '# 8-) 7-,%-68#) .(&(.%'-)= /&- 7#? ;/# #8 )%)$#5- -8.-&?- #8 #;/%8%6,%(4
*"$+,-./0
@-'( ;/# #8 )%)$#5- #)$A #& /&- ,#1%<& -.($-'- '#8 #)2-.%(: 2('#5() $(5-, .(5( 2/&$( '#
,#*#,#&.%- '#8 2($#&.%-8 #8 %&>&%$( # %1/-8-, #8 2($#&.%-8 - .#,( -88B: #) '#.%,: V (+) = 04 C)B:
#8 2($#&.%-8 )(6,# 8-) )/2#,>.%#) '# 8-) #)*#,-) .(&'/.$(,-) #)
q1 q2
V1 = k , V2 = k
r1 r2
'(&'# D#5() )/2/#)$( ;/# #8 2($#&.%-8 '# /&- #)*#,- &( #) -*#.$-'( 2(, #8 '# 8- ($,- 9( 5A) 6%#&
#) -*#.$-'( '# *(,5- '#)2,#.%-68#=: '-'( ;/# #)$A& 5/0 5/0 )#2-,-'-: #) '#.%,: d >> r1 , r2 :
0 $-52(.( #8 .-52( '# /&- #)*#,- ,#'%)$,%6/0# 8- .-,1- '# 8- ($,-4 E(, .(&)#,7-.%<& '# .-,1-:
)% (q1 )f , (q2 )f )(& 8-) .-,1-) #& .-'- #)*#,- /&- 7#? -8.-&?-'( #8 #;/%8%6,%(: $#&#5() ;/#
q1 + q2 = (q1 )f + (q2 )f
C8 -8.-&?-, #8 #;/%8%6,%(: #) '#.%,: ./-&'( '#F- '# D-6#, $,-&)*#,#&.%- '# .-,1-) #&$,# 8-) #)*#,-):
$#&#5() ;/# 8- '%*#,#&.%- '# 2($#&.%-8 #8+.$,%.( #&$,# -56-) #) &/8(: #) '#.%,:
V1 = V2
(q1 )f (q2 )f
k = k
r1 r2
2
4(r1 ) (1 )f 4(r2 )2 (2 )f
=
r1 r2
(2 )f r1
= =
(1 )f r2
@# #)$( 7#5() ;/# #& 1#&#,-8: 8-) ,#1%(&#) #& 8- )/2#,>.%# '# /& .(&'/.$(, .(& 5#&(,
,-'%( '# ./,7-$/,- 92/&$-)= .(&.#&$,-& /&- 5-0(, '#&)%'-' )/2#,>.%-8 '# .-,1-: 2(, 8( ./-8 #8
.-52( #8+.$,%.( .#,.- '# #88-) 9#& )/ #G$#,%(,= #) 5A) */#,$# ;/# #& ,#1%(&#) .(& 5#&(, ,-'%(
'# ./,7-$/,-4
H)-&'( 8- ,#8-.%<& #&.(&$,-'- #& 8- #./-.%<& '# .(&)#,7-.%<& '# .-,1-: (6$#&#5()
(q1 )f + (q2 )f = q1 + q2
2 2
4(r1 ) (1 )f + 4(r2 ) (2 )f = q1 + q2
4r1 (1 )f (r1 + r2 ) = q1 + q2
1 q1 + q2
= (1 )f =
4r1 r1 + r2
1 q1 + q2
(2 )f =
4r2 r1 + r2
! !"#$%&' () "'$*+ ,!& *&* $-'*.$!$, '
!"#$%&' ()
!"#!$%&! '#! () *+$,-.%+.#+*)* !. |E~ (~r)| )( /)$)& *! #.) &!0+1. 2),3) ) -%&) 2),3) /-& #.)
$#/!&4,+! ,)&0)*) *! *!.$+*)* $#/!&4,+)( (~r)5 ,-. ~r !. () $#/!&4,+!5 !$
(~r)
0
6-.$+*!&).*- !$%-5 !.,#!.%&! !( ,)"/- !(7,%&+,- !. () $#/!&4,+! *! #. ,-.*#,%-& !. !'#+(+8&+-
!(!,%&-$%9%+,-:
*"$+,-./0
6-.$+*!&!"-$ #. $!,%-& "#; "#; /!'#!<- *! () $#/!&4,+! ,!.%&)*- !. ~r5 %). /!'#!<-
'#! $!) ,)$+ /().-5 ; $+%#!"-$ ) %&)27$ *! !(() #. ,+(+.*&- *! )(%#&) 0 < 2h << 1 ; 9&!)
0 < A << 15 %)( '#! () $#/!&4,+! (- ,&#=! /-& () "+%)*: >-& () (!; *! 0)#$$5 %!.!"-$
~ r) ndS = Qint
I
E(~
0
>!&-
Qint (~r)A
Qint
= (~r)A = =
0 0
?!.!"-$ )*!"9$
I Z Z Z
~ r) ndS =
E(~ ~ r) ndS +
E(~ E~1 (~r) n1 dS + E~2 (~r) n2 dS
manto carasup carainf
>-*!"-$ !@/&!$)& !( ,)"/- !(7,%&+,- ,-"- () $#") *! $# ,-"/-.!.%! %).0!.,+)( ; .-&")(

) () $#/!&4,+!5 !$ *!,+&5 E~ = E~ + E~// : A*!"9$5 ,-"- !( 9&!) !$ "#; /!'#!<)5 !( "1*#(-
*!( ,)"/- !(7,%&+,- $-8&! 7( $! ").%+!.! ,)$+ ,-.$%).%!5 /-& (- '#! (- /-*!"-$ )/&-@+")& /-&
~ r)| !. %-*) !( 9&!): ?)"8+7.5 n1 = n2
|E(~ 6-. !$%- !. "!.%!5 %!.!"-$ '#!
Z Z
E~1 (~r) n1 dS + E~2 (~r) n2 dS = (E~1 ) A (E~2 ) A
carasup carainf
= ((E~1 ) (E~2 ) )A
!@/&!$+1. '#! .- *!/!.*! *! h B)( +0#)( '#! (~r)A C: ?)"8+7. %!.!"-$ '#!
0
Z
~ r) ndS 0
E(~ cuando h0
manto
!
"#$% &'(')*# +(,-)'(&'
(~r)A
((E~1 ) (E~2 ) )A =
0
(~r)A
E A =
0
(~r)
= E (~r) = +
0
.,/')*# 01' 1( 2*(312&*4 '( '015-5/45* '-62&4*#&7&52* (* 84'#'(&, 2,49, '( #1 5(&'45*4% '-
2,)8* '-62&452* '( #1 5(&'45*4 '# (1-* : &*3, #1 2,49, '#&7 35#&45/153, '( -, #18'4+25' 3' &,-
;*4), 01' '- 2,)8* '-62&452* '( -, #18'4+25' '# (*4),- , -, )5#), <81'# #5 &1=5'4, 2*)8*('(&'
&,(9'(25,- , '--,% -,# 2,49,# #' )*='4$,( : (* '#&,4$,( '( '015-5/45* '-'2&4*#&7&52*>? "#$% 2*(@
#53'4,(3* '#&* '( '- ,(7-5#5# ,(&'45*4% &'(')*# 01' '- 2,)8* '-62&452* '( ~r #*/4' -, #18'4+25'
'#
~ r) = + (~r) n
E(~
0
2*( n '- ='2&*4 (*4),- 'A&'45*4 , -, #18'4+25' '( ~r?
! !"#$%&' () "'$*+ ,!& *&* $-'*.$!$, '
!"#$%&' () "# $%#&#& '() *+,*'-+*) #)./+%0*)1 ,#$23%0*)1 4-#0*) 5 0(&0/&$+%0*) '# +*'%() *
5 6 768*91 5 '# #):#)(+ '#):+#0%*63# *-&;-# <&%$(= >* *+,*'-+* %&$#+&* )# 0*+?* 0(& -&* 0*+?*
q0 > 0= "# )-:(&# ;-# 3* $%#++* 7;-# )# $(,* 0(,( (+%?#& '# :($#&0%*3#)9 #)$2 %&<&%$*,#&$#
*3#@*'*=
A= >* *+,*'-+* #B$#+&* )# 0(&#0$* * $%#++* * $+*C/) '# -&* 6*$#+D* 0-5* '%.#+#&0%* '#
:($#&0%*3 #&$+# )-) 6(+&#) #) V0 =
*9 E*30-3# 3* 0*+?* ;-# )# %&'-0# #& 3*) )-:#+<0%#) %&$#+%(+ 5 #B$#+%(+ '# 0*'* -&* '#
3*) *+,*'-+*)=
69 E*30-3# #3 0*,:( #3/0$+%0( #& $('() 3() :-&$() '#3 #):*0%(=
09 E*30-3# #3 :($#&0%*3 #3/0$+%0( #& $('() 3() :-&$() '#3 #):*0%(1 5 3* '%.#+#&0%* '#
:($#&0%*3 #&$+# 3*) *+,*'-+*)=
AA= "# 0(+$(0%+0-%$* 3* 6*$#+D* 70(&#B%F& '%+#0$* * $%#++*9= G#:%$* 3() 0*30-3() *&$#+%(+#)
%&$#3%?#&$#,#&$#=
AAA= "# '#)0(&#0$* 3* *+,*'-+* #B$#+&* '# 3* $%#++*1 5 3-#?( )# *0#+0* -&* 0*+?* q > 0 4*)$*
-&* '%)$*&0%* c > b '#3 0#&$+( '#3 0(&'#&)*'(+= H#0%'* )% 3* *00%F& '# 3* 0*+?* ; ,('%<0*
( &(I
'9 3* 0*+?* $($*3 '# 0*'* -&* '# 3*) *+,*'-+*)
#9 3* '#&)%'*' '# 0*+?* #& #33*)
.9 3* .-&0%F& :($#&0%*3 5 3* '%.#+#&0%* '# :($#&0%*3 #&$+# #33*)=
JB:3%;-# 6+#C#,#&$# )-) +#):-#)$*)=

*"$+,-./0
A= J3 :+(63#,* $%#&# )%,#$+D* #)./+%0* 0(& 0#&$+( '# 0((+'#&*'*) #3 0#&$+( '# 3*) 02)0*+*)
#)./+%0*)1 '#6%'( * ;-# 3* $%#++* #)$2 %&<&%$*,#&$# 3#@*&* 7+#0(+'*+ ;-# 3* $%#++* )# :%#&)*
0(,( -& )-,%'#+( 5 .-#&$# %&<&%$* '# 0*+?*9= K('*) 3*) '#&)%'*'#) '# 0*+?* )#+2&
-&%.(+,#)= H*'* 3* )%,#$+D* #)./+%0*1 #3 0*,:( 5 :($#&0%*3 #3/0$+%0() '#:#&'#+2& )F3( '#
3* '%)$*&0%* *3 0#&$+( '# 3*) 02)0*+*) 5 #3 0*,:( *:-&$*+2 #& #3 )#&$%'( '# r1 #) '#0%+1
~ r) = E(r)r=
V = V (r) 5 E(~
*9 "#*& q1 , q2 , q3 , q4 3*) 0*+?*) '# 3*) )-:#+<0%#) %&$#+%(+ 5 #B$#+%(+ '# 3*) *+,*'-+*)
%&$#+&* 5 #B$#+&*1 +#):#0$%C*,#&$#= K#&#,() ;-# q0 = q1 + q2 =
L:3%0*&'( #3 $#(+#,* '# M*-)) 0(& -&* )-:#+<0%# #)./+%0* 0(&0/&$+%0* 5 #&$+# 3*)
)-:#+<0%#) '# 3* :+%,#+* *+,*'-+*1 $#&#,()
~ ndS = 0 = q1 = q1 = 0 = q2 = q0
I
E
0
'(&'# E ~ = ~0 :-#) #3 0*,:( #3/0$+%0( #& #3 %&$#+%(+ '# -& 0(&'-0$(+ #& #;-%3%6+%(
#3#0$+()$2$%0( #) &-3(=
!
"#$%&'()* '+*,' -$ .-*,-/' )- 0'122 &*( 1(' 21#-,3&%- -245,%&' &*(&5(.,%&' 6 -(.,-
$'2 21#-,3&%-2 )- $' 2-71()' ',/')1,'8 .-(-/*2
~ ndS = 0 = q1 + q2 + q3 = q1 + q2 + q3 = 0 = q3 = q2 = q0
I
E
0
"#$%&'()* )- (1-9* -$ .-*,-/' )- 0'122 &*( 1(' 21#-,3&%- -245,%&' &*(&5(.,%&' )-
,')%* r > b 6 :1- &*(.-(7' $' 2-71()' ',/')1,'8 .-(-/*2
~ ndS = E(r)4r2 = q1 + q2 + q3 + q4 = E(r) q4 r

I
E ~ =
0 40 r2
;*, *.,' #',.-8 2'<-/*2 :1- $' )%4-,-(&%' -(.,- $' ',/')1,' -=.-,(' 6 $' .%-,,' >-(
-$ %(3(%.*? -2 V0 8 -2.* -2
Z b
V (b) V (+) = V (b) = V0 = ~ d~r
E
+
b
q4 dr
Z
V0 =
+ 40 r2
q4 1
V0 =
40 b
= q4 = 40 bV0
)*()- .*/'/*2 1( &'/%(* ,')%'$ 2*<,- $' %(.-7,'$ )- $@(-'A
<? B%9%)'/*2 -$ -2#'&%* -( 9',%'2 ,-7%*(-2A C*)'2 $'2 21#-,3&%-2 )- %(.-7,'&%D( :1-
.*/',-/*2 2-,E( -245,%&'2 6 &*(&5(.,%&'2 ' $'2 ',/')1,'2A
%? r a >,-7%D( %(.-,%*, 6 /-.'$ )- $' ',/')1,' %(.-,('?

F% -$ ,')%* )- $' 21#-,3&%- )- %(.-7,'&%D( -2 r a
~ ndS = E(r)4r2 = q1 = 0 = E
I
E ~ = ~0
0
%%? a < r ,-7%D( -(.,- ',/')1,'2?
G2 -9%)-(.- :1- -=%2.- &'/#* -$5&.,%&* -( -2.' ,-7%D(8 #1-2 +'6 1(' )%4-,-(&%'
)- #*.-(&%'$ -(.,- ',/')1,'2A C-(-/*2 -( -2.- &'2* :1-
~ ndS = E(r)4r2 = q0 = E(r) q0 r

I
E ~ =
0 40 r2
%%%? r = b >/-.'$ )- $' ',/')1,' -=.-,('?
~
G( -2.- #1(.*8 E(b) = ~08 #1-2 -$ &'/#* -$5&.,%&* -( -$ %(.-,%*, )- 1( /-.'$
-2 2%-/#,- (1$*A
%9? r > b >,-7%D( -=.-,%*, ' $'2 ',/')1,'2?
C'/<%5( ':1@ -2 -9%)-(.- :1- -=%2.- 1( &'/#* -$5&.,%&*8 #1-2 +'6 1(' )%4-,H
-(&%' )- #*.-(&%'$ -(.,- $' ',/')1,' -=.-,(' 6 -$ %(3(%.* >#1(.* )- ,-4-,-(&%'
)-$ #*.-(&%'$?A "2@8 .-(-/*2 :1-
~ ndS = E(r)4r2 = q4 = 40 bV0 = E(r) bV0

I
E ~ = 2 r
0 0 r
! !"#$%&' () "'$*+ ,!& *&* $-'*.$!$, '
"#$%&'#()*+ #, -.&/* #,0-12'-* #$

~0 ra
q0 r
~

40 r2
a<r<b
E(r) = ~0

r=b
bV0
r2
r br
-3 4.&5'0( )'6').&*$ #, #$/.-'* #( 6.2'.$ 2#7'*(#$8

'3 a r b
4#(#&*$
Z
V (r) = ~ dr + C
E
q0 dr
Z
= +C
40 r2
q0 1
= +C
40 r
)*()# #, -.&'(* )# '(1#72.-'9( %$.)* :%# 2.)'.,8

;.2. )#1#2&'(.2 < '&/*(#&*$ ,. -*()'-'9( )# 5*2)#8 =.5#&*$ >%# V (b) = V0 +
q0
/*2 1.(1* C = V0 4 0
1b + #(1*(-#$

q0 1 1
V (r) = + V0
40 r b
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q0 1 1
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er
V (r) = q
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E
q
er (1 + r)r
r 40 r2
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0
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~ = 1 2
(r E(r))
r2 r
1 q
= (er (1 + r) + er )
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1 q 2 r
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4 r
! !"#$%&' () '*+% $',-.

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