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Papaver somniferum
(amapola o adormidera)
jugo opio-opos = 25 alcaloides
(morfina, codeina, heroina,
papaverina, etc.).
Efectos Squicos del opio
Euforia, Placer y agrado
Sicotomimeticos,
alucinaciones.
Fuerte dependencia psquica
Somnolencia
Derivados de sintesis 3
Jan/2010. The U.S. FDA today approved Morphine Sulfate Oral Solution
for the relief of moderate to severe, acute and chronic pain in opioid-
tolerant patients. This medicine will be available in 100 mg per 5 mL or 20
mg per 1 mL.
RECEPTORES OPIOIDES
N-OFQ
Delta 1,2 Analgesia espinal
Analgesia y
antinocepcion termica espinal
Mu1anal
DISTRIBUCION RECEPTORES mu: a nivel central,
espinales y perifrico.
(kc)
(knb)
(ue)
(ke)
(d)
N/OFQ (up)
1. mu (u) (morfina y morfinosimiles)
Distribuidos a nivel central, espinales y perifericos.
- Cerebro: dolor e
integracion de la
informacion nociceptiva
ascendente.
- Sistema limbico y
Corteza c: Aspectos
afectivos y emocionales.
- Espinal: responsables de
analgesia.
- Efectos aversivos,
disforia y efectos
sicotomimeticos
(alucinaciones).
Receptores Opioides
3. delta (d) 1 y 2
< abundantes.
- Responsables de
analgesia y anti-
nocicepcion
termica espinal.
4. N/OFQ
Analgesia a nivel
espinal.
ANALGESICOS OPIOIDES
Clasificacion (Receptores)
- Vias urinarias
7- Otros: vomito y tos.
b -Otros: Utero y accin
inmunosupresora
PROPIEDADES FARMACOLOGICAS
SNC:
dosis exitac=hiperalgesia paradjica y aversin.
1. ANALGESIA.
Potente, visceral y somatico: colico biliar, IAM, Ca.
2. PLACER Y
AGRADO
Activa R en N acumbens
y locus coerulus
= bienestar, euforia,
alarma, pnico,
ansiedad, miedo.
PROPIEDADES FARMACOLOGICAS
3. SIQUISMO
Depende (dosis, personalidad, estado psicolgico previo y
ambiente).
- Pcte Ca = euforia, sensacin interna bienestar.
- Normal = disforia con ansiedad, n-v.
4. SUEO
x depresin SRA y corteza cerebral.
5. PUPILAS
Miosis c/v + intensa (=Bb, Parasimpatico,
anticolinesterasicos)
(x estimulacin c pupilo-constrictor
en mesencfalo) = sobredosis.
Exalta reflejo pupilar a luz.
PROPIEDADES FCOLOGICAS
6. RESPIRACION
Depresores continuos.
Muerte es x paro respiratorio
(depresin c respiratorio de tallo
cerebral).
Dosis Terap. frecuencia y amplitud
Estimula
Liberacin:
ACTH
GH
PRL
HAD Inhibe
GnRH
FSH,
LH,
TSH.
PROPIEDADES FARMACOLOGICAS
OTROS en SNC:
Vomito
(x estimulacin zona quimioR IV ventrculo).
Pero dosis = antiemtico
2. peristalsis (vaciado
3.
gastrico y transito int)
1.
2. 3. produccion de
secreciones digestivas.
Aparato Digestivo:
rbol hepato-biliar
(tono) bilis en v.b.
presion v. biliares.
10
Contrarrestado x: escopolamina,
atropina y nitroglicerina.
TX colicos biliares??
+antiespasmodicos
PROPIEDADES FARMACOLOGICAS 3
12. Otros.
UTERO. trabajo de parto x tono, amplitud y
frecuencia.
- Cruza placenta depresion respiratoria RN.
- ACCION INMUNOSUPRESORA x R mu
infecciones y diseminacion neoplasias ?.
USOS CLINICOS
1. Analgesico potente: traumatico, IAM,
EAPulmon, Ca terminal, colico biliar. (I.M., oral,
intratecal).
2. Antidiarreico (loperamida-Inmodium-loridin,
laudano y elixir paregorico).
4. Hipnotico? x dolor
INTOXICACION AGUDA
Accidente o suicidio
Dosis toxicas: 60 -100g-200mmg.
l
Medidas generales:
NALOXONA 1 amp 0.4 mg en 5 ml SS
lentamente. Repetir.
INTOXICACION CRONICA
Farmacodependencia:
Acostumbramiento Habito Dependencia
fisica y psiquica- Adiccion.
Sd abstinencia..
INTOXICACION CRONICA
Dependencia: sigue consumiendo a pesar
de estar consciente de los problemas.
Tratamiento MD
Reemplazo de Narcoticos:
Metadona 30mg. Levometadol 80 mg
Clonidina 0.4-2mg o Lofexidina.
Naloxona i.v.
I.2. DERIVADOS DE
SINTESIS
a. G. MEPERIDINA (pethidine o
demerol); difenoxilato, loperamida,
fentanilo80-100, sufentanilo1000.
2. DERIVADOS DE SINTESIS
b. G. METADONA (dolofina o amidona);
Dxmoramida, D-propoxifeno1/2. tramadol.
2. DERIVADOS DE SINTESIS
c. Grupo MORFINANO y del
BENZOMORFANO: Dxmetorfano,
levorfanol.
PROPIEDADES FARMACOLOGICAS
= Morfina (cuantitativas)
SNC: Dosis = efectos sicologicos = Morfina
Usos clinicos:
Analgesia: dolor cronico.
Neuroleptoanalgesia: fentanilo+droperidol.
Adyuvantes en anestesia G: subfentanilo,
alfentanilo, remifentanilo.
Diarrea: loperamida y difenoxilato.
Tos: codeina y Dxmetorfan
Sd abstinencia a opioides: metadona y
levometadil.
Nov.2010.
Fentanyl Transdermal System: Recall - Potential for Active Ingredient to
Release Faster Than Specified
N-OFQ
Delta 1,2 Analgesia espinal
Analgesia y
antinocepcion termica espinal
Mu1anal
IV. ANTAGONISTAS PUROS
Naloxona (Narcan) y Naltrexona+ (Nalorex)
USOS:
Antagonistas en Intoxicacion
aguda y cronica x M (15 mg de
naltrexona antagoniza a M x 48
h).
+++Antagonizar depresion
respiratoria.
IV. ANTAGONISTAS PUROS
Naloxona (Narcan) y Naltrexona+ (Nalorex)
Naltrexona en:
Tx de alcoholismo crnico
(toxicidad hepatica?)./
The U.S. FDA today (Jan 10, 2011) approved Abstral (fentanyl) transmucosal tablets to
manage breakthrough pain for adults with cancer. Fentanyl immediate-release
transmucosal medications are administered on the soft surfaces of the mouth (inside of
the cheek, gums, tongue), or the nasal passages or throat where they dissolve and are
absorbed.
Abstral is indicated for the management of breakthrough pain in patients with cancer,
ages 18 years and older, who already use opioid pain medication around the clock and
who need and are able to safely use high doses of an additional opioid medicine.
The United States is in the grip of an epidemic of prescription drug overdoses. Over
27,000 people died from overdoses in 2007, a number that has risen five-fold since 1990
and has never been higher. Prescription drugs are now involved in more overdose deaths
than heroin and cocaine combined.
This disturbing mortality trend parallels a ten-fold increase in the medical use of opioid
painkillers like oxycodone and hydrocodone. The increased availability of such
powerful drugs has led to widespread abuse - according to the 2009 National Survey on
Drug Use and Health, more than 5 million Americans abused opioid painkillers in the
past month. In addition to the threat of overdose, these people face an elevated risk of
injury, crime-related violence, and suicide
Today (April 26, 2011), the White House unveiled a multi-agency plan aimed at
reducing the epidemic of prescription drug abuse in the U.S. In concert with the
White House plan, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is announcing a new
risk reduction programcalled a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategyfor all
extended-release and long-acting opioid medications.
FDA experts say extended-release and long-acting opioidsincluding OxyContin,
Avinza, Dolophine, Duragesic, and eight other brand namesare extensively
misprescribed, misused, and abused, leading to overdoses, addiction, and even deaths
across the United States. FDA says a 2007 survey revealed that more than half of
opioid abusers got the drug from a friend or relative.
Opioidssuch as morphine and oxycodoneare used to treat moderate and severe
pain. Over the past few decades, drug makers have developed extended-release
opioid formulas to treat people in pain over a long period.
The new REMS plan focuses primarily on: educating doctors about proper pain
management, patient selection, and other requirements and improving patient
awareness about how to use these drugs safely. As part of the plan, FDA wants
companies to give patients education materials, including a medication guide that
uses consumer friendly language to explain safe use and disposal.