Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
MUROS DE CONTENCIN
USO DE MUROS DE CONTENCIN
CLASIFICACIN
DISEO DE MUROS DE CONTENCIN
Informacin General
Condiciones de Terreno
Cargas
DISEO DE MUROS DE GRAVEDAD
DISEO DE MUROS CANTILEVER
DISEO DE MUROS CON CONTRAFUERTES
ESTABILIDAD DE MUROS DE CONTENCIN
DRENAJE
INTRODUCCIN
Los muros de contencin son estructuras que proporcionan
estabilidad al terreno natural u otro material cuando se modifica su
talud natural. Se utiliza como soporte de rellenos, productos
mineros y agua.
Los tipos de muros de contencin son:
Gravedad,
Cantilever,
Apoyado,
Entramado,
Relleno
Cuerpo
Base o cimentacin
Pie de base
Taln de base
Llave
Inclinacin de muro
Keys
(a)
Approach siab
Approach
fill
(b)
(e)
Stretcher
(f)
Optional
piles
Headers
Face of wall
Counterforts
Note : Cells to be
filled with soil
(c)
(d)
Figure 12-1 Types of retaining walls. (a) gravity walls of stone masonry, brick or plain concrete. Weight provides
overturning and sliding stability; (b) cantilever wall; (c) counterfort, or buttressed wall. If backfill covers
counterforts, the wall is termed a counterfort; (d) crib wall; (e) semigravity wall (small amount of steel reinforcement
is used); (f) bridge abutment
Cut
Cut
Fill
Fill
(a)
Cut
Fill
(b)
Water
Water
(c)l
(e)
(d)
High water
level
(f)
(g)
Figure 3.22 Common use of retaining wall : (a) Hill side roads
(b) Elevated and depressed roads, (c) Load scaping
(d) Canals and locks (e) Erosin protection (f) Flood walls
(g) Bridge abutment.
Backfill
Front
face
Backface
Batter
Key between successive
concrete pours for high
walls
Key
Stem
Heel
Toe
Base, base slab or footing
200 mm minimum
(300 mm preferable)
Minimum batter
1
H
48
B/3
H/12 to H/10
Below frost depth
and seasonal
volume change
B = 0.4 to 0.7 H
200-300 mm
1
48 min
H
H
H
to
14 12
B=
-0
0.3
0.4
H
.6
200 mm minimum
.7
0.30 m to H/12
Minimum
batter
1:48
Slope change
to reduce
concrete
H
D to D
H/8 to H/6
D
May be
sloped
0.5 to 0.7 H
(a)
(b)
H
R
Ko H
Figure 12-6 Pressure diagram for very rigid retaining walls. If some
lateral movement can take place the resultant R can be
placed at 1/3 point; with no movement place R at
point. Note use of Ko, not Ka.
ESTABILIDAD DE MUROS
Se debe proporcionar un adecuado factor de seguridad contra el
deslizamiento. El empuje pasivo delante del muro puede omitirse si
ocurrir socavacin.
Se puede utilizar llaves en la cimentacin para aumentar la
estabilidad . La mejor localizacin es en el taln.
FSs =
FSv =
1.5-2.0
d
a
Ws
Pv
Wc
Pa =
Ph
1 Hp Kp = Pp
2
Ph = Pa cos
H
b
Hp
Pv = Pa cos
Ws = weight of abcd
B
e
2
2 H Ka
Fr
R = Ws + Wc + Pv
Fr = R tan + cB + Pp
Fr
F=
1.5
Ph
Hp
L L
L
Friction and
cohesion
(a)
L
This may happen
(b)
Pp = Hp2 Kp
Possible passive
soil failure
Pp a
b
Heel key
located here
Figure 12-8 Stability against sliding using a base key . (a) Base key near
stem so that stem steel may be run into the key; but (b) the
sliding surface may develop as shown here where little aid is
gained from using the key; (c) heel key which presents two
possible modes of failure (passive and slip along the plane).
a, meters
1.22
0.61
1.83
Example: = 30 ka = 0.33
H = 6; take (a+b) = 0.5H = 3
Enter chart with H2kg = 132 and
read horizontally to b = 2.10
a= 0.9 These dimensions may
be used for the first trial.
a=
H2 kg
4 (m+b)
b2
(m+b)
b
3
2
4
m=1
m=2
3000
37.2
'
12
b
7
.6
(3
'
12
200
100
7
.6
(3
'
10
5
.0
3
(
27.9
m
5
.0
(3
H2ka, m2
400
)
m
4
=
.4
b
(2
m)
'
8
4
.4
=
18.6
b
' (2
8
=
)
b
3m
8
.
)
(1
6'
3m
8
.
=
1
b
6' (
m)
b=
22
.
1
4' (
b=
)
22 m
.
1
(
4'
9.3
b=
m
'
10
H
a
0
0
b
5
Fig. 3.29 Chart for determining approximate dimension a and b for the base slab,
so that the resultant will fall inside the middle third (Bowles, 1968)
12
Q=W
p
10
pp
RATIO Q/P
Depthof key = B t an e
B
Example: B = 3 m; Q = 2 = 7.25 ton; Q = 20
.
. . Q/p = 2 and e = 18.5
Depth of key 3.75 tan 18.5 = 1.25 m
Also check Pp which may yield a
lower SF and be critical.
=
10
=
15
=
20
=
25
= 30
= 35
= 40
0
1
10
15
20
ANGLE OF HEEL KEY
25
30
Fig. 3.34 Chart to find the depth of heel key for a sliding factor of safety of
1.5. Curves not valid for = 0 (Bowles, 1968)
Wc
Pa
Pa
V = Wc + Pv
(a)
Ws
Wc
Pv = Pa sin
Ph = Pa cos
Pa
90 -
If small
neglect
V = Wc + Ws + Pv
b)
Figure 12-9 Forces on a gravity wall (a) Coulomb analysis; (b) Rankine analysis
Ws
Wc
Wc
Hw
Pa
Pa cos
Pa
Hw
3
H
3
M1
qheel
qtoe
V
(b)
Sometimes omitted
V = Ws + Wc + Pa sin
Included because
it is in q
qs = (average height of soil) x + D
(a)
c Df
(weight of concrete
Omit
soil
Df
M2
V
(c)
Df
M3
Neglect vertical
component of Pa
q heel
(d)
Figure 12-10 Forces on cantilever wall. (a) Entire unit; free bodies for; (b) stem;
(c) toe; (d) heel. Note that M1 + M2 + M3 0.0.
q = hKa cos
h
Q = qdh
M = Qdh
V
M
(a)
c Df
q1
qt
Df
qs
x
q = qt - sx - q1
qh
x
B
q = qh + sx - q1
x
Heel: Q = qdx
o
x
qdx
M = Qdx
Toe: Q =
Df
M = Qdx
(b)
Figure 12-11 Cantilever retaining wall. (a) Stem shear and moments; (b) toe and
heel shears and moments.
q = H
trip
it s
un
trip
l s
tri
Equivalent beam
Treat as a
cantilever
Top
Bottom
Kl
If it is desired that the
cantilever moment equal
interior counterfort
moments take kl= 0.41l
l
l
Counterforts
Use
ql2
for top strips of stem with an average q on
10
a unit strip
Use
ql2
for strips near the bottom of stem because
12
of fixity of stem to base
Use
ql2
for all strips in the heel. Use an average net q
10
for the heel pressure; consider both H and the
upward acting soil pressure
H/4
H/4
H/4
H/4
H/4
H/4
H/2
q = HKa
q/2
q
q/2
q
q/2
q/2
0.41 l
l
- 1/20
l
-1/11
-1/11
-1/11
-1/11
Unit
+ 1/16
+ 1/16
M=
11
+ 1/16
q l 2
q l 2
M=
0.41 l
16
-1/20
-1/12
-1/12
l
-1/12
-1/12
-1/12
-1/12
Unit
+ 1/20
ql 2
M=
12
+ 1/20
ql 2
M=
20
Use q from the shaded portions of the pressure diagrams in (a). Moment
coefficientes are shown. Compute moments for several strips near top, midheight
and near bottom.
(b)
H/4
H/2
Assume M = const.
In this zone
H/4
M 0
+M =
M
4
-M = 0.03 qHl
V = 0.2 qH
q = HKa
(a)
+M
Stem
-M
Counterfort
l/3
l/3
Counterfort
l/3
(b)
Ws
1
Pa = 2 H2 Ka
H/3
3
Dc
Mt
4
qf
Wcb = c bDc
The increase in heel pressure due
to the toe moment is:
w' =
qs =
Ws + Wcb
b
qb =
Pb sin
b
q'b =
P'b sin
b
2.4 Mt
b2
W' =
2
w' b
3
qnet
q = w + qs + qb + q'b
V = fuerza vertical
d = factor de profundidad
Componente horizontal de Pa
B' = B - 2e
q = V Vec q
a
A
I
(e L/6)
ASENTAMIENTOS
Los asentamientos en terreno granular se desarrollan durante la
construccin del muro y el relleno.
Los asentamientos en terreno cohesivo se desarrollan con la teora de
consolidacin.
La resultante debe mantenerse en el tercio central para mantener
asentamiento uniforme y reducir la inclinacin. La presin del terreno en
el pie es el doble cuando la excentricidad de la resultante es L/6 como
cuando la excentricidad es cero.
INCLINACIN
Pa
Backfill
Wbackfill
Excessive toe
settlement
(a)
Underlying strata of compresible material as
clay or peat
(b)
Figure 12-16 Settlement failures. (a) Excessive forward tilt due to a high toe
pressure; (b) excesive settlement and tilt due to backfill. The
latter is a common potential problem at bridge abutments caused
by the approach fill
Wall tilts
back
Segment
rotates
h
Soft material with
low shear strength
Figure 12-17 Soil shear failure. May be analyzed by the Swedish-circle method. A
shallow failure occurs when base soil fails. A deep failure occurs
if the poor soil stratum is underlying a better soil as in the figure.
Pc
H
b'
b
Compression
Tension (Possible)
On olny horizontal plane as bb'
the shear stress (V) ls:
e'
c
V=
B'
Tension
c'
Q 6e
fc =
0.45 f c'
1
12 B' B'
Ph
1.1 f c'
12 B'
Compression
ft =
Q 6e
1 1.6 f c'
12 B' B'
Figure 12-18 Design of a gravity retaining wall with critical points indicated.
JUNTAS EN MUROS
Juntas de Construccin
Juntas de Contraccin
Juntas de Expansin
Expansion
joint
Expansion Joint
0.411
0.411
DRENAJE
Lloraderos
Drenes longitudinales
Relleno granular
(a)
(b)
Beams
Joint
Seat
W
in
g
w
al
l
Abutment
Backfill
Pw
Monolithic
Pab
Figure 12-21 Brigde abutment and wing-wall earth pressure and methods of
construction.
Tension
Counterfort
Wall
Pressure diagram
c.g.s.
Qc
y
c.g.s.
qh
arm
Tension
Qc y = As fy (arm)
CL
CL
///
fixed
X,Y rot = 0
Counterfort
Y-rotations = 0
Wall
Typical grid
Figure 12-23
Counterfort
A
Counterfort main
reinforcing
Face wall
B
Main reinforcing in
face of wall
Pipe sleave or
opening in counter
fort for drain pipe
Weep holes
Main reinforcing in
toe slab.
Horizontal const.
Joint for high wall
B
Face of
wall
U-ties.
Counterfort
Dowls.
A
Main reinforcing in
heel slab.
SECTION A-A
SECTION B-B
DATOS
ESCOGER METODO
DE ANALISIS
DISEO ESTATICO
CALCULO DE EMPUJE
RANKINE
COULOMB
MONONOBEOKABE
CULMANN
PRAKASHSARAN
Dimensionamiento de Pantalla
Peralte minimo por corte
Clculo de Fuerzas y
Momentos Estabilizantes
Aumenta longitud
de la base
FSD = Sumh / Eh
FSD 1.5
NO
FSV = Mi/Me
NO
FSD 1.5
Esfuerzos en la base:
Smax, Smin
qa Smax
NO
Diseo de la pantalla
Refuerzo Principal y secundario grfico para determinar
Altura de corte de fierro
Aumenta altura de la
zapata
NO
Vmax > Vact
NO
Prdida
de Presin
en taln
Refuerzo Principal y
Secundario
FIN
SI
Variar
Momentos
0.25 m
w = 2 Ton / m2
1 = 32
H1 = 2.0 m.
c1 = 0
1 = 1.70 T / m3
2 = 28
6.0 m
H2 = 2.5 m.
c2 = 1 T / m2
2 = 1.80 T / m3
2 = 20
H3 = 1.5 m.
1.5 m
cb = 2.5 T / m2
2 = 1.9 T / m3
0.50
13 m
2 = 20
3.90 m
cb = 2.5 T / m2
2 = 1.9 T / m3
Figura 2
0.20 m
= 10
2 = 28
cb = 0
2 = 1.8 T / m3
5.0 m
= 10
Csh = 0.10
Csv = 0
1.20
0.50
1.20 m
2 = 30
3.60 m
cb = 1 T / m2
b = 2 T / m3
Figura 3