Historia de Espaa Bachillerato TEMA 12.

- SUBLEVACIN MILITAR Y GUERRA CIVIL INTRODUCCIN

La Guerra Civil espa la !ue la " #"lusi$# %r&'i"a (e u#a serie (e si%ua"i #es )ue *i"ier # pr&"%i"a+e#%e i+p si,le la " #vive#"ia e#%re sus *a,i%a#%es. S ,re ella- se *a es"ri% - %a#% e# Espaa " + e# el e.%ra#/er - 0a )ue (es(e su es%alli( *a lla+a( p (er sa+e#%e la a%e#"i$# (e peri (is%as- s "i$l ' s- # velis%as- p li%$l ' s*is% ria( res1 La Guerra Civil es u#a 'uerra !ra%ri"i(a p r)ue e#!re#%$ a l s espa les (ivi(i( s e# ( s ,a#( s2 - 3 r u# la( el ,a#( repu,li"a# 2 el )ue ' ,er#a,a %ras las ele""i #es (e !e,rer (el 45 0 )ue " #%a,a " # el ap 0 (e la +a0 r6a (e l s %ra,a/a( resi#%ele"%uales (e i7)uier(a 0 par%e (el e/8r"i% 0 la 'uar(ia "ivil. - 3 r %r la( el ,a#( #a"i #alis%a2 el ,a#( su,leva( - ap 0a( p r la aris% "ra"ia- %erra%e#ie#%es- al%a ,ur'ues6a- la I'lesia- el e/8r"i% 0 l s se"% res +&s " #serva( res. Es u# (e l s a" #%e"i+ie#% s +&s i+p r%a#%es 0 (e"isiv s (e la *is% ria espa la (el si'l 99. Represe#%$ u#a " #!r #%a"i$# (ra+&%i"a 0 sa#'rie#%a (e i(e l '6as e i#%ereses s "iales (e pr !u#(as " #se"ue#"ias p l6%i"as- e" #$+i"as 0 s "iales. Au#)ue las "ausas (e la " #%ie#(a !uer # pri#"ipal+e#%e i#%er#as 0 +u0 " +ple/as- # se pue(e# (esli'ar (el " #%e.% (e u#a Eur pa su+i(a e# la "risis e" #$+i"a (e l s a s %rei#%a 0 e# la "risis p l6%i"a (e las (e+ "ra"ias ""i(e#%ales e# el peri ( (e e#%re'uerras. E# es%e " #!li"% i#%ervi#ier #- a !av r 0 e# " #%ra (e "a(a u# (e l s " #%e#(ie#%es- las (is%i#%as p %e#"ias- se':# a!i#i(a(es i(e l$'i"as ; (e+ "ra"ia" +u#is+ - !as"is+ ; p r l )ue se la *a lle'a( a " #si(erar u# pre"e(e#%e (e la Se'u#(a Guerra Mu#(ial. 1.- INTERNACIONALIZACIN DEL CONFLICTO La Guerra Civil espa la %uv u#a reper"usi$# +u#(ial. E# l s +e(i s i#! r+a%iv s se (a,a# ( s visi #es (el " #!li"% 2 l s +e(i s +&s " #serva( res *a,la,a# (e la 'uerra " + u# " #!li"% para a"a,ar " # la a#ar)u6a 0 la rev lu"i$# s "ial< e# "a+,i - l s +&s (e+ "r&%i" s 0 pr 'resis%as la %a"*a,a# (e ser u# e#!re#%a+ie#% e#%re (e+ "ra"ia 0 !as"is+ . E# 1=45 Eur pa vive u#a si%ua"i$# e.pl siva2 Ale+a#ia e I%alia e/er"e# i#!lue#"ia s ,re las (ere"*as ""i(e#%ales. E# Ale+a#ia- >i%ler %e#6a p (eres a,s lu% s 0 e+pe7a,a a i#"u+plir l s a"uer( s (e Versalles s ,re +ili%ari7a"i$#. E# I%alia- Muss li#i (iri'6a u# Es%a( " rp ra%iv 0 !as"is%a a la ve7 )ue e+pre#(6a u#a p l6%i"a e.pa#si #is%a p r ?!ri"a.

Historia de Espaa Bachillerato -

E# @ra#"ia ' ,er#a,a el @re#%e 3 pular (e Blu+- ,a/ i#!lue#"ia s vi8%i"a pe r " # la p si"i$# (e la (ere"*a. E# la URSS- S%ali# (iri'6a u#a (i"%a(ura " +u#is%a. Gra# Bre%aa %e+6a )ue el " #!li"% espa l se " #vir%iera e# +u#(ial s ,re % ( "ua#( Espaa pi(e a0u(a i#%er#a"i #al. 3 r ell pr pi"i$ la ! r+a"i$# (el Comit de No Intervencin " #sis%e#%e e# +a#%e#erse #eu%rales 0 " +pr +e%erse e# a,s%e#erse (e e#viar ap 0 +ili%ar a Espaa. Es%e a"uer( se !ir+a e# a' s% (e 1=45 0 # es u# pa"% " le"%iv si# u#a serie (e (e"lara"i #es u#ila%erales " i#"i(e#%es a i#i"ia%iva i#'lesa. E# reali(a( !ue u#a !arsa 0a )ue +u"* s (e l s !ir+a#%es AAle+a#ia- I%alia- @ra#"ia- URSSB i#%ervi#ier # e# el " #!li"% . La a0u(a i#%er#a"i #al a l s ( s ,a#( s *i7 )ue se pr l #'ara la 'uerra.

El !ndo n!cion!l re"i,i$ a0u(as (e2 La Ale+a#ia (e >i%ler ap r%$ avia"i$# ALe'i$# "$#( rB 0 !l %a Aa" ra7a( Ceu%s"*la#(B- * +,res 0 ar+a+e#% s. La I%alia (e Muss li#i ap r%$ par%e (e su avia"i$#- el Cuerp (e %r pas v lu#%arias 0 a0u(a e# +a%erial (e 'uerra. El 3 r%u'al (e Sala7ar a0u($ " # s l(a( s v lu#%ari s A los viriatosB- sirvi$ (e lu'ar (e re!u'i para " #spira( res espa les a#%irrepu,li"a# s 0 ap r%$ ap 0 l '6s%i" Aus (e ,ases a8reas- puer% s +ar6%i+ sB. Marrue" s ap r%$ u# p %e#%e e/8r"i% . Irla#(a- p r a!i#i(a( reli'i sa- e#vi$ v lu#%ari s.

L! Re"# lic! " #%$ " #2 La URSS pus e# +a# s (e l s repu,li"a# s- +a%erial (e 'uerra A%a#)uesavi #esB )ue la Rep:,li"a pa'$ " # el r (el Ba#" (e Espaa 0 " # pr (u"% s +i#erales 0 a'r6" las. A#%e el %e+ r (e )ue el %es r (el Ba#" (e Espaa "a0era e# +a# s (e @ra#" - e# sep%ie+,re (e 1=45- el ' ,ier# e#v6a el (i#er (el Ba#" a M s": para )ue !uese "us% (ia( p r el Dre+li+. El (i#er # v lvi$ #u#"a p r)ue la URSS l e+ple$ e# las a0u(as )ue +a#(a,a. Es el lla+a( Epr ,le+a (el r (e M s":F. 3 r %ra par%e- el D +i%er# AI#%er#a"i #al C +u#is%aB pr pu'#$ la ! r+a"i$# (e las $ri%!d!& Intern!cion!le&' u# e/8r"i% (e v lu#%ari s pr "e(e#%es (e (is%i#% s pa6ses (ispues% s a lu"*ar " #%ra el !as"is+ . Es%uvier # i#%e'ra(as p r !ra#"eses- aus%ria" s e i%alia# s a#%i!as"is%asi#%ele"%uales (e i7)uier(a- EEUU- Ca#a(& e I#'la%erra. @uer # re"lu%a( s p r u# C +i%8 e# 3ar6s 0 se " #"e#%ra,a# e# Al,a"e%e para su i#s%ru""i$# 0 lue' se i#%e'ra,a# al E/8r"i% Repu,li"a# . Apare"e# p r pri+era ve7 e# es"e#a e# el @re#%e (e Ma(ri( e# # vie+,re (el 45. @ra#"ia a#%e la presi$# (e la (ere"*a !ra#"esa 0 la p s%ura ,ri%&#i"a a0u($ ap r%a#( 4GG avi #es per " # su a(*esi$# al " +i%8 (e N I#%erve#"i$# s l " la, r$ " # la aper%ura (e sus !r #%eras.

Historia de Espaa Bachillerato -

EEUU +a#%e#6a vi'e#%e su le0 (e #eu%rali(a( )ue i+pe(6a- e# %e r6a ve#(er ar+as a pa6ses e# 'uerra. El 3resi(e#%e @ra#Hli# C. R sevel% se + s%r$ pers #al+e#%e par%i(ari (e la Rep:,li"a- al i'ual )ue l s ar%is%as- el "i#e 0 el peri (is+ . Si# e+,ar' l s #e' "i s # e#%ie#(e# (e i(e l '6as 0 la e+presa Te.as Iil C +pa#0 sur%i$ a @ra#" (el pe%r$le )ue #e"esi%$. M8.i" e#vi$ +u#i"i #es 0 !usiles (e su pr pi e/8r"i% .

(.- LA )UERRA * +U+ FA+E+ (.1.- L! +, lev!cin milit!r El ' lpe +ili%ar lleva,a %ie+p prepar&#( se per l s asesi#a% s (el 12 0 14 (e Juli a#%i"ipar # el leva#%a+ie#% al 1K (e Juli e# Melilla 0 el 1L (e Juli (e 1=45 e# la 3e#6#sula- el "ual (ur$ *as%a el 21. E# +ar7 (e 1=45- la UME AU#i$# Mili%ar Espa laB- e+,ri$# (el al7a+ie#% prese#%$ a vari s 'e#erales a#%irrepu,li"a# s- el pr 0e"% (e su,leva"i$# )ue i,a a ser e#"a,e7a( p r Sa#/ur/ - e.ilia( e# Lis, a. El pla# " #sis%6a e# u#a (e"lara"i$# (e es%a( (e 'uerra p r l s "api%a#es 'e#erales 0 !i"iales " +pr +e%i( s 0- a " #%i#ua"i$#- la a""i$# p l6%i"a )ue se llevar6a a "a, " # el ap 0 (e "iviles (ere"*is%as. Al + rir Sa#/ur/ e# a""i(e#%e (e avia"i$#- el pla# pasa a ser (iri'i( p r el 'e#eral E+ili M la (es(e Navarra )uie# (ese"*$ la a""i$# i#+e(ia%a s ,re Ma(ri( 0 + #%$ u# (isp si%iv +ili%ar (e su,leva"i$# si+ul%&#ea e# (i!ere#%es 'uar#i"i #es a(i"%as e# el %erri% ri #a"i #al2 @ra#" (es(e el sur- Ya'Me (es(e Marrue" s- Nueip (e Lla# (es(e Sevilla- G ,e( (es(e Baleares. Se pre%e#(6a u# ' lpe r&pi( )ue (espe/ara la si%ua"i$# e# p " s (6as- per # se " #si'ui$ 0 el ' lpe se " #vir%i$ e# u#a lar'a 'uerra "ivil. La su,leva"i$# " +e#7$ el 1K (e Juli (e 1=45 e# la 7 #a espa la (e Marrue" s- a ( #(e lle'$ el 'e#eral @ra#"is" @ra#" - pr "e(e#%e (e Ca#arias para *a"erse "ar' (el +a#( . El 1L (e /uli la su,leva"i$# se e.%e#(i$ p r % (a Espaa )ue(a#( (ivi(i(a e# ( s ,a#( s2 Bando sublevado i#%e'ra,a las 7 #as a'rarias 0 +e# s p ,la(as2 Gali"iaCas%illa Le$#- Navarra- Ara'$#- Baleares A+e# s Me# r"aB- al'u#as pr vi#"ias (e A#(alu"6a AC&(i7- Sevilla- "$r( ,a- Gra#a(aB- Ca#arias 0 "iu(a(es espa las (el N r%e (e ?!ri"a. A es% se u#e la i#%erve#"i$# e.%ra#/era 0 la r6'i(a (is"ipli#a +ili%ar )ue "ara"%eri7a al p %e#%e e/8r"i% (e Marrue" s. Bando republicano i#%e'ra,a las 7 #as i#(us%riali7a(as 0 las "iu(a(es +&s i+p r%a#%es2 Ma(ri(- Bar"el #a- Vale#"ia- !a"*a(a "a#%&,ri"a AAs%urias- Sa#%a#(er- 3a6s Vas" B )ue )ue($ aisla(a au#)ue " # 'uar#i"i #es su,leva(as e# Ivie( 0 Gi/$# AAs%uriasB- !ra#/a +e(i%err&#ea A(es(e M&la'a a Ca%aluaB 0 Cas%illa la Ma#"*a.

Historia de Espaa Bachillerato

Es%e ,a#( se "ara"%eri7a p r la !al%a (e r'a#i7a"i$# +ili%ar- " # +ili"ias i#e!i"a"es r'a#i7a(as p r la CNT 0 UGT Aa#ar)uis%as 0 s "ialis%asB )ue re%rasar # la ! r+a"i$# (e u# e/8r"i% !uer%e. (.-.- F!&e&. 1O2 La 'uerra (e " lu+#as e# % r# a Ma(ri( AJuli 1=45-Mar7 1=4KB

El 1L (e /uli - las %r pas (e @ra#" - " # a0u(a (e las %r pas ale+a#as e i%alia#ase!e"%:a# el pas (el e&trec/o de )i r!lt!r. R&pi(a+e#%e ( +i#a# A#(alu"6a I""i(e#%al 0 ava#7a# *a"ia E.%re+a(ura. El ,/e%iv era Ma(ri(. El " r #el Ya'Me % +a $!d!0o1- %ras ve#"er la resis%e#"ia (e l s repu,li"a# s. E# M8ri(a se u#e# el e/8r"i% #a"i #al (el sur- (iri'i( p r @ra#" 0 el (el # r%e (el 'e#eral Varela. @ra#"is" @ra#" ava#7a p r el v!lle del T!0o' " #)uis%a Talavera (e la Rei#a 0 T le( - li,era#( el Al"&7ar ( #(e resi(6a el " r #el M s"ar($. Es% !ue " #si(era( u# 8.i% +ili%ar )ue le vali$ a @ra#" para ser # +,ra( e# Bur' s Je!e (el Es%a( Espa l e# "%u,re (e 1=45. E#%re e#er 0 +ar7 (e 1=4K %ie#e lu'ar el (ur !&edio &o re 2!drid. Ma(ri( se e#" #%ra,a ,ie# (e!e#(i(a p r la Ju#%a (e Ce!e#sa (iri'i(a p r el 'e#eral Mia/a 0 las +ili"ias p pulares AEl ' ,ier# (e Lar' Ca,aller se *a %rasla(a( a Vale#"iaB. Se pr (u"e# (ur s " +,a%es e# la Casa (e Ca+p 0 e# la Ciu(a( U#iversi%aria. >u, %res i+p r%a#%es a%a)ues s ,re Ma(ri(2 3 r el # r%e- %ie#e lu'ar la ,a%alla (e la C rua. 3 r el sures%e- la ,a%alla (el Jara+a- )ue !ue la pri+era vi"% ria (e l s repu,li"a# s e# "a+p a,ier% . 3 r el # res%e- la ,a%alla (e Gua(ala/ara- e# la )ue l s i%alia# s r +pe# el !re#%e repu,li"a# - per a#%e la " #%ra !e#siva *u0e# e# (es,a#(a(a. !t!ll! de 23l!%!- u#a +a#i ,ra (e

E# !e,rer (e es%e a %ie#e lu'ar la (is%ra""i$# (e %r pas i%alia#as.

Es%a pri+era e%apa se sal(a " # la es%a,ili7a"i$# (e l s !re#%es. Ma(ri( se'u6a e# +a# s repu,li"a#as 0 @ra#" se la#7a a la " #)uis%a (e la P #a N r%e2 3a6s Vas" Ca#%a,ria 0 As%urias- u#a 7 #a aisla(a per (e 'ra# i+p r%a#"ia es%ra%8'i"a p r sus i#(us%rias. 2O2 Guerra e# el N r%e AMar7 - I"%u,re 1=4KB El ,/e%iv era *a"erse " # sus re"urs s e#er'8%i" s e i#(us%riales A"ar,$#si(erur'ia 0 !&,ri"as (e ar+asB. El e/8r"i% #a"i #al re"i,e a0u(as (e la avia"i$# ale+a#a Ale'i$# C$#( rB 0 , +,ar(ea# Cura#' 0 Guer#i"a. C #)uis%a# el li% ral "a#%&,ri" A3a6s Vas" - Ca#%a,ria- As%uriasB. El e/8r"i% repu,li"a# (iri'i( p r Mia/a 0 a0u(a( p r %a#)ues rus s- i#%e#%a e+, lsar al e/8r"i% (el N r%e !ra#)uis%a- aliviar la presi$# s ,re el N r%e 0 (is%raer la

Historia de Espaa Bachillerato

a%e#"i$# (e las %r pas (e @ra#" . 3ara ell la#7a# !e#sivas (es(e el "e#%r 0 a,re# l s !re#%es (e $r,nete AMa(ri(B 4 $elc/ite AAra'$#B. 4O Guerra e# el Es%e AI"%u,re 1=4K ; Ci"ie+,re 1=4LB El ,/e%iv era ,us"ar la sali(a al Me(i%err&#e 0 (ivi(ir la 7 #a repu,li"a#a e# ( s 0 (e/ar Ca%alua aisla(a. L s repu,li"a# s la#7a# u#a !e#siva e# el Ba/ Ara'$# 0 % +a# Teruel- per l s #a"i #ales la re"upera# e# p " %ie+p 0 " #si'ue# lle'ar al +ar p r Vi#ar 7 ACas%ell$#B (e/a#( a la 7 #a repu,li"a#a par%i(a e# ( s ACa%alua 0 Vale#"iaB U#a (e las " #se"ue#"ias !ue la (i!i"ul%a( (e " +u#i"a"i #es e#%re l s ( s %erri% ri s )ue (e,6a# *a"erse p r v6a a8rea 0 su,+ari#a. L s repu,li"a# s- (iri'i( s p r el 'e#eral L6s%er- rea""i #a# " # la !e#siva )ue e+pre#(e# e# el vera# (e 1=4L2 la $!t!ll! del E ro. @ue la ,a%alla +&s (e"isiva (e % (a la 'uerra 0 supus u# 'ra# es!uer7 . @ue u#a ,a%alla (e (es'as%e )ue (ur$ %res +eses 0 +e(i . La vi"% ria !ue para l s #a"i #ales. El ,ala#"e !ue (e #u+er sas +uer%es 0 ,a/as e# a+, s e/8r"i% s per - %ras es%a ,a%alla- se (e"i(i$ "lara+e#%e la vi"% ria a !av r (e l s #a"i #ales. QO C #)uis%a (e Ca%alua 0 !i# (e la 'uerra ACi"ie+,re 1=4L ; A,ril 1=4=B Tras la ,a%alla (el E,r - @ra#" se ap (era (e Ca%alua- ( #(e se *a,6a %rasla(a( el ' ,ier# (e la Rep:,li"a e# "%u,re (e 1=4K- 0 % +a Bar"el #a e# e#er (e 1=4=. Miles (e espa les *u0e# al e.ili p r la !r #%era (e l s 3iri#e s- e#%re es% s * +,res se e#"ue#%ra el p e%a A#% #i Ma"*a( - el repu,li"a# Mar%6#e7 Barri s el presi(e#%e (e la Rep:,li"a Ma#uel A7aa )uie# (i+i%e. A#%e es% - l s ' ,ier# s (e @ra#"ia- Gra# Bre%aa- EEUU- e+pie7a# a re" # "er al r8'i+e# (e @ra#" . Mie#%ras- l s e/8r"i% s repu,li"a# s (el "e#%r 0 (el sur +a#%ie#e# sus p si"i #es ( s +eses +&s AMa(ri( "api%al- u#a par%e (e Cas%illa La Ma#"*a- la 7 #a " s%era leva#%i#a *as%a Al+er6a 0 la par%e # r%e (e la pr vi#"ia (e Gra#a(aB. El presi(e#%e (el ' ,ier# - Ne'r6#- vuelve a Ma(ri( para r'a#i7ar la resis%e#"ia a % (a " s%a- ,ie# e# ,us"a (e la pa7 * #r sa para e#la7ar " # la previsi,le II Guerra Mu#(ial. Si# e+,ar' - el !i#al l (ese#"a(e#a el ' lpe (e Es%a( (el C r #el Casa( /e!e (el e/8r"i% repu,li"a# (el Ce#%r - respal(a( p r a#ar)uis%as 0 s "ialis%as- )uie# i#s%i%u0e e# Ma(ri( u# C +i%8 (e Ce!e#sa e# el )ue es%a,a Juli&# Bes%eir - presi(e#%e (e las C r%es repu,li"a#as- )ue )uer6a 'es%i #ar u#a re#(i"i$# * #r sa )ue @ra#" i+pus )ue !uera i#" #(i"i #al. >u, seis (6as (e 'uerra "ivil e#%re " +u#is%as )ue ap 0a,a# al ' ,ier# (e Ne'r6# 0 las !uer7as leales al C +i%8 (e Ce!e#sa. Es%a si%ua"i$# !ue apr ve"*a(a p r las %r pas #a"i #ales )ue e#%rar # e# Ma(ri( el 2L (e +ar7 si# resis%e#"ia. I#+e(ia%a+e#%e- !uer # "a0e#( el res% (e l s %erri% ri s % (av6a repu,li"a# s. El 1 (e a,ril (e 1=4=. @ra#" - (es(e su "uar%el 'e#eral e# Bur' s- a#u#"ia el !i# (e la 'uerra AEla 'uerra *a %er+i#a( FB.

Historia de Espaa Bachillerato 5.- E6OLUCIN DE LA E+7A8A RE7U$LICANA

Al es%allar la 'uerra- el presi(e#%e (el ' ,ier# era el au% # +is%a 'alle' +!nti!%o C!&!re& 9,iro%! )ue (i+i%e 0 lle'a al p (er el i7)uier(is%a J s8 Giral )uie# va a %e#er serias (i!i"ul%a(es para i+p #er su au% ri(a( a #ivel es%a%al. Ces(e Juli a Sep%ie+,re *a,r& u#a (uali(a( (e p (eres2 El ' ,ier# le'al (e J s8 Giral. El p (er p pular e# +a# s (e /u#%as 0 " +i%8s r'a#i7a( s esp #%&#ea+e#%e p r r'a#i7a"i #es p l6%i"as ,reras A3SIE- UGT- 3CE- CNT- @AIB 0 si#(i"a% s Aa#ar)uis%as- " +u#is%as 0 s "ialis%asB )ue " +ie#7a# a reali7ar "a+,i s s "iales pr !u#( s. C + +e(i(a (e 'uerra2 " #!is"a# i#(us%rias"upa# la%i!u#(i s- ! r+a# +ili"ias ar+a(as1El ' ,ier# se li+i%$ a le'ali7ar la Rev lu"i$#. E# Ca%alua- el p (er le'al (e la Ge#erali%a% !ue sus%i%ui( p r el " +i%8 (e Mili"ias A#%i!as"is%as ACNT- 3IUM A%r %sHis%as1B )ue (e"re%ar # +e(i(as (e 'uerra.

E# sep%ie+,re (e 1=45- lle'a al p (er " + /e!e (el ' ,ier# Lar' Ca,aller )uie#- (e sep%ie+,re a # vie+,re ! r+$ ( s ' ,ier# s- el :l%i+ ! r+a( p r s "ialis%as- repu,li"a# s- au% # +is%as "a%ala#es- " +u#is%as e i#"lus "ua%r a#ar)uis%as. Es%e ' ,ier# a( p%$ las si'uie#%es +e(i(as (e 'uerra2 Crea"i$# (e u#a Ju#%a (e Ce!e#sa (e Ma(ri(- " # represe#%a#%es (e % ( s l s par%i( s. Apr ,a"i$# (el Es%a%u% (e Au% # +6a (el 3a6s Vas" . C #versi$# (e la Guar(ia Civil e# Guar(ia Na"i #al Repu,li"a#a. Na"i #ali7a"i$# (e ,a#" s- +i#as- " +pa6as !err viarias. El ' ,ier# " #%r la % ( el sis%e+a ,a#"ari 0 + #e%ari 0 pr *6,e la e.p r%a"i$# (e r 0 (ivisas. Se rea"%iva la Re! r+a A'raria " # la i#"au%a"i$# (e %ierras 0 !&,ri"as a,a#( #a(as p r l s (ue s.

Si# e+,ar' - el ' ,ier# se va a ver (es, r(a( p r la "upa"i$# (e %ierras 0 " le"%ivi7a"i #es esp #%&#eas si# au% ri7a"i$# (el ' ,ier# . El ' ,ier# pier(e el " #%r l 0 se (esa%a Eel %err r r / F " # +a%a#7as " #%ra la (ere"*a 0 !usila+ie#% s " + el (e G ,e( J s8 A#% #i 3ri+ (e Rivera- !u#(a( r (e @ala#'e Espa la- )ue se e#" #%ra,a (e%e#i( . Se es%a,a pr (u"ie#( u#a Rev lu"i$# s "ial- )ue va a +ar"ar u#a e%apa (e "risis e# el ' ,ier# (e Lar' Ca,aller . El epis (i +&s (es%a"a( !uer # l s su"es s (e +a0 (e 1=4K- u#a 'uerra "ivil e#%re2 C +u#is%as- repu,li"a# s 0 s "ialis%as + (era( s- par%i(ari s (e u#a rev lu"i$# p r pas s- el pri+er ser6a 'a#ar la 'uerra 0 lue' reali7ar u#a rev lu"i$# s "ial. A#ar)uis%as- s "ialis%as e.al%a( s 0 %r %His%as A3IUMB- par%i(ari s (e u#a rev lu"i$# per+a#e#%e. Ca,a# pri ri(a( a la rev lu"i$# s "ial au#)ue es%uviera# e# ple#a 'uerra.

Historia de Espaa Bachillerato

Es%a si%ua"i$# (ese+, "a e# el e.%er+i#i 0 la #eu%rali7a"i$# (e a#ar)uis%as 0 el 3IUM. La @AI- li(era(a p r Curru%i- !ue ile'ali7a(a %ras la 'uerra au#)ue al'u# s +ie+,r s se i#%e'rar # e# el Ma)uis A'uerrilla a#%i!ra#)uis%aB- reapare"ie#( le'al+e#%e e# 1=KK. El 3IUM !ue ile'ali7a( %ras l s su"es s (e +a0 (e 1=4K. Tras l s su"es s (e +a0 - Lar' Ca,aller (i+i%e 0 ! r+a ' ,ier# el +8(i" Jua# Ne'r6# A3SIEB- s "ialis%a pr$.i+ al " +u#is+ . Ne'r6# va a !re#ar la Rev lu"i$# supri+ie#( las " le"%ivi7a"i #es- ! r%ale"e el p (er (el ' ,ier# 0 re r'a#i7a el e/8r"i% !av re"ie#( el as"e#s p l6%i" 0 +ili%ar (e " +u#is%as. 3 r es% l s a#ar)uis%as le %a"*a# (e E" #%rarrev lu"i #ari F- +ie#%ras es a"la+a( p r el pue,l e# Bar"el #a. Mie#%ras- l s #a"i #ales si'ue# ava#7a#( - lle'a# a Vi#ar 7 0 la 7 #a repu,li"a#a )ue($ (ivi(i(a e# ( s. Ne'r6# prese#%a l s ETre"e 3u#% sF- u#a pr pues%a (e pa7 a las %r pas !ra#)uis%as para " #s%i%uir u# r8'i+e# (e+ "r&%i" . E#%re es s pu#% s se e#" #%ra,a#2 su!ra'i u#iversal- respe% (e li,er%a(es re'i #ales (e#%r (e la u#i(a( (e Espaa- respe% a la pr pie(a( priva(a- li,er%a( (e " #"ie#"ia 0 reli'i sare! r+a a'raria ra(i"al- respe% a l s (ere"* s (e l s %ra,a/a( res- a+#is%6a1 C # la "a6(a (e Ca%alua e# +a# s (e l s #a"i #ales- se (is lvi$ su ' ,ier# " # la *u6(a (e sus +ie+,r s al e.%ra#/er . Su au% ri(a( ser& supla#%a(a p r la Ju#%a (e Ce!e#sa e# Ma(ri( " # * +,res " + Bes%eir Casa( - )ui8# (ar& u# ' lpe (e Es%a( - ap 0a( p r s "ialis%as 0 a#ar)uis%as " #%ra el ' ,ier# (e la Rep:,li"ae#%re'a#( la "api%al a l s #a"i #ales. :.- E6OLUCION DE LA E+7A8A NACIONAL E# la 7 #a !ra#)uis%a- al ser u# r8'i+e# +ili%ar- se i+pus pr #% u# !8rre " #%r l " # e/e"u"i #es- e#"ar"ela+ie#% s- e.ili s 0 perse"u"i #es. Sus v6"%i+as !uer # % ( s l s s spe"* s s (e i7)uier(is+ separa%is+ " + @e(eri" Gar"6a L r"aLluis C +pa#0s el 'e#eral Ba%e%. Ces(e el pri#"ipi (e la 'uerra- se " #s%i%u0$ la Ju#%a (e Ce!e#sa #a"i #al e# Bur' s- )ue ser& el $r'a# pr visi #al (el #uev Es%a( . Es%a Ju#%a asu+6a % ( s l s p (eres (el Es%a( Na"i #al- es%a,a presi(i(a p r el 'e#eral Ca,a#ellas 0 ! r+a,a# par%e (e ella %r s +ili%ares " + M la- C&vila- Nueip (e Lla# @ra#"is" @ra#" . La Ju#%a sus%i%u0$ a l s ' ,er#a( res "iviles p r +ili%ares- pr *i,i$ l s par%i( s p l6%i" s 0 l s si#(i"a% s- (e"lar$ el es%a( (e 'uerra e# Espaa- res%a,le"i$ la ,a#(era ,i" l r r /a 0 'ual(a !re#%e a la %ri" l r repu,li"a#a e i#i"i$ la " #%rarre! r+a a'raria. Es%a Ju#%a !ue la )ue # +,r$ a @ra#" - e# "%u,re (e 1=45- p r sus 8.i% s +ili%ares Jefe del Gobierno del Estado 0 Generalsimo de las Fuerzas Nacionales- es (e"ir- asu+6a # s$l la Je!a%ura (el Es%a( si# %a+,i8# era la +&.i+a au% ri(a( p l6%i"a 0 +ili%ar. 3 " (espu8s a( p%$ el %6%ul (e audillo de Espaa! E# a,ril (e 1=4K- @ra#" si'ue " #"e#%ra#( p (eres e# su pers #a 0 para a"a,ar " # l s e#!re#%a+ie#% s (e#%r (el par%i( !ala#'is%a %ras la +uer%e (e J s8 A#% #i 3ri+ (e Rivera 0 p #er !i# a las lu"*as p r el p (er e#%re !ala#'is%as 0

Historia de Espaa Bachillerato

"arlis%as- (e"i(e " #"e#%rar % (as las %e#(e#"ias p l6%i"as (e la Espaa Na"i #al 0 )ue )ue(e# su, r(i#a(as a @ra#" 0 para ell pr +ul'a el (e"re% (e u#i!i"a"i$# (e @ala#'e 0 JINS AJu#%as I!e#sivas Na"i #al Si#(i"alis%asB 0 l s "arlis%as e# u# par%i( :#i" (e# +i#a( @ala#'e Espa la Tra(i"i #alis%a 0 (e las JINS A@ET 0 (e las JINSB M vi+ie#% Na"i #al. 3ara ve#"er la resis%e#"ia a es%a u#i!i"a"i$#- " #(e#a a +uer%e al !ala#'is%a >e(illa Ap s%eri r+e#%e " #+u%a(aB 0 (es%ierra al %ra(i"i #alis%a @al C #(e a @errer6as AMe# r"aB E# !e,rer (e 1=4L- @ra#" ! r+$ u# ' ,ier# +ili%ar-"ivil e# Bur' s presi(i( p r 8l 0 (el )ue ! r+ar # par%e al'u# s "iviles- e#%re ell s su pr pi "ua( - Serra# Suer. Las +e(i(as % +a(as p r es%e pri+er ' ,ier# !uer #2 Cer 'ar la le'isla"i$# la, ral 0 s "ial (e la Rep:,li"a 0 aprue,a el @uer (el Tra,a/ . Era# u# s ( "u+e#% s i#spira( s e# la Car%a (el %ra,a/ i%alia#aespe"ie (e ECar%a Ma'#aF )ue (e!i#6a al #uev Es%a( " + Na"i #al 0 Si#(i"alis%a 0 es%a,le"6a el (e,er 0 l s (ere"* s (e % ( s l s espa les al %ra,a/ . Se pr *i,6a# las *uel'as 0 si#(i"a% s li,res E(e "laseF- %ra,a/a( res 0 e+presari s )ue(a,a# i#%e'ra( s ,li'a% ria+e#%e e# u# si#(i"a% :#i" si#(i"a% ver%i"al. La le0 (e 1=QG l s " #!i'ur$ " + u#a r'a#i7a"i$# si#(i"al A" #/u#% (e si#(i"a% s ver%i"ales a'rupa"i #es (e ra+as (e pr (u""i$#B- la ISE AIr'a#i7a"i$# Si#(i"al Espa laB- )ue lue' pasa a lla+arse la CNS ACe#%ral Na"i #al Si#(i"alis%aB.Ta+,i8# se "rea la Se""i$# @e+e#i#a- el @re#%e (e Juve#%u(es el SEU ASi#(i"a% Espa l U#iversi%ari B El Es%a( i#%erve#6a e# la le'isla"i$# la, ral- e# la s lu"i$# (e " #!li"% s la, rales1 Bus"ar u# a"er"a+ie#% a la I'lesia- e# " #%ra (el Es%a( Lai" Repu,li"a# . La I'lesia se *a,6a pues% (el la( su,leva( - " #si(er&#( se la 'uerra " + u#a "ru7a(a. La I'lesia re"upera a* ra el " #%r l (e la e#sea#7a- vuelve la C +pa6a (e Jes:s 0 se supri+e el +a%ri+ #i "ivil 0 el (iv r"i . El Va%i"a# A3II 9IB )ue *a,6a a( p%a( u#a a"%i%u( (e pru(e#"ia- a"a,a re" # "ie#( al r8'i+e# (e @ra#" e# 1=4L. Es% " #(u"e al Na"i #al-Ca% li"is+ re!le/a( e# el C #" r(a% (e 1=R4 !ir+a( e#%re @ra#" 0 3i 9II e# )ue se re" # "6a u# r8'i+e# ,asa( e# u# e.al%a( #a"i #alis+ 0 e# u#a r6'i(a e(u"a"i$# su/e%a a # r+as reli'i sas. C #%rarre! r+a a'raria2 Se "rea el Servi"i Na"i #al (e Re! r+a E" #$+i"a 0 S "ial (e la Tierra- )ue !ue (ev lvie#( las %ierras e.pr pia(as p r el IRA a l s pr pie%ari s. Se supri+e# las Au% # +6as (e Ca%alua 0 el 3a6s Vas" 0 se (e"re%a la u#i! r+i(a( li#'M6s%i"a ,asa(a e# el "as%ella# .

Historia de Espaa Bachillerato -

Se aprue,a la Le0 (e 3re#sa (e 1=4L )ue re" '6a la "e#sura 0 a#ula la li,er%a( (e pe#sa+ie#% e i(eas A(e *e"* el ' ,ier# era )uie# # +,ra,a a l s (ire"% res (e l s peri$(i" sB.

Tras la Guerra- se i#s%i%u0$ u# r8'i+e# % %ali%ari - si'uie#( el + (el (el !as"is+ i%alia# - " # "ara"%er6s%i"as " + 2 "ul% al l6(er- p l6%i"a e" #$+i"a au%&r)ui"a- li,er%a(es li+i%a(as- represi$# " #%ra la p si"i$# p l6%i"a- +ili%ari7a"i$# (e la /uve#%u( 0 a( "%ri#a+ie#% (e la s "ie(a(. ;.- CON+ECUENCIA+ DE LA )UERRA 7ERDIDAD <U2ANA+. N e.is%e a"uer( e# "ua#% al #:+er p r par%e (e l s *is% ria( res A2KG.GGG a 1.GGG.GGGB. Al'u# s se re!iere# s$l a +uer% s e# "a+p (e ,a%alla 0 %r s %ie#e# e# "ue#%a a l s +uer% s (e p s'uerra p r *a+,re- e#!er+e(a(- e/e"u"i #es e.ilia( s i#"lus l s # #a"i( s p r la 'uerra. E#%re las p8r(i(as *u+a#as pue(e# i#"luirse a l s e.ilia( s A4GG.GGG ; RGG.GGGB- la +a0 r6a a @ra#"ia- l s "uales %ras la II Guerra Mu#(ial ser&# "ap%ura( s e# "a+p s (e " #"e#%ra"i$# #a7i re'resar # a Espaasu!rie#( la +ar'i#a"i$#- arres%a( s e# "&r"eles i#"lus e/e"u%a( s. I%r s (es%i# s (e e.ilia( s era# M8/i" - Ar'e#%i#a- Sa#% C +i#' - C*ile- Cu,a Gi,ral%ar. Ju#% a la p8r(i(a "ua#%i%a%iva *a0 )ue %e#er e# "ue#%a la "uali%a%ivapues la +a0 r6a (e l s e.ilia( s era# i#%ele"%uales- es"ri% res- ar%is%as"ie#%6!i" s- )ue a su ve7 " #%ri,u0er # al pr 'res (e l s pa6ses *ispa# a+eri"a# s. 7ERDIDA+ 2ATERIALE+. Cis+i#u"i$# 0 re%r "es (e la pr (u""i$# a'r6" la A!al%a (e +a# (e ,ra- +a)ui#aria- 'a#a( (e la, r- a, # s1Bi#(us%rial Ai#s%ala"i #es (aa(asB 0 la re( (e " +u#i"a"i #es A+a%erial !err viari B. La re#%a #a"i #al (is+i#u0$ 0 las "iu(a(es )ue(ar # +u0 a!e"%a(as- as6 " + +u"*as vivie#(as (e par%i"ulares (es%rui(as. La re" #s%ru""i$# !ue (i!6"il p r !al%a (e p ,la"i$# a"%iva- p r el pa' (e (eu(as (e 'uerra a Ale+a#ia e I%alia- p r la p8r(i(a (e 1RG % #ela(as (e r (el Ba#" (e Espaa (ura#%e el ' ,ier# repu,li"a# e#via(as a Rusia 0 a M8/i" . El #ivel (e vi(a (es"e#(i$ respe"% a la Rep:,li"a2 es"ase7- *a+,re1 l )ue (i lu'ar al us (e las E"ar%illas (e ra"i #a+ie#% F )ue (a,a (ere"* a a()uirir se+a#al+e#%e u#a (e%er+i#a(a "a#%i(a( (e v6veres p r "iu(a(a# l )ue (i lu'ar al +er"a( #e'r . 7OL=TICA-IDEOL)ICA. Se i+p #e u#a visi$# #a"i #al-"a%$li"aa#%i+ar.is%a 0 a#%ili,eral< u# sis%e+a (i"%a% rial- si# li,er%a(es (e+ "r&%i"as.

Historia de Espaa Bachillerato -

7+ICOL)ICA+. Muer%es- "&r"eles- (epura"i #es- +ar'i#a"i$# 0 (esarrai' !uer # es%as " #se"ue#"ias +u0 i+p r%a#%es para el pue,l espa l )ue %ar(ar6a +u"* e# re"uperarse (el i+pa"% )ue supus vivir u#a 'uerra.

E# resu+e#- a par%ir (e 1=4=- la e" # +6a espa la e#%r$ e# u#a !ase (e re'resi$# 0 es%a#"a+ie#% e# % ( s l s $r(e#es. >as%a 1=R1 # se e+pe7ar& a salir (e es%a si%ua"i$#. S l e# 1=R4 se al"a#7a u# #ivel (e re#%a p r i#(ivi(u a"%iv (e a#%es (e la 'uerra 0 s l a par%ir (e 1=R=- " # l s 3la#es (e Es%a,ili7a"i$#- pu( Espaa (espre#(erse (e las :l%i+as se"uelas (e la p s'uerra.

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