Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Influencia Del Gobierno en El Comercio Internacional
Influencia Del Gobierno en El Comercio Internacional
P RC 0
/.1
KqcAM^j_fbkq^i`ljm^o^qfsl
4/ @]nau* D hk ^ ] hT ] n i ej c *40,
40 > h_ k ] Fj_,9> h_ k ] S k hq j p _ _ no Pappk@ k j pne^ q pa pk]J k na
P q op] ej ] ^ ha C q pq na * =bhmk\aR^^d&/ 1 ` a i ] u k ` a 0..7'90570
41 Oa^a__]I ej ` oa u * > i ] v k j e] * a j B]npdL ^oanr]pknu*n a _ q l a n] ` k ah
/ 1 ` a ] ^ n eh` a 0.//` a d ppl 8--a]npd k^ oanr] pknu,j ]o],ckr-Ca]pq na o-
h+ ? >
4/ ? n ] v ehI a c] hev a oO ] ej +bkna opL s j a n o d el e j Cn] j_a+Peva> na ] *
JkjpnnqGBZs^mm^&05` a fq j ek ` a0 . . 7 r*> / 6 ,
43 > i ] v k j A n k q c d p o Fj _na] oa@ hei ] pa@ d ] j c k C a ] no *@ K K t k i * na
_ q l a n] ` k ah2` a ba^nank` a 0.//` a s s s , _ j j t k i - 0 . / / - T L O I A -
> i a ne_ ] - . 0 - . 2 - ^ n] v ,] i ] v k be` nk q c d p- ej ` a t ,d pi h
44 BeZqhNfbmaFDbg^.,-,<ggnZbM^ihkm(r ] ne] ol ~ c ej ] o*na _ q l a n] ` k ` a
s s s , c o g _ k i - ej ` a t , d p i
4 5 C n n` a neg ?]hbkqn* C]h_ao! *=nlbg^llR^^d&5` a he^ n a nk ` a 0..3'934,
46 J en e] i Gkn`]* ? n ] v ehpkP penR l > F A P + A n q c ?]ppha *SSehGh Nmk^^e
ehnf Ze &3` a oalpeai ^na` a 0..1'8> 1 9 ? n ] v ehpk? na ] g J a n_ g > / A P
A n q c M ] pa j p *q j ] deopkne]` a <llh]Zm^]Kk^lll q ^ he_ ] ` ] a j h]l ~ c ej ]
s a ^ ` a J P K ? @ &2` a i ] u k ` a 0..5',
47 > D ] hd a nej c P pk ni 8M d] ni ]aa qpe_]ho * Oa^@\hghf{lm&7` a fq j ek ` a
0..5'851,
O ek R j p k ,
N \fiwXj \ `e jk`klZ`f e \ j6
Z f d \ i Z `f \ `em\ij`ye
F GIB IGBH
ACJFSIUOR
WUdthi`c 2
. S Q I V G M S MRXIVREGMSREP
\XI S V^E HI PE QSZMPMHEH
HI PSW J E G X S V I W
/ , Ckqbkabo ibpqblo^pabi
`lj bo`fl fkqbok^`flk^i,
0 , Cumif`^o` j l bi if_ob
`lj bo`fl j bglo^i^
bcf`^`f^dil_^i,
1 , Gabkqfcf`^o qlpc^`ql obpnrb
^cb`q^k qlpm ^qolk bpabi
`lj bo`fl k^`flk^i,
0* Cumif`^o mlo nr
i^p`^m ^`fa ^abpa b
bumloq^`fka b rk m^pplk
afk~jf`^p,
3, Ckqbkabom lon r qlp
c^`qlobpa bmolar``fk*
bpmb`f^ij bkqb qlp
abqo^_^gl v`^mfq^i*
pbabpmi^w^k
fkqbok^`flk^ijbkqb,
4 , Cumif`^o i^obi^`fk nrb
e^vbkqobbi`lj bo`fl
buqboflov i^jlsfifa^a abi
c^`qlo fkqbok^`flk^i,
sssIjuh^h]^,_ki
F p B; E X Y
Pg f ^k\Z ] h gh
l^f Zg mb^g ^i Z k Z
[ ^g ^_b\bh ] ^ ngZ
i ^klhg Z*
_ 6 NK RB N? FK >CNF@>JK
. Q H> J F
/.2
A?QM
= f j k X L`ZX6 `d g lcjf Xc Z f d \ iZ `f
d \[ `Xe k\ \c Z f d \ iZ`f \ok\i`fi
@kop] bhe_]aoqjl]o`k@ajpnk]ine_]`k]lnktei]`]iajpa2,3
<N:MKH>K:L
]cne_kh]o,&I]bkpkcn]b]`aFje_ek`ah_]lpqhk iqaopn]h]^hk`hran+
oe`]``aqjl]nmqamqa]pn]a]ha_kpeneoik',Bhi]l]4,/ iqaopn]
h]q^e_]_ej`a@kop]Oe_]uoqolnej_el]haoian_]`ko`aatlknp]
_ej,Qeajaqjjerah]hpk`a`aq`]atpai]*qj j`e_a`a]hb]^apev]
_ej`a]lnktei]`]iajpa73lkn_eajpk*e n ] aolan]jv]`are`]`a
56]kou qj]`eopnpkq_hj^]op]jpaqjebknia`ah ejcnaok&/.lkn
_eajpk`a h] lk^h]_ej_kj i]ukn lk`an ]`mqeoeperkc]j] ]lnkte
i]`]iajpa 14 lkn _eajpk`ah Fjcnaok pkp]h', Qeaja p]i^ej qj]
]cn]`]^hadeopkne]`aaop]^ehe`]`lkhpe_]u`aik_n]_e],
pace]ol]npe_qh]naonah]_ekj]`]o_kjah_kian_ekFjpanj]_ekj]huh]
ikrehe`]``ahkob]_pknao8
=\aT_XfWX_f\Z_bkk'+30*4:b`XeV\bLUeX lkhpe_]mqa_kj
oe`an]qj]ejpanbanaj_e]ijei]`ahck^eanjkajah_kian_eku
h]ejranoej,
+30*'+32,4Jhfg\ghV\saWX@`cbegTV\baXf lkhpe_]mqa_kj
oe`an] h] lnk`q__ej hk_]h `a ^eajao u oanre_eko mqa `akpn]
hkni]oan]jeilknp]`ko,
J ] l ] 4,/ @ k o p] Oe_]
Ai / - - 6 )\ k mj sdh \_ \h `i o`OKk j m ^ g \ i _ ` o\ d ` s k j mo\ ^ dj i ` n _ ` ? j n o\ N d^\ N d`mji \ om` n k \ ~n`n+
Mebeao?]fko
/1,1#
@dej]
/0,7#
A ? N R S J M 4
KG:E>L=>ELB@EHl]l)-52,
>bej]hao`ahoechkt*iq_d]oj]_ekjao]qpknev]nkjpn]oh]`]n^eajao*_]lep]hucajpa_kj nah]per] he^anp]``a
qjl]o]kpnk,Ikock^eanjkopaj`eankj]Fjpanbanen`ai]jan]ijei]*uahnaoqhp]`kcajan]hbqaqj]i^eajpa
a_kjie_kajahmqahkolnklekolnk`q_pknao`apaniej]nkjmqlnk`q_enu`j`alnk`q_enhk,Bh_kian_ekbhkna
_euhkol]eoaopaj`eankj]aola_e]hev]noaajraj`anhkmqaiafknlk`]jlnk`q_en,
E]op]lnej_eleko`ah]`_]`]`a/74.,h]i]ukn]`a^ o l]oao`aI]pejk]ine_]*Fj_hquaj`k@kop]Oe_]*
oaaola_e]hev]nkjajqjkko ^ ]hcqjkolnk`q_pko&i]pane]olnei]oklnk`q_pko]cn_kh]o'mqaatlknp]^]j]
_]i^ek`akpnkolnk`q_pko u^eajao b]^ne_]`ko,Ikocn]jfanko`a@kop] O^]oaaola_e]hev]nkjlneiankajah
_qhperk`ah_]b*u`aolqo&_kjah`ao]nnkhhk`a ^ o ^qmqao bnecknbe_ko'p]i^ejajah`ahlh~p]jk,I]i ]u]
l]npa`ahlanek`kahl]ooa^ajabe_e_kjaop]lkhpe_]*lnej_el]hiajpal]mqahkolna_eko`ahkolnk`q_pko*aj
aola_e]h^ o`ah_]b*lani]ja_eankj]hpko,
Pejai^]nck*`ab]i ]arajpq]h*pnaob]_p]ao_kjraj_eankj]^ o he`anao`a@kop]O^]`abkiajp]ni~oh]
lnk`q__ej`eranoebe_]`]uh]]qpkoqb^^j_h]a_kji^]8
Akocqann]oiqj`e]hao]ba_p]nkjh]_]l]_e`]``a@kop]O^]`aatlknp]noqolnk`q_pkoaeilknp]n]mqahhko
mqajklnk`q_],
Ikolna_eko`ahlh~p]jku`ah_]b_]uankjajnah]_ej_kj^ olna_eko`a^ olnk`q_pkob]^ne_]`ko*l]np^q+
d9iajpa]ia`e`]mqajqarkolnk`q_pknao&aola_e]hiajpaajhn^]'ajpn]nkj]^ o ian_]`koiqj`e]hao,
Ikol]eoao`aI]pejk]in^]_kji ]_]`koejpanj]_ekj]haoiajko]^eanpkooapqreankjmqa]eoh]n]n]v`a
h]o]`rano]o_kj`^^jaoejpanj]_ekj]hao,
@kiknaoqhp]`k`aaopko`ao]nnkhhko*@kop]O^]l]o]h]olkhpe_]o_ajpn]`]oaj h]F`a]`ah]oqopepq_ej
`aeilknp]_ekjao,
B52,)B54.
>lnej_eleko`ah]`_]`]`a/74.*h]o]qp]^]`ao`a@kop] O^]lajo]nkjmqaoeheiep]^]jh]oeilknp]_^jao
&]hlkjanhaoFilqaopkoiqu]hpko'*lnkl]_ekj]n]j]^ oFjranoekjeop]o`a@kop]O^]uatpn]jfankoqjej_ajperk
l]n]lnk`q_eni~o_ko]o`ajpnk`a@kop]O^]urj`]h]o]d,Q]i^ejoa`eankj_qajp]`amqa*`ao]bknpqj]
`]iajpa*ahi ]_]`k`a@kop] O^]an]iqulamqakl]n]]lku]nh]oFjr]oekjaomqanamqan]jqj]lnk`q_
_ej`ah]nc]ao_]h],
GTeTi]jaf]naopalnk^hai]*@kop]O^]oaqje_kjkpnko_q]pnkl]oao&BhP]hr]`]*Dq]pai]h]*Ekj`q
n]ouK^]n]cq]'l]n]bkni]nahJ ]_]`k@kij`a>in^]@ajpn]h&J@>@'*^ _q]hlaniep]mqah]oian_]j_]o
lnk`q_e`]oaj_q]hmqh]l]oi^i^nkajpn]n]jF^naiajpa]kpnkl]oieai^nk,Aaaop]i]j]]*qj]_kil]]
q^e_]`]ajqjl]o`ahJ@>@oanre]]qji]_]`k`a_ej_kl]eoaoajhqc]n`a]qjo k ^ i]_]`kj]_ekj]h,
/.4
/.5
L = N P A 0
Bj ]hcqjko_]oko*h]oqopepq_ej`a Filknp]_ekjaohhar]qj]qiajpkajh]oatlknp]_ekjao*_kikoq_a
`el]n]@kop] Oe_]aj_q]jpk]_]blnk_ao]`kuoaiehh]o `a]hck`j,Pejai^]nck*iq_dkoa_kjkieop]ou
lko^haoejranoekjeop]o_kiajv]nkj]lnak_ql]noa`amqah]olkhpe_]o`eoa]`]ol]n]lnkpacanh]lnk`q__ej
hk_]h Fj_hquaj`k_kjpnkhaoajahlna_ek*lnkd^pahkjao`aeilknp]_ejuoq^oe`eko aopqrean]j _]j]hev]j
`khkona_qnoko`ahl]od]_e]qj]lnk`q__ejFjabe_eajpa,Mknafailhk*@kop]Oe_]_kiajv]oan_]oe]qpkoqbe+
_hajpaajh]lnk`q__ej`a]nnkv*lankohklknmqah]olkhpe_]o`ahck^eanjki]jpqreankjah]nnkvlnk`q_e`kaj
ahatpaneknu`a_kopki~o^]fkbqan]`ahian_]`k,
>`ai~o*ahck^eanjki]jpqrk]^]fkhkolna_eko`ah]nnkvl]n]ah_kjoqie`kn]hoq^oe`e]n]hkolnk`q_pknao
`a]nnkvhk_]hao,V`a`j`araje]ah`ejankl]n]aokooq^oe`eko=Bjl]npa*`aeilqaopkoi~o]hpkomqal]c]
^]j h]oFj`qopne]oabe_eajpao*ej`qopne]omqa*aj_]i^ek*aj_kjpn]nkj`eb_ehatl]j`enoalknmqaaop]^]j_knp]o
`aaba_perk,Cej]hiajpa*]hcqjkolnk`q_pknaoejabe_eajpaook^narereankj`a^e`k]mqa_koa_d]nkj^o^ajabe_hko`a
hko]hpkolna_eko]h_kjoqie`kn*`af]j`k] opa_kjiajko Fjcnaok `eolkj^hal]n]c]op]n aj_q]hmqeankpnk
lnk`q_pk*hk_]hkatpn]jfank,
Bjaopklqjpk* eko haceoh]`knao`a@kop] Oe_]_kj_hquankjmqaahl]o`a^] ajb]pev]n h] lnk`q__ej`a
^eajaomqalq`ean]j_kilapenajhkoian_]`koejpanj]_ekj]hao,Bjlneianhqc]n*paj]jahafailhk`ahkol]oao
]oe~pe_komqahkcn]nkjqjn~le`k_na_eieajpk]h_kilapenejpai]_ekj]hiajpa,Mkn^ p]jpk*aj/761@kop] Oe_]
_]i^e]qj]lkhpe_]`alnkik_ej`aatlknp]_ekjao,
B54/)IKBG<BIBHL=>E:=o<:=:=> -55,
Mneiank*l]n]]oacqn]nmqaohkh]o_kil]]oaFj`qopne]o_kilapeper]oejpai]_ekj]hiajpaok^narerean]j*ah
ck^eanjk_kiajv]napen]nh]o^]nnan]o`aeilknp]_ej,Mknafailhk*h]eilknp]_ej`a]nnkv]qiajpoqop]j
_e]hiajpa,
<BG=>
Iko haceoh]`knaop]i^ej`a_e`eankjran i~o]hh~ `ah_]lep]hu `a h]od]^ehe`]`ao l]n] ]lku]n h]onabkni]o
a_kjie_]o,Mknoqanpa*Bop]`koRje`ko&BR' h]jvoqeje_e]per]`ah]@qaj_]`ah@]ne^a*^ _q]hlanip^mqa
^ o lnk`q_pkoknecej]neko`ah]nacej`ah@]n^a&Fj_hquaj`k@kop]Oe_]'ajpn]n]j]Bop]`koRje`ko_kjp]o]o
`a]n]j_ahaoi~o^]f]o&keilqaopk`aeilknp]_ej'mqa^ o knecej]`koajkpn]oh]pepq`ao,M]n]_]lep]hev]naop]
jqar]klknpqje`]`*@kop]Oe_]bknih]@FKLB&@k]he_ej@kop]nne_ajoa`aFje_e]per]o`aAao]nnkh^'*qj]knc]
jev]_ejlner]`]bqj`]`]lknahck^eanjku_kjoq^raj_ekjaocq^ai]iajp]^o`aBR,Bhlnkloepk`ah]@FKAB
bqa]uq`]naj qj `ao]nnkh^a_kjie_k*uqj]`aoqolnej_el]haolnekne`]`aobqa]pn]anFjranoej atpn]jfan]
`ena_p],
pan] ]qiajp]nah pn]^]fk`a h] @FKAB*@kop] Oe_] aop]^ha_e qj] vkj] bn]j_]`aatlknp]_ej&WCB' mqa
lanip^]h]o_kil]]oatlknp]nhkolnk`q_pkopaniej]`koaFilknp]npk`ko^ o ^oqikouahamqelkF^nao`a
eilqaopko,Q]i^ejaopqreankjateie`]o`al]c]nahFilqaopkok^nah]najp]]han]n^`a@kop] Oe_]lknk_dk
]ko*uoa^ o lanip^l]c]n_kj3.lkn_eajpk`a`ao_qajpkaj ^ o oecqeajpao_q]pnk]ko,E]_e] /767*13
_kil]]o lnej_el]hiajpalnk`q_pknao`apatpehaou_]hv]`kmqa^qo_]^]jpki]nrajp]f]`a h]bqajpa`a
i]jk`ak^n]^]n]p]mqaan]@kop]O^] oad]^]jq^e_]`kaj h]vkj]bn]j_]`aatlknp]_ej,
Pejai^]nck*l]n]ajpkj_ao ^ o bqj_ekj]nhko`ah]@FKAB_kiajv]nkj]lnak_ql]noalkn`kolnk^hai]o
lkpaj_e]haomqaajbnajp]^]joqojqar]ou]i^e_eko]oeje_e]per]o8
/, Nqa@kop]Oe_]jklq`ean]i]jpajanah_kopk_kilapeperkajahpelk`alnk`q_pkoatlknp]`ko`ao`ah]WCB
`a^e`k]mqakpnkol]oao&Jte_klnej_el]hiajpa'oarean]j^ajabe_e]`kolkn]n]j_ahaoaop]`kqje`ajoao
]ji~o^]fko,
0, I]bqanv]`apn]^]fk]hp]iajpaaola_e]hev]`]aejopnqe`]`a@kop]O^]aop]^]oeaj`klk_kqpehev]`]lkn^ o
pelko`aFj`qopne]]pn]`ko]h]vkj]bn]j_]`aatlknp]_ej,
Ikobqj_ekj]nhko`k h]@FKAB`a_e`eankj pn]^]f]n_kjahck^eanjk`a@kop] O^]l]n] e`ajpb^]nu ]pn]an
Fjranoekjeop]omqa_kej_e`eankjiafkn_kjhkona_qnoko`a@kop]O^],
IKBG<BIBHL=>E:=o<:=:=> B55,):EIK>L>GM>
M]n]_kilapenejpai]_ekj]hiajpa*ahck^eanjk`a@kop]O^] Fjpajp_]lp]nej`qopne]omqalnkiapean]je n ]hpk
lkpaj_e]h`a_na_eieajpkulq`ean]jl]c]noqah`kouo]h]nekoi~o]hpkomqa^ omqal]c]^]j h]omqau]d]^]j
Fjranpe`kajh]WCB,I]oej`qopne]o_]lp]`]oan]jb]^n^]jpao`a`eolkoeperkoaFjopnqiajpkoi`e_ko*]np^q^o
aha_pnje_kouokbps]na,
A ? N R S J M 4
/.6
BbhfcXiWW]vb
F ` ^ p l ^ k qb ofl o j r bpqo^ ` j l A l pq^ Pf`^ e^ r p^a l bi `l j b o`fl v i^ j lsfifa ^a a b ilp c^`qlobp
&j l s fj fbk ql a b ` ^ m fq^ i* qb`klild^ v d bk qb' m ^ o^ ^ v r a ^ op b ^ ild o^o pr pl_gbqfslp b `l k j f`lp, J^
cfdro^ 4,/ j r bpqo^ nrb bi`l j b o`fl a b _fbkbp v pbosf`fl p v bi j l s fj fb k ql a b ilp c^`ql obpa b m ol +
a r ``f k pl k j ba flp m l o ilp` r ^ ib pilp m ^pbpbpq~k r k fa l pfk qbj ^`fl k ^ij bk qb, A l j l A l pq^ Pf`^*
l qol pm ^pbp q^j _ fk _^q^ii^k `l k i^pm obd r k q^p ab nr*`r ~ k ql v `l k n r m ^pbp `l j bo`f^o, Cpq^p
m obd r k q^pbpq~k b k qob i^ w ^ a ^ p`l k i^p `l k pfa bo^`fl k bppl _ ob n r m rba bk m ol a r `foa b j ^k bo^ bcf+
`fbkqbv pf m rba bk j bglo^o* v` j l e ^`boil * pr `l j m bqqfs fa ^a ^i ^ r j b k q^ oi^ `^ ifa ^ a v `^ k qfa ^ a
abi`^m fq^i* i^ `lj m bqbk `f^ q`kf`^ v i^pe ^_ fifa ^a bpa b ilpqo^_ ^g^a l obp,
I]pakn]`ah_ki an_ek]uq`]
]ca%ajpaouha c [ ] ` k na o]
ajbk_]noaa j aop]o
lnacqjp]o
N q lnk`q_pkooa
`a ^ a j eilknp]nu_q~hao
atlknp]n=
@ q ~j pk ` a^ ai ko
_kian_e]n=
@ k j mqejao` a^ ai ko
_kian_e]n=
//-
DGESP?4 ,/
N? P RC 0
M mbo^`flkbp
fkqbok^`flk^ibpv
`l k bufl k bpb`lkj f`^p
L ? G B Q FS L P
B P Q O > Q B D F>
J B A F L P A B L M B O > @ F K
Gjmloq^`fk vbumloq^`fk
ab_fbkbpvpbosf`flp
&`lj bo`fl'
Ro^kpcbofoc^`qlobpab
molar``fk* `lj lj^kl
abl_o^v`^mfq^i*
fkqbok^`flk^ijbkqb
c^p @
`
@ki l]n]nh]becqn]4,/ _kjh]
becqn] W mq a naoqia_eanp]o
_kj`e_ekjaomq a lqa`aj
]ba_p]nh]oklan]_ekjao`a
qj]_ki l]]_q]j`kk a a ` a
_kian_e]hev]najqj]ao_]h]
ejpanj]_ekj]h > m q h]cn~be_]
oa ajbk_]ajhko]fqopao
` a klan]_ejmqaajbnajp]
qj]_ki l]]_q]j`k
oa ai lnaj`aj]__ekjao
aopn]pce_]oaola_ebe_]o
l]n]ejpanj]`kj]hhv]noa*
_kj_nap]iajpa*_kian_e]hev]n
upn]jobanni a`eko`a
lnk`q__ej
j ^kbo^ j ~ p bcf`fbkqbv bkpf ilpm ^pbp mboj fqfo~k i^ fj m loq^`fk m ^ o^ `l j m bqfo`l k qo^ pr p_fbkbp
v pbosf`fl p il`^ibp, ? id r k ^p k ^`fl k bp ^ a l m q^k rk bk clnr b j ~ p cX`jj\q)][ki\( b i `r ^i m boj fqb^ i^p
cr bow^p abi j b o`^ a l a bqboj fk ^o i^p obi^`fl k bp `lj bo`f^ibp, J ^p k\fiwXj [ \ c`Yi\ Zfd\iZ`f &sbkq^g^
^_plirq^ vs bkq^g^ `l j m ^ o^ qfs ^ ' qlj ^k rkbk cl n r ba b cX`jj\q)]X`i\ab_fal^ n r bmobp`of_bkn r b ilp
d l _ fbok l pk l ab_bk fk qbos bk fo a fob`q^j bk qbm ^o^ ^ cb ` q^ obi `l j bo`fl , Ck bi l qol b u qob j l bpq~k bi
d\iZXek`c`jdf v bi iifdZiZXek`c`jd f( ilp `r ^ ib p m obp`of_ bk r k ^ d o^ k fk qbos bk `f k a bi dl_fbok l bk
bi `l j bo`fl , Qb^ n r b pb ^a l m qb r k bk cl n r b a b cX`jj\q)]X`i\ l r k l fk qbosbk `flk fpq^* ilp m ^pbp `l k +
c^k bk i^p qblo^pa b `l j bo`fl m ^ o^ d r f^ obia bp^ooliil a b i^ mliqf`^,
k\fiwX [ \ Z`Zcf c`\ m`[X [\c gif[lZkfvb i[`XdXek\ [ \ cX k\fiwX [ \ m\ekXaX Zfdg\k`k`mX eXZ`feXc*
A ? N R S J M 4
//.
R j ] l ] hk i ep] & - ' ej ` e_ ] m q a I]pakn]` a _k i a n_ek i a j _ek j ] ` ] ] hFj e_ ek ` a hn a j ch j oanah]_ekj]_ k j h]l na cq jp] m q a aj_]^av]h]_ k hq i j ]
_k nnaolkj`eajpa*oed ] u q j c q e j *j k oanah]_ekj],B j h]o_ k hq i j ] o 2 ] 5 l q a ` a r a j a _ i k na ol k j ` a _] ` ] pakn]] I]l na cq jp] aola_be_]9
` a j q a rk *q j c q e j ej ` e_] m q a h]pakn]j k i ]jaf]I]l nacqjp],
Rblo^
A r~kql
b p`lj bo+
`f^ifw^al=
O r
molar`qlp
Alk
n rfbkbppb
Cidl_fbokl
A r~kql
a b_bpbo
O r
molar`qlp
Alk n rfkbp
pba b_biibs^o
plk`l j b o+
`f^ifw^alp=
iibs ^^`^_l
bi `lj bo`fl=
`lk qoli^
bi `lj bo`fl=
` l j b o+
`f^ifw^al=
pbab_bk
`lj bo`f^ifw^o=
^`^_ lbi
`lj bo`fl=
[[
Pe
!
!
[
[
[
[
[
Mnklkn_ekja9`ahb]_pkn
P ei ehep q ` ` a l ] o
D _ h k ` a r e` ] ` a q j
J a n_ ] j peheoi k
K a ki a n_]j peheoi k
Sajp]f]]^ okhqp]
Q ] i ] k ` a hl ] o
l nk ` q _ pk & @ S M '
+++
Ll
Kk
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
[
+++
+++
A e] i ] j pa ` a rajp]f]` a
_ k i l a p e r e ` ] ` j]_ekj]h
+++
F>K<:GMBEBLFH
. j b o`^ k qfifpj l plpqfbkb nrb i^ ofnrbw^ a b rk m ^ p b p j ba fa^ m l opr p `^ k qfa ^ a b pa b qb p l o l ,
il`r ^ i^ j b k r a l pfdkfcf`^ pr pob pb os ^ p j l k bq^of^pbkl ol , B b^ ` r b oa l `l k bpq^ qb l o^*nrb cloj
i^p_^pbpa b i^ b`l k lj ^ a b pa b ^ m ol u fj ^ a ^ j b k qb / 3 . . ^ / 6 . . *0 il pm ^pbpa b_ bk b u m l oq^ o j ~ pa b
Bb^`rboal`lobi
jbo`^kqfifpjl*ilpm^fpbp
ab_bkbumloq^oj~pabil
il nrb fj m loq^k v*pf qfbkbk u fql *ab_bk ob`f_fo l ol a b ilpm ^pbp `l k abfqp, J l p bpq^a l p+k ^`f k
b j bod fbol k a r o^ k qb b pqb m b ofl a l * v bi l ol b j m l a b o ^ il pd l _ fbok l p `bk qo^ibp m ^ o^ cl oj ^o bgo+
Orb jmloR^k
`fql pb fksboqfo bk fkpqfqr `flk bp k ^`fl k ^ibp^ cfk a b `l k pl ifa ^ o i^p m ofj bo^ p ib^iq^a bpa b i^ dbkqb
e^`f^ i^pk r b s ^ pk ^`fl k bp
N ^ o^ b u m l oq^ o j ~ p ab iln r b fj m loq^_ ^k * ilp d l _ fbok l p obpqofk dfb+
olk i^p fj m loq^`fl k bpv pr_pfaf^olk i^ m ola r ``fk nrb a b l qo^ j ^k bo^ k l mla^ `l j m b qfobk ilp
j b o`^ a l pfkqbok lpl a b bum l oq^`f k ,? id r k l pm^pbpr p^olk pr p`l il k f^ pm ^o^ ^ m l v ^ ob pqbl_gbqfsl
a b `l j b o`fl ^i m ol s bboi^pa b m ol a r `ql pn r b*a b kl e ^`boil ^p* qbk^k nrb`l j m o^ opb ^ m ^pbpkl
^pl `f^a l p v j ^ k qb k b o pr m bo~s fqp`l j bo`f^ibp`l k b pl p m ^pbp`l j l rk^ j ^k bo^ ^a f`fl k ^i a b l _ +
qbkbol ol , J l p dl_fbok lp e f`fbolk bpql kl pil ^i j l k l m l ifw ^ o bi `l j b o`fl `lilkf^i* pfkl q^j _ fk
^i cl ow ^ o ^ i^p `lilk f^p ^ b u m l oq^ o j bk lp j ^ qb of^ p m ofj ^p pr j ^j bk qb s ^ifl p^ p b fj m l oq^ o j ~p
m ol a r `ql pj r vs ^ ifl pl pj ^ k r c^ `qr o^ a l pm l obiilp,
A l j l i^ fkcirbk`f^ a b i^ cfilplc^ a bij bo`^k qfifpj l pba b_fifqa b pm r pa b / 6 . . * ilpdl_fbok lp
a b i^p m lqbk `f^p`l ilk f^ibpo^o^ s b w fk qbk q^ol k ifj fq^oa fob`q^j bk qbb ia b p^ ool iil a b i^p` ^ m ^ ` fa ^ +
abp fka rpqof^ibp a b k qol abpr p`lilk f^p, Qfkb j _ ^ od l *pr p`l j m ^ ^ pa b lofdbk k ^`fl k ^i qbk^k bi
ifa bo^wdlqb`k l i df`l * i^ m ol m fba ^a a b i^ m ol a r ``f k a b j ^qbof^p m ofj ^pbkbib u qo^ k gb ol *v^ j b +
k ra l^ id k d o^ a l a b m ol qb``f k `l k qo^ i^ `lj m bqbk`f^ b uqo^k gbo^ r k ^ `l j _ fk ^`f k a b c^`ql obp
nrb`l k qfk r e ^pq^ i^p`l il k f^pa bm bk a fbk qbpa b i^ m ol a r ``f k a b j ^qbof^ m ofj ^ v ^ q pr `l j b o+
`fl^ p r p fk a r pqof^ifw^a ^pj ^a obpm ^qof^p , Q bdr fj l psfbk a l^ k sbpqfd fl pa b bp^ pobi^`flkbp,