MODELIZACION DEL ESPACIO SISTEMAS DE REFERENCIA

Ing. Geomensor: Gabriel Aravena Vallejos

Los sistemas de referencia geodsicos definen la forma y dimensin de la Tierra, as como el origen y orientacin de los sistemas de coordenadas. Los sistemas de referencia geodsicos pueden ser descritos en base a dos modelos matemticos: el esfrico y el elipsdico, los cuales son obtenidos en base parmetros fsicos medidos sobre la superficie terrestre, tales como la aceleracin de gravedad.

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Los sistemas globales de coordenadas nos permiten definir posiciones sobre la superficie de la Tierra. El ms comnmente usado es el de la latitud, longitud y altura. El primer meridiano y el ecuador son los planos que definen la latitud y la longitud.

La materializacin fsica de los sistemas de referencia se establece dando coordenadas a una serie de puntos convenientemente monumentados, que constituyen el marco de referencia. De sta forma, el marco de referencia para un topgrafo sera la red geodsica, formada por los vrtices geodsicos y las coordenadas asociadas a los mismos.

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Existen dos formas de modelar el espacio: Modelo basado en superficie o campo: Cada punto en el espacio es asociado a varios atributos, definidos como funciones continuas. El concepto objeto no es relevante en este enfoque. Modelo basado en entidades, figuras u objetos: El espacio es definido como un conjunto discreto de objetos con una identificacin nica. Estos objetos se llaman entidades, figuras u objetos.

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Modelo basado en la superficie: Conceptos principales: El marco de trabajo espacial es un espacio particionado. Ej. Grilla de coordenadas (x,y). Existen operaciones sobre los campos. Ej: Adicin, composicin, etc. Caso: Parcela forestal yo puedo conocer la (a) mayor altura entre los rboles, (b) rangos de altura, o bien, (c) el promedio de las alturas de los rboles.

Modelo basado en las entidades: A un nivel conceptual, se consideran objetos espaciales. Estos son, en el caso de informacin geogrfica, entidades del mundo real que tienen dos componentes: - Una descripcin: conjunto de atributos -Componentes espacial: geometra y relaciones. Posicin, forma, tamao, densidad, relaciones espaciales.

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Modelo basado en las entidades: Tipos de Objetos Espaciales Simples 1-Dimensiones: puntos 2-Dimensin: Lneas 3-Dimensiones: polgonos Complejos - Multipoint - Multiline - Multipolygon

Modelo basado en las entidades:

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SISTEMAS DE REFERENCIA Sistema de referencia en UNA DIMENSION, sistema unidimensional. Asociamos valores (coordenadas) a cada elemento a representar. Se establece una relacin biunvoca entre los elementos a representar y los valores asignados (coordenadas). Relacin biunvoca. A cada elemento a representar le corresponde uno y solo un valor (coordenadas) y viceversa.

SISTEMAS DE REFERENCIA Sistema de referencia en UNA DIMENSION, sistema unidimensional.

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SISTEMAS DE REFERENCIA Sistemas de referencia en DOS DIMENSIONES, Ej.: Medidas cancha de ftbol
Punto A B Este (m) 0,00 0,00 120,00 0,00 Norte (m) 0,00 90,00 90,00 120,00

C D

Definimos:

a) Origen, O.

b) Un par de ejes ortogonales (E, N). c) Una unidad de longitud (m).

SISTEMAS DE REFERENCIA Sistemas de referencia en TRES DIMENSIONES, : Ej. Libros en estante.

ALTURA

Libro

Fila

Columna

Altura

FIL

AS

CO L

Definimos: a) Origen, O.

UM NA S

b) Una terna de ejes ortogonales (Fila, Columna, Altura). c) Una escala de medicin.

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SISTEMAS DE REFERENCIA EN GEODESIA Definicin de modelos, parmetros, constantes, etc., que sirven como base para la descripcin de los procesos fsicos de la Tierra o de la superficie terrestre. Los sistemas de referencia no se pueden determinar por mediciones, sino que se definen convencionalmente.

SISTEMAS DE REFERENCIA EN GEODESIA Consideramos una terna ortogonal directa de ejes cartesianos. Definimos: 1)Origen 2)Orientacin 3)Escala

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SISTEMAS DE REFERENCIA EN GEODESIA Implica la eleccin de: - Un elipsoide de referencia. - Un punto origen o punto DATUM, cuyas coordenadas se determinan mediante observaciones astronmicas. - Un acimut de partida, obtenido a partir de observaciones astronmicas.

SISTEMAS DE REFERENCIA EN GEODESIA Se establece su ubicacin en relacin con la forma fsica de la tierra, el geoide. Sistema de Referencia 2D: latitud y longitud sobre el elipsoide. Sistema de Referencia Altimtrico independiente.

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ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS: 1. COORDENADAS CARTESIANAS El punto O, donde se interceptan los ejes, se ubica en el centro de la tierra, el eje Z coincide con el eje de rotacin del planeta y el plano OZX coincide con el meridiano de Greenwich.

ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS: 1. COORDENADAS CARTESIANAS

Eje Z

Los valores de (X, Y, Z) se miden generalmente en metros.

x Eje X

z P (x,y,z)

y Eje Y

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ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS: 2. COORDENADAS GEODESICAS

Z PN P Q h

En el sistema se define el centro de la tierra por O, el punto P se sita en las siguientes coordenadas:
Y

O E EQ

: latitud geodsica : longitud geodsica

X PS

h: altura elipsoidal

ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS: 3. COORDENADAS UTM (Universal Transversal Mercator) La construccin de la proyeccin UTM se basa en un cilindro transversal, es decir, un cilindro cuyo eje es perpendicular al eje del globo. Este cilindro es secante, tiene dos crculos de tangencia cercanos al meridiano central (MC) del huso, as se logra que las deformaciones sean mnimas en esta rea.

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ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS: En la construccin de cartas topogrficas se utiliza slo un sector de la proyeccin cuya amplitud es de 6 grados de longitud y se le denomina huso. Chile utiliza dos husos con meridianos origen en 69 W y 75 W.

ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS:

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ELEMENTOS GEODESICOS: 4. DATUM Es la superficie de referencia geodsica que representa vertical y horizontalmente la cartografa, el Datum define la forma de la tierra, su tamao, origen y la orientacin del sistema de coordenadas. Generalmente se define en un elipsoide de revolucin y por un punto fundamental, en el que coinciden las verticales al geoide y al elipsoide.

Cada pas trata de que la superficie de su elipsoide coincida con el geoide El ajuste se hace determinando el llamado punto fundamental donde se hace coincidir el geoide con el elipsoide elegido llamado elipsoide de referencia. Al conjunto de parmetros que definen ese punto fundamental se lo llama Datum DATUM. Todos los Datum estn basados sobre un elipsoide, los cuales se aproximan a la forma de la tierra.

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TIPOS DE DATUM: GEOCENTRICO: Usa el centro de masa de la tierra como origen (WGS 84) LOCALES: Alinea su elipsoide lo ms prximo a la superficie de la tierra y un rea en particular.

DATUM GEOCENTRICO

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DATUM LOCAL

DATUM GEOCENTRICO Y LOCAL

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4.1 DATUM HORIZONTAL: Superficie elipsoidal usada como base para referenciar coordenadas de localizacin X, Y. Determina localidades cerca de la superficie terrestre. Los datos se ajustan matemticamente para encontrar el mejor elipsoide local, adems de otros parmetros.

4.2 DATUM VERTICAL: Esta en desuso, con una excepcin, el Nivel Medio del Mar (n.m.m.). Superficie usada como base para referenciar localizaciones de coordenadas Z (actualmente se utiliza el geoide o la superficie del agua en reposo de los ocanos idealmente extendida).

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OTROS ELEMENTOS: 5. Eje terrestre, Polos: Es la recta imaginaria, alrededor de la cual gira la tierra en su movimiento de rotacin, el cual permanece paralelo en su movimiento de traslacin, seala a un punto en el espacio que coincide en la direccin del hemisferio norte a un punto cercano a la estrella polar. Si bien este eje tiene otros movimientos, (precesin y nutacin), estos son lentos y no afectan al mbito que nos ocupa.

Los extremos de este eje terrestre en su interseccin con la superficie de la tierra se denominan polos, correspondiendo el nombre de Polo Norte al que est en el lado de la constelacin de la osa mayor. El otro extremo del eje es el Polo Sur.

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6. Plano meridiano y meridianos, meridiano cero: Todo plano que contiene al eje terrestre se llama Plano Meridiano. La lnea interseccin de este plano con la superficie de la tierra impropiamente se denomina crculo mximo o meridiano, cuando en realidad se asemejan ms a una elipse, siendo elipses en el caso de su proyeccin sobre el elipsoide de referencia.

Pasan por los polos y se toma uno como origen dando referencia a los dems; por convenio internacional corresponde al que pasa por el Observatorio Astronmico de la ciudad Inglesa de Greenwich, cercana a Londres.

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7. Plano Paralelo, Paralelos, Lnea Ecuatorial y Trpicos. Se denominan Planos Paralelos a todos aquellos que son perpendiculares al Eje de la Tierra, denominndose Plano Ecuatorial al que pasa por el Centro de la Tierra y divide al Globo Terrestre en dos hemisferios, Hemisferio Norte y Hemisferio Sur o Austral, que se corresponden a cada Polo respectivo.

Todas las intersecciones de los Planos Paralelos con la superficie de la tierra configuran los Paralelos recibiendo el nombre de Trpicos, Trpico de Cncer y Trpico de Capricornio, el paralelo correspondiente al equinoccio de verano y al de invierno, el primero en el Hemisferio Norte y el segundo en el Hemisferio Sur.

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8. Vertical en un punto. Cenit y Nadir. La vertical en un punto est determinada por el fenmeno de la gravedad o atraccin terrestre, vertical en el sentido fsico y tambin denominada vertical verdadera, y pasara por el centro de la tierra. Si se considera el elipsoide de revolucin, la vertical sera la normal a la superficie en el punto determinado del elipsoide, la cual no pasar por el centro del elipsoide y se denomina vertical geogrfica.

La desviacin o diferencia entre ambas es la desviacin relativa de la vertical. Si nos situamos sobre un punto de la superficie de la Tierra y trazamos un eje vertical tendremos sobre nuestra cabeza el Cenit y atravesando la tierra pasara al otro extremo, denominado Nadir, recibiendo el nombre de antpodas ambos extremos entre s.

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Vertical (Cenit y Nadir) y meridiana de un punto

9. Meridiana y Puntos Cardinales. Se denomina plano horizontal en un punto al plano tangente a la superficie esfrica en dicho punto. Meridiana de un punto es la recta de interseccin entre un plano horizontal y el plano meridiano que pasa por dicho punto.

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ste nos marca sobre dicho plano horizontal la direccin Norte-Sur del polo correspondiente. Una perpendicular a la meridiana definira una nueva direccin, con lo cual partiendo del punto interseccin tendramos cuatro direcciones contrapuestas. Los puntos de proyeccin al infinito de dichas direcciones se denominan Puntos Cardinales, los correspondientes a cada polo reciben de ellos su nombre, Norte y Sur, los otros dos Este y Oeste.

Se corresponden con la derecha e izquierda de un observador que situado en el punto y teniendo al frente el Norte su espalda quedase al Sur. Por convenio internacional se marcan con las letras N, S,. E y W.

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10. Latitud y 11. longitud La localizacin de un punto sobre la superficie de la tierra queda determinada por la interseccin del meridiano y del paralelo que pasan por dicho punto, y que se definen como Coordenadas Geogrficas, Longitud y Latitud.

Longitud de un punto es la medida, en grados sexagesimales, del arco de paralelo intersectado entre el meridiano que pasa por elpunto y el meridiano origen o meridiano cero (Greenwich); puede ser hacia el Este (positiva) o hacia el Oeste (negativa).

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Latitud y longitud Latitud de un punto es la medida, en grados sexagesimales , del arco de meridiano interceptado entre el ecuador y el paralelo del lugar; hacia el Norte se considera positiva y hacia el Sur negativa

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