CURSO DE LECTOCOMPRENSIN

INGLES CONCURSAL

Gua de Gramtica 2007-2008

Trad. Norma Nlida Dangla

QU DEBEMOS ENTENDER CUANDO DECIMOS LECTOCOMPRENSIN Y TRADUCCIN DE TEXTOS DE ESPECIALIDAD? El trmino "lengua de especialidad", alude al lenguaje especfico que utilizan algunos profesionales y especialistas para transmitir la informacin y para negociar los trminos, los conceptos y los conocimientos de una determinada rea de conocimientos, a saber, confirmar los existentes, mediatizar el mbito de su aplicacin y modificarlos total o parcialmente. Entender un texto de especialidad significa primero poseer conocimiento previo del rea de esa especialidad. Aprender a leer un texto de especialidad en otro idioma en nuestro caso ingls, significa poseer adems del conocimiento previo de la especialidad tener capacidad para hacer uso del conocimiento y prctica de la estructura idiomtica materna (castellano) para poder re-expresar lo ledo en la otra lengua. Al enfrentarnos a un texto en ingls intentamos extraer un contenido que est expresado y organizado segn un cdigo totalmente diferente al de nuestra lengua. Es por esto que para lograr una buena re-expresin o traduccin el conocimiento de las gramticas de ambas lenguas y el uso del diccionario bilinge no son suficientes. El diccionario y la gramtica son elementos claves pero deben ser coordinados mediante la utilizacin de una tcnica. La tcnica es el conjunto de procedimientos de una ciencia o arte, y la habilidad para utilizar esos procedimientos. Al leer un texto EN INGLS determinamos en primer lugar la funcin de las palabras teniendo en cuenta su forma y posicin en la oracin y luego debemos buscar el significado en el diccionario. Realizamos la traduccin respetando los BLOQUES DE SIGNIFICADO buscados, respetando la sintaxis y ortografa de la lengua materna. Es importante hacer la siguiente distincin de las palabras de un texto. Las palabras CONCEPTUALES Y ESTRUCTURALES. Las CONCEPTUALES son las que expresan ideas o conceptos del mensaje como por ej: sustantivos, verbos, adjetivos, adverbios y las ESTRUCTURALES son palabras que no encierran un concepto en si mismas, sino que funcionan como nexos entre las palabras conceptuales para dar coherencia al texto., como por ej.: artculos, preposiciones, adjetivos determinantes, conjunciones, pronombres. Debemos reconocer adems en una oracin dos BLOQUES DE SIGNIFICADO. BLOQUE O ELEMENTO NOMINAL cuyo ncleo es sustantivo y generalmente est encabezado por una preposicin, artculo o determinante. Lo llamamos grupo nominal. BLOQUE O ELEMENTO VERBAL cuyo ncleo es un verbo. Lo llamamos grupo verbal. PASOS DE LA TCNICA DE LECTURA I. Diferenciar las palabras estructurales y conceptuales y delimitar los BLOQUES SIGNIFICATIVOS.

II. III.

IV.

Determinar la FUNCIN de cada palabra mediante el estudio de su forma y posicin en la oracin. Ratificar o rectificar la delimitacin de los bloques significativos. Buscar las palabras en el DICCIONARIO segn su funcin previamente determinada, seleccionando el significado que mejor se adecua al contexto. Realizar la traduccin respetando la divisin en bloques y los significados buscados. ORGANIZAR CONCEPTUALMENTE el texto traducido, respetando la sintaxis y ortografa de la lengua materna.

RECOMENDACIONES PARA LEER TEXTOS LARGOS. Use pginas de contenido, ndices, cuadros, listas, etc. para ubicar partes de un libro, manual o informe que sean de especial inters. No fije sus ojos en cada palabra. Debe permitir que se muevan libremente sobre el texto a una velocidad constante mirando varias palabras a la vez. No lea en voz alta. Este tipo de lectura es habilidad diferente. No lea la misma oracin o prrafo repetidas veces. Despreocpese de cualquier parte que no sea de inters o sea imposible de entender. Sin embargo, se puede pasar ms tiempo en partes o prrafos de especial inters. Para la lectura comprensiva debe haber identificado en cualquier libro o revista. a. ttulo b. encabezamiento c. prrafo d. cuadro e. captulo f. pgina de contenido g. ndice h. diagrama i. introduccin a un libro/captulo/artculo j. conclusin a un libro/captulo/ artculo

BLOQUE O ELEMENTO NOMINAL Es una frase nominal en la que no intervienen verbos conjugados en su formacin. Para traducirla identifique primero el ncleo de la misma (sustantivo) y luego describa sus caractersticas en base a los pre-modificadores. Cabe destacar el orden fijo de esta estructura, es decir que el ncleo o sea el sustantivo de la frase nominal en el idioma ingls va tener la posicin de ltimo elemento a la derecha y sus modificadores estarn a la izquierda de este ncleo siempre. Ejemplos:
A particularly difficult concept two well known insolvency scholars an independent third person A court-based reorganization procedure

ARTICULOS Definidos: the (el, la, los las) Indefinidos: a/an (un, una) PRONOMBRES DEMOSTRATIVOS this -these ( este/a/o - estas/os) that -those (ese,esa,aquel, aquella - esos, esas, aquellas,aquellos) Note la traduccin de: That of: el de, la de Those of: los de, las de That which: el que, la que Those which: los que, las que Ej. The most difficult problems are those of reinforcing the initial dosis. Los problemas ms difciles son los de reforzar la dosis inicial. ADJETIVOS INDEFINIDOS all another any each every few least less little many more most much no other several some todo/a/os/as otro/a/ algo de, algunos/as, cualquiera cada cada, todo/a unos pocos, unas pocas menor, menos menos poco mucho ms la mayor cantidad de, la mayora mucho nada de, ningn/a otro/as/os/as varios/as algo de, unos/as, algunos/as

PREPOSICIONES about above after against cerca de encima de despus de contra

among at back before behind below beneath beside between by down during except for from in inside like near of off opposite out outside over past round since through till to towards under under underneath until up with within without

entre en, a atrs, nuevamente ante, antes detrs de por debajo de por debajo de cerca de, al lado entre cerca, por, por medio de abajo durante menos, excepto para de, desde en en como cerca de de (separacin) frente a afuera fuera de arriba de, por encima de despus de alrededor de desde a travs de, por hasta que a, hacia, (para -si est iniciando una frase con infinitivo) hacia por debajo de por debajo de por debajo de hasta arriba con, junta a dentro de sin

ADVERBIOS Se reconocen por su terminacin en ly (-mente) general/ly principal/ly

Otros que no se reconocen por su terminacin. again ago almost already also always as downwards each early else enough even ever first hard here how just late least less little more most much nearly never no not now often once only perhaps pretty quite rather right second since so soon still then de nuevo hace casi ya tambin siempre mientras hacia abajo cada uno/a temprano otro/a/ ms bastante an alguna vez primeramente fuerte , mucho aqu cmo solo, casi, recin tarde menos menos poco ms ms much casi nunca no no ahora a menudo una vez slo,solamente quizs bastante muy ms bien correctamente, bien en segundo lugar desde entonces as pronto todava entonces, en ese momento, adems,

third together too twice upwards very well when where wrong yes

finalmente en tercer lugar en compaa de, junto tambin dos veces hacia arriba muy bien cuando donde mal si

ALGUNOS ADVERBIOS COMPUESTOS

anyhow anywhere elsewhere nowhere somehow sometime sometimes somewhat somewhere whenever whereabouts wherever de cualquier manera en cualquier lugar en otro lugar en inungn lugar de alguna manera alguna vez algunas veces algo en algn lugar todas las veces que donde en todo lugar

CONJUNCIONES O CONECTORES Observacin: Estas palabras funcionan como conectores cuando conectan dos verbos CONJUGADOS dentro de una misma oracin; o bien, cuando conectan oraciones diferentes. - Los que introducen adicin and as well as also apart from besides furthermore in addition moreover y as como tambin aparte de adems adems adems adems

- Las que introducen resultado accordingly as because because of consequently due to hence given inasmuch it follows that on acconunt of owing to since then therefore por ello, consecuentemente ya que, porque porque debido a consecuentemente debido a por ello, consecuentemente dado/a en tanto que, hasta que sigue que debido a debido a ya que entonces, luego, consecuentemente por ello, consecuentemente

- Las que introducen modificacin alternatively although but except however irrespective of nevertheless on the other hand otherwise regardless of whereas while whilst alternativamente aunque pero excepto sin embargo a pesar de sin embargo por otro lado/ parte alternativamente, o si no, por otro lado a pesar de aunque, mientras mientras mientras

- Las que introducen una condicin if provided (that) providing (that) subject to unless whether but for si si si si , sujeto a a menos que si si no fuera o fuese por

- Las que introducen hiptesis maybe possible perhaps puede ser posiblemente quizs

- Las que introducen nfasis above all actually clearly certainly in fact indeend surely por encima de todo en efecto, obviamente, claramente ciertamente, por cierto, verdaderamente en efecto realmente seguramente

- Las que introducen otros hechos in the beginning eventually finally at first firstly initially lastly later on subsequently next in time ultimately al comienzo eventualmente finalmente al principio en primer lugar inicialmente por ltimo luego, despus subsecuentemente luego a tiempo finalmente

FRASES above all according to Active Service a dumb Dora a few a good deal a grat deal a great many a hearthy meal a la carte (francs) all over again principalmente segn servicio de guerra joven hermosa y estpida unos pocos/as gran cantidad gran cantidad gran cantidad una comilona sin traducir todo de nuevo

a lot of and the like and so forth a plain Janet a rough diamond as a matter of fact as a rule as regards as to as well as at any rate at a time at disposal at every turn at first at hand al last at most at least at once at present at random at the latest at the same time at times at will because of by all means by chance by day by far by heaps by hook or by crook by means of by no means by now by the way Civil Servant Civil Service due to each other en route (francs) every other day for and agains for ever haute cuisine (francs) in a friendly way

mucho, gran cantidad de y cosas por el estilo y as sucesivamente, etc. una joven sencilla y sin belleza una persona muy fina aunque no muy fina en realidad por regla general, por norma en cuanto a en cuanto a como tambin, as como de cualquier manera por vez en realidad a menudo al comienzo a mano finalmente al mximo por lo menos inmediatamente en la actualidad sin elegir, al azar ms tardar a la vez a veces a voluntad debido a, a causa de absolutamente, de todas maneras por casualidad de da por mucho, sin comparacin a montones de una manera u otra por medio de de ninguna manera en un momento como ahora a propsito Auxiliar o empleado de la administracin pblica administracin pblica a causa de reciprocamente sin traducir da por medio pro y contra, a favor y en contra para siempre sin traducir amistosamente

in a happy mood in between in black and white in fact in front of in full in order to in return in situ in some way in spite of instead of in a blink of an eye in the long run in the past in vain in vitro in vivo just as well just in case little by little many a missing link next to nothing no doubt no longer not at all not even on behalf of on diet on foot one by one on one hand on request on the part of on the grand scale on the other hand on the verge of on the whole on time on tip toe or rather out of date out of key out of order owing to per capita

alegremente entre medio por escrito en efecto, de hecho en frente a completo, por extenso, sin abreviar (en la escritura) para a cambio en el lugar de alguna manera a pesar de en lugar de en un abrir y cerrar de ojos a la larga en el pasado en vano en vitro (en tubo de ensayo) en vivo igualmente por si acaso de a poco, poco a poco mucho/a eslabn perdido casi nada sin duda no ms, ya no en absoluto ni an a favor de a dieta a pie de a uno por un lado a pedido de parte de a lo grande por otra parte, por otro lado a punto de en conjunto a tiempo en punta de pie mejor dicho fuera de moda, sin actualizar fuera de foco sin funcionar debido a por cabeza

plenty of prima facie pro and cons pros and cons prior to rather than relatives in the blood so far soft drink so to speak Stock Exchange tall story thank goodness that being the case that is, ( i.e,) the apple of ones eye this day forthnight thus far to my knowledge to the extent to the full up and down upon that upon the main up to date well read which is which without blemish without wincing with reference to year in year out

gran cantidad de a primera vista a favor y en contra ventajas y desventajas previo a ms bien que parientes sanguneos hasta aqu bebida sin alcohol por decirlo as Bolsa de Comercio cuento inverosimil por suerte estando as las cosas es decir favorito dentro de quince das hasta aqu de acuerdo a lo que s hasta el punto plenamente, al mximo de arriba abajo en eso al fin, sin sntesis al da, a la fecha erudito cul es cal? sin tacha sin parpadear con respecto a ao tras ao

LISTADO DE FALSAS ANALOGAS (Falsos amigos) Se parecen en forma pero difieren en significado. Palabra / (Falsa analoga) ability (habilidad) accomodate (acomodar) actual (actual) administer (administrar) admission aggragate (agregado) apparent (aparente) application (aplicacin) appreciable (apreciable) apt (apto) assistance (asistencia) assume (asumir) audience (audiencia) balance (balance) billion (billn) capitalize (capitalizar) commodity (comodidad) competition (competicin) composture (compostura) comprehend (comprender) comprehesive (comprensivo) consisten (consistente) contemplate (contemplar) credit (crdito) current (corriente) demostration (demostracin) design (designar) dignified (dignificado) dishonest (deshonesto) distinct (distinto) elaborated (elaborado) event (evento) evenually (eventualmente exhibition (exhibicin) exit (xito) facilities (facilidades) figure (figura) file (fila) genial (genial) idiom (idioma) ignore (ignorar) implementation (impletacin) Significado capacidad, destreza, facultad ayudar, complacer verdadero, real aplicar, regir entrada, reconocimiento conjunto, coleccin claro, evidente, patente solicitud, peticin perceptible, bastante capaz, pertinente ayuda, colaboracin suponer pblico, auditorio equilibrio, saldo mil millones aprovechar, escribir con mayscula mercanca, artculo de comercio concurso, certmen calma, serenida abarcar, incluir completo, amplio congruente, sistemtico proyectar, incluir mrito comn, general, popular manifestacin, muestra diseo serio, grave, mesurado fraudulento, falso diferente, claro, singular esmerado, complejo suceso, acontecimiento finalmente, por ltimo exposicin salida servicios, instalaciones cifra archivo cordial, afable modismo desatender, hacer caso omiso ejecucin, cumplimiento

implication (implicaci imply (implicar) in order to (en orden labor (labor) library (librera) major (mayor) motion (mocin) notice (noticia) officer (oficial) pattern (patrn) popular (popular) proper (propio) postpone (posponer) prescription (perscripcin) qualification (calificacin) realice (realizar) rear (raro) recess (receso) recollect (recolectar) reconcile (reconciliar) rendition (rendicin) rent (renta) resignation (resignacin) resort (resorte) scheme (esquema) scholar (escolar) sophisticated (soficticado ) tariff (tarifa) tranlate (trasladar) utilities (utilidades) volatile (voltil)

insinuacin, sugerencia, deduccin insinuar, denotrar para trabajo, obra, mano de obra biblioteca principal, importante movimiento aviso, advertencia, anuncio funcionario modelo, estructura, ciclo comn, conocido correcto diferir, aplazar receta, mandato, precepto aptitud, cualidad, requisiti darse cuenta posterior, trasero tregua, intermedio recordar, reunir, recoger ajustar, conciliar rendicin alquiler, arrendamiento renuncia reanudar, reasumir plan, proyecto erudito, becario, doctor refinado, complicado arancel traducir servicios pblicos inestable

VERBOS IRREGULARES

INFINITIVO abide arise awake be bear beat become befall begin bend bet betake bite bleed bind break bring build burn burst buy cast catch choose cling come cost cut dare deal do draw dream drink drive drop eat fall feed feel fight

PASADO abode arose awoke was/were bore beat became befell began bent bet betook bit bled bound broke brought built burnt burst bought Cast Cought Chose clung came Cost cut dared dealt did drew dreamt drunk drove dropt ate fell fed felt fought

PARTICIPIO abode arisen awoke,awoken been born beaten become befallen begun bent bet betaken bit,bitten bled bound broken brought built burnt burst bought cast cought chosen clung come cost cut dared dealt done drown dreamt drunk driven dropt eaten fallen fed felt fought

TRADUCCIN habilitar levantarse despertarse ser, estar llevar, soportar, derrotar, apaler llegar a ser,volverse acaecer empezar, comenzar dobla,plegar apostar aplicarse morder sangrar unir, atar romper traer construir quemar estallar, reventar comprar arrojar, fundir atrapar elegir agarrarse venir costar cortar atreverse tratar, negociar hacer dibujar,sacar sonar beber conducir,guiar dejar caer, gotear comer caer alimentar sentir,palpar combatir,luchar

find fly forbide forecast forget forgive freight get give go grow have hang hear hide hit hold hurt keep know lay lead learn leave lend let lie light lose make mean meet melt mistake pay put read ring rise run say seek sell send set show shoot

found flew forbade forcast Foregot forgave freighted got gave went grew had hung heard hid hit held hurt Kept knew laid led learnt left lent let lay lit lost made meant met melted mistook paid put read rang rose ran said sought sold sent set showed shot

found flown forbidden forcast forgotten forgiven freighted got given gone grown had hung heard hidden hit held hurt kept known laid led learnt left lent let lain lit lost made meant met molten mistake paid put read rung risen run said sought sold sent set shown shot

hallar,encontrar volar prohibir proyectar,trazar olvidar perdonar fletar,cargar obtener ,tomar dar ir crecer tener, haber colgar oir, escuchar esconder pegar contener,asir herir sostener,guardar,mantener saber,conocer poner,colocar guiar,dirigir aprender dejar, partir prestar permitir echarse,acostarse encender perder hacer significar encontrar,conocer derretir equivocarse pagar poner leer sonar elevar, levantar correr, pasar decir buscar vender enviar poner,colocar mostrar torar,brotar

shrink shut sit speak spell spend spread stand spring stick strike swear swell swim take teach tear tell think throw understand wind wear wet write

shrunk shut sat spoke spelt spent spread stood sprang stuck struck swore swelled swam took taught tore told thought threw understood wound wore wet wrote

shrink shut sat spoke spelt spent spread stood sprung stuck struck sworn swollen,swelled swum taken taught torn told thought thrown understood wound worn wet written

encogerse cerrar sentarse hablar deletrear gastar,pasar esparcir,diseminar pararse surgir,brotar fijar,adherir golpear,herir jurar hincharse nadar tomar ensear rasgar decir pensar tirar entender,comprender enrollar,envolver usar, llevar, gastar mojar, humedecer escribir

LISTADO DE VERBOS PREPOSICIONALES El verbo est acompaado por un adverbio o preposicin y cambia de significado. TO BE to be back.: haber vuelto to be down: escrito to be in: haber entrado, estar to be in for: estar expuesto a to be in with: gozar del favor de to be off: partir, cancelar, abandonar to be out: no ser considerado to be out of: no tener ms to be out to: empearse to be over: terminar to be up in/on: estar al corriente de to be up to: ser competente para TO BRING to bring about: efectuar to bring away: llevarse algo to bring back :devolver to bring close/near: acercar to bring down: bajar to bring forth: producir to bring forward: llevar una suma a otra cuenta to bring in: introducir, presentar una cuenta to bring out. aparecer to bring over: persuadir TO CARRY to carry away: llevarse, arrebatar to carry back: devolver to carry forward: suma y sigue, llevar adelante to carry off: alzar, retirar to carry on: continuar to carry over: transferir to carry through: llevar a cabo to carry up: erigir to carry up to: ajustar, amoldar a TO BREAK to break away: escapar, desaparecer to break down: romperse, averiarse to break from:desprenderse to break in: forzar, romper to break off: terminar, separar,cortar to break out: escapar, comenzar to break through: pasar, aparecer to break up: terminar, perder fuerza to break upon: aparecer, sorprender

TO CALL to call at: ir a, parar en to call away/off: cancelar, ordenar to call back: revocar to call for: necesitar, demadar to call forth: hacer salir, sacar to call in:pedir, llamar to call on: visitar to call out: gritar to call up: citar, convocar

TO CUT to cut away: recortar to cut down: reducir, cercenar to cut in: conectar, introducir

TO COME to come about: ocurrir, efectuarse to come at: alcanzar to come back: volver, retroceder to come down: bajar, descender to come from: proceder, provenir to come in: entrar to come near: acercarse to come on: avanzar, seguir to come out: publicar to come over: venir, cruzar TO DRAW to draw away: quitar, llevarse to draw back: retroceder to draw in: atraer to draw off: sacar, extraer, retirar to draw on: acercarse, ocasionar to draw out: sacar to draw over: persuadir to draw up: TO GET to get at: llegar to get back: recobrar to get down: escribir, descender to get in: entrar, lograr to get off: salir, sacar, bajar to get on: progresar to get out: desaparecer, editar to get out of: evadir, evitar to get round: persuadir to get up: levantarse

TO DO to do away with: abolir, quitar to do for: servir, bastar para to do over: hacer de nuevo, repetir to do up: abrochar to do with: poder con, arreglarse to do without: arreglarse, poder con

TO FALL to fall back: retroceder, retirarse to fall down: caerse to fall in: caer dentro to fall off: disminuir, decaer to fall out: suceder to fall to: comenzar

TO GIVE to give back: devolver to give in: rendirse, ceder to give off: echar, despedir to give out: publicar, faltar to give over: entregar, to give up: renunciar

TO GO to go across. cruzar to go against: oponerse to go along: seguir to go back. retroceder to go by: pasar por alto to go down: bajar to go forward: adelantar to go in: entrar to go into: participar to go off: explotar to go through: discutir en detalle to go to: dirigirse, acercarse to go up: incrementar, subir TO LET to let down: dejar caer, decepcionar to let in: dejar entrar to let off: causar explosin, dejar ir to let on: revelar to let up: relajarse, disminuir

TO KEEP to keep away: mantenerse to keep back: guardar to keep down: decrecer to keep in: mantener to keep off: no entrar to keep on: continuar to keep to: adherirse to keep up: mantenerse firme to keep up with: ir parejo

TO LOOK to look after: cuidar to look at: mirar to look for: buscar to look forward: prever, to look like: parecerse to look on: considerar to look out. cuidar(se) to look to: atender to look through: examinar to look up: averiguar, consultar, buscar to look upon: considerar TO PUT to put away: apartar to put back: guardar to put down: bajar, reprimir to put in: introducir, poner to put off: posponer to put out: extinguir, despedir to put over: dilatar to put to: agregar, aadir to put up: poner en su lugar guardar

TO MAKE To make again: rehacer to make of: deducir, inferir to make off: irse to make out: discernir, comprender to make over: transferir to make up: completar, constituir

TO RUN to run across: atravesar, hallar to run after: tratar de alcanzar, buscar to run down: parar con alguna excusa to run on: continuar to run out: agotar, desperdiciar to run out of: quedarse sin to run over: repasar, hojear to run through: examinar, presentar to run up: incurrir, sumar

TO STAND to stand back: retroceder to stand by: estar inactivo,listo to stand for: representar, estar en lugar de to stand forth: adelantarse to stand of: mantenerse a distancia to stand out: mantenerse firme, destacarse to stand to: no abandonar to stand up: levantarse to stand up for: enfrentar

TO TAKE to take away: quitar, sacar, llevarse to take back: devolver, llevar to take down: escribir, asentar to take from: restar, sustraer to take in: admitir, dar ingreso to take off: sacarse, destruir to take on: asumir to take out: sacar, llevar, quitar to take to: comenzar, dedicarse to take up: levantar, admitir, ocupar

TO TURN to turn away: desviar to turn back: volver ats, destituir to turn down: declinar to turn into: convertir en, cambiar to turn off: apagar, parar to turn on: prender, atacar, encender to turn out: resultar, acudir to turn over: transferir, trasladar to turn to: comenzar a trabajar,

RECORDAR a, an un/una this esto these estos the el, la los las that aquello those aquellos

Plurales regulares e irregulares de los sustantivos. Sustantivo + s (tomato) + es (city) + ies (life) + ves disorders tomatoes cities lives man tooth foot mouse men teeth feet mice

Plural de sustantivos de origen griego o latino. datum data criterion - criteria focus -foci nucleus-nuclei analysis - analyses thesis - theses

El adjetivo: es invariable en gnero y nmero a new hospital - un hospital nuevo new hospitals - hospitales nuevos El verbo "to be" - ser, estar, tener, hacer Presente: am is are Pasado: was, were (fueron estuvieron) Futuro: will be (ser/estar) Potencial: would be (sera/estara) There be: haber There is- There are = Hay There was-There were = Haba There will be = Habr

Verbos regulares: en pasado y participio agregan -ed Verbos irregulares: cambian en pasado y participio (go/went/gone) (ver lista verbos irregulares)

CONJUGACIONES VERBALES
VERB TO BE Affirmative Form I am (Im) You are (youre) He is (hes) She is (shes) It is (its) We are (were) They are (theyre) VERB TO HAVE Affirmative Form I have (Ive) You have (youve) He has (hes) She has (shes) It has (its) We have (weve) They have (theyve) Interrogative Form Am I ? Are you ? Is he ? Is she ? Is it ? Are we ? Are they ? Negative Form I am not (Im not) You are not (you arent) He is not (he isnt) She is not (she isnt) It is not (it isnt) We are not (we arent) They are not (they arent)

El verbo to have forma el interrogativo y negativo con do y does como todos los verbos en Simple Present Tense .

Simple Present Tense:

Presente Simple I/ you/ we/ they WALK to the hospital every day Camino/ caminas/ caminamos/ caminan al hospital todos los das He/ She WALKS to the hospital every day Camina al hospital. En la forma interrogativa se utiliza el DO ( DOES con he, she, it) y en la forma negativa se agrega NOT al auxiliar ( DO/DOES + NOT + BASE).

Affirmative Form I take You take He takes She takes It takes We take They take

Interrogative Form Do I take? Do you take? Does he take? Does she take? Does it take? Do we take? Do they take?

Negative Form I do not take You do not take He does not take She does not take It does not take We do not take They do not take

Simple Past Tense

Pasado Simple Si el verbo es regular BASE + ED/D/IED Si es irregular el verbo cambia (2da columna verbos irregulares) I/ he/ we WORKED Trabaj, trabaj, trabajamos ( IGUAL TODAS LAS PERSONAS) I/He/we THOUGHT Pens, pens, pensbamos (IGUAL TODAS LAS PERSONAS) En la forma interrogativa se utiliza DID+ BASE (Did you work? / Did you think?) y en forma negativa se utiliza DID + NOT + BASE ( he did not think)

Affirmative Form I worked / took You worked / took He worked / took She worked / took It worked / took We worked / took They worked / took

Interrogative Form Did I work / take? Did you work / take? Did he work / take? Did she work / take? Did it work / take? Did we work / take? Did they work / take?

Negative Form I did not work / take You did not work / take He did not work / take She did not work / take It did not work / take We did not work / take They did not work / take

Simple Future Tense:

Futuro Simple El auxiliar will (o shall para I o We) precede al verbo (I will work). En forma interrogativa se coloca will delante del pronombre personal y en la forma negtiva se utiliza will not (contraccin: wont).

Affirmative Form I will take You will take He will take She will take It will take We will take They will take

Interrogative Form Will I take? Will you take? Will he take? Will she take? Will it take? Will we take? Will they take?

Negative Form I will not take You will not take He will not take She will not take It will not take We will not take They will not take

Hay una forma verbal que expresa Futuro Inmediato o de Intencin, y se conjuga como las formas continuas. Es el going to.
Futuro Inmediato Going to: estar por, o Ir a ... He is going to work. Est por trabajar. They are going to visit Rome. Ellos van a visitar Roma.

Perfect Tenses: Se forman con have conjugado ms el participio del verbo principal.
Los Tiempos Perfectos: have/has + participio pasado (-ed / 3er. columna v. irreg.) Presente Perfecto : I have investigated this. He investigado esto. She has investigated this. Ha investigado esto. Pasado Perfecto: I had investigated this. Haba investigado esto She had written this. Haba escrito esto Futuro Perfecto: I will have investigated this

Habr investigado esto She will have written this Habr escrito esto

Present Perfect Tense:

Affirmative Form I have taken You have taken He has taken She has taken It has taken We have taken They have taken

Interrogative Form Have I examined? Have you examined? Has he examined? Has she examined? Has it examined? Have we examined? Have they examined?

Negative Form I have not worked You have not worked He has not worked She has not worked It has not worked We have not worked They have not worked

Past Perfect Tense

Affirmative Form I had worked / taken You had worked / taken He had worked / taken She had worked / taken It had worked / taken We had worked / taken They had worked / taken Interrogative Form Had I worked / taken? Had you worked / taken? Had he worked / taken? Had she worked / taken? Had it worked / taken? Had we worked / taken? Had they worked / taken? Negative Form I had not worked / taken You had not worked / taken He had not worked / taken She had not worked / taken It had not worked / taken We had not worked / taken They had not worked / taken

. Conditional Tenses: Se forman con would ms un verbo en infinitivo

Equivalen al Modo Potencial en espaol.

Potencial: : would + verbo base para todas las personas (en castellano el verbo termina en -a) I would investigate They would observe Investigara Observaran

Simple Conditional:

Affirmative Form I would take You would take He would take She would take It would take We would take They would take

Interrogative Form would I take? would you take? would he take? would she take? would it take? would we take? would they take?

Negative Form I would not take You would not take He would not take She would not take It would not take We would not take They would not take

Perfect Conditional
Affirmative Form I would have taken You would have taken He would have taken She would have taken It would have taken We would have taken They would have taken Interrogative Form would I have taken? would you have taken? would he have taken? would she have taken? would it have taken? would we have taken? would they have taken? Negative Form I would not have taken You would not have taken He would not have taken She would not have taken It would not have taken We would not have taken They would not have taken

Algunas frases verbales que pueden confundirse: They have had = han tenido (voz activa)

They had had

= haban tenido (voz activa)

They have been = han estado (voz activa) They have been working = han estado trabajando (voz activa) They have been examined = han sido examinados / se los examin (esta es la forma pasiva con se en espaol) They had been examined = haban sido examinados / se los haba examinado (esta es la forma pasiva con se en espaol) There has been = ha habido / hubo / haba (voz activa) There have been = ha habido / hubo / haba (voz activa) There had been = haba habido / hubo / haba (voz activa) They would have examined = habran examinado (voz activa) They would have been examined = habran sido examinados / se los habra examinado (esta es la forma pasiva con se en espaol) There would have been an examination = habra habido un examen (forma conditional perfect, voz activa) Continuous Tenses: Se forman con el verbo to be conjugado ms un verbo terminado en -ing. Por ejemplo: She is walking = ella est caminando
Los tiempos progresivos o continuos To be + base + ing Presente continuo : They are analyzing the results Estn analizando los resultados Pasado continuo: They were analyzing the results Estaban analizando los resultado Futuro continuo: They will be analyzing the results Estarn analzando los resultados

Present Continuous (or Progressive):

Affirmative Form Interrogative Form Negative Form

I am playing You are playing He is playing She is playing It is playing We are playing They are playing

Am I playing? Are you playing? Is he playing? Is she playing? Is it playing? Are we playing? Are they playing?

I am not playing You are not playing He is not playing She is not playing It is not playing We are not playing They are not playing

Past Continuous (or Progressive):

Affirmative Form I was playing You were playing He was playing She was playing It was playing We were playing They were playing Interrogative Form Was I playing? Were you playing? Was he playing? Was she playing? Was it playing? Were we playing? Were they playing? Negative Form I was not playing You were not playing He was not playing She was not playing It was not playing We were not playing They were not playing

Modal Verbs
VERBOS DEFECTIVOS/MODALES: pueden estar usados como auxiliares y no tienen todos los tiempos. Poder: Can : puedo, puedes, podemos (presente) Could: poda, podra, pudiera (poder, habilidad) (pasado, potencial) May: puedo, puedes, podemos (presente) Might: poda, podra, pudiera (poder, posibilidad, permiso) (pasado, potencial) Deber: Must debo, debes debemos, deben (obligacin desde la norma)(presente) Should debera, deberamos, debieran (consejo) (potencial) Ought to debo, debes, debemos (obligacin moral) (presente)

Grupo verbal que sustituye can (poder) = TO BE ABLE TO + VERBO ( ser capaz de + verbo): Este grupo verbal se conjuga en todos los tiempos , conjugando el verbo to be. She can read French = She is able to read French Puede leer francs = Es capaz de leer francs Grupo verbal que sustituye must (deber) = TO HAVE TO + VERBO (tener que + verbo). She must stay in bed Debe quedarse en cama = = She has to stay in bed Tiene que quedarse en cama

We can play tennis . ---------------------------------------------------They should go to bed early ---------------------------------------------------She may go dancing or she may stay at home --------------------------------We have to go to the bank every day -------------------------------------------VOZ PASIVA Formas del TO BE + PARTICIPIO PASADO (ED/3er. col. v. irreg.) It is known as... - se conoce como, es conocido como It was known as... - se conoca como, era conocido como It will be known as... - se conocer como, ser conocido como

Informacin til:
Some Any No Every Any algo ( se usa en forma afirmativa) He has some money. algo / se usa en forma negativa e interrogativa) He doesnt have any money. Does he have any money?. nada ningn todo cualquiera (en forma afirmativa) body - one thing where

Any suggestion is possible. Cualquier sugerencia es posible.

Se pueden combinar con:

(para personas) (para cosas) (para lugar)

how

(para modo, manera)

EXPRESIONES Either...... or Neither .....nor Both Both ........and One another/ each other o (lo uno) ......o (lo otro) ni ...... ni (ni lo uno ni lo otro) ambos tanto ....... como y entre s

Comparativos y superlativos Dark (oscuro) / Darker than (ms oscuro que) / The darkest (el ms oscuro) Important importante) / more important than (ms importante que) / The most important (el ms importante) Comparacin de igualdad as ....... as (tan .... como) as dark as (Tan oscuro como)

Los comparativos y superlativos irregulares: Good (bueno) better (major) Formas no conjugadas de verbos. Formas de ING: Sentido verbal. Forma sustantiva. Forma adjetiva. Forma preposicional.

the best (ptimo).

He is writing a paper. Reading is important El leer o la lectura es importante The living cell La clula viva The importance of analysing these results La importancia de analizar estos resultados