Los sistemas de información

Geográfica SIG, “GIS”

 ¿Qué son los SIG?
El término SIG o Sistema de Información Geográfica (Geographic
Information System, GIS) se emplea para referirse a conceptos
interrelacionados pero diferentes. Se utiliza para hacer referencia al
programa o aplicación de ordenador que sirve para manejar mapas, y este
es el sentido con el que se usará en estos apuntes.

Un SIG comprende un conjunto de “hardware”, “software", datos

geográficos y personal capacitado, organizados para capturar, almacenar,
consultar, analizar y presentar todo tipo de información que pueda tener
una referencia geográfica. Un SIG es una base de datos espacial.

Un ejemplo de SIG es ArcGIS.

Elementos y componentes de los SIG
 Software
Se refiere a componentes
intangibles conformados por los
programas de aplicación que se
utilizan para el tratamiento de
datos y la búsqueda de resultados.
Hardware
Hace referencia a los componentes materiales o
tangibles, es decir, a los elementos físicos de una
computadora: CPU (Central Processing Unit, en
español Unidad Central de Procesamiento),
teclado, monitor, mouse e impresora

Liveware o Personas.
Datos Usuarios
Son la materia prima. Sin ellos, no podremos construir
productos de información o mapas que nos ayuden a Las personas son las
hacer nuestros análisis y tomar las decisiones en nuestra encargadas de diseñar y
organización. Esos datos podrán venir de diferentes utilizar el software, siendo el
fuentes: sensores remotos, GPS, fotografías aéreas, motor del sistema SIG.
archivos formatos shapefile, archivos CAD, archivos
Excel, etc.
01
¿Cuáles son las Funciones de los Sistemas de
Información Geográfica?
Los SIG basan su trabajo principalmente en cuatro actividades: recolección o
entrada, procesamiento y salida de datos, pero además de esto encontramos
un paso no descrito antes el cual es el almacenamiento de información
 Integración de datos:
Gestión Entrada de datos: Permite construir información que le
Carga de datos en diferentes dé un sentido lógico a la data
formatos recolectada

Análisis de datos:
Permite el análisis de datos mediante operaciones de manipulación de capas
y modelamiento espacial, transformando los datos en información relevante

Producción información: Difusión o Salida de

Permite consultar y generar datos que en conjunto resultados:
conformen un diseño que trasmita información Permite que los resultados sean
relevante de forma gráfica distribuidos a los interesados finales, en
formatos físicos o digitales
Do you know what helps you make your point clear?
Lists like this one:

● They’re simple
● You can organize your ideas clearly
● You’ll never forget to buy milk!

And the most important thing: the audience won’t

miss the point of your presentation
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and
the smallest one in the entire Solar System.
This planet's name has nothing to do with
the liquid metal, since Mercury was named
after the Roman messenger god. Despite
being closer to the Sun than Venus, its
temperatures aren't as terribly hot as that
planet's. Its surface is quite similar to that
of Earth's Moon, which means there are a
lot of craters and plains
Speaking of craters, many of them were
named after artists or authors who made
significant contributions to their respective
fields. Mercury takes a little more than 58
days to complete its rotation, so try to
imagine how long days must be there!
Since the temperatures are so extreme,
albeit not as extreme as in Venus, and the
solar radiation is so high, Mercury has been
deemed to be non-habitable for humans
 FORMATOS
Los SIG pueden ser de dos tipos principales según el método usado para modelizar la realidad
geográfica. Es decir, cómo los aspectos del medio o territorio (vegetación, geología, edafología,
temperatura, precipitación, altitud, carreteras, ciudades, ríos, divisiones administrativas...)
quedan representados gráficamente. Imaginemos un mapa en papel, un mapa topográfico.

Sig raster Sig vectorial

Utilizan una malla rectangular de celdillas
cuadradas. En cada celdilla hay un número. Este
número porta la información necesaria para
modelizar un aspecto del medio.
Utilizan un conjunto de puntos, líneas o polígonos
que modelizan un aspecto del medio. Estos puntos,
líneas o polígonos se conocen, de manera genérica,
como objetos o características o entidades
(features)
Awesome
words
 SHAPEFILE

Es el modelo de datos propio de la mayoría de los SIG, con la

estructura más simple y versátil de todas. Sólo pueden contener
una clase de entidad (punto, línea o polígono).

Un shapefile es un formato vectorial de almacenamiento digital

donde se guarda la localización de los elementos geográficos y los
atributos asociados a ellos. Aunque parece que trabajamos con un
sólo archivo, en realidad un shapefile consta de al menos tres
archivos con el mismo nombre y extensiones diferentes
 Divisions of the planet

Ecuador North Pole South Pole

Despite being red, Jupiter is the biggest Saturn is composed
Mars is an extremely planet in the entire mostly of hydrogen
cold planet Solar System and helium
 02
Countries
You can enter a subtitle here if you need it
A picture is worth a
thousand words
An image reinforces the
concept
Images reveal large amounts of data, so remember: use
an image instead of a long text. Your audience will
appreciate it
03
Exercices
You can enter a subtitle
here if you need it
10,000,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
 Population percentages

50% 20% 35%

America Europe Asia

Earth is the third planet Neptune is the farthest Despite being red,
from the Sun planet from the Sun Mars is a cold place
 333,000
The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s

9h 55m 23s
Jupiter’s rotation period

386,000 km
Distance between the Earth and the Moon
 Desktop
software
You can replace the image on the
screen with your own work. Just
right-click on it and select
“Replace image”
Tablet
app
You can replace the image on the
screen with your own work. Just
right-click on it and select
“Replace image”
 Mobile
app
You can replace the image on the
screen with your own work. Just
right-click on it and select
“Replace image”
 3 most populated countries

China
Mercury is the closest planet
to the Sun

India
Despite being red, Mars is a
cold place

USA
Jupiter is the biggest planet
in the Solar System
 Our team

John Doe Elena James

You can replace the image on the You can replace the image on the
screen with your own screen with your own
 Stages of continent formation

Triassic Cretaceous
Saturn was named after Mercury is the closest
a Roman god planet to the Sun

1 2 3 4

Permian Jurassic
Jupiter is the biggest Despite being red, Mars
planet of them all is a cold place
 Earth's layers

Crust
01 Venus has a beautiful
name, but it’s terribly hot

Mantle
02 Saturn is one of the planets
with rings

Inner core
03 Despite being red, Mars is
a very cold planet
 Facts on continents

Area Population Density

Asia 43,810,000 3,879,000,000 88.5 peop./km²

USA 42,330,000 910,000,000 21.5 peop./km²

Europe 10,180,000 731,000 ,000 71.8 peop./km²

Africa 30,370,000 922,011,000 30.4 peop./km²

Oceania 8,720,710 27,000,000 3.1 peop./km²

Antarctica 13,723,000 1000 0.00007 peop./km²

 Richest countries
Luxembourg
Mercury is the closest planet
to the Sun

Singapore
Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place

Ireland
Saturn is composed of
20XX hydrogen and helium

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
 The continents
Indicate which is each continent

Antarctica

Asia

Oceania

America

Europe

Africa
 Main countries of each continent

● Write the main ● Write the main ● Write the main

countries here countries here countries here
 European countries

Horizontal I S P A I N

T W R
● Spain
● France F R A N C E E
● Malta
L D L

Y E M A L T A
Vertical N
N
● Italy
● Sweden D
● Ireland
 Asian flags
Match each flag to its corresponding country

Bangladesh Indonesia

Vietnam Thailand

Japan Myanmar
Oceans of the world
Swipe each word to its corresponding place

Arctic Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Indian Ocean

Atlantic Ocean
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