WSTT

Rev 1
Jan 28, 2013
AGENDA
 Agenda

 Value moment

 Overview
 Measurements
 Wave sonic specifications
 Tool string configuration
 MIT
 Semblance
 Job preparation

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VALUE MOMENT
 Estrés laboral

A nivel cognitivo-subjetivo: – Otras molestias gástricas

– Preocupación – Dificultades respiratorias
– Temor – Sequedad de boca
– Inseguridad – Dificultades para tragar
– Dificultad para decidir – Dolores de cabeza
– Miedo – Mareo
– Pensamientos negativos sobre uno mismo – Náuseas
– Pensamientos negativos sobre nuestra – Molestias en el estómago
actuación ante los otros – Tiritar
– Temor a que se den cuenta de
nuestras dificultades A nivel motor:
– Temor a la pérdida del control – Evitación de situaciones temidas
– Dificultades para pensar, estudiar, – Fumar, comer o beber en exceso
o concentrarse – Intranquilidad motora (movimientos repetitivos,
rascarse, tocarse, etc.)
A nivel fisiológico: – Ir de un lado para otro sin una finalidad
– Sudoración concreta
– Tensión muscular – Tartamudear
– Palpitaciones – Llorar
– Taquicardia – Quedarse paralizado
– Temblor
– Molestias en el estómago

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 Estrés laboral

 El estrés, además de producir ansiedad, puede producir

enfado o ira, irritabilidad, tristeza-depresión, y otras
reacciones emocionales, que también podemos
reconocer.

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 Estrés laboral

Consejos para reducir el estrés

 Reduzca la cantidad de café o cafeína que toma.

 Tome una alimentación saludable.
 No se recree con los síntomas del estrés.
 Consulte con su médico suplementos de dieta.
 Tome un buen desayuno.
 Beba agua.
 Haga de su sueño una prioridad.
 Camine algo cada día
 Revisiones médicas
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CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW
 Applications

 Estimate effective porosity (Φe).

 Time‐to‐depth conversion of seismic surveys.
 Estimate lithology.
 Estimate rock elastic constants for the purpose of
hydraulic frac design, evaluating formation sanding
potential and near‐borehole stresses, evaluating borehole
stability, directional drilling, and mud properties design.
 Identify the presence of natural fractures.
 Permeability profiling (i.e., estimate variations in
permeability over depth).
 Determine the magnitude and orientation of anisotropy.

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 Design

 WSTT – Asymmetrical Sonic Array

 Tool allows for anisotropic measurements
 Piezo transducer for monopole
 Bender bar transducers for dipole
 32 receivers (8 rings of 4 segmented piezo receivers)
 DOI - 12 - 36”

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 Operating environment

 WBM
 OBM
 Cased hole

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CHAPTER 2
MEASSUREMENTS
 Acoustic – physics

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 Acoutics waves
Acoutics waves

Direct waves Body waves Surface waves

Tool mode Compressional waves Normal waves

Mud waves Shear waves Leaky waves

Flexural waves

Stoneley waves

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 Direct waves

Tool Mode
 Travels along the logging tool
 Not characteristic of formation properties

Mud Wave
 Reflection off of borehole wall and logging tool causes
delay in arrival time at receiver
 Reflection also causes loss of energy
 Result is that low amplitude mud wave arrives at a
receiver much later in time, and does not interfere with
more important arrivals

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 Body waves

Compressive (primary) wave

 Particle displacement is parallel to the
direction of wave propagation
 Velocity dependent on the density and
elastic properties of rock and fluids filling
the pore space
 P-waves
– Reflected into the borehole
– Refracted at the interface

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 Body waves

Shear (secondary) wave

 Particle displacement is perpendicular to
the direction of wave propagation
 Velocity dependent on the density and
elastic properties of rock and fluids filling
the pore space
 S-waves
– Reflected into the borehole
– Refracted at the interface

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 Body waves

With shear ∆t, and bulk density (ρb), we can determine

rock elastic properties
 Poisson’s ratio
 Young’s modulus
 Bulk modulus
 Shear modulus

Provides valuable information for stimulation design

 Sanding potential
 Borehole principal stresses

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 Surface waves

Flexural waves
 Created by the asymetrical flexing of the
interface between borehole fluid and
formation fluid (a non-refracted shear
wave)
 Flexing is propagated in the borehole
wall by a dipole transmitter
 Travels at about the same speed as a
shear wave
 Can be used to determine shear wave
velocity when critically refracted shear
waves are not available
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 Surface waves

Stoneley
 Created by the flexing of the interface
between borehole fluid and formation
fluid
 Flexing is propagated up and down
the borehole wall from transmitter
 Very slow travel time
 Amplitude of the first Stoneley arrival
is very difficult to detect
 However…the frequency of Stoneley
waves can be important

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 Crossed Dipole Applications

 Acoustic Anisotropy Measurement

– How rocks react to sonic wave propagation and directional
differences in sonic properties
 Linkage to 3D seismic
 Directionally Sensitive Formation Strength Estimates
– Stimulation Design
– Borehole Stability
 Required Auxiliary measurements
– X-Y caliper
– navigation package

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CHAPTER 3
WAVE SONIC SPECIFICATIONS
 Wave Sonic Specifications

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 Wave Sonic Specifications

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 Wave Sonic Specifications

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 Wave Sonic Specifications

Top of Top of
Transmitter Transmitter /
Controller Isolator

Top of
Receivers Top of Main
Section instrument

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CHAPTER 4
TOOL STRING CONFIGURATION
 Tool string configuration

 The two instrument sections perform the functions of

transmitter, fire control, receiver selection, filtering and
amplification of receiver signals, digitization of receiver
signals, and transmission of digitized receiver data to the
subsurface telemetry unit.

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 Transmitter Controller (Upper Electronics)

 Transmitter Controller Module (XTCM)

– Electronics that control the transmitter drivers.
– Communicates with XMCM (Main Controller Module).
 Monopole Driver Module, and output transformers choke-off
board (XMDM)
 Dipole Driver Capacitor Board
 Dipole Driver Modules, and output transformers choke-off
board (XTDM)
– Pulsed amplifier system to drive power to the transmitters.
– Capacitor bank stores energy to discharge on transmitters.
 Media Access Unit (MAU+1)

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 Transmitter/Isolator Section

 The WSTT contains three transmitters: one monopole,

one X-dipole, and one Y-dipole.

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 Transmitter/Isolator Section

 Monopole transmitters induce energy into the formation by

creating a radially symmetric (or omnidirectional) pressure
distribution in the borehole fluid each time they pulse.
 The WSTT monopole transmitter works like the monopole
transmitters of other tools that generate critically refracted
body waves (compressional and shear) as well as
Stoneley surface waves.
 Dipole transmitters unlike monopole transmitters are
“directional,” meaning they create an asymmetric pressure
distribution in the borehole fluid each time they pulse .
 Dipole transmitters generate a form of non‐refracted shear
energy known as a flexural wave.

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 Transmitter/Isolator Section

 Monopole transmitter
– Single piezoelectric monopole crystal.
• 6-kHz center frequency.
• Programmable: 2-, 6-, 9-, 12- and
15-kHz.
– Energy output is surface-
programmable. The Master Instruction
Table (MIT) controls amplitude by way
of monopole firing voltage.
– Downloaded MIT also control
monopole firing rate.

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 Transmitter/Isolator Section

 Dipole transmitters
– Orthogonal X-dipole and Y-dipole
bender-bars.
– Both on-depth (depth-shifting of
waveform data is not required).
– MIT controls frequency selection.
– Commonly used frequencies: +- -+
• 2.2-kHz WB (Hard) – consolidated
formations
• 1.5-kHz NB (Medium) – standard for
Gulf of Mexico
• 1.2-kHz NB (Soft) – poorly
consolidated formations
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 Transmitter/Isolator Section

 Rubber isolators eliminate all tool mode waves by

providing 90-dB isolation.
 Internal isolation – springs and molded rubber inserts.
 External isolation – sequences of high and low acoustic
impedance materials.

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 Receiver Section

 The receiver section contains the 32 receivers, arranged

as eight coplanar rings of 4-receivers each.
 Attenuating materials are placed between the receiver
rings and in the receiver mounts which reduces the
acoustic coupling through the receiver section.

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 Receiver Section

 Contains receiver pre-amp boards (XRBB).

– One pre-amp board for each quad.
– Each contains four instrumentation amplifiers (one per
receiver), each with a ×5 gain setting resistor.
 Receivers are frequency (gain) matched (equal output).
– ± 0.2-dB at each depth level.
– ± 0.75-dB for entire array of 32 receivers.
– If one bad, then the entire quad is bad.
 Acoustic isolators/absorbers above and below receiver
section, and also between quads.

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 Main Instrument (Lower Electronics)

 Main Controller Module (XMCM)

 Integrated Numar Controller – Telemetry Processor
(INC-TP)
 Media Access Unit (MAU+2)
 Two Data Acquisition Boards (XDAQ1 and XDAQ2)
 Power Supply Modules GAIA/INNOVA

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 Main Instrument (Lower Electronics)

 Data Acquisition Modules (XDAQ1, XDAQ2)

– Digitizing electronics for receiver signals.
– XDAQ1 for quads 1-3-5-7.
– XDAQ2 for quads 2-4-6-8.
 Main Controller Module (XMCM)
– Controls data acquisition and transmitter firing
sequences.
– Communicates with XTCM and both XDAQs.
– Communicates with GTET via INC-TP.
 Integrated Numar Controller – Telemetry Processor (INC-TP)
– Data “translation” using SPORT bus between XMCM and
the Ethernet bus.
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 Block Diagram

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CHAPTER 5
MIT
 Master Instruction Table

 A set of instructions downloaded to the tool that programs the WSTT for a
particular operation.
– Dipole source frequency
– Monopole source frequency
– Transmitter power (gain)
– Sample rate
– Firing order
– Samples per channel
– Acquisition mode
 MITs are embedded in software and automatically selected based on
engineer’s selection of the following:
– Formation Type
– Monopole Type (DITS tools only)
– Waveform Type
– Tool Type (LogIQ/InSite or DITS)
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 Master Instruction Table

 Defines operating frequencies for dipole transmitters.

– SOFT
– MEDIUM
– HARD
 Monopole transmitter frequency is always 6-kHz.

 This tool does not have AGC!

– AGC masks true formation characteristics such as energy-
amplitude which are needed for advanced sonic analysis
• detection of low pressure gas
– The overall acquisition system has an equivalent gain bandwidth
of over 90 dB
• achieved by controlling source output and receiver sensitivity

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 Master Instruction Table

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CHAPTER 5
SEMBLANCE
 Semblance

 InSite software uses semblance-time-coherence

(STC)
 Real-time compressional and shear slowness
from the recorded waveform data
 It does not use a threshold for identifying first
arrivals.
 With semblance processing, the first arrival of an
acoustic wave is identified by computing its
coherence across the entire receiver array.

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 Semblance

 The time difference between the first arrival at different

receivers is in units of microseconds, and the distance
(or spacing) between receivers is known. Therefore, the
slope of the line is equivalent to slowness (Δt) in units of
microseconds/foot (μs/ft).

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CHAPTER 6
JOB PREPARATION
 Job preparation

 Aluminum protection sleeves are required!

– One for transmitter/isolator section.
– One for receiver section.
– Always used for transportation and rigging.
– Pick up tool in four separate sections (never
combined).
 Rubber stand-offs should always be run.
 Centralizers are bsolutely necessary when used for
anisotropy.

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 Job preparation

 Check pressure compensation piston in isolator section.

– Proper position is 2 – 3 inches

 All 32 receivers in the WaveSonic tool are pressure-

compensated.

© 2013 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 50

 Thank
You
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