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Archaeopteryx lithographica

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 ESPECIES
Pollos: Chicken
– order Galliformes
– family Phasianidae
– genus Gallus
– species domesticus
Pavos: Turkey
– order Galliformes
– family Meleagrididae
– genus Meleagris
– species gallopavo
Pato Pekin
– order Anseriformes
– family Anatidae
– genus Anas
– species platyrhynchos

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Pato Criollo – Muscovy duck
Cairina moschata

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 ORIGEN
Pollos
– Southeast Asia
– Domesticado 2,000 a 3,000 A.C.
– Ave Selvática , Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus)
• Red Jungle Fowl (primarily)
• Ceylon, Gray, and Green (secondarily)
Pavo
– Centro y Norte America
– 400 D.C.
– Wild Turkey ancestry (subspecies mix)
Pekin Duck
– China
– 2,000-3,000 A.C.
– Pato Mallard ancestro

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Anade Real - Mallard
Anas platyrhynchos

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 Desarrollo de la Avicultura
• Primeras Aves: Gallo Bankiva
• Grado de Desarrollo: Caza y
domesticación

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•Benefactoras del Hombre:

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Gray Jungle Fowl

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Green Jungle Fowl

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Red Jungle Fowl

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 Clases y Razas de Gallinas
AMERICAN ENGLISH
Buckeye Australorp
Chantecler (2) Cornish (4)
Delaware Dorking (3)
Dominique Orpington (4)
Holland (2) Redcap
Java (2) Sussex (3)
Jersey Giant (2)
Lamona MEDITERRANEAN
New Hampshire Andalusian
Plymouth Rock (7) Ancona (2)
Rhode Island Red (2) Catalana
Rhode Island White Leghorn (16)
Wyandotte (9) Minorca (5)
Sicilian Buttercup
ASIATIC Spanish
Brahma (3)
Cochin (9) ALL OTHER STANDARD BREEDS
Langshan (2) Game
Modern Game (9)
CONTINENTAL Old English Game (13)
French Oriental
Crèvecoeur Cubalaya (3)
Faverolle Malay (5)
Houdan (2) Phoenix (2)
La Flèche Sumatra
North European Yokohama (2)
Campine (2) Miscellaneous
Hamburg (6) Araucana (5)
Lakenvelder Frizzle (2)
Polish Naked Neck (4)
Polish (10) Sultan

R. D. Crawford, ed., Poultry Breeding and Genetics, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990

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Razas Asiáticas

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 Brahman Armiñada

R. D. Crawford, ed., Poultry Breeding and Genetics, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990

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Brahma

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Brahman amarilla

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Cochinchina

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White Cochin

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Black Cochin

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Cochinchina dorada

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Partridge Cochin

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Langshan Negra

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Razas Mediterraneas

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Ancona

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Andaluza

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White faced Black Spanish

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Single-Comb Black Minorca

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Ross-Comb White Minorca

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Single-comb Brown Leghorn
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Brown Leghorn

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Buff Ross-Comb Leghorn

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White Leghorn

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Leghorn blanca (White Leghorn)

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Razas Americanas

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Dominiques

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Columbian Wyandotte

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Silver Laced Wyandotte

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Silver Penciled Wyandotte

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Gallo Jersey Gigante Negro

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New Hampshire

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New Hampshire

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Rhode Island Red

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Rhode Island Red

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Partridge Plymouth Rock
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Partridge Plymouth Rock

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Buff Plymouth Rock

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Plymouth Rock Barreado

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Plymouth Rock Barreado

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Plymouth Rock Blanca

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Razas Inglesas

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Buff Orpington

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White Orpington

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Black Orpington

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Australorp

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White Dorking

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Silver Gray Dorking

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Cornish Blanca

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Black Cornish

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Dark Cornish
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Razas Continentales

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Faverolles

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White-Crested Black Polish

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Bearded Silver Polish

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Crevecour

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Silver Penciled Hamburg

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Silver Spangled Hamburg

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Golden Penciled Hamburg

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Otras Razas

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Transylvania Naked Neck o
Turken

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Silver Duckwing Game

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Black-Breasted Red Game

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Araucana

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Huevos verdes

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AMERAUCANAS versus ARAUCANA

Ameraucanas:
Beard and muffs
Tail

Araucanas:
Sin barbillas
Tuffs, not muffs
Sin cola

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BARRED PLYMOUTH ROCK versus DOMINIQUE
Barred Rock:
Single comb

Dominique:
Rose comb

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 Caracteristicas de las Razas
Wt (lbs) Earlobe Skin Shanks Egg
Breed Cock Hen Color Color Feathered Color

American
Plymouth Rock 9.5 7.5 R Y N B
Rhode Island Red 8.5 6.5 R Y N B
Jersey Black Giant 13.0 10.0 R Y N B
New Hampshire 8.5 6.5 R Y N B

Asiatic
Brahma (Buff) 12.0 9.5 R Y Y B
Langsham (Black) 9.5 7.5 R W Y B

English
Australorp 8.5 6.5 R W N B
Cornish (Dark) 10.0 7.5 R Y N B

Mediterranean
Leghorn 6.0 4.5 W Y N W
Minorca (Black) 9.0 7.5 W W N W
Ancona 6.0 4.5 W Y N W
Andalusian (Blue) 7.0 5.5 W W N W

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 SEXING YOUNG POULTRY
• Best way to tell is to wait till they grow up

Tail feathers

Comb size

Wattle size

Spur size

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 ANCESTROS DE LOS
REPRODUCTORES DE CARNE

CORNISH BLANCO PLYMOUTH ROCK

BLANCO

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 Cromosomas Sexuales
en el Ave

• Macho homogametic (Z Z)
• Hembra heterogametica (Z -)

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 Dam
Barred Plymouth Rock

Sire
New Hampshire
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Sexado de Pollos con Gen Barreado
Breed New Hampshire X Barred Rock
Parents Male Female
Phenotype non-barred barred
Genoytpe b b B ---
(Gametes)

Genoytpe bB b ---
Phenotype barred non-barred
(head spot) (no head spot)
F1 Male Female

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WHITE EGG LAYERS
What do they have in common?

White ear lobes

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BROWN EGG LAYERS

What do they have in common?

Red earlobes

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ANCESTROS DE LOS REPRODUCTORES
DE POSTURA

RHODE ISLAND ROJO LEGHORN BLANCA

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Sexado por color de plumaje

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Sexado por velocidad de emplume

Hembra Macho
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Sexado por velocidad de emplume

Hembra Macho
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Sexado de Pollos por velocidad de emplume
GP kk k--- KK k---

Parent Male Female

Phenotype rapid slow

Genotype k k K ---
(Gametes)
Genotype k K k ---

Phenotype slow rapid

Pullet Male Female

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 Diferencias de longitud de plumas
del ala determinadas por gen de emplume
lento (K)

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 Sex-linked Dwarf

• recesivo
• reduce tamaño corporal a
60% del normal
• reduce requqerimientos de
alimento y espacio

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Genes Enanos en Producción de Ponedoras

Parent Male Female

Phenotype dwarf normal

Genotype dw dw Dw ---
(Gametes)
Genotype dw Dw dw ---

Phenotype normal dwarf

Pullet Male Female

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 Genes Enanos en Broilers
Parent Male Female

Phenotype normal dwarf

Genotype Dw Dw dw ---
(Gametes)
Genotype Dw dw Dw ---

Phenotype normal normal

Broiler Male Female

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Sexado por cloaca

Macho

Hembra

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Gallo Barreado Gallo colorado
Orejilla blanca

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 COMMERCIAL CHICKEN
CLASSIFICATION
EGG TYPE
– Leghorn & Leghorn crosses
– American breed crosses
MEAT TYPE
– Cornish X Plymouth Rock (original)

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Tipos de ponedoras

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 Lineas Comerciales
WHITE CORNISH-WHITE PLYMOUTH
ROCK
– Pollos de carne
SINGLE COMB WHITE LEGHORN (SCWL)
– Ponedoras huevos blancos
BROWN EGG LAYERS
– Cruces de SCWL con New Hampshire, RIR, o
PRock
– RIR X Barred Plymouth Rock
– Huevos rosados y castaños

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Domesticación y el pollo

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 STRUCTURE OF THE U.S. BROILER INDUSTRY
Hatchery
Waste
Primary
Breeder Breeder Hatchery
Broiler
Replacement Breeders
Farms Farms

Egg Breaker

Soup & Stewing Hen

Processors
Broiler
Growout
Feed
Farms
Mill

Processing
Plant
Animal Health
Companies
Feed Additive
Manufacturer
Marketing &
Distribution
Feed Ingredients Rendering

Byproduct
Manufacturing

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 STRUCTURE OF THE U.S. TABLE EGG INDUSTRY

Pullet Laying
Primary Rearing Hen
Breeders Farm Farms

Feed Spent Hen

Mill Processor
Table Egg
Processing
Plant

Feed Additive
Egg Breaking
Manufacturers
Plant

Feed Ingredients

Product
Distribution
& Marketing

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Archaeopteryx

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