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TRUJILLO
Conferenc
ia :
Trujillo - 2010
Alza
Ing. Mecnica
M(a, b, c) donde M es un
entero representa una
familia de planos paralelos
al plano (a, b, c)
Si el plano es paralelo a los
ejes coordenados , no tiene
interseccin o la interseccin
sera en el infinito () por lo
cual es mas cmodo utilizar
las inversas de las
intersecciones que para los
planos paralelos a los ejes
sera cero.
Procedimiento
ejempl
os
Ejemplo:
DENSIDAD LINEAL.
Corresponde a la fraccin de longitud de lnea,
de una direccin cristalogrfica particular que
pasa a travs de los centros de los tomos.
DENSIDAD PLANAR.
Es la Fraccin de rea del plano cristalogrfico
ocupada por tomos; el plano debe pasar a
travs del centro del tomo para que este se
pueda incluir
Ejemplo:
Ejemplo:
Calcular la densidad planar del (1 1 0) del Bcc
Ejemplo:
Calcular la densidad planar del (1 1 0) del Bcc
SOLIDIFICACIN
Formacin de Dendritas
En los metales, los cristales que se forman en el
lquido durante la solidificacin siguen un patrn
que consiste en un rama principal con muchos
accesorios. Un cristal con esta morfologa se
asemeja levemente a un rbol del pino y se llama
una dendrita, que significa la ramificacin. La
formacin de dendritas ocurre porque los cristales
crecen en los planos definidos debido al enrejado
cristalino que crean. La figura siguiente muestra
cmo un cristal cbico puede crecer en un
espaciado tridimensional, que corresponden a las
seis caras del cubo. La dendrita secundaria arma
la rama del brazo primario, y los brazos terciarios
de los brazos secundarios y as sucesivamente.
Crystal Formation
Now consider a pure metal at its freezing point where both the
liquid and solid states are at the same temperature. The kinetic
energy of the atoms in the liquid and the solid must be the same,
but there is a significant difference in potential energy.
Kinetic energy is related to the speed at which the atoms move
and is strictly a function of temperature. The higher the
temperature, the more active are the atoms and the greater is
their kinetic energy. Potential energy , Is related to the distance
between atoms. The greater the average distance between the
atoms, the greater is their potential energy. The atoms in the
solid are much closer together, so that solidification occurs with
a release of energy. This difference in potential energy between
the liquid and solid states is known as the latent heat of fusion.
When the temperature of the liquid metal has dropped
sufficiently below its freezing point, stable aggregates or nuclei
appear spontaneously at various points in the liquid. These
nuclei, which have now solidified, act as centers for further
crystallization. As cooling continues, more atoms tend to freeze,
and they may attach themselves to already existing nuclei or form
new nuclei of their own. Each nucleus grows by the attraction of
atoms from the liquid into its space lattice. Crystal growth
continues in three dimensions, the atoms attaching themselves in
certain preferred directions, usually along the axes of a crystal.
This gives rise to a characteristic treelike structure which is
called dendrite .