Registro de Evaluación

de Cemento
CBL-VDL Cement Bond Logging
Teoría e Interpretación Básica
 Objetivos de una Cementación Primaria
Proveer un Aislamiento
Hidraúlico de zonas
Cement
Para proteger el medio ambiente y
prevenir:
Gas Zone
•Contaminación de los acuiferos
potables por mezcla e invasión de
Oil Zone fluidos indeseables ...
•Escape de Fluidos indeseables
hasta superficie.
Shale Zone •Invasión de fluidos [crossflow]

•Corrosión de los revestidores

•Collapsamiento de revestidores
Mejorando la Perforacion y la fase
Water Zone productiva del Pozo

Casing
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 Problemas de Calidad de Cemento
Si no hay un buen
aislamiento Hidraúlico entre
Cement zonas:
Riesgo de Contaminación
ambiental, perforación insegura
Oil Zone y problemas de producción:
•Contaminación de los acuiferos
potables por mezcla e invasión
de fluidos indeseables ...
•Escape de Fluidos indeseables
hasta superficie.
•Invasión de fluidos [crossflow]

Water Zone •Corrosión de los revestidores

•Colapso de revestidores
Casing
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 Descripción del Sistema
Fluido dentro del Pozo
Tope del Cemento
Micro-Anulus y Canales

b
Pobre aderencia Cement-
Formación
Formaciones

Cementación en dos etapas

Cementación Regular

Doble Revestidor

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Evaluación de la Calidad del Cemento
Necesidad de Evaluar la calidad
del Trabajo de Cementación:

Cement Evaluar la Integridad del Cemento

•Verificar Aislamientos de Zonas
Oil Zone •Determinar Cement Strength
•Presencias de Canales- µ_anillos
?
•Necesidad de Reparación ?
•Posibilidad de Reparación?
[ realizando un SQUEEZE ]
•Donde quedo el Tope del
Water Zone
Cemento?
Como realizar una buena
Casing evaluación del cemento?

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PDM Mayo 2003_VTT
CBL-VDL Cement Bond Logging

Physics of Measurement
CBL-VDL_ Sónico: Principio Básico
Principio Físico Básico del Sónico:
R

– Un Transmisor T dispara señales

acústicas omnidireccionalmente
T
– El Medio circundante Resuena
– Receptore captan las señales
acústicas resultantes.
– Las Ondas de Sonidos son
Analizadas

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 Principio Básico del CBL
Similar al resonar
de una Campana
• Cuando no hay Cemento,
No El Fluido esta detras del
Cement
Revestidor, Este esta libre

para Vibrar [ fuerte sonido]

• Cuando el revestidor esta

fuertemente adherido al

cemento , Las vibraciones

Good
del casing son atenuadas
Bond
proporcionalmete a la

superficie cubierta.
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 Principio de la Medición del CBL-
VDL
Configuración Básica del Sónico:
Tx • 1 Transmisor – 2 Receptores
– 3 ft Receptor para medida del CBL
3 ft
– 5 ft Receptor para el Análisis VDL
R3
5 ft • Herramienta DEBE estar
CENTRALIZADA
R5

CBL: CEMENT BOND LOG

VDL: VARIABLE DENSITY LOG

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 CBL-VDL Principio de Medición
Señal Acústica: (en cualquier de los
Tx Receptores)
Amplitud

R3ft

T0 Tiempo
R5ft ms
|--- Sonido Resultante--|

- To: Pulso disparado

- Sonido Resultante: o señal acústica tal como se
observa en los Receptores

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 CBL Principio de Medición
Definición del CBL:

• Amplitud de la Primera Cresta Recibida E1 en m

Tx
• Medida en el Receptor a 3 ft
3 ft • Es función del Casing-Cement Bond

R3
TT

R5

Definición del Tiempo de Transito:

• TT: Tiempo transcurrido desde T0  E1

• TT es utilizado en el control de calidad de

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registro o LQC
PDM Mayo 2003_VTT
 CBL Principio de Medición

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PDM Mayo 2003_VTT
 Significado Cualitativo del CBL
No
Good
Cement
Bond

Señal de CBL ALTA => Tuberia Revestidor Libre para Vibrar (No hay Cemento)

Señal de CBL BAJA => Atenuación de la Energia (Presencia de Cemento)

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 La Señal del VDL
VDL: VARIABLE DENSITY LOG

• Es el tren de onda sonica completo

Tx
• Medido en el Receptor 5 ft

• Su análisis permite fácil diferenciación

entre las señales del casing y las
R3 señales de formación.
5 ft

R5

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 Principio Algorítmico del VDL
• Registro la la forma de Onda en Profundidad

• Se toma solo la parte positiva de la Onda

• Las Crestas son comparadas con una Escala

de Grises. –Codificacion de intensidades-

• Las Crestas son sombreadas y presentadas

vistas desde arriba.

• Se obtiene la Imagen Final vs Profundidad:

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Propagación de la Energía Acústica
distancia
Velocidad =
tiempo

Slowness (Tiempo de Tránsito)

1 tiempo
Slowness = Dt = =
velocidad
distancia
Tiempo requerido por el sonido para
viajar 1 pie

DT Casing = 57 msec/ft
DT Cement = 75
msec/ft
DT Formation ≈ 100 msec/ft
DT Fluid ≈ 189 msec/ft
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Propagación de la Energía Acústica (2)
Impedancia Acústica (Z) se define
como:

Z1 Z=r.v
Z2
r: densidad del medio
Water

Steel
V: velocidad del sonido en el medio
Cement
La cantidad de sonido transmitida
entre dos medios diferentes depende
Sound
de su relación de impedancias
acústicas.
1. If Z1/Z2 es alta ==> baja
transmisibilidad
1. If Z1/Z2 es baja ==> alta
transmisibilidad
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 Waveform Time Analysis
2”
DT Casing = 57
CASING ARRIVALS msec/ft
TRAVEL TIME DT Cement = 75
msec/ft
TTC = FLUID + CASING + FLUID
DT Formation ≈ 100
msec/ft
3 in x 189 ms/ft DT Fluid 3≈ in
189
x 189
ms/ft msec/ft
= + 3 ft x 57 ms/ft +
12 in/ft 12
in/ft

= 265.5 ms

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PDM Mayo 2003_VTT
 Waveform Time Analysis
2”
DT Casing = 57
FORMATION ARRIVALS msec/ft
TRAVEL TIME DT Cement = 75
msec/ft
DT Formation ≈ 100
TTF = FLUID + CEMENT + FORMATION + CEMEN
msec/ft
+ FLUID DT Fluid ≈ 189
msec/ft
3 in x 189 ms/ft + 2 in x 75 ms/ft
= 2x + 3 ft x
100 ms/ft
12 in/ft
= 419.5 ms

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PDM Mayo 2003_VTT
 Waveform Time Analysis
2”
DT Casing = 57
FLUID ARRIVALS msec/ft
TRAVEL TIME DT Cement = 75
msec/ft
DT Formation ≈ 100
TTf = FLUID
msec/ft
DT Fluid ≈ 189
= 3 ft x 189 ms/ft msec/ft

= 567.0 ms

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 CBL-VDL Standard Outputs
Presentation
•Transit Time TT in micro-seconds [ms]
•CBL Amplitude in millivolts [mV ]
•VDL Variable Density Log [wafeform visual representation]

400 TT 0 CBL 200 VDL

200 100 1200
[mV] [ms]
[ms]

CCL

GR

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 CBL-VDL Standard Outputs
•Transit Time TT in micro-seconds [ms]
Log Quality Control

•CBL Amplitude in millivolts [mV ]

Quantitative Measurement of waveform energy

•VDL Variable Density Log [wafeform visual representation]

Qualitative Analysis of sound
Qualitative indicator of the presence of solid materials behind the casing

•Gamma Ray and CCL as auxiliary curves for Correlation

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CBL-VDL Cement Bond Logging

Factors affecting the Log

 Stretching
E1 Free Pipe Signal
Good Bond Signal
T0 Threshold

TT TT’

DT
In cases of Good Cement
E1 decreases and TT is detected on a non linear portion of E1

DT STRETCHING is the TT increase from its value in free pipe

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PDM Mayo 2003_VTT
 TT Cycle Skipping
E1 E3

T0 Threshold

TT TT’

In cases of very Good Cement E2

E1 could not reach Detection Threshold Level

T T skips to 3rd Peak [E3 ]........this is known as CYCLE SKIPPING

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 CBL Time Gates
E3

T0 Threshold

TT TT’

E1 no alcanza el nivel de deteccion

T T salta al 3er ciclo [E3 ]........esto se conoce como SALTO DE

CICLO
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CBL-VDL Cement Bond Logging

Basic Interpretation
 CBL Qualitative Interpretation
CONDITION TRANSIT CBL VDL
TIME AMPLITUDE
Free Pipe NORMAL HIGH Casing Arrivals
Usually No Formation
Arrivals
Good Bond to Casing & HIGH / LOW No Casing Arrivals
Formation NOISY Formation Arrivals
Good Bond to Casing HIGH LOW No Casing Arrivals
Not to Formation CAN BE No Formation Arrivals
NOISY
Poor Bond to Casing NORMAL MEDIUM Strong Casing Arrivals
No Formation Arrivals
Microannulus NORMAL MEDIUM Formation Arrivals
Casing Arrivals
Channeling NORMAL MEDIUM Formation Arrivals
Casing Arrivals
Fast Formations LOW HIGH Formation Arrivals
No Casing Arrivals

Eccentered Tool LOW LOW DEPENDS

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 Free Pipe Amplitude
5 • If no Casing-Cement bond,
amplitude is not attenuated

• This is called

3 FREE PIPE AMPLITUDE

2
CBL: Free Pipe

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 CBL AMPLITUDE VS. CASING
SIZE

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PDM Mayo 2003_VTT
 CBL-VDL Fluid Effects

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 FREE PIPE CHECK

CBL
100
Interpretation
100

Perfect
Chevron Patterns
Depth Match

Chevron Patterns

TT and CBL Amplitude

as espected according to Casing Size
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 Cement to Casing Bond
5
• If casing is well bonded,

soundwave will be attenuated

• The received CBL amplitude

will be low
3

2
CBL: Free Pipe

CBL: Good Bond

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 Open-Hole VDL’s (Before Casing)

GR WF1 VDL WF2 VDL

(Standard VDL)
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 Cased-Hole VDL’s (After Casing)

GR CCL WF1 VDL WF2 VDL

(Standard VDL)
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 GOOD BOND TO CASING & FORMATION
CBL

Interpretation

X
Formation Arrivals

Transit Time Low

with some <----------------------------------------CBL Amplitude

X
Stretching
No

Casing Arrivals

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 Irregular Bond
5 • The more “free” pipe or
“contaminated” cement in an
interval, the poorer the bond

• If cement job is not perfect, the

3
amplitude decreases less

CBL: Poor Bond

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 POOR BOND TO CASING
CBL

Interpretation

Stable
Medium
Transit Time
<------------------------------CBL Amplitude
X

Strong

Casing Arrivals

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 GOOD BOND CASING NOT TO FORMATION
CBL

Interpretation

No

Formation Arrivals
Transit Time
X
Low
with some
<----------------------------------------CBL Amplitude
Cycle
No
Skipping
Casing Arrivals
X

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 Micro Annulus
• Gap between Casing and Cement
5
Caused by contraction of casing
after cement sets if Casing Fluid is
changed
3
• E1 amplitude resembles a poorer
bond than actual
2
• Only a pressure pass can be done
to eliminate the micro annulus
CBL: Poor Bond
T

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PDM Mayo 2003_VTT
 Tool Eccentering
Causes for Eccentralization
5 • Improper Equipment selection

[ Centralizers ] for Casing Size

• Missing or Broken Centralizer(s)

3 • Weak Centralizers in deviated

wells

2 • Tool Damaged and/or bent

•Consequences
Damaged Casing
• Unbalanced sound paths
T
• Resulting waveform is
meaningless
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 Eccentering Analysis
Short Path
Resulting Waveform Normal Waveform
Waveform

T0 Threshold

TT

Delayed Waveform
If the tool is eccentered
There will be destructive interference from different sound paths
Result is a Bad Log
Waveform from close tool side to casing

Waveform from far tool side to casing not recoverable

Resulting waveform has Dramatic lower amplitude in Playback
Resembling a zone of Good Cementbut with shorter Transit Time [≈ 4 ms less]
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PDM Mayo 2003_VTT
 Eccentering
Resulting Waveform Normal Waveform

T0 Threshold

TT

If the tool is eccentered

There will be destructive interference from different sound paths
Result is a Bad Log
Waveform from close tool side to casing

Waveform from far tool side to casing not recoverable

Resulting waveform has Dramatic lower amplitude in Playback
Resembling a zone of Good Cementbut with shorter Transit Time [≈ 4 ms less]
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 CBL Amplitude Vs Tool Eccentering

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PDM Mayo 2003_VTT
 Fast Formation
5 Fast Formation Arrivals
In cases of good cement and

formation slowness < steel slowness

3 formation arrival arrives first

DT Dolomite = 43.5 msec/ft

DT Limestone = 47.5 msec/ft
2 DT Anhydrite = 50.0 msec/ft

The transit time and CBL amplitude

T
will be affected

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PDM Mayo 2003_VTT
 FAST FORMATION
CBL

Interpretation

Transit Time
High
Shorter than
<----------------------------------------CBL Amplitude
Casing
on areas of
arrivals
fast formation

<---------------------------------------- arrivals

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PDM Mayo 2003_VTT
 CBL Quantitative Interpretation
• ATTENUATION
– Logarithm of E1 amplitude [first peak of CBL waveform]

• BOND INDEX

Attenuation in zone of interest [dB/ft]

BI =
Attenuation in Cemented Section [dB/ft]

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 Bond Index

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PDM Mayo 2003_VTT
 Zone Insulation Based on Bond
30

I
Index Bond Index = 60 %

25
n
t Bond Index = 70 %
e 20
r
v 15
a
l Bond Index = 80 %
10

[ft]
5

5 6 7 8 9 10

Casing O.D. [in]

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PDM Mayo 2003_VTT
 CBL M1 Chart
Casing Data
Quantitative
O.D. 7”, 29 lbm/ft
Interpretation Casing Thickness

[from tables] .408 in

70% Bond Index ?
Cement Compresive
CBL value for 70% Bond Strength

3000 psi

CBL value for 100% Bond

[minimum expected amplitude]

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PDM Mayo 2003_VTT
 CBL Quality Control
• Is the tool normalized?
• Are the CBL gate parameters set properly?
• Is the measured Transit Time as expected?
• Is the free pipe measured CBL value as expected?
• Is the tool properly centered?
• How does the lowest measured amplitude of the log compare to the
predicted amplitude of the CBL?
• Does the tool response repeat itself (Repeat section)?

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PDM Mayo 2003_VTT
 CBL Normalizing
• Ensures every sonde receiver is normalized to measure the same
CBL value under the same conditions
– Receiver signal amplitude of 116mV
– SFT-155 tube
– 500 psi of pressure
– Centralized sonde in tube
– Using SSB-CB to fire
Transmitter

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PDM Mayo 2003_VTT