1984
Vocabulary:
NOUNS
⁃ A bloke: un tipo
⁃ A tuft of hair : Un mechón de pelo
⁃ A wad of documents: un fajo de
documentos
⁃ Abnormality: anomalía
⁃ Aloofness: actitud distante
⁃ Assault: agresión
⁃ Backstreet: barrios pobres
⁃ Banner: estandarte
⁃ Belch: erupto
⁃ Belfry: campanario
⁃ Bewilderment: perplejidad
⁃ Blackmail: chantaje
⁃ Blast: ráfaga
⁃ Bondage: esclavitud
⁃ Boozer: borrachín
⁃ Booziness: borrachera
⁃ Bulkiness of his body : voluminosidad
⁃ Bundle: fardo, paquete
⁃ Buttocks: trasero
⁃ Comrade: compañero
⁃ Cunning and boldness: astucia y
atrevimiento
⁃ Dampness: humedad
⁃ Decanter. Licorera
⁃ Deceit: engaño
⁃ Deed: hecho
⁃ Demeanour: comportamiento
⁃ Deprecating: desaprobación
⁃ Distaste: disgusto
⁃ Door-knop: pomo
⁃ Drudgery: pesadez
⁃ Dustbins: papelera
⁃ Eagerness: entusiasmo
⁃ Emaciation, extrema delgadez
⁃ Embezzlement of public funds :
malversación fondos públicos
⁃ Foolery: payasadas
⁃ Foreknowledge: conocimiento previo
⁃ Forerunner: precursor
⁃ Fortaste: anticipo
⁃ Frenzy: frenesi
⁃ Furnace: horno
⁃ Gleaming motor-cars
⁃ Grinding: chirrido
⁃ Guesswork: conjeturas
⁃ Helplessness: impotencia
⁃ Hikes: caminatas, excursiones
⁃ Hint:indirecta
⁃ Hoarding up: acaparamiento
⁃ Horde: multitud
⁃ Hush: silencio
⁃ Illiteracy: analfabetismo
⁃ Impoverishment
⁃ Itching: picor
⁃ Junk-shop : tienda de cachivaches
⁃ Keepsake album
⁃ Lift-shaft : hueco del ascensor
⁃ Literate: alfabetos
⁃ Loathing: repugnancia, odio
⁃ Neckerchief: pañuelo cuello
⁃ Newspeak:jerga
⁃ Niggling job: trabajo dificil
⁃ Nostrils: orificios nasales
⁃ Pangs: retorcijones
⁃ Penknives: navajas
⁃ Pledge: promesa
⁃ Martyrdoms: martirios
⁃ Meagreness: escasez
⁃ Racketeer: mafioso
⁃ Racketeering: crimen organizado
⁃ Rage: furia. Cólera
⁃ Rallies: concentration
⁃ Ravages: estragos (war. Disease)
⁃ Rendering: interpretation
⁃ Rubble: escombros
⁃ Ruffian: villano
⁃ Sagging: hundimiento
⁃ Sandpaper:papel de lija
⁃ Sapling: arboles
⁃ Sash: faja
⁃ Scribble: garabato
⁃ Sidelong glance: de refilón
⁃ Snooping: intromisión
⁃ Spanner: llave inglesa
⁃ Statuory age: edad legal
⁃ Stone-flagged floor
⁃ Swarm: enjambre
⁃ Swine: cerdo
⁃ Syringe: jeringuilla
⁃ Teacupful
⁃ Thoroughfare: carretera
⁃ Thoroughness: meticulosidad
⁃ Turmoil: agitation, confusion
⁃ Uneasiness: inquietud
⁃ Upheaval: época de gran agitaciones
⁃ Whiff: olorcillo
⁃ Wilful act: intencionado
⁃ Wits: ingenio
⁃ Wrecking: derribo
⁃
ADJECTIVES
⁃ A crooked nose: una nariz toricida
⁃ Adept: experto
⁃ Alluring: seductor
⁃ Bigoted: intolerante
⁃ Blissful: de gran felicidad
⁃ Bottomless: sin fondo
⁃ Brink: borde
⁃ Burly: fornido
⁃ Coarse: basto, grueso
⁃ Contrived: artificioso, ideado, inventado
⁃ Coveted:codiciado
⁃ Crumpled: arrugado
⁃ Cumbersome:pesado y torpe
⁃ Deep-laden with ; cargado con
⁃ Defective: defectuoso
⁃ Derided: ridiculizado
⁃ Despicable: despreciable
⁃ Despised class
⁃ Despised: despreciado
⁃ Dimmed: oscurecido
⁃ Discountenanced:repudiar
⁃ Doomed to die; condenado a morir
⁃ Drawn to soth: atraído hacia -
⁃ Dreary: deprimente
⁃ Flogged: azotado
⁃ Foolproof: infalible
⁃ Foreclosed:embargado
⁃ Foregoing: precedente
⁃ Futile hope: inútil, en vano
⁃ Gilded: dorado
⁃ Gory: sangriento
⁃ Grim: nefasto
⁃ Grimy: sucio
⁃ Fleeting: fugaz
⁃ Frail: delicado
⁃ Hideous: horroroso
⁃ Incongruous: fuera de lugar
⁃ Ingrained: arraigado
⁃ Mild: ligero
⁃ Oblong: alargado
⁃ Oblivion: olvido
⁃ Ointmnet. Pomada
⁃ Olden time: antaño
⁃ Outburst: arrebato
⁃ Overwhelming: insoportable
⁃ Quick-witted: rápido mentalmente
⁃ Menacing: amenazador
⁃ Rowdy: escandaloso
⁃ Rugged: robusto
⁃ Scattered: dispersos
⁃ Schrewish: de mal genio
⁃ Scrawny: esquelético
⁃ Shabby: muy gastado (ropa, muebles)
⁃ Shadowy: misterioso
⁃ Sheer: puro
⁃ Smashing: fantástico
⁃ Specious: engañoso
⁃ Stale: no fresco (comida)
⁃ Stunned: de asombro
⁃ Supple: Agil
⁃ Swift: veloz
⁃
⁃ Unrepentant: not abandon their true
beliefs
⁃ Unwholesome: poco saludable
⁃ Utmost: mayor
⁃ Uttered: pronunciadas
⁃ Venomous: venenoso
⁃ Vile: miserable
⁃ Watchful eyes
⁃ Weakling: debilucho
⁃ Wilful act: intencionado
⁃ Wretched: desgraciado
ADVERBS
⁃ Amid: en medio de
⁃ Anew: volver a empezar
⁃ Back and forth: de ida y Vuelta
⁃ Blaring: a todo volumen
⁃ Boldly: con atrevimiento, descaro
⁃ Clumsily: con torpeza
⁃ Desultorily: con desgana
⁃ Fretfully_ con ansiedad
⁃ Helplessly: sin poder hacer nada
⁃ Horseback: a caballo
⁃ Hurtling: a toda velocidad
⁃ Looking at him in a sidelong way: de
manera indirecta
⁃ Perilously: peligrosamente
⁃ Plainly: claramente
⁃ Relunctantly: de mala gana
⁃ Suffering under some grief -bajo alguna
pena-
⁃ Utterly: completamente
⁃ Wearily: cansinamente
⁃
VERBS
⁃ Amputate a limb : amputar una
extremidad
⁃ Assail: atacar
⁃ Avert: apartar
⁃ Blot out: tachar
⁃ Conceal: disimular
⁃ Cower: encogerse de miedo
⁃ Depict: representar
⁃ Despise: despreciar
⁃ Dodge succesfully: esquivar
⁃ Dread: tenerle temor
⁃ Eavesdropping: escuchar a escondidas
⁃ Fleeting: fugaz
⁃ Flicker of the eyes: parpadeo ojos
⁃ Flinch: estremecerse
⁃ Flog: azotar
⁃ Flung it at : lanzó
⁃ Forsake: abandonar
⁃ Gasp. Dar 1 grito ahogado
⁃ Going off the rails
⁃ Gulped it down: tragarse
⁃ Linger: quedarse un rato
⁃ Loathed this exercise
⁃ Loitering about: perder el tiempo
⁃ Mending: coser
⁃ Outlive: sobrevivir
⁃ Musing: reflexionando
⁃ Nuzzle: acurrucar
⁃ Praising the work of
⁃ Prevaricate: andarse con rodeos
⁃ Protrude: sobresalir
⁃ Quivering: temblando, agitándose
⁃ Ravish: violar
⁃ Reek: apestar
⁃ Refrain from: abstenerse
⁃ Roam the streets: vagar por, deambular
⁃ Scrape: raspar
⁃ Scrubbing: rub hard
⁃ Seize: hacerse con
⁃ Shirk: eludir (responsabilidad)
⁃ Shrivell: marchitarse
⁃ Smudge. Manchar
⁃ Smuggle: contrabandear
⁃ Stowed it away in his pocket
⁃ Squat: agacharse, ponerse de cuclillas
⁃ Swallowed a couple of mouthful:
bocados
- A riot! The proles are breaking loose at last! :
un disturbio, los proletarios se están soltando al
fin
⁃ Beyond his intellectual grasp: mas alla
de su comprensión intelectual
⁃ By clenching his teeth: apretando sus
dientes
⁃ Clerks whose job was
⁃ Delude yourself into thinking
⁃ Demanding sterner measures against
⁃ Dumped swiftly the regulation lunch :
dejó rápidamente
⁃ Everything faded into mist : todo se
devaneció en la niebla
⁃ Flashed on to the screen: se iluminó en
la pantalla
⁃ For a fleeting instant
⁃ He added as an afterthought.
⁃ Had to cringe and bow to him: tuve que
enogerme e inclinarme hacia él
⁃ Halt: pararse, detenerse
⁃ Has bestowed upon us: nos ha otorgado
⁃ Humming: tararear
⁃ Intersperse: intercalar
⁃ Kicking up a fuss : montar alboroto
⁃ Laundering: lavar y planchar
⁃ Leap up and down: saltar arriba y abajo
⁃ Stroll: darse un paseo
⁃ Tacked to: clavado en
⁃ Tickle: hacer cosquillas
⁃ To dissemble your feelings: ocultar tus
sentimientos
⁃ To wince : estremecerse
⁃ Toiling_ esforzarse duro
⁃ Trample;pisotear
⁃ Tread on them : pisarlas
⁃ Trickle: correr (gotas)
⁃ Wear off
⁃ Whimpering: lloriqueando
⁃ Whine: lloriquear
⁃ Withstand: resistir, soportar
⁃ Wrenched his body out of bed
⁃ Wrenchews: arrancar
⁃
EXPRESSIONS
⁃ A sharp cry of pain was wrung out of
her: Un agudo grito de dolor le fue arrancado
⁃ A terrible fear had taken possession of
him: Un terrible temor se había apoderado de él
⁃ A twinge of pain shot: una punzada de
dolor
⁃ An unsolved riddle in your mind : un
acertijo por resolver
⁃ Her heart was fluttering(agitaba), his
heart banged (latía)
⁃ His movements were brisk (enérgico +
juvenil) and boyish
⁃ It was a tedious routine
⁃ It was hard to gauge the time : medir el
tiempo
⁃ Made him shudder and even retch
slightly: Lo hizo temblar e incluso tener una
ligera arcada...
⁃ Once the deed was done
⁃ Outrages upon morality: indignación
por la moralidad
⁃ Pouches under the eyes and tired lines ⁃ There was a din of shouting; un
from nose to chin estruendo de gritos
⁃ Speaks too plainly. ⁃ They grew up in the gutters : creció en
⁃ Tears welling from his eyes las alcantarillas
⁃ The economy of many countries was ⁃ Through the doorway and across a
allowed to stagnate backyard
⁃ The general uproar of the room ⁃ Time facts and dates were growing
⁃ The pages were worn at the edges blurry
⁃ The urge to shout

This was not illegal (nothing was illegal, since there were no longer any laws), but if detected it was
reasonably certain that it would be punished by death, or at least 25 years in a forced-labour camp. It was
always at night—the arrests invariably happened at night. The sudden jerk out of sleep, the rough hand
shaking your shoulder, the lights glaring in your eyes, the ring of hard faces round the bed. In the vast
majority of cases there was no trial, no report of the arrest. People simply disappeared, always during the
night. Your name was removed from the registers, every record of everything you had ever done was wiped
out, your one-time existence was denied and then forgotten. You were abolished, annihilated: VAPORIZED
was the usual word.

.
Either the future would resemble the present, in which case it would not listen to him: or it would be different
from it, and his predicament would be meaningless.

The loss of power of expressing youself; freedom of speech, freedom of the Press, freedom of assembly,
freedom of thought. BECAUSE HIS MEMORY WAS NOT SATISFACTORILY UNDER CONTROL. you
could not control the beating of your heart, and the telescreen was quite delicate enough to pick it up.
the force that would tear the Party to pieces.

Who controls the past,’ ran the Party slogan, ‘controls the future: who controls the present controls the past.’

To the future or to the past, to a time when thought is free, when men are different from one another and do
not live alone—to a time when truth exists and what is done cannot be undone: From the age of uniformity,
from the age of solitude, from the age of Big Brother, from the age of doublethink—greetings! Every record
has been destroyed or falsified, every book has been rewritten, every picture has been repainted, every statue
and street and building has been renamed, every date has been altered. And that process is continuing day by
day and minute by minute. History has stopped. Nothing exists except an endless present in which the Party is
always right. I know, of course, that the past is falsified, but it would never be possible for me to prove it,
even when I did the falsification myself. After the thing is done, no evidence ever remains. The only evidence
is inside my own mind.

Ingsoc before 1960, but it was possible that in its Oldspeak form—English Socialism. The new movements
which appeared in the middle years of the century, Ingsoc in Oceania, NeoBolshevism in Eurasia,
DeathWorship, as it is commonly called, in Eastasia, had the conscious aim of perpetuating UNfreedom and
INequality.

OLIGARCHICAL COLLECTIVISM
It had long been realized that the only secure basis for oligarchy is collectivism. Wealth and privilege are
most easily defended when they are possessed jointly. The so-called ‘abolition of private property’ which
took place in the middle years of the century meant, in effect, the concentration of property in far fewer hands
than before: but with this difference, that the new owners were a group in- stead of a mass of individuals.
Individually, no member of the Party owns anything, except petty personal belongings. It had always been
assumed that if the capitalist class were expropriated, Socialism must follow: and unquestionably the
capitalists had been expropriated. Factories, mines, land, houses, transport—everything had been taken away
from them: and since these things were no longer private property, it followed that they must be public
property.
 There are only four ways in which a ruling group can fall from power. Either it is conquered from
without, or it governs so inefficiently that the masses are stirred to revolt, or it allows a strong and
discontented Middle group to come into being, or it loses its own self- confidence and willingness to
govern A ruling class which could guard against all of them would remain in power permanently.
Ultimately the determining factor is the mental attitude of the ruling class itself. The masses never
revolt of their own accord, and they never revolt merely because they are oppressed. Indeed, so long
as they are not permitted to have standards of comparison, they never even become aware that they
are oppressed over-production, which has been latent in our society since the development of
machine technique, it is solved by the device of continuous warfare . From the point of view of our
present rulers, therefore, the only genuine dangers are the splitting-off of a new group of able, under-
employed, power-hungry people, and the growth of liberalism and scepticism in their own ranks. The
problem, that is to say, is educational. It is a problem of continuously moulding the consciousness
both of the directing group and of the larger executive group that lies immediately below it. The
consciousness of the masses needs only to be influenced in a negative way.

Inner Party. Its numbers limited to six millions, or something less than 2 per cent of the population of
Oceania. Below the Inner Party comes the Outer Party, which, if the Inner Party is de- scribed as the brain of
the State, may be justly likened to the hands Below that come the dumb masses whom we habitually refer to
as ‘the proles’, numbering perhaps 85 per cent of the population. In the terms of our earlier classification, the
proles are the Low: for the slave population of the equatorial lands who pass constantly from conqueror to
conqueror, are not a permanent or necessary part of the structure.

In principle, membership of these three groups is not hereditary. The child of Inner Party parents is in theory
not born into the Inner Party. Admission to either branch of the Party is by examination, taken at the age of
sixteen. Nor is there any racial discrimination, or any marked domination of one province by another. Jews,
Negroes, South Ameri- cans of pure Indian blood are to be found in the highest ranks of the Party, and the
administrators of any area are always drawn from the inhabitants of that area. In no part of Oceania do the
inhabitants have the feeling that they are a colonial population ruled from a distant capital. Oceania has no
capital, and its titular head is a person whose whereabouts nobody knows. Except that English is its chief
LINGUA FRANCA and Newspeak its official language, it is not centralized in any way. Its rulers are not
held together by blood-ties but by adherence to a common doctrine.

The essence of oligarchical rule is not father-to-son inheritance, but the persistence of a certain world-view
and a certain way of life, imposed by the dead upon the living.

Power is not a means, it is an end. One does not establish a dictatorship in order to safeguard a revolution; one
makes the revolution in order to establish the dictator- ship. The object of persecution is persecution. The
object of torture is torture. The object of power is power. Now do you begin to understand me?’
The first thing you must realize is that power is collective. The individual only has power in so far as he
ceases to be an individual.

The more the Party is powerful, the less it will be tolerant: the weaker the opposition, the tighter the
despotism.

medium of expression for the world-view and mental habits proper to the devotees of Ingsoc, but to make all
other modes of thought impossible

WAR IS PEACE, FREEDOM IS SLAVERY, IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH are the three slogans of the Party

Ignorance is Strength The aims of these groups are entirely irreconcilable. The aim of the High is to remain
where they are. The aim of the Middle is to change places with the High. The aim of the Low, when they have
an aim—for it is an abiding characteristic of the Low that they are too much crushed by drudgery to be more
than intermittently conscious of anything outside their daily lives—is to abolish all distinctions and create a
society in which all men shall be equal. There then rose schools of thinkers who interpreted history as a
cyclical process and claimed to show that inequality was the unalterable law of human life. Every new
political theory, by whatever name it called itself, led back to hierarchy and regimentation
Aristocracy was made up for the most part of bureaucrats, scientists, technicians, tradeunion organizers,
publicity experts, sociologists, teachers, journalists, and professional politicians ss avaricious, less tempted by
luxury, hungrier for pure power, and, above all, more conscious of what they were doing and more intent on
crushing opposition in the past no government had the power to keep its citizens under constant surveillance.
The invention of print, however, made it easier to manipulate public opinion, and the film and the radio
carried the process further. With the development of television, and the technical advance which made it
possible to receive and transmit simultaneously on the same instrument, private life came to an end. Every
citizen, or at least every citizen important enough to be worth watching, could be kept for twenty-four hours a
day under the eyes of the police and in the sound of official propaganda

If he is a person naturally orthodox (in Newspeak a GOODTHINKER)

Newspeak words CRIMESTOP, BLACKWHITE, and DOUBLETHINK,

CRIMESTOP means the faculty of stopping short, as though by instinct, at the threshold of any dangerous
thought. It includes the power of not grasping analogies, of failing to perceive logi- cal errors, of
misunderstanding the simplest arguments if they are inimical to Ingsoc, and of being bored or repelled by any
train of thought which is capable of leading in a heretical direction. CRIMESTOP, in short, means protec- tive
stupidity.

The Ministry of Peace concerns itself with war, the Ministry of Truth with lies, the Ministry of Love with
torture and the Ministry of Plenty with starvation. These contradictions are not accidental, nor do they result
from ordinary hypocrisy; they are deliberate exercises in DOUBLETHINK. For it is only by reconciling
contradictions that power can be retained indefinitely. In no other way could the ancient cy- cle be broken. If
human equality is to be for ever averted—if the High, as we have called them, are to keep their places
permanently—then the prevailing mental condition must be controlled insanity.

Here we reach the central secret. As we have seen. the mystique of the Party, and above all of the Inner Party,
de- pends upon DOUBLETHINK But deeper than this lies the original motive, the never-questioned instinct
that first led to the seizure of power and brought DOUBLETHINK, the
Thought Police, continuous warfare, and all the other necessary paraphernalia into existence afterwards. This
motive really consists... if you clung to the truth even against the whole world, you were not mad

War is Peace The splitting up of the world into three great super-states before the middle of the twentieth
century ab- sorption of Europe by Russia and of the British Empire by the United States, two of the three
existing powers, Eurasia and Oceania, were already effectively in being Eastasia, only emerged as a distinct
unit after another de- cade of confused fighting from Portugal to the Bering Strait. Oceania comprises the
Americas, the Atlantic islands including the British Isles, Australasia, and the southern portion of Africa.
Eastasia, comprises China and the countries to the south of it, the Japanese islands and a large but fluctuating
portion of Manchuria, Mongolia, and Tibet.

it is a war for labour power not permanently in the possession of any of them, there lies a rough quadrilateral
containing within it about a fifth of the population of the earth. It is for the possession of these thickly-
populated regions, and of the northern ice-cap, that the three powers are constantly struggling no one power
ever controls the whole of the disputed area. Portions of it are constantly changing hands, they contain a
bottomless reserve of cheap labour. The inhabitants of these areas, reduced more or less openly to the status
of slaves, pass continually from conqueror to conqueror, In the long run, a hierarchical society was only
possible on a basis of poverty and ignorance The essential act of war is destruction, not necessarily of human
lives, but of the products of human labour. War is a way of shattering to pieces, or pouring into the
stratosphere, or sinking in the depths of the sea, materials which might otherwise be used to make the masses
too comfortable, and hence, in the long run, too intelligent . the consciousness of being at war, and therefore
in danger, makes the handing-over of all power to a small caste seem the natural, unavoidable condition of
survival.

⁃ First, how culture and society are essential aspects of human nature, but that are expressed in a
historical way and are subject to change by the action of men themselves.
⁃ Second, how from the Enlightenment the ideas of progress and the end of history (ideas that form the
basis of utopian thought, characteristic of our epoch) have settled in the mentality of the West, concepts
collected by the different doctrines and ideologies of the Modernity that form the current dominant mentality.
⁃ Third, the fundamental role that History plays in the formulation and expression of those currents
characteristic of Modernity, from the Discourse on the origin and the foundations of the inequality between
the men of Rousseau to the doctrine of "historical materialism" of Marx, going through the "Law of the three
States" of Comte. Subject this that affects to decisively to the own notions of man, society, culture and
history.
Dystopia, a term coined by John Stuart Mill at the end of the 19th century, is the word that is usually used as
an antonym of utopia (that is, as a synonym of anti-utopia . Forecast of the future society of a pessimistic or
negative nature, but precisely as a result of an initially utopian project. The idea that "the world begins to be a
hell when we try to build paradise here"