Fórmulas de Lı́mites

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Lı́mites y lı́mites laterales

Si a > 1 :

lim f (x) = lim f (x) = L ⇐⇒ lim f (x) = L lim loga x = lim ln x = lim log10 x = −∞
x→c+ x→c− x→c x→0+ x→0+ x→0+

lim f (x) 6= lim f (x) =⇒ lim f (x) no existe lim loga x = lim ln x = lim log10 x = ∞
x→c+ x→c− x→c x→∞ x→∞ x→∞

Lı́mites de funciones simples Si a < 1 :

lim loga x = ∞
x→0+
lim a = a lim loga x = −∞
x→c x→∞
lim x = c
x→c Formas Indeterminadas
lim ax + b = ac + b
x→c 0 ∞
r r , , 0 × ∞, 1∞ , ∞ − ∞, 00 y ∞0
lim x = c si r es entero positivo 0 ∞
x→c

lim
1
= +∞
Formas no Indeterminadas
x→0+ xr  
( f (x) 1
1 −∞, si r es impar Si lim tiene la forma entonces
lim r = x→c g(x) 0
x→0− x +∞, si r es par 
−∞,
f (x) 
lim = +∞,
Hechos sobre ±∞ x→c g(x) 
no existe


Si a 6= 0 y a < ∞ : Si lim f (x)g(x) tiene la forma [0∞ ] entonces

x→c
0+∞=∞ lim f (x)g(x) = 0
x→c
a+∞=∞
a
=0 Lı́mites cerca de Infinito
∞ (
a ∞, a>0 lim a/x = 0, para todo real a
x→∞
= √
0 −∞, a<0 lim x x = 1
x→∞
( √
∞, a>0 lim a x = ∞ para todo a > 0
a·∞= x→∞
−∞, a<0 
∞,
 a>0
lim x/a = no existe , a = 0
Hecho sobre funciones x→∞ 
−∞, a<0


lim sin(x) = sin(0) = 0 ∞, a > 0

x→0 a
lim x = 1, a=0
x→∞
lim cos(x) = cos(0) = 1 
0, a<0

x→0
lim sin(x) = sin(a)

x→a ∞, a > 1

x
lim cos(x) = cos(a) lim a = 1, a=1
x→a x→∞ 
0, 0<a<1

lim ex = e0 = 1
x→0 
lim loga (x) = loga (a) = 1 0,
 a>1
x→a −x
lim a = 1, a=1
x→∞ 
∞, 0 < a < 1

 Lı́mites de Polinomios Aplicaciones de L’Hopital

lim [an xn + ... + a1 ] = lim an xn máxima potencia lim f (x)g(x) = lim exp[g(x) · ln(f (x))] =
x→c x→c
x→∞ x→∞    
 ln(f (x)) ln(f (x))
mx a 0,
 a<b lim exp
x→c 1/g(x)
= exp lim
x→c 1/g(x)
lim m
= n, a = b
x→∞ nxb  luego aplicar L’Hopital
∞, a > b

Transformaciones
0 de otras formas indeterminadas a
Lı́mites de funciones generales 0 , para aplicar L’Hopital

f (x) 1/g(x)
Si lim f (x) = F y lim g(x) = G entonces ∞/∞ lim = lim
x→c x→c x→c g(x) x→c 1/f (x)
f (x)
0·∞ lim f (x)g(x) = lim
x→c x→c 1/g(x)
lim [f (x) ± g(x)] = F ± G 1/g(x) − 1/f (x)
x→c ∞−∞ lim (f (x) − g(x)) = lim
x→c x→c 1/(f (x)g(x))
lim [a · f (x)] = a · F
x→c
 
g(x)
lim [f (x)g(x)] = F · G 00 lim f (x) g(x)
= exp lim
x→c x→c x→c 1/ ln f (x)
 
f (x) F g(x) ln f (x)
lim = si G 6= 0 1∞ lim f (x) = exp lim
x→c g(x) G x→c x→c 1/g(x)

lim f (x) = F n
n
 
si n es entero positivo g(x)
x→c ∞0 lim f (x)g(x) = exp lim
p √
n
x→c x→c 1/ ln f (x)
lim n f (x) = F si n es entero positivo,
x→c
y si n es par, entonces F > 0 Teorema de Sandwich
Si f (x) ≤ g(x) ≤ h(x) para todo x en un intervalo abierto
Composición de funciones que contiene a, excepto posiblmemente en a, y

Si f (x) es continua limx→c g(x) = G entonces lim f (X) = lim h(x) = L, entonces
x→c x→c
  lim g(X) = L
lim f (g(x)) = f lim g(x) = f (G) x→c
x→c x→c

Infinitésimos Equivalente
Lı́mites y Derivadas
Estas funciones de la forma limx→c f (x) = 0 son in-
finitésimos equivalentes cuando x → c. Si limx→c fg(x)
(x)

f (x + h) − f (x) 0
tiene la forma 0 entonces son intercambiables:
lim = f ′ (x)
h→0 h
x ∼ sin(x)
s  ′ 
f (x + h) f (x)
lim n = exp x ∼ arcsin(x)
h→0 f (x) f (x)
s  ′  x ∼ sinh(x)
n f (x + h · x)) xf (x)
lim = exp x ∼ tan(x)
h→0 f (x) f (x)
x ∼ arctan(x)
x ∼ ln(1 + x)
Regla de L’Hopital
x2
1 − cos x ∼
2
si lim f (x) = lim g(x) = 0 o x2
x→c x→c cosh(x) − 1 ∼
2
si lim f (x) = lim g(x) = ±∞ entonces ax − 1 ∼ x ln(a)
x→c x→c
ex − 1 ∼ x
(1 + x)a − 1 ∼ ax
f (x) f ′ (x) x
lim = lim ′ loga (1 + x) ∼
x→c g(x) x→c g (x) ln a
 Funciones Trigonométricas Logaritmos y exponentes

lim xe−x = 0
sin(x) x→∞
lim =1 ln(x)
x→0 x lim =1
sin(ax) x−1
x→1
lim =1 para a 6= 0 ln(x + 1)
x→0 ax lim =1
1 − cos(x) x→0 x
lim =0 ln(1 + ax) a
x→0 x lim =
1 − cos(x) 1 x→0 bx b
lim 2
= logc (1 + ax) a
 x π 2
x→0 lim =
x→0 bx b ln c
lim tan πx + = ∓∞ para todo entero n −x
x→n± 2 − ln (1 + a · (e − 1))
lim =a
sin(ax) x→0 x
lim =a
x→0 x
sin(ax) a Ejemplos de Técnicas
lim = para b 6= 0
x→0 bx b
Factorar y Cancelar
Lı́mites Especiales Notables x2 + 4x − 12 (x − 2)(x + 6)
lim 2
= lim
x→2 x − 2x x→2 x(x − 2)
x+6 8
lim xx = 1 = lim = =4
x→0+ x→2 x 2
lim (1 + x)1/x =e
x→0 Racionalizar numerador/denominador
1 x
 
lim 1+ =e √ √ √
x→+∞ x 3− x 3− x 3+ x
n lim = lim 2 · √
lim √ =e x→9 x2 − 81 x→9 x − 81 3 + x
n→∞ n
n!
x 9−x
= lim 2 √

1 1
lim 1− = x→9 (x − 81) (3 + x)
x→+∞ x e −1

k mx
 = lim √
lim 1+ = emk x→9 (x + 9)(3 + x)
x→+∞ x −1 1

x
x
1 = =−
lim = (18)(6) 108
x→+∞ x + k ek
ax − 1 Combinar expresiones racionales
lim = ln a = loge (a)
x→0 x
cax − 1 a 1

1 1
 
1 x − (x + h)

lim = ln c lim − = lim
x→0 bx b h→0 h x+h x h→0 h x(x + h)
sin(x)  
lim =1 1 −h
x→0 x = lim
h→0 h x(x + h)
tan(x)
lim =1 −1 1
x→0 x = lim =− 2
h→0 x(x + h) x
cos(x) − 1
lim =0
x→0 x Polinomios al Infinito
(1 + x)n − 1
lim =n
x→0 x  
x n − an 4
lim =0 3− 2 x2
x→0 x − a 3x2 − 4 x
lim = lim
x→∞ 5x − 2x2
 
ex − 1 x→∞
2
5
lim =1 x −2
x→0 x x
eax − 1 a 4
lim = 3− 2 3
x→0 bx b = lim x =−


−1/x x→∞ 5 2
−x
lim 1 + a e − 1 = ea −2
x→0 x
 Equivalencia de Infinitésimos
2 + cos x x
  
1
lim −1
x→0 x3 3
   
1 2 + cos x
= lim 3 exp x ln −1 ← y x = exp(x ln y)
x→0 x 3
 
1 2 + cos x
= lim 3 x ln ← ex − 1 ∼ x
x→0 x 3
 
1 (3 − 1) + cos x
= lim 2 ln
x→0 x 3
  
1 3 −1 + cos x
= lim 2 ln +
x→0 x 3 3
 
1 cos(x) − 1
= lim 2 ln 1 +
x→0 x 3
cos(x) − 1
= lim ← x ∼ ln(1 + x)
x→0 3x2
−(1 − cos(x))
= lim
x→0 3x2
−x2 /2 x2
= lim ← 1 − cos x ∼
x→0 3x2 2
1
=−
6
Equivalencia de Infinitésimos
sin (x − 1)
lim
x→1 x4 − 1
sin t
= lim ← t = x − 1, x → 1 ⇒ t → 0
t→0 (t + 1)4 − 1

sin t
= lim
t→0 (t4 + 4t3 + 6t2 + 4t + 1) − 1
sin t
= lim 4
t→0 t + 4t + 6t2 + 4t
3
t
= lim 3 2
← sin t ∼ t
t→0 t (t + 4t + 6t + 4)
1 1
= lim 3 2
=
t→0 (t + 4t + 6t + 4) 4
Equivalencia de Infinitésimos
ln (ln x) ln (ln x + 1 − 1)
lim = lim
x→e x − e x→e x−e
ln [1 + (ln x − 1)]
= lim
x→e x−e
ln x − 1
= lim ← ln(1 + x) ∼ x
x→e x − e
ln x − ln e
= lim ← 1 = ln(e)
x→e x −e
 x h x i
ln ln 1 + −1
= lim e = lim e
x→e x − e x→e x−e
x
−1
= lim e ← ln(1 + x) ∼ x
x→e x − e
x−e  
1 x−e 1
= lim e = lim =
x→e x − e x→e e x−e e