Universidad Técnica de

Manabí
Instituto de Posgrado
MAESTRÍA ACADÉMICA CON TRAYECTORIA PROFESIONAL
EN INGENIERÍA CIVIL. MENCIÓN VIALIDAD.

Conservación y Rehabilitación de
Carreteras
Sostenibilidad
Daniel E. Mogrovejo C. M.Sc. Ph.D.
daniel.mogrovejo@ucuenca.edu.ec
Sostenibilidad
Ya pademos cerrar las iteraciones:
 Cómo definimos sostenibilidad?

https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/milestones/wced
 Discusión:

Cómo definimos sostenibilidad en

ingeniería civil?
 Discusión:

Cómo definimos sostenibilidad en

ingeniería de transporte?
 Cómo definimos sostenibilidad en
ingeniería civil?
ASCE: Sostenibilidad es un set de condiciones
económicas, medio-ambientales, y sociales, con las
cuales la sociedad tiene la capacidad de mantener y
mejorar su calidad de vida INDEFINIDAMENTE, sin
degradar la calidad, cantidad, o disponibilidad de
recursos naturales y/o ecosistemas.
 Cómo definimos desarrollo
sostenible en ingeniería Civil:
ASCE: Desarrollo sostenible es el proceso de convertir
recursos naturales en productos y servicios, que son
más productivos, usables; mientras se mantiene o
mejora, la calidad, disponibilidad y productividad de
los recursos sobrantes.
ASCE (2010) The Role of the Civil Engineer in Sustainable Development
http://www.asce.org/Content.aspx?id=8475
 Cómo definimos desarrollo
sostenible en ingeniería Civil:
 -Sistemas de Transporte
Sustentable-:
FHWA:
Trasporte sustentable significa:
Proveer movilidad excepcional y acceso, cumpliendo las
necesidades de desarrollo, SIN comprometer la calidad
de vida de las futuras generaciones.
Definiciones
-Sistemas de Transporte
Sustentable-:
FHWA:
-Sistemas de Transporte
Sustentable-:
-Herramientas-:
 -Herramientas-:
Análisis de costos del ciclo de vida (LCCA):
El proceso de evaluar el costo total de un
segmento de proyecto, analizando el
costo inicial y todos los costos futuros
descontados, tales como mantenimiento,
reconstrucción, rehabilitación, etc.; sobre
la vida total del proyecto.
 -Herramientas-:
Evaluación del ciclo de vida (LCA):
Un método de evaluar todos los impactos al
medio ambiente, tales como: cambio climático,
acidificación, estrés toxicológico en los seres
humanos y ecosistemas, agotamiento de los
recursos, uso del agua/tierra, ruido, causados
por la actividad humana atraves de todo el ciclo
de vida de la infraestructura de transporte.
-Herramientas-:
 -Herramientas-:
Ejemplo
 Taller en clase(calificado)

Rúbrica
Grupos (zoom)
10 minutos para la parte 1
10 minutos para la parte 2
Grupo de maestrantes GANADOR  Mención Especial como el
grupo mas sostenible!! (puntos para aprobar)
 Taller en clase - Parte 1

PASOS
1

Según 2
3

Su 4
5
6
criterio 7
 Taller en clase – Parte 2

PASOS
Según 1
2

El gráfico 3
4
5
Siguiente: 6
7
Taller en clase
Fuente: Greenpeace
 Taller en clase:
Comparaciones, Conclusiones
 Taller en clase:
Comparaciones, Conclusiones
 Taller en clase:
Comparaciones, Conclusiones
 Taller en clase:
Comparaciones, Conclusiones
 Taller en clase:
Comparaciones, Conclusiones
 Taller en clase:
Comparaciones, Conclusiones
 Taller en clase:
Comparaciones, Conclusiones
 Taller en clase:
Comparaciones, Conclusiones
 Taller en clase:
Comparaciones, Conclusiones
 Taller en clase:
Comparaciones, Conclusiones
-Herramientas-:
Evaluación del ciclo de vida
Life-cycle Assessment (LCA)
Evaluación del ciclo de vida
Life-cycle Assessment (LCA)
Evaluación del ciclo de vida
Life-cycle Assessment (LCA)
Evaluación del ciclo de vida
Life-cycle Assessment (LCA)
Evaluación del ciclo de vida
Life-cycle Assessment (LCA)
Qué es ACV?
 Fases del ACV (discusión en clase)
1. La fase de definición del objetivo y el alcance
2. La fase del análisis del inventario
3. La fase de evacuación del impacto ambiental, y
4. La fase de interpretación
Marco de referencia del CV
 Puntos clave del ACV
ACV incluye/sirve para: (discusión en clase)
Comparación del impacto de cierto producto que tiene la
misma función.
Comparación de diferentes métodos para cumplir la misma
función
Toma de decisiones para: Ministros, alcaldes, ingenieros,
clientes, compradores, especificadores, etc.
Desarrollo de productos/métodos, mejora de procesos
Marketing (Ej. Coliseos tipo mil,…), etiquetado (Holcim
Fuerte.)
Normativa para el ACV

Normativa: ISO 14040

 Ejemplo general de ACV
Presentación de Marcela Rojas
Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Sede Bogotá
Facultad de Ingeniería
(video)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uM6u0pSZmBk
Ejemplo general de ACV en Ing.
civil
 Leer y Analizar y realizar
un comentario (ejemplo
de LCA en ing de
transporte) sobre el
infograma de: Prof.
Guillermo Camacho

https://culturavial.net/2016/11/15/la-
sostenibilidad-en-el-transporte-infografia/
Sustentación
Tarea 2
Descanso
Ejemplos Prácticos de
Sostenibilidad
en la
Tecnología de la
construcción
 Introduction

Admixtures TCO

Additions

Fly Ash Fibers

Example Example

Analysis

Conclusion
 Admixtures TCO

Additions

Fly Ash Fibers

Example Example

Analysis

Conclusion
 Admixtures
• Admixtures are ingredients other than water,
aggregates, hydraulic cement, and fibers that are
added to the concrete batch immediately before or
during mixing. A proper use of admixtures offers
certain beneficial effects to concrete (FHWA)

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/materialsgrp/admixture.html
 Admixtures
According with ASTM 494
Type A—Water-reducing admixtures,

Type B—Retarding admixtures,

Type C—Accelerating admixtures,

Type D—Water-reducing and retarding admixtures,

Type E—Water-reducing and accelerating admixtures,

Type F—Water-reducing, high range admixtures,

Type G—Water-reducing, high range, and retarding admixtures

Type S—Specific performance admixtures

 Admixtures

• An Admixture is a liquid or powder chemical

substance that is added to concrete or mortar in
order to improve their properties, both in fresh state,
such as hardened state
Admixtures
In fresh concrete:

Improves the workability of the mix.

Admixtures
Fresh concrete:
Helps with Exudation reduction
Admixtures
Fresh concrete:
Make more Cohesive concretes.
Admixtures
Fresh concrete:
Improves the pumping of concrete, etc
Admixtures
In hardened concrete:
improves the concrete finishing.
Admixtures
Hardened concrete:
decreases permeability.
Admixtures
Hardened concrete:
Increases Resistance to environmental attack.
Admixtures
Hardened concrete:
increases strength, etc.
 Sustainability in terms of:
Remarks
Economy Social Environment
Improve Less air and water
Less cement Better air quality
W/C Ratio pollution
Less delays for
Durability/ Permeab. Less maintenance Less pollution, less waste
construction
Strength Less delays for roads
Less time spend in construction
Development closed
Extended slump (low
Easier work, less
Extended workability settlements from RMPs, less
vibration, fewer workers
cement), fewer workers
Setting Less delays for road
Faster reuse of formwork
Acceleration closed
No vibration equipment, fewer
Self Compacting Easier work, no vibration,
workers, enhanced equipment Less noise
Concrete (SCC) fewer workers
lifetime
 Admixtures

• How Admixtures can make PCC more sustainable?

• Example for an specific PCC mix (s = 350 kg/cm2) in a RMP / Total
Cost Optimization Analysis (TCO).
• RMP (Cementos Guapan): PCC production: 240 m3 /day
• Assumption: same W/C ratio same Strength
Original Mix design
Passing Percentages and Proportions
fines 45% Coarse 55%
Fuller Method
100% 0% 100% 0%
Ideal percentages
Sieve
Sand 1 Sand 2 Gravel 1 Gravel 2 Combined MIN MAX
1.5" (38 mm) 100.00% 73.93% 85.66% 95% 100%
1" (25.4mm) 100.00% 52.80% 74.04% 80% 87%
3/4" (19mm) 100.00% 37.88% 65.83% 68% 79%
1/2"(12.7mm) 100.00% 14.98% 53.24% 55% 68%
3/8(9.51mm) 100.00% 7.56% 49.16% 47% 62%
N4 (4.76mm) 87.75% 0.24% 39.62% 32% 48%
N8 (2.38mm) 60.10% 0.00% 27.05% 22% 38%
N16(1.19mm) 40.05% 0.00% 18.02% 15% 30%
N30(0.59mm) 14.10% 0.00% 6.35% 10% 23%
N50(0.29m) 10.45% 0.00% 4.70% 7% 18%
N100 2.90% 0.00% 1.31% 0% 8%

Mix design (Weight SSD 1 m³)

Material Density Weight (kg) Volume (lt)
Weighted density 2.56
Cement 3.070 450 147

Fine Agg. 2.570 777 302 Aggregates volume m³ 673.42

Coarse Agg. 2.560 950 371 Total Volume (Confirmed) 1000

Water 1 180 180

Air 0.0% 0 Theoretical W/C ratio 0.4

Total: 2357 1000
 Admixtures and costs
Admixture Type Water red. % Water red. Lt W/C Cement (Kg) Cost $/lt doses (%)
No Admixture 0 180 0.4 450 0 1.5
LR WR 10 162 0.4 405 0,3 1.5
MR WR 15 153 0.4 382.5 0,5 1.5
HR WR 20 144 0.4 360 0.8 1.5
SP 30 126 0.4 315 1.5 1.5

Admixture type
Material (kg)
original LR WR MR WR HR WR SP

Cement 450.0 405.0 382.5 360.0 315.0

Fine Agg. 777.1 814.8 833.7 852.5 890.2
Coarse Agg. 949.8 995.9 1018.9 1042.0 1088.0
Water 180.0 162.0 153.0 144.0 126.0
W/C ratio 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
 Production costs of PCC in a RMP
Type of admixture: No Admixture LR MR HR SP
unit price Mix cost unit price Mix cost unit price Mix cost unit price Mix cost unit price Mix cost
Material Unit
$ $/ m3 $ $/ m3 $ $/ m3 $ $/ m3 $ $/ m3
Cement kg 0.10 45.00 0.10 40.50 0.10 38.25 0.10 36.00 0.10 31.50
Fine Agg. m3 50.00 15.12 50.00 15.85 50.00 16.22 50.00 16.59 50.00 17.32
Coarse Agg. m3 30.00 11.13 30.00 11.67 30.00 11.94 30.00 12.21 30.00 12.75
Water m3 0.34 0.06 0.34 0.06 0.34 0.05 0.34 0.05 0.34 0.04
Admixture lt 0 0 0.30 1.82 0.50 2.87 0.80 4.32 1.50 7.09
$/ m 3
71.31 69.90 69.33 69.17 68.70
TCO Total cost
$/cubic yd. 54.20 53.13 52.69 52.57 52.21

Savings $/m3 1.41 1.98 2.15 2.61

RMP Savings ($) using Admixture

Production:
m3/unit of time LR MR HR SP
/ day 240 339 475 515 627
/ month 5760 8,125 11,410 12,363 15,045
/ year 69120 97,504 136,925 148,352 180,537
Not just that ...
LR MR HR SP
(kg)/m3 45 68 90 135
Savings PC
(Tons.)/year 3,110 4,666 6,221 9,331

Less pollution (from Portland cement in manufacturing,

transporting, etc.)
Less energy for manufacturing Portland cement

energy for portland cement

production [*] Savings in energy from fuel (Mj / year)
from fuel from electricity 14.3 M 21.4 M 28.6 M 42.9 M
4.6 0.15
MJ/kg kWh/kg Savings in electricity (kWh/year)
466,500 699,900 933,150 1’399,650
[*] Cement, Gilisagasti N, Elorza E,
 Admixtures TCO

Additions

Fly Ash Fibers

Example Example

Analysis

Conclusion
 Fly Ash
• Finely divided residue that results from the
combustion of ground or powdered coal.
(ASTM C 618)

Fly ash particles at 2000x Magnification

 Fly Ash
• The “ball-bearing” effect of fly ash particles creates a
lubricating action when concrete is in its plastic state. This
creates benefits in:
• Workability.
• Ease of Pumping.
• Improves Finishing.
• Reduce Bleeding.
• Reduce Segregation.
 Fly Ash
• In hardened state, fly ash creates additional benefits for
concrete, including:

• Higher Strength
• Decreased Permeability
• Increased Durability
• Reduced Sulfate Attack
• Reduced Efflorescence
• Reduced Heat of Hydration
• Reduced Alkali Silica Reactivity
 Fly Ash
How Fly Ash can make PCC more sustainable?
Example:

•2010 Green Street and highways conference:

“Durability of Sustainable concrete mixtures”

•Rui Liu PhD., Stephan Durham PhD., Kevin Rens, Anu Ramaswami PhD. University of
Colorado, Dept. of Civil Engineering
 Fly Ash

•Rui Liu PhD., Stephan Durham PhD., Kevin Rens, Anu Ramaswami PhD. University of
Colorado, Dept. of Civil Engineering
 Fly Ash

•Rui Liu PhD., Stephan Durham PhD., Kevin Rens, Anu Ramaswami PhD. University of
Colorado, Dept. of Civil Engineering
 Fly Ash

•Rui Liu PhD., Stephan Durham PhD., Kevin Rens, Anu Ramaswami PhD. University of
Colorado, Dept. of Civil Engineering
 Fly Ash

•Rui Liu PhD., Stephan Durham PhD., Kevin Rens, Anu Ramaswami PhD. University of
Colorado, Dept. of Civil Engineering
 Fly Ash

•Rui Liu PhD., Stephan Durham PhD., Kevin Rens, Anu Ramaswami PhD. University of
Colorado, Dept. of Civil Engineering
 Fly Ash

•Rui Liu PhD., Stephan Durham PhD., Kevin Rens, Anu Ramaswami PhD. University of
Colorado, Dept. of Civil Engineering
 Fly Ash

•Rui Liu PhD., Stephan Durham PhD., Kevin Rens, Anu Ramaswami PhD. University of
Colorado, Dept. of Civil Engineering
 Fly Ash

•Rui Liu PhD., Stephan Durham PhD., Kevin Rens, Anu Ramaswami PhD. University of
Colorado, Dept. of Civil Engineering
 Fly Ash

•Rui Liu PhD., Stephan Durham PhD., Kevin Rens, Anu Ramaswami PhD. University of
Colorado, Dept. of Civil Engineering
 Fly Ash
..Examples of Environmental benefits.

(1)increasing the life of concrete roads and structures by

improving concrete durability,
(2)net reduction in energy use and greenhouse gas and other
adverse air emissions when fly ash is used to replace
manufactured cement,
(3)reduction in amount of coal combustion products that must
be disposed in landfills, etc

http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/recycling/fach01.cfm
Fibers

Polypropylene Fibers

Synthetic Fibers

Steel Fibers
ASTM A 820 Steel Fibers for Fiber-reinforced Concrete
 Metallic Fibers
Different types:

Example: CHO 65/35 NB (for Shotcrete)

 Metallic Fibers

One specific Advantage to analyze in the next example :

•Eliminates the reinforcing mesh

 Steel fibers
How Fibers can make PCC more sustainable?
Example:
•“San Eduardo tunnel” (Ecuador)
•Original design: part of tunnel coating: Shotcrete
•Reinforcing mesh (f = 7 & 8 mm), thickness PCC = 20cm
•Idea: Replace Reinforced mesh with steel fibers (same performance)
Sección C-C (Ver Nota 3)
Escala 1:50
Nota : No se muestra arco de acero
Pernos de anclaje de excavación actual
L=4.0m, d=2.0 m A Pernos de anclaje en siguiente excavación
L=4.0m, d=2.0 m

Detalle A
Hormigón lanzado
Malla de acero
e=20 cm
Detalle de la cabeza de anclaje
150x150x7mm Escala 1:5 Linea B
clavos
Hormigón Lanzado Linea A
0.30 m.

Roca excavada
Ver Detalle C
30 piezas
a=3
Cla
vo s 0 cm 0.10
Eje del Túnel

d=4
.00 0.03
R m
R= =6.
6. 70m
Calota 70
6. 8 m
08 49.25° 49.25° R= 6.0
m R= 0.15
0.20
00
d=2.

40.75° 40.75°
0.47 0.47
+1.50

+1.10
Destroza
+0.00, COTA DE PROYECTO Hormigón Lanzado
-0.76 Protección Geotextil
-1.46 -1.46
Malla de acero
150x150x7mm
Hormigón Lanzado
2.70 2.70
8.10
• Method:
• Steel fiber reinforced concrete must have at least the
same Strength than reinforced mesh concrete
• For reinforcing mesh:
• Bending theory: Mrrm= 0.9 * As * fy (d – a/2)
• As: reinforced area
• fy: steel strength
• d: thickness of reinforced mesh concrete
• a: compression slab height

• For steel fibers

• Holgrem: Mrsf = Req * b * h2 / 6
• Req: equivalent strength of Steel fiber PCC (fiber dosage dependent)
• b: unit width
• h: thickness of steel reinforced concrete
 With 30 Kg(fiber)/m3(shotcrete) MRsf > MRrm
Detalle A
price $/unit unit Malla de acero
Escala 1:5

Analysis:
150x150x7mm Linea B
Hormigón Lanzado Linea A
Roca excavada

Mesh f 7 mm 6,6 m2 0.10

0.03

0.15

m2
0.20

Mesh f 8 mm 7,7
Hormigón Lanzado

Fiber CHO 65/35 NB 1,6 Kg Protección Geotextil

Malla de acero
150x150x7mm
Hormigón Lanzado

Support Type I
Mesh cost: f 7 mm x 2 = $13,2 x m2
Fiber cost: 0,2 m3/m2 * 30 Kg/m3 * 1.25 = 7,5 Kg/m2
7,5 kg/m2 * $1,6/Kg = $12 x m2
Support Type II
Mesh cost: f 8 mm x 2 = $15,4 x m2
Fiber cost: 0,2 m3/m2 * 30 Kg/m3 * 1.25 = 7,5 Kg/m2
7,5 kg/m2 * $1,6/Kg = $12 x m2

f 7 = ($6.6 x m2) * 65700 m2 = $ 433,620

f 8 = ($7.7 x m2) * 45000 m2 = $ 346,500
fiber 15,571 m3 x 30kg/m3 = 467,130 Kg
Mesh Total cost $780,120
Total cost: 467,130 x $1,60 = $ 747,408
 Furthermore:
• Savings in steel
mesh total for nominal Fiber
total
diameter project weight [*]
f mm m2 kg/m2 kg Kg
7 65,700 4.044 265,690.8
8 45,200 5.282 238,746.4 467,130
504,437.2

Savings
37,307.2
(kg)
• (less energy for manufacture, transport, etc. plus no use of
bolts for anchoring (more steel saved)
• [*] Source: http://www.andecsa.com/portal/page?_pageid=164,690371&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL
• Moreover:

• Increases strength of concrete to impact and

cracking.
• Increases the ductility and energy absorption
• Reduction of shrinkage cracking
• Decrease the concrete thickness
• Reduce construction Times
 Admixtures TCO

Additions

Fly Ash Fibers

Example Example

Analysis

Conclusion
• The main conclusion is: It is possible to get more sustainable hydraulic concretes
with a correct use of admixtures and/or additions, a little analysis (TCO, Type of
admixture, etc) and a correct quality control is essential.
• There is a broad range of benefits that we can achieve in terms of sustainability
with the use of these materials into PCC (durability, water reduction, workability,
permeability, controlled setting time, more strength etc.) that can help us to
obtain environmentally friendly and even cheaper PCCs.
• The key is always a good analysis in order to take advantage of these benefits.