Wuolah Free Temas 36 43

Temas-36-43.
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AnonimoEEII
Historia y Civilización Norteamericana
2º Grado en Estudios Ingleses
Facultad de Filosofía y Letras

Universidad de Málaga
Reservados todos los derechos.

No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
a64b0469ff35958ef4ab887a898bd50bdfbbe91a-6584831
Magdalena Flores Quesada
and
Progressivism
The Gilded Age

Age
36. The Gilded
Ya va siendo hora de comprar entradas para festivales ¡Ven a Azkena Rock!

The Gilded Age (1870s-1900)
By 1914 America is the largest industrial nation in the world

The economy doubles in the late nineteenth century
Dominated by few individuals (captains of industry/baron robbers)
John D. Rockefeller (Standard Oil), Andrew Carnegie (steel), J.P. Morgan
(banker)
Extreme wealth vs. Extreme poverty
The government supports businesses

Corruption (bribery)

Binding the Nation by Rail
● Improvements in railroads
● ‘Closing of the frontier’ – Manifest

Destiny
● The Transcontinental Railroad (started
in 1830) is finished in 1869
● Union Pacific (Mississippi-west) and
Central Pacific (California-east)
● Irish and Chinese workers
● The Golden Spike at Promontory
Summit (Utah)

The New Tycoons: John D. Rockefeller

The Standard Oil Company – kerosene and
by-products
America’s first billionaire – ‘from rags to
riches’
Capitalist: Captain of Industry or Robber
Baron? –
Trusts (business corporations)
Philanthropy
New Attitudes Toward Wealth
● Social Darwinism
“Survival of the fittest”

● The Gospel of Wealth
God chooses a few
● The American Dream

Formulated by Horatio Alger “Algerism”
Close relationship with popular literature

Politics of the Gilded Age
The forgettable presidents:

The country is run by industrialists – Uninfluential presidents
Elites getting richer and richer
Andrew Johnson, 17th President (1865-1869)

Ulysses S. Grant, 18th President (1869-1877)
Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th President (1877-1881)
James Garfield, 20th President (1881)
Chester Arthur, 21st President (1881-1885)

38. From the
Countryside to the
City

From the Countryside to the City: The Glamour of American Cities

● Rise of technology and American cities: 1/3 of the population lives
in cities (four times increased in 40 years)
● Growing up: the skyscraper and the elevator

● “Form Follows Function”
● Electricity (Thomas Edison)
● The Telephone (Alexander Graham Bell)
● Department stores
● Subway (Boston, 1897)
● Ideal of American city life
The Underside of Urban Life
● The skyscraper vs. The tenement

● Mass-Housing

● Cholera, Yellow-fewer, Tuberculosis…
● Infant mortality (25%)
● Unsanitary streets: garbage and water
● Violence, alcoholism, prostitution

The Rush of Immigrants
● Peak of immigration from 1880 to 1920

● More diverse

● Catholics, Jews, Orthodox…
● Encouraged by factory owners
● Gathered in racial neighbourhoods
● Racial purists/Nativists
The Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882
Literacy tests, 1917
● Ellis Island – (between Manhattan and New Jersey)

● Between 1880 and 1930, over 27 million people entered the United States -
about 12 million through Ellis Island.
“The New Colossus”
Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,

With conquering limbs astride from land to land;
Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand

A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame
Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name
Mother of Exiles. From her beacon-hand
Glows world-wide welcome; her mild eyes command
The air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame.
“Keep, ancient lands, your storied pomp!” cries she
With silent lips. “Give me your tired, your poor,
Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,
The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.
Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,
I lift my lamp beside the golden door!”
Emma Lazarus, 1883

Melting pot or salad bowl?

Israel Zangwill’s The Melting Pot (1908)
Metaphor for assimilation of different American

identities into the traditional “American”
Similar ethnic groups would stick together,

keeping their culture
What does being “American” really mean?
39. New
Dimensions in
Everyday Life

Women in the Gilded Age
● The Maternal Commonwealth

● The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union
Prohibition, 1919
● Settlement House Movement

Hull House. Jane Addams: first social worker
● White, upper-middle-class, college educated women

Half of them never married
New jobs: telephone, typewriters, “boarders”
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Victorian Values in the New Age
● Private vs. public sphere. Men vs. women

● Victoria Woodhull, runs for president in 1872
“free love”. Newspaper with her sister Tennessee
Claflin
● Victorians fought to maintain their values
● Anthony Comstock: The Comstock Law (“anti-vice” law)

● Censorship
● Regions such as the Bowery (NY) become places to create new communities
(1890s)
Conviértete en profe de inglés con nuestros cursos ¡+Info aquí!
Frontier
40. Closing the

Custer’s Last Stand
● Treaties to divide territories

● Gold is discovered in South Dakota (1874) by general George A. Custer

Sioux territory (by treaty)
Ignored the treaty and allowed white explorers there
● White people were killing buffalos as a sport

The Sioux relied on the animal to survive
● The chiefs, Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse decide to take up arms
Battle of Little Big Horn (1876)
Crazy Horse massacres general Custer and the US Cavalry
Sitting Bull escapes to Canada
● Legislation to end native resistance in the West – ‘Reservations’

Life on the Reservations
● The Dawes Act (1887)

160 acres of land that couldn’t be sold for 25 years

Assimilation after that time?
Fears: Lost of folklore, lack of expertise to farm the West
● “Americanization” (education policies)

Forcing children to attend “white men” schools
Names changed
Language and religions ignored
Increase of alcoholism, poverty, illiteracy and suicide rates
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The Wounded Knee Massacre
Native Americans take refuge in religion/Spiritism

In 1888, preacher Wovoka had a vision
White men would disappear in the spring of 1891 – Ghost Dance
White people believed the Sioux were getting ready to attack

In 1890 the Sioux were transported to the Wounded Knee Reservation –
Big Foot (chief) ordered peace and surrender but (apparently) one NA shot
Around 350 Sioux were killed, or let to freeze in the snow

The frontier is officially closed
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Folkways
41. Western

The Mining Boom
● BONANZA! (California, Colorado, Arizona…)

Essential for the industry (gold, silver,

copper, zinc, lead)
Boom towns
● Difficult for individual prospectors, exploited by Eastern investors
● Disastrous for nature and hostile environment
● Very unequal male-to-female ratio, great ethnic diversity
● Ideal of the Wild West


The Ways of the Cowboy
● The Cattle industry

● The Chisholm Trail – Texas-Abilene

● Most were African Americans or partially Mexican
● They rode in groups (drovers)

● Many dangers (hostility, stampedes...)
● Barbed wire and the railroad end this tradition

US Presidents

● Grover Cleveland, 22nd President (1885-1889)
● Benjamin Harrison, 23rd President (1889-1893)
● Grover Cleveland (again), 24th President (1893-1897)
● William McKinley, 25th President (1897-1901)
● Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President (1901-1909)
● William Howard Taft, 27th President (1909-1913)
● Woodrow Wilson, 28th President (1913-1921)
Remember the Maine!
*part of unit 44 in your textbook*

● America wanted to take advantage of weak empires
Cuba was against Spanish rule

●
● Spanish rebels were sent to concentration camps
● Yellow American press portrayed Cuban suffering.
● 1898 Dupy de Lôme (Spanish minister in US) harsh letter on president

William McKinley
The Maine explodes (US battleship in Cuba) 260 people killed
“Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain!”
Teller Amendment: the US wouldn’t exercise control over Cuba

The Spanish-American War and Its Consequences
*part of unit 44 in your textbook*

The Battle of Manila Bay (1898)
Navy at Philippines

Wooden Spanish ships are no match for America’s steel navy
Humiliating result for Spain
Invading Cuba
Thanks to the Rough Riders (volunteers, cowboys, college students, ex convicts)
+ African American regiments
The Treaty of Paris, 1898

The US received the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico
Anti-imperialists, Philippine insurrection

42. Progressivism
Sweeps the Nation

House
in the White
43. Progressives

Working conditions

Muckrakers
-Ida Turbell’s The History of the Standard Oil company (corrupt practices of
Rockefeller’s company)

- Edwin Markham’s Children in bondage (child labour)
-Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle (inhuman conditions of immigrants in the
meat-packing industry)

Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson

Republican Democrat

Women's Suffrage at Last

● The passing of the 15th Amendment outraged female suffragettes
● AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION (pressure on individual
states)
Frederick Douglas, Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell…
– Wyoming and Utah grant voting rights to women
● NATIONAL WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION (pressure at federal level)

Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Sojourner Truth
– Victoria Woodhull endorsed for President
● The two factions join: National American Woman Suffrage Association

(NAWSA) – 1890
- August, 1920 – 19th Amendment: granted women the right to vote
Booker T. Washington
● From Black Codes to Jim Crow’s Laws – “Separate but equal”

Separate facilities and services – hotels, transport, restaurants, parks,

schools, cemeteries…
● Economic, social and educational disadvantanges

● African-American activists
Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. du Bois
● Segregation was in force until the passing of

the Civil Rights Act (1964)


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Temas-36-43.

Historia y Civilización Norteamericana

2º Grado en Estudios Ingleses

Facultad de Filosofía y Letras

Reservados todos los derechos.

Reservados todos los derechos.

Ya va siendo hora de comprar entradas para festivales ¡Ven a Azkena Rock!

Reservados todos los derechos.

By 1914 America is the largest industrial nation in the world

Reservados todos los derechos.

The government supports businesses

Ya va siendo hora de comprar entradas para festivales ¡Ven a Azkena Rock!

Reservados todos los derechos.

Ya va siendo hora de comprar entradas para festivales ¡Ven a Azkena Rock!

Reservados todos los derechos.

Reservados todos los derechos.

● The American Dream

Ya va siendo hora de comprar entradas para festivales ¡Ven a Azkena Rock!

The forgettable presidents:

Reservados todos los derechos.

Andrew Johnson, 17th President (1865-1869)

Ya va siendo hora de comprar entradas para festivales ¡Ven a Azkena Rock!

Ya va siendo hora de comprar entradas para festivales ¡Ven a Azkena Rock!

Reservados todos los derechos.

● Growing up: the skyscraper and the elevator

● The skyscraper vs. The tenement

Reservados todos los derechos.

Ya va siendo hora de comprar entradas para festivales ¡Ven a Azkena Rock!

● Peak of immigration from 1880 to 1920

Reservados todos los derechos.

● Ellis Island – (between Manhattan and New Jersey)

Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame,

Reservados todos los derechos.

Ya va siendo hora de comprar entradas para festivales ¡Ven a Azkena Rock!

Reservados todos los derechos.

Metaphor for assimilation of different American

Similar ethnic groups would stick together,

What does being “American” really mean?

Ya va siendo hora de comprar entradas para festivales ¡Ven a Azkena Rock!

● The Maternal Commonwealth

Reservados todos los derechos.

● Settlement House Movement

● White, upper-middle-class, college educated women

● Private vs. public sphere. Men vs. women

Reservados todos los derechos.

● Victorians fought to maintain their values

● Anthony Comstock: The Comstock Law (“anti-vice” law)

Reservados todos los derechos.

● Treaties to divide territories

Reservados todos los derechos.

● White people were killing buffalos as a sport

Ya va siendo hora de comprar entradas para festivales ¡Ven a Azkena Rock!

● The Dawes Act (1887)

Reservados todos los derechos.

● “Americanization” (education policies)

Conviértete en profe de inglés con nuestros cursos ¡+Info aquí!

Native Americans take refuge in religion/Spiritism

Reservados todos los derechos.

White people believed the Sioux were getting ready to attack

Around 350 Sioux were killed, or let to freeze in the snow

Reservados todos los derechos.

● BONANZA! (California, Colorado, Arizona…)

part of unit 44 in your textbook

part of unit 44 in your textbook