9 THE PERIODIC TABLE OF MAJOR ELEMENT APPLICATIONS

HYDROGEN
This table highlights each element's major application – HELIUM

H H
H
N
H

that is, the application for which the greatest amount of He

the element or its compounds are used.
Ammonia synthesis NMR/MRI magnet coolant

LITHIUM BERYLLIUM BORON CARBON NITROGEN OXYGEN FLUORINE NEON

Li Be B C N O F Ne ON
Ne
Li-ion batteries Electronic components Elements highlighted as 'research only' are those that Glass and ceramics Fossil fuels Fertilisers Steel manufacture Preparing nuclear fuel Neon lights

SODIUM MAGNESIUM
do not have any commercial applications. ALUMINIUM SILICON PHOSPHORUS SULFUR CHLORINE ARGON

Na Mg Al Si P S H 2SO4
Cl Ar
Table salt Aluminium alloys Making vehicles Aluminium alloys Fertilisers Sulfuric acid PVC plastic Inert gas for welding

POTASSIUM CALCIUM SCANDIUM TITANIUM VANADIUM CHROMIUM MANGANESE IRON COBALT NICKEL COPPER ZINC GALLIUM GERMANIUM ARSENIC SELENIUM BROMINE KRYPTON

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Fertilisers Steel manufacture Aluminium alloys White pigments Steel additive Stainless steel Steel manufacture Steel Superalloys (aircraft) Stainless steel Electrical wiring Galvanising Semiconductors Fibre optics Alloys with lead Glassmaking (red glass) Flame retardants Fluorescent lamps

RUBIDIUM STRONTIUM YTTRIUM ZIRCONIUM NIOBIUM MOLYBDENUM TECHNETIUM RUTHENIUM RHODIUM PALLADIUM SILVER CADMIUM INDIUM TIN ANTIMONY TELLURIUM IODINE XENON

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Specialty glass (fibre optics) Additive in drilling fluids Ceramics Ceramics Steel manufacture Steel manufacture Radiopharmaceuticals Electrical contacts Catalytic converters Catalytic converters Jewellery and silverware Nickel-cadmium batteries Touch screens Tin plating Flame retardants Steel, copper and lead alloys X-ray contrast media Flash lamps

CAESIUM BARIUM HAFNIUM TANTALUM TUNGSTEN RHENIUM OSMIUM IRIDIUM PLATINUM GOLD MERCURY THALLIUM LEAD BISMUTH POLONIUM ASTATINE RADON

Cs Ba La–Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Drilling fluids Drilling fluids Nuclear reactor control rods Electronic components Tools High-temp. superalloys Electrical contacts Iridium crucibles Catalytic converters Jewellery Dental amalgam Photoresistors Lead-acid batteries in cars Drugs/pigments/cosmetics Antistatic devices Research only Research only

FRANCIUM RADIUM RUTHERFORDIUM DUBNIUM SEABORGIUM BOHRIUM HASSIUM MEITNERIUM DARMSTADTIUM ROENTGENIUM COPERNICIUM NIHONIUM FLEROVIUM MOSCOVIUM LIVERMORIUM TENNESSINE OGANESSON

Fr Ra Ac–Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
Research Cancer treatment Research only Research only Research only Research only Research only Research only Research only Research only Research only Research only Research only Research only Research only Research only Research only

LANTHANUM CERIUM PRASEODYMIUM NEODYMIUM PROMETHIUM SAMARIUM EUROPIUM GADOLINIUM TERBIUM DYSPROSIUM HOLMIUM ERBIUM THULIUM YTTERBIUM LUTETIUM

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Hybrid car batteries Glass polishing High-strength alloys NdFeB magnets Research only SmCo magnets Red phosphors MRI contrast agent Green phosphors NdFeB magnets Magnet pole pieces Optical fibres Surgical lasers Lasers Catalyst (cracking)

ACTINIUM THORIUM PROTACTINIUM URANIUM NEPTUNIUM PLUTONIUM AMERICIUM CURIUM BERKELIUM CALIFORNIUM EINSTEINIUM FERMIUM MENDELEVIUM NOBELIUM LAWRENCIUM

Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Research only Heat-resistant ceramics Research only Nuclear fuel Plutonium production Nuclear weapons Smoke detectors Space probe spectrometers Research only Nuclear reactor start-up Research only Research only Research only Research only Research only

Ci
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