Unidad 1

Unidad 1
Nociones
Generales de
la Ciencia
Económica
!"#$%&$'()*#+(,-.*/(0"*/$/(12*3$(4*&"
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=$/&*;%'(>?>>
428*@2(A B"-*.*2
C"#*"%$/(=$%$82-$/(:$(-2(D*$%#*2(,#"%;3*#2(
Contenido general
01 04
E8*%#*F*"/(G(%"#*"%$/( ,."-7#*;%(:$-(F8"#$/"(
HI/*#2/(:$(-2(#*$%#*2( $#"%;3*#"
$#"%;3*#2
02 05
4$"8<2/J(-$G$/(G(3":$-"/( ,-(F8"#$/"(F8":7#&*."
$#"%;3*#"/
03 06
)"/(/*/&$32/($#"%;3*#"/ K8"%&$82(:$(E"/*H*-*:2:$/(
:$(E8":7##*;%
01. Principios y
nociones básicas
de la ciencia
económica
¿Qué
estudia la
economía?
L#72-$/(/"%(-"/($-$3$%&"/(M7$(
32%$@2(-2($#"%"3<2N(
¿Qué es la economía?
)2($#"%"3<2($/&7:*2(O$#O"/(G(P$%;3$%"/(
$#"%;3*#"/+
E$8"J(LM7$(/"%(-"/(O$#O"/J(-"/(P$%;3$%"/(
G(-"/(F8"H-$32/($#"%;3*#"/N
HECHOS ECONÓMICOS
)"/(O$#O"/($#"%;3*#"/(/"%(-"/(M7$'
+++/$(8$-2#*"%2%(#"%(2#&*.*:2:$/(M7$(-"/(O"3H8$/(
:$/288"--2%J(%"(2*/-2:23$%&$J(/*%"(#"3"(3*$3H8"/(:$(
687F"/(O732%"/J(-"(#72-(%"/(27&"8*Q2(2(#2-*P*#28-"/(:$(
/"#*2-$/+++(M7$(-"/(3*/3"/(O"3H8$/(:$/F-*$62%($%(/7/(
$/P7$8Q"/(F282(6$/&*"%28(3$:*"/(:$(/2&*/P2##*;% M7$(
%"(F7$:$%(2--$628/$(:$(32%$82(682&7*&2R(+++/$(&82&2(:$(
O$#O"/(#72%&*P*#2H-$/J(3$:*H-$/(G(8$:7#*H-$/(2(
%S3$8"/J(G($/&"/(F7$:$%(2687F28/$($%(&8$/(#2&$6"8<2/+
HECHOS ECONÓMICOS
D2&$6"8<2/'
T+ )"/(8$-2&*."/(2(-2(&82%/P"832#*;% F"8(#"%:7#&"(:$-(&82H2@"(O732%"J(:$(
-2(32&$8*2(F8*32($%(F8":7#&"/(-*/&"/(F282(7/28/$R
>+ )"/(8$P$8$%&$/(2-(&82/-2:" :$($/"/(3*/3"/(F8":7#&"/(O2#*2($-(-7628(
:"%:$(/$(-$/(%$#$/*&2J(G
U+ )"/(M7$(/$(8$P*$8$%(2(-2(2F-*#2#*;% :$(&2-$/(F8":7#&"/(2-(P*%(M7$(/$(-$/(
:$/&*%2+
)2/(#"/2/(M7$(F":$3"/(#"%/*:$828(#"3"(&$32/(:$-($/&7:*"(:$(-"/(
$#"%"3*/&2/J(:$(-"/(#"%&2:"8$/(G(:$(-"/($/&2:*/&2/(F7$:$%(#-2/*P*#28/$(
H2@"(&8$/(87H8"/'(F8":7##*;%J(#23H*"(G(#"%/73"+
Definición de: HECHOS ECONÓMICOS ⭐
V"%(2#&*.*:2:$/(/"#*2-$/(M7$(-"/(O"3H8$/(8$2-*Q2%(#"%(
$-(P*%(:$("H&$%$8(-"/(3$:*"/(%$#$/28*"/(F282(/2&*/P2#$8(
/7/(%$#$/*:2:$/+
V"%(/7#$/"/(M7$(/$(F7$:$%(3$:*8+(V"%(O$#O"/(M7$(/$(
8$P*$8$%(2(-2(F8":7##*;%J(#23H*"(G(#"%/73"+
PERO ¿Qué ES
LA
PRODUCCIÓN?
LA PRODUCCIÓN
5-(8$/F$#&"J($-(:*##*"%28*"()28"7//$(/$W2-2'
• !$P*%*#*;%'(2##*;%(:$(F8":7#*8+
• V*%;%*3"/'(#8$2#*;%J($-2H"82#*;%J(P2H8*#2#*;%+(V732(:$(
-"/(F8":7#&"/(:$-(/7$-"("(:$(-2(*%:7/&8*2++
,/(:$#*8J(-2(F8":7##*;%(*3F-*#2(-2(&82%/P"832#*;% :$(
#*$8&"/("H@$&"/(F"8(3$:*"(:$-(&82H2@" G($-(8$/7-&2:"(/"%(
F8":7#&"/("(H*$%$/(M7$(F7$:$%(#"%/73*8/$(XF"8($@$3F-"J(
F8":7##*;%(268<#"-2J(62%2:$82($(*%:7/&8*2-Y+
LA PRODUCCIÓN
Materias Bienes o
primas Trabajo productos
LA PRODUCCIÓN
Cambio y
Producción Consumo
distribución
LA PRODUCCIÓN
E"8(-"(&2%&"J(-2(F8":7##*;%(&*$%$(#"3"("H@$&*."(
P7%:23$%&2-(/2&*/P2#$8(%$#$/*:2:$/+
ZD"%/73"[
,/(-2(7&*-*Q2#*;%(*%:*.*:72-(:$(-"/(H*$%$/(F8":7#*:"/J(
27%M7$(&23H*\%(/$(F7$:$(O2H-28(:$(#"%/73"(:$(
/$8.*#*"/+
LA PRODUCCIÓN
E]^!_D4^("(B9,C(` V,]a9D9^
• 0*$%&82/(M7$($-(F8":7#&"($/(-2(#"/2 F8":7#*:2J($/(
:$#*8J($-(8$/7-&2:"(:$(-2(F8":7##*;%R($-(/$8.*#*"($/($-(
8$/7-&2:"(:$(-2(2##*;%(F$8/"%2- M7$(C^ F8":7#$(
H*$%$/(&2%6*H-$/+
• ,-(F8":7#&"($/(2-6"(32&$8*2-J(&2%6*H-$+
• ,-(/$8.*#*"($/(*%&2%6*H-$R($/(2&$%#*;%(F$8/"%2-+
PRODUCTO o BIEN – SERVICIO
ACTOS ECONÓMICOS
)"/(O$#O"/($#"%;3*#"/(:$(F8":7#*8J(:*/&8*H7*8(G(
#"%/73*8("#788$%($/F"%&I%$23$%&$J(/*%(M7$(-"/(
O"3H8$/($/&\%(8$2-3$%&$(#"%/#*$%&$/(:$(-"(M7$(O2#$%(
%*(:$(-"/(:*.$8/"/(F8"#$/"/(M7$(*3F-*#2%+
D72%:"($-(O"3H8$(&"32(#"%#*$%#*2 :$(/7/(
%$#$/*:2:$/(G(:$(#;3"(/2&*/P2#$8-2/J($/&23"/(2%&$(
2#&"/($#"%;3*#"/J(#"3"($-(#7-&*."(:$(O"8&2-*Q2/(G
-2(F$/#2+
Definición de: ACTOS ECONÓMICOS ⭐
Lb7\(/"%J($%&"%#$/J(-"/(2#&"/($#"%;3*#"/N
)"/(2#&"/($#"%;3*#"/(/"%(2#&"/(#"%/#*$%&$/ :$-(O"3H8$(
F282(/2&*/P2#$8(/7/(%$#$/*:2:$/+
Definición de: ACTOS ECONÓMICOS
D72%:"($-(O"3H8$($/(#"%/#*$%&$ :$(/7/(3S-&*F-$/(
%$#$/*:2:$/J(/786$($-(F8"H-$32($#"%;3*#"R($/(:$#*8J(
LM7\(F8":7#*8NJ( L#;3"(F8":7#*8N(G L#7I%&"(F8":7#*8N(
c/&"/(/"%(-"/(F8"H-$32/($#"%;3*#"/(HI/*#"/(:$(&":2(
/"#*$:2:+
PROBLEMA ECONÓMICO
LM7\(F8":7#*8NJ(L#;3"(
F8":7#*8N(d(L#7I%&"(F8":7#*8N
LE282(M7*\%(F8":7#*8N
EL PROBLEMA ECONÓMICO - ¿QUÉ?
!2:"(M7$(-2(F8":7##*;%($/(7%(P$%;3$%"($/$%#*2-(F282(-2(
/2&*/P2##*;%(:$(3S-&*F-$/(%$#$/*:2:$/J($/(%$#$/28*"(
:$&$83*%28(M7\(/$(.2(2(F8":7#*8J(:$H*:"(2(M7$(-"/(
F2</$/(%"($/&I%($%(F"/*H*-*:2:(:$(F8":7#*8(&":"(-"(M7$(
%$#$/*&2%+
b7\(F8":7#*8($/($-(F8*3$8(F8"H-$32($#"%;3*#"+
EL PROBLEMA ECONÓMICO - ¿CÓMO?
_%2(.$Q(M7$(/2H$3"/(G(:$&$83*%23"/(M7\(.23"/(2(
F8":7#*8J(/786$($-(/$67%:"(F8"H-$32($#"%;3*#"($/J(
#;3"(F8":7#*8J(#"%(M7\(8$#78/"/(#"%&23"/J(#"%(#7I-$/(
&\#%*#2/(G(#"%(M7\(*%&$%/*:2:(G(8*&3"(:$(&82H2@"+
EL PROBLEMA ECONÓMICO - ¿CUÁNTO?
,-(/*67*$%&$(F8"H-$32($#"%;3*#"($/(#7I%&"(F8":7#*8J(:$(
2#7$8:"(#"%(-2/(%$#$/*:2:$/(G(-"/(8$#78/"/($#"%;3*#"/(
:$(-"/(O2H*&2%&$/+
EL PROBLEMA ECONÓMICO - ¿PARA QUÍEN? ¿dónde producir?
5-67%"/(27&"8$/(/$W2-2%(M7$("&8"/(F8"H-$32/(
$#"%;3*#"/(/"%(F282(M7*\%(F8":7#*8(G(:;%:$(F8":7#*8J(
F8$67%&2/(37G(*3F"8&2%&$/(G2(M7$(+:$&$83*%2%(-2(
P*%2-*:2:(:$(-"/(2#&"/($#"%;3*#"/(G($-(-7628(:"%:$(/$(
8$2-*Q28I%+
ACTIVIDAD ECONÓMICA
D72%:"(-"/(2#&"/($#"%;3*#"/(/$(8$2-*Q2%($%(P"832(
"862%*Q2:2(G(/*/&$3I&*#2J(O2H-23"/(:$
2#&*.*:2:($#"%;3*#2J(M7$($/(-2(/732(:$(:*P$8$%&$/(
2#&"/($#"%;3*#"/+
ACTIVIDAD ECONÓMICA
_%($@$3F-"(:$(2#&*.*:2:(
$#"%;3*#2(-"(#"%/&*&7G$(
-2(F8":7##*;%(F$&8"-$82J(
M7$(*3F-*#2(-"/(
/*67*$%&$/(2#&"/(
$#"%;3*#"/'
,eF-"82#*;%J($eF-"&2#*;%J(
$e&82##*;%J(8$P*%2#*;%J(
$&#+
Economía como ciencia
_%2(.$Q(/$W2-2:"/(-"/(F8*%#*F2-$/(2/F$#&"/(:$(-2(
8$2-*:2:($#"%;3*#2J(/$(:$H$(:$P*%*8(-"(M7$($/(
$#"%"3<2+
f2G(:*P$8$%&$/(F7%&"/(:$(.*/&2J(/$6S%($-($%P"M7$(M7$(/$(
-$(:\(2($/&2(:*/#*F-*%2+
,-("H@$&*."(G($-(/7H@$&*."
)2(:$P*%*#*;%(#-I/*#2(:$(-2(#"88*$%&$("H@$&*.2($/(:$(
K$:$8*#"(,%6$-/J(M7*$%(/$W2-2'
Z)2($#"%"3<2(F"-<&*#2($/(-2(#*$%#*2(M7$($/&7:*2(-2/(
-$G$/(M7$(8*6$%(-2(F8":7##*;%J(-2(:*/&8*H7#*;%J(-2(
#*8#7-2#*;%(G($-(#"%/73"(:$(-"/(H*$%$/(32&$8*2-$/(M7$(
/2&*/P2#$%(%$#$/*:2:$/(O732%2/[+
)2(:$P*%*#*;%(#-I/*#2(:$(-2("8*$%&2#*;%(/7H@$&*.*/&2($/(
:$()*"%$-(]"HH*%/J(M7*$%(2P*832'
Z)2($#"%"3<2($/(-2(#*$%#*2(M7$(/$($%#2862(:$-($/&7:*"(
:$(-2(/2&*/P2##*;%(:$(-2/(%$#$/*:2:$/(O732%2/(
3$:*2%&$(H*$%$/(M7$(/*$%:"($/#2/"/(&*$%$%(7/"/(
2-&$8%2&*."/($%&8$(-"/(#72-$/(O2G(M7$("F&28[+
Otras definiciones
T+(,#"%"3<2($/($-($/&7:*"(:$(#;3"(7&*-*Q2(-2(6$%&$(-"/(8$#78/"/(F282(
/2&*/P2#$8(/7/(%$#$/*:2:$/+++(,-(F8"H-$32(HI/*#"(M7$($/&7:*2(-2(
$#"%"3<2($/($-(F8"H-$32(:$(-2($/#2/$Q+ C. subjetiva
>+()2($#"%"3<2(F"-<&*#2($/(-2(#*$%#*2(:$-(:$/288"--"(:$(-2/(8$-2#*"%$/(
/"#*2-$/(:$(F8":7##*;%R($/(:$#*8J(:$(-2/(8$-2#*"%$/($#"%;3*#2/(
$%&8$(-"/(O"3H8$/+(,/&7:*2(-2/(-$G$/(M7$(8*6$%(-2(F8":7##*;%(G(-2(
:*/&8*H7#*;%(:$(-"/(H*$%$/(32&$8*2-$/($%(-2(/"#*$:2:(O732%2(2(
&":"(-"(-286"(:$(-2/(:*.$8/2/(P2/$/(:$(/7(:$/288"--"+ C. Objetiva
Otras definiciones
U+(gV$6S%(5-P8$:(028/O2--h(+++-2(#*$%#*2(M7$($e23*%2(-2(F28&$(:$(-2(
2#&*.*:2:(*%:*.*:72-(G(/"#*2-($/F$#*2-3$%&$(#"%/2682:2(2(2-#2%Q28(
G(2(7&*-*Q28(-2/(#"%:*#*"%$/(32&$8*2-$/(:$-(H*$%$/&28+ C. subjetiva
i+()2($#"%"3<2($/(-2(#*$%#*2(M7$(&*$%$(F"8("H@$&"(-2(2:3*%*/&82#*;%(
:$(-"/(8$#78/"/($/#2/"/(:$(M7$(:*/F"%$%(-2/(/"#*$:2:$/(O732%2/R(
$/&7:*2(-2/(P"832/(#"3"(/$(#"3F"8&2($-(O"3H8$(2%&$(-2(:*P<#*-(
/*&72#*;%(:$-(37%:"($e&$8*"8("#2/*"%2:2(F"8(-2(&$%/*;%($e*/&$%&$(
$%&8$(-2/(%$#$/*:2:$/(*-*3*&2:2/(G(-"/(3$:*"/(-*3*&2:"/(#"%(M7$(
#7$%&2%(-"/(26$%&$/(:$(-2(2#&*.*:2:($#"%;3*#2+ C. subjetiva
PERO ¿ES LA
economía
una ciencia?
,%(-2/(:$P*%*#*"%$/(2%&$8*"8$/(/$($eF8$/;(M7$(-2(
$#"%"3<2($/(7%2(#*$%#*2J(F$8"J(LM7\(#282#&$8</&*#2/(:$H$(
#73F-*8(F282(M7$(/$(-$(#"%/*:$8$(#*$%#*2NJ( LG(M7\(&*F"(
:$(#*$%#*2($/(-2($#"%"3<2N
028*"(B7%6$(O2(/$W2-2:"(-2/(#282#&$8</&*#2/ F282(M7$(
7%2(:*/#*F-*%2J(/$2(#"%/*:$82:2(#"3"(#*$%#*2(:$(32%$82(
3I/(#-282+
Características de la ciencia
T+ ,-(#"%"#*3*$%&"(#*$%&<P*#"(F28&$(:$(-"/(
O$#O"/(G(/*$3F8$(8$68$/2(2($--"/+
>+ )2(#*$%#*2(&82/#*$%:$(-"/(O$#O"/(X--$62(2(
F8":7#*8(%7$."/(O$#O"/Y+
U+ )2(#*$%#*2($/(2%2-<&*#2J
i+ ,/F$#*2-*Q2:2+
j+ )2(#*$%#*2($/(#-282(G(F8$#*/2J(-"(M7$(*3F-*#2'
2h(K"837-28(#-2823$%&$(-"/(F8"H-$32/+
Hh(E28&$(:$(%"#*"%$/(X#"%#$F&"Y(#-282/+
#h(!$P*%$(/7/(#"%#$F&"/+
:h(D8$2(-$%672@$/(28&*P*#*2-$/(X$/F$#*2-*Q2:"/Y+
$h(E8"#782(3$:*8(G(8$6*/&828(-"/(P$%;3$%"/+
Características de la ciencia
k+ ,-(#"%"#*3*$%&"(#*$%&<P*#"(/$(F7$:$(
#"37%*#28(G(.$8*P*#28+
l+ )2(*%.$/&*62#*;%(#*$%&<P*#2(/*67$(7%(3 &":"(G(
$/(/*/&$3I&*#2+
m+ )"/(#"%"#*3*$%&"/(#*$%&<P*#"/(/"%(6$%$82-$/+
n+ )2(#*$%#*2(&82&2(:$($/&2H-$#$8(-$G$/(G(
2F-*#28-2/+
T?+ o)2(#*$%#*2($/($eF-*#2&*.2'(*%&$%&2($eF-*#28(-"/(
O$#O"/($%(&\83*%"/(:$(-$G$/(G(-2/(-$G$/($%(
&\83*%"/(:$(F8*%#*F*"/+po
LD73F-$(-2($#"%"3<2(#"%(&":2/(-2/(#282#&$8</&*#2/(
/$W2-2:2/N
,%(&\83*%"/(6$%$82-$/J(/$(F7$:$(:$#*8(M7$(/<J(27%M7$($%(
2-67%2/("#2/*"%$/(%"(/$(#73F-2(2-67%2(:$($--2/+
E":$3"/(:$#*8(M7$($%(-2(3$:*:2($%(M7$(-2($#"%"3<2(
#73F-2(3I/(#2H2-3$%&$(:*#O2/(#282#&$8</&*#2/(/$8(3I/(
#*$%&<P*#2+(
5-($/&7:*28(2-67%2(&$"8<2($#"%;3*#2("(:"#&8*%2(:$H$(
2%2-*Q28/$(/*(8$S%$(-"/(8$M7*/*&"/(:$(#*$%#*2("(/<(:$H$(
8$#O2Q28/$(#"3"(&2-+
b7*QI(-2/(:"/ #282#&$8</&*#2/ M7$(/"H8$/2-$%(:$(-2(

$#"%"3<2(#"3"(#*$%#*2(/"%(-2("H@$&*.*:2:(G(-2(
2F-*#2#*;%(:$-(3\&":"(#*$%&<P*#"+
Economía como ciencia: La objetividad
V$(8$P*$8$(2(M7$($-($#"%"3*/&2(F7$:$(2%2-*Q28(-"/(O$#O"/(G(
P$%;3$%"/($#"%;3*#"/(&2-(#"3"("#788$%($%(-2(8$2-*:2:J(/*%(
M7$(*%&$8.$%62%(/7/(67/&"/("(F8$P$8$%#*2/(G(/*%(M7$(-"/(
$/&7:*$(#"3"(-$(67/&28<2(M7$(P7$82%+
V*%($3H286"J(-2("H@$&*.*:2:($/(7%"(:$(-"/(8$M7*/*&"/(3I/(
:*P<#*-$/(:$(#73F-*8(%"(/;-"($%($#"%"3<2J(/*%"($%(#72-M7*$8(
:*/#*F-*%2(#*$%&<P*#2J(F"8(-"(M7$($-(*%.$/&*62:"8(:$H$(&82&28(
:$(:$/F"@28/$(:$(&":"/(-"/($-$3$%&"/(/7H@$&*."/(M7$(
F7$:2%(*%&$8P$8*8($%(/7/($/&7:*"/+
Economía como ciencia: el método científico
,%(#72%&"(2-(3\&":"(#*$%&<P*#"J($-($#"%"3*/&2(:$H$(/$67*8(
-"/(F2/"/(F8*%#*F2-$/(F282(--$628(2-(#"%"#*3*$%&"(:$(-2(
8$2-*:2:("H@$&*.2J(M7$($/&7:*2'
T+()2("H/$8.2#*;%J(#"3F*-2#*;%J(#-2/*P*#2#*;%(G("8:$%2#*;%(:$(&":2(*%P"832#*;%(
8$-$.2%&$(2-(F8"H-$32(H2@"($/&7:*"R
>+(-2(P"837-2#*;%(:$(7%2(&$"8<2(M7$(:$/#8*H2($%(P"832(2H/&82#&2(-2(F"/*H-$(
8$-2#*;%(:$(#27/2(G($P$#&"("H/$8.2:2R
U+(-2(.$8*P*#2#*;%(:$(:*#O2(&$"8<2J(GJ(P*%2-3$%&$J
i+()2(P"837-2#*;%(:$(-2/(-$G$/("(F8*%#*F*"/(M7$(P*@2%($/"/(P$%;3$%"/J(-"/(
#72-$/(F$83*&*8I%(-2(F8$:*##*;%(:$(-"/(P$%;3$%"/("(/7/(&$%:$%#*2/(6$%$82-$/+(
¿qué tipo de
ciencia es la
economía?
482:*#*"%2-3$%&$J(-2/(#*$%#*2/(/$(O2%(:*.*:*:"($%(
%2&782-$/(G(/"#*2-$/+
)2/(#*$%#*2/(%2&782-$/(/$(8$P*$8$%(2-($/&7:*"(:$(-2(
%2&782-$Q2(G(/7/(-$G$/+()2/(#*$%#*2/(/"#*2-$/($/&7:*2%(2-(
O"3H8$($%(/7(23H*$%&$(/"#*2-+
V*(-2(/"#*$:2:(#23H*2(2(
&82.\/(:$-(&*$3F"(G(-2(
$#"%"3<2($/(7%2(#*$%#*2(
/"#*2-J(&23H*\%($/(7%2(
#*$%#*2(O*/&;8*#2+
,%&"%#$/J(/$(F7$:$(2P*8328
M7$(-2($#"%"3<2($/(7%2(
#*$%#*2(O*/&;8*#2(G(/"#*2-(
F"8M7$($/&7:*2(#;3"(/$(O2%(
"862%*Q2:"(-2/(/"#*$:2:$/(2(
&82.\/(:$-(&*$3F"(F282(
/2&*/P2#$8(/7/(%$#$/*:2:$/+
02. Teorías,
leyes y modelos
económicos
Teoría económica
)2(&$"8<2($#"%;3*#2($/($-(#"%@7%&"(:$(
F8*%#*F*"/("($%7%#*2:"/(6$%$82-$/(
*%&$682:"/($%(7%(#7$8F"(:"#&8*%28*"(
/*/&$32&*Q2:"(M7$(F8$&$%:$%($eF-*#28(
-2(8$2-*:2:($#"%;3*#2+
,@$3F-"/'
• 4$"8<2(#-I/*#2'
• 4$"8<2(328e*/&2
• 4$"8<2(q$G%$/*2%2
Teoría económica
5-67%"/(27&"8$/(--$62%(2($-2H"828(3":$-"/(&$;8*#"/(2(
F28&*8(:$(-"/($%7%#*2:"/(:$(-2(&$"8<2($#"%;3*#2+
,-(F8":7#&"(P*%2-(:$($/&$(F8"#$/"($/(7%2(8$#"%/&87##*;%(
/*3F-*P*#2:2(:$(-2(8$2-*:2: "(-"(M7$(#"3S%3$%&$(
#"%"#$3"/(#"3"(7%(3":$-"(&$;8*#"(M7$J($/(7%2(
/*3F-*P*#2#*;%(:$(-2(8$2-*:2:(2(P*%(:$(2G7:28%"/(2(
$%&$%:$8(3$@"8($-(F8"H-$32J(G(F":$8(F8$:$#*8(-2(
"#788$%#*2(:$(2-6S%(P$%;3$%"+
,@$3F-"'(K8"%&$82(:$(F"/*H*-*:2:$/(:$(F8":7##*;%
Conceptos y categorías
)"/($%7%#*2:"/(M7$(P"832%(-2/(&$"8<2/($#"%;3*#2/(/$(
$%#7$%&82%(*%&$682:"/(F"8(#"%#$F&"/(G(#2&$6"8<2/(
$#"%;3*#2/J(F$8"J(LM7\(/"%(-"/(#"%#$F&"/(G(#2&$6"8<2/N+
)"/(#"%#$F&"/($#"%;3*#"/(/"%(-2/(8$F8$/$%&2#*"%$/(
3$%&2-$/(:$(-2($/$%#*2("(#282#&$8</&*#2/(P7%:23$%&2-$/(
:$(-"/(O$#O"/(G(P$%;3$%"/($#"%;3*#"/+
)"/(2/F$#&"/(3I/(*3F"8&2%&$/(:$(-"/(#"%#$F&"/(
$#"%;3*#"/(/"%'
2Y(M7$(#2F&$%(-2/(#282#&$8</&*#2/(F8*%#*F2-$/(:$(-2(
8$2-*:2:($#"%;3*#2J
HY(M7$(&$%62%(.2-*:$Q(7%*.$8/2-("J(3I/(H*$%(:$H$8<23"/(
:$#*8J(M7$(&$%62%(7%(2-&"(682:"(:$(6$%$82-*:2:J
#Y(M7$(:$/:$($-(F7%&"(:$(.*/&2(-;6*#"J(-"/(#"%#$F&"/(
/$2%(*672-$/(2(-2/(:$P*%*#*"%$/+
5-67%"/($@$3F-"/(:$(
#"%#$F&"/($#"%;3*#"/(/"%'
r(,-(#"%#$F&"(:$(&82H2@"J
r($-(#"%#$F&"(:$(%$#$/*:2:J
r($-(#"%#$F&"(:$(7&*-*:2:+
)2/(#2&$6"8<2/($#"%;3*#2/(/"%(2M7$--"/(#"%#$F&"/(M7$(
/;-"(/$(:2%($%(:$&$83*%2:2/(P2/$/(:$-(:$/288"--"(:$(-2(
/"#*$:2:R(F"8(-"(#2%&"J(&*$%$%(7%(#28I#&$8(3$%"/(
6$%$82-(G(3$%"8(.2-*:$Q(O*/&;8*#2J(G2(M7$(:$/2F28$#$%(
#72%:"(/$(:$/288"--2%(%7$.2/(P"832/(/"#*2-$/+
D2&$6"8<2/($#"%;3*#2/'(,eF8$/*;%(&$;8*#2(:$(-2/(
8$-2#*"%$/(/"#*2-$/(G(:$(F8":7##*;%(M7$($e*/&$%(
8$2-3$%&$($%&8$(-"/(O"3H8$/+++(-2/(#2&$6"8<2/(
$#"%;3*#2/(F"/$$%(#28I#&$8(O*/&;8*#"J(F7$/(8$P-$@2%($-(
F8"#$/"(:$(%2#*3*$%&"(G(:$/288"--"(:$(-2(P"832#*;%(
$#"%;3*#"(/"#*2-(:2:2+
V$(:$/288"--2%(2(-2(F28(:$(-2/(8$-2#*"%$/(:$(F8":7##*;%(
F"8($--2/($eF8$/2:2/+(5(#2:2(3":"(:$(F8":7##*;%(-$(/"%(
*%O$8$%&$/(#2&$6"8<2/(F8"F*2/+
5-67%"/($@$3F-"/(:$(#2&$6"8<2/(
$#"%;3*#2/(/"%'
T+(E-7/.2-<2'(/;-"(O2($e*/&*:"(:782%&$(
$-(:$/288"--"(:$-(#2F*&2-*/3"+
>+(K$7:2-*/3"'($e*/&*;(/;-"(:782%&$(
F28&$(:$-(:$/288"--"(:$(-2(/"#*$:2:(
XHI/*#23$%&$(:782%&$(-2(,:2:(0$:*2Y+
U+(!*%$8"'(2F28$#*;(#72%:"(-2/(
8$-2#*"%$/(#"3$8#*2-$/(/$(."-.*$8"%(
3I/(6$%$82-$/R(\/&$(%"(/*$3F8$(O2(
$e*/&*:"+
i+(0$8#2:"'(#72%:"(/$(:$/288"--;(
23F-*23$%&$($-(*%&$8#23H*"J(O7H"(
%$#$/*:2:(:$-(/786*3*$%&"(:$(7%2(
*%/&*&7#*;%(X$-(3$8#2:"Y(M7$(P2."8$#*$82(
/7/(8$-2#*"%$/(:$(*%&$8#23H*"+
Leyes económicas
)"/(#"%#$F&"/(G(-2/(#2&$6"8<2/(2G7:2%(2(P"837-28(-2/(
-$G$/($#"%;3*#2/J(M7$($/(7%"(:$(-"/(F8*%#*F2-$/(
"H@$&*."/(:$(-2($#"%"3<2(#*$%&<P*#2+
)2/(-$G$/($#"%;3*#2/(8*6$%(-2(F8":7##*;%J(-2(
:*/&8*H7#*;%J($-(#23H*"(G($-(#"%/73"(:$(-"/(H*$%$/(
32&$8*2-$/($%(-"/(:*P$8$%&$/($/&2:*"/(:$(:$/288"--"(:$(
-2(/"#*$:2:(O732%2+
Leyes económicas
,eF8$/2%(-"/(%$e"/(G(8$-2#*"%$/(3I/($/$%#*2-$/(
$/&2H-$/J(#27/2-3$%&$(#"%:*#*"%2:"/($%&8$(-"/(
P$%;3$%"/(G(-"/(F8"#$/"/(:$(-2(.*:2($#"%;3*#2(:$(-2(
/"#*$:2:+
)2/(-$G$/($#"%;3*#2/(&82&2%(:$(:$/#7H8*8(-2/(8$-2#*"%$/(
#27/2-$/(:$(-"/(O$#O"/(G(P$%;3$%"/(G($eF-*#2%(-2(
8$2-*:2:($#"%;3*#2($%(&\83*%"/(:$(#27/2-*:2:+
Leyes económicas
D282#&$8</&*#2/'
2h(#"%/*/&$%#*2(-;6*#2(*%&$8%2(G(
$e&$8%2J
Hh(F$8&*%$%#*2("(8$-$.2%#*2J
#h(F8$:*##*;% :$(P$%;3$%"/(
$#"%;3*#"/+
Leyes económicas: Características
D"%/*/&$%#*2(-;6*#2(*%&$8%2'(V$(8$P*$8$(2(M7$(-2/(
#"%#-7/*"%$/(/$(:$8*.$%(:$(-2/(F8$3*/2/(G
/7F7$/&"/($/&2H-$#*:"/+
D"%/*/&$%#*2(-;6*#2($e&$8%2'(V$(H2/2($%(M7$(-2/(
#"%#-7/*"%$/(:$(-2(-$G(/$(#"%P8"%&$%(#"%(-2
F8"F*2(8$2-*:2:(F282(M7$(&$%62%(.2-*:$Q(#*$%&<P*#2+
E$8&*%$%#*2'(V$(8$P*$8$(2(M7$(-2(
-$G($#"%;3*#2(&$%62(
8$-$.2%#*2R($/(:$#*8J(M7$(2G7:$(
2(8$/"-.$8(-"/(F8*%#*F2-$/(
F8"H-$32/(:$(-"/(/$8$/(
O732%"/+
E8$:*##*;%(:$(P$%;3$%"/($#"%;3*#"/'(,/(37G(
*3F"8&2%&$J(G2(M7$(F$83*&$($-*3*%28(&":"/(2M7$--"/(
F8"H-$32/(M7$(&*$%:2%(2(#8$28("H/&I#7-"/(F282($-(
3$@"823*$%&"(:$(-2/(#"%:*#*"%$/(:$(.*:2(:$(-"/(/$8$/(
O732%"/+
E"8(-"(&2%&"J(-2/(-$G$/($#"%;3*#2/(/*8.$%(%"(/;-"(F282(
#"%"#$8($-(#"3F"8&23*$%&"(:$(-2(8$2-*:2:($#"%;3*#2J(
/*%"(F282(*%P-7*8($%(/7(:$/288"--"($%(H$%$P*#*"(:$(-2(
/"#*$:2:+
Leyes económicas: Ejemplos
A 5(3$:*:2(M7$(/$(:$/288"--2%(
-2/(/"#*$:2:$/(273$%&2%(/7/(
%$#$/*:2:$/J(-2/(#72-$/(%7%#2
--$62%(2(/2&*/P2#$8/$(
F-$%23$%&$(X%$#$/*:2:$/(
*-*3*&2:2/Y+
A )$G(:$(-2(F-7/.2-<2R($%($-(
#2F*&2-*/3"J(-"/(*%.$8/*"%*/&2/(
/$(37$.$%(F"8($-(2PI%(:$(-7#8"J
:$(62%2%#*2+(
Otras relaciones económicas
D72%:"(-2/(&$"8<2/($#"%;3*#2/(/$(8$P*$8$%(2-(2%I-*/*/(
$#"%;3*#"J(F7$:$%(O2#$8-"(:$/:$(:"/(F7%&"/(:$(.*/&2("(
$%P"M7$/'
)2(32#8"$#"%"3<2 /$(8$-2#*"%2(#"%(-2($#"%"3<2($%(/7(
#"%@7%&"J(#"%(-2($#"%"3<2(:$-(F2</J(:$(-2(#*7:2:($(
*%#-7/"(#"%(-2($#"%"3<2(37%:*2-+(482&2(:$(:$/#7H8*8(-2/(
#282#&$8</&*#2/(6$%$82-$/(:$(-2($#"%"3<2(F282(
$/&2H-$#$8(/7/(-$G$/($#"%;3*#2/+
)2(32#8"$#"%"3<2($/(*3F"8&2%&$(F"8M7$(F$83*&$(#"%"#$8(
-"/(-*%$23*$%&"/(6$%$82-$/(:$-(#8$#*3*$%&"(G(:$/288"--"(
$#"%;3*#"(:$(7%(F2</(F282(F":$8(*%P-7*8($%(\-+
C"/(/*&S2(G(7H*#2($%(-2(8$2-*:2:(/"#*"$#"%;3*#2($%(-2(
M7$(/$(:$/288"--2%(-"/(P$%;3$%"/($#"%;3*#"/+(E"8(
$@$3F-"J(#72%:"(/$(O2H-2(:$(*%68$/"(%2#*"%2-J(F8":7#&"(
%2#*"%2-J(*%P-2#*;%J(:$.2-72#*;%J(#8*/*/($#"%;3*#2J(/$(
O2#$(8$P$8$%#*2(2(P$%;3$%"/(32#8"$#"%;3*#"/+
E"8(/7(F28&$J(-2(3*#8"$#"%"3<2 $/($-($/&7:*"(:$(-2(
7%*:2:($#"%;3*#2J(:$(-2(7%*:2:(F8":7#&*.2(F8"F*23$%&$(
:*#O2(G(:$-(#"3F"8&23*$%&"(:$-(#"%/73*:"8(*%:*.*:72-+
07#O"/(27&"8$/(--232%(2(-2(3*#8"$#"%"3<2(-2($#"%"3<2(
:$(-2($3F8$/2+
)2($#"%"3<2(:$(-2($3F8$/2($/($-($/&7:*"(:$(-2($3F8$/2(
G(/7(32%$82(:$(&"328(:$#*/*"%$/J(/"3$&*:2(2(-2/(
8$/&8*##*"%$/(M7$(-$(*3F"%$%(-2/(-$G$/(:$(-2(%2&782-$Q2(
G(:$(-2(/"#*$:2:+(V$(8$-2#*"%2(#"%(#"%&2:78<2(G(2:3+
Ramas de la economía
• ,#"%"3<2(268<#"-2
• ,#"%"3<2(*%:7/&8*2-
• ,#"%"3<2(%2#*"%2-
• ,#"%"3<2(*%&$8%2#*"%2-
• ,#"%"3<2(-2H"82-
• ,#"%"3<2(/"#*2-(G("&82/
Doctrinas económicas
r(0$8#2%&*-*/&2/J
r(P*/*;#82&2/J
r(#-I/*#"/J
r(328e*/&2/J
r(%$"#-I/*#"/J
r(q$G%$/*2%"/J
r($/&87#&782-*/&2/J
r(%$"-*H$82-$/+
03. Los sistemas
económicos
¿Qué son los
factores de
producción?
Los factores de producción
]$#78/"/("(P2#&"8$/($#"%;3*#"/J(/"%(&":"/(2M7$--"/(
$-$3$%&"/ M7$(#"%&8*H7G$%(2(M7$(-2(F8":7##*;%(/$(--$.$(
2(#2H"+
482:*#*"%2-3$%&$(/$(O2%(2687F2:"($%(&*$882J(&82H2@"(G(
#2F*&2-+
5-67%"/(27&"8$/(/$W2-2%(&23H*\%(2(-2("862%*Q2#*;%("(
#2F2#*:2:($3F8$/28*2-(#"3"(P2#&"8($#"%;3*#"("(
F8":7#&*."J(27%M7$("&8"/(-2(#"%/*:$82%(#"3"(F28&$(:$-(
P2#&"8(&82H2@"+(
4*$882'(,%(/7(/$%&*:"(3I/(23F-*"J(/$(8$P*$8$(2(-"/(
8$#78/"/(%2&782-$/(M7$(*%&$8.*$%$%($%($-
F8"#$/"(:$(F8":7##*;%'(&*$882J(2672J(3*%$82-$/J(
2&3;/P$82J(.$6$&2-$/J(2%*32-$/J($&#+(,-(F26"("(
8$37%$82#*;% 2-(P2#&"8(&*$882($/(-2(8$%&2+
482H2@"'(,/(-2(2#&*.*:2:(O732%2(X#"%/#*$%&$Y(3$:*2%&$(
-2(#72-(/$(&82%/P"832%(G(2:2F&2%(-"/($-$3$%&"/(:$(-2(
%2&782-$Q2(F282(/2&*/P2#$8(%$#$/*:2:$/(O732%2/J(#7G2(
8$37%$82#*;% $/($-(/2-28*"+
D2F*&2-'(V"%(&":"/(2M7$--"/(8$#78/"/($#"%;3*#"/(
/7/#$F&*H-$/(:$(8$F8":7#*8/$(G(M7$(2G7:2%(2(-2(F8":7##*;%(
X&23H*\%(/$(-$(--232(*%.$8/*;%Y'(32M7*%28*2J($M7*F"J(
O$8823*$%&2J(*%/&2-2#*"%$/J($:*P*#*"/J($&#+()2(8$37%$82#*;%(
M7$(F$8#*H$($/($-(*%&$8\/+(
^862%*Q2#*;%("(O2H*-*:2:($3F8$/28*2-'(,/($-(2#&"(:$(:*8*6*8J(
"862%*Q28(G(/*/&$32&*Q28($-(F8"#$/"(F8":7#&*."J(G(-2(--$.2%(
2(#2H"(-"/(2:3*%*/&82:"8$/J(6$8$%&$/J($#"%"3*/&2/(G(
#"%&2:"8$/(M7$(/$($%#7$%&82%($%(F7$/&"/(:*8$#&*."/(:$(-2(
7%*:2:(F8":7#&"82+()2(8$37%$82#*;% :$-(#2F*&2-(G(-2(
"862%*Q2#*;%("(-2(O2H*-*:2:($3F8$/28*2-($/(-2(62%2%#*2+
Sistema económico
,-(#"%@7%&"(:$($-$3$%&"/($#"%;3*#"/(P"832(-2(
8$2-*:2:($#"%;3*#2J(M7$(/$($%#7$%&82
*%&$682:2($%(7%(/*/&$32($#"%;3*#"("(3":"(:$(
F8":7##*;%J($-(#72-($/(-2("862%*Q2#*;%(M7$(#2:2(
/"#*$:2:(2/73$(O*/&;8*#23$%&$(F282(/2&*/P2#$8(/7/(
%$#$/*:2:$/+
,/&"(/*6%*P*#2(M7$($-(/*/&$32($#"%;3*#"(&*$%$(F"8(
H2/$(-2($/&87#&782($#"%;3*#2(M7$(/786$(:$(-2(
$e*/&$%#*2(:$(%$#$/*:2:$/(O732%2/(M7$(F-2%&$2%(-"/(
F8"H-$32/($#"%;3*#"/(HI/*#"/J(-"/(#72-$/(/$(
8$/7$-.$%(F"8(3$:*"(:$(-2(8$2-*Q2#*;%(:$(2#&*.*:2:$/(
$#"%;3*#2/(P7%:23$%&2-$/(M7$(F7$:$%(O2#$8/$(
682#*2/(2(-2($e*/&$%#*2(:$(P2#&"8$/(F8":7#&*."/+
Actividades económicas
,-(/*/&$32($#"%;3*#"(&23H*\%(F7$:$($eF-*#28/$(#"3"(
$-(#"%@7%&"(:$(2#&*.*:2:$/($#"%;3*#2/(M7$(/$(2687F2%(
$%(/$#&"8$/($#"%;3*#"/(*%&$682:"/(F"8(8232/(
F8":7#&*.2/+(f2G(&8$/(/$#&"8$/'($-(268"F$#728*"J($-(
*%:7/&8*2-(G($-(:$(/$8.*#*"/+
)2/(F8*%#*F2-$/(8232/("(2#&*.*:2:$/(:$-(/$#&"8(
268"F$#728*" /"%'(-2(268*#7-&782J(-2(62%2:$8<2J(-2(
/*-.*#7-&782(G(-2(F$/#2+
,-(/$#&"8(*%:7/&8*2- /$(/7H:*.*:$($%(*%:7/&8*2($e&82#&*.2
X#7G2/(8232/(/"%($-(F$&8;-$"(G(-2(3*%$8<2Y($(*%:7/&8*2(
:$(&82%/P"832#*;%J(#"%(3I/(:$(l?(8232/J($%&8$(-2/(M7$(
:$/&2#2%'(#$3$%&"J(M7<3*#2J(H$H*:2/(2-#"O;-*#2/J(
37$H-$/J(&$e&*-$/J(2-*3$%&"/J($:*&"8*2-J(32:$82J
F8":7#&"/(3$&I-*#"/J($&#+
)2/(F8*%#*F2-$/(8232/(:$-(/$#&"8(/$8.*#*"/ /"%'(
#"3$8#*"J(8$/&2782%&$/J(O"&$-$/J(&82%/F"8&$J
2-32#$%23*$%&"J(#"37%*#2#*"%$/J(/$8.*#*"/(P*%2%#*$8"/(
G(/$678"/J(H*$%$/(*%37$H-$/J(/$8.*#*"/(F8"P$/*"%2-$/J(
/$8.*#*"/(:$($:7#2#*;%J(/$8.*#*"/(3\:*#"/J(/$8.*#*"/(:$(
$/F28#*3*$%&"J(2:3*%*/&82#*;%(FSH-*#2J(:$P$%/2(G("&8"/+
04. EVOLUCIÓN
DEL proceso
ECONÓMICO
Evolución de los modos de producción
)2("862%*Q2#*;%($#"%;3*#2($/(7%"(:$(-"/(F*-28$/(
HI/*#"/(:$(#72-M7*$8(2687F2#*;%(/"#*2-+(D"%($-(F2/"(:$(
-"/(/*6-"/J($-(/$8(O732%"(O2(*:"("862%*Q2%:"(/7/(
8$#78/"/(:$(:*.$8/2/(32%$82/J(O2/&2(--$628(2(-"/(
/*/&$32/(M7$(3$@"8(/$(2:2F&2%(2(#2:2(/"#*$:2:+
4":2/($/2/(32%$82/(:$("862%*Q28(7%2(/"#*$:2:(/$(
F7$:$%($%6-"H28($%(32G"8("(3$%"8(3$:*:2($%(7%(
/*/&$32(7("&8"+
Modo de producción
• ,/(-2(P"832($%(M7$(-"/(O"3H8$/(/$(O2%("862%*Q2:"(
O*/&;8*#23$%&$(F282(/2&*/P2#$8(/7/(%$#$/*:2:$/+
• ,/(-2(P"832($%(M7$(-"/(O"3H8$/(/$(O2%("862%*Q2:"(
F282(F8":7#*8J(:*/&8*H7*8(G(#"%/73*8(-"/(H*$%$/(G(
/$8.*#*"/(F282(/2&*/P2#$8(/7/(%$#$/*:2:$/+
• ,/(-2(P"832($%(M7$(-"/(O"3H8$/(O2%(8$/7$-&"(
O*/&;8*#23$%&$(/7/(F8"H-$32/($#"%;3*#"/'(M7\(
F8":7#*8J(#;3"(F8":7#*8J(#7I%&"(F8":7#*8(G(F282(
M7*\%(F8":7#*8(X$%(-2(2#&72-*:2:(/$(O2(2W2:*:"($-(
F8"H-$32(:$(:;%:$(F8":7#*8Y+
• ,/(-2(*%&$88$-2#*;%(:*2-\#&*#2(M7$($e*/&$($%&8$(-2/(
P7$8Q2/(F8":7#&*.2/(G(-2/(8$-2#*"%$/(/"#*2-$/(:$(
F8":7##*;%+
Modo de producción
• )2/(P7$8Q2/(F8":7#&*.2/(/"%(-"/($-$3$%&"/(32&$8*2-$/(G(
O732%"/(M7$(O2#$%(F"/*H-$(-2(F8":7##*;%R(G(#"%P"832%(
-2(#2F2#*:2:(:$(F8":7##*;%(:$(-2(/"#*$:2:+(
• )2/(P7$8Q2/(F8":7#&*.2/(/$($%#7$%&82%(*%&$682:2/(F"8(-2(
P7$8Q2(:$(&82H2@"(G(-"/(3$:*"/(:$(F8":7##*;%+(
• )2/(8$-2#*"%$/(/"#*2-$/(:$(F8":7##*;%(/"%(2M7$--2/(M7$(
/$($/&2H-$#$%($%&8$(-"/(O"3H8$/(:782%&$($-(F8"#$/"(
F8":7#&*."R(/7(#282#&$8</&*#2(F8*%#*F2-($/(M7$(%"(
:$F$%:$%(:$(-2(."-7%&2:(O732%2+(5/<J($-($/#-2."(%"(
$/#"6$(/$8($/#-2."(G($-(/*$8."(%2#$(/*$8."+()2/(
8$-2#*"%$/(/"#*2-$/(:$(F8":7##*;%(:$F$%:$%(:$(-2(
\F"#2($%(M7$(/$(.*.$+
Modos de producción: comunidad primitiva
)2(#"37%*:2:(F8*3*&*.2($/(F8$#*/23$%&$(-2(F8*3$82(
P"832($%(M7$(-"/(O"3H8$/(/$("862%*Q28"% F282(
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Modos de producción: El feudalismo
)2(:$/*%&$682#*;%(:$-($/#-2.*/3"(&7."(HI/*#23$%&$(:"/(
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Modos de producción: El capitalismo
)2(F8":7##*;%(6$%$82-*Q2:2(:$(3$8#2%#<2/($/(7%2(
#"%:*#*;%(*%:*/F$%/2H-$(F282($-(:$/288"--"(:$-(
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Modos de producción: El Capitalismo
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:$(-"/(F8":7#&"/(G(-2(#2-*:2:(:$(-"/(3*/3"/+(,%($/&$(
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"($#"%"3<2/(/"#*2-*/&2/(:$(
3$8#2:"+
Sistemas económicos según exista o no propiedad privada
,#"%"3<2(#2F*&2-*/&2'(423H*\%(:$%"3*%2:2($#"%"3<2(-*H8$ "(:$(3$8#2:"+(
V"%($#"%"3<2/($%(M7$(-"/(*%:*.*:7"/(G(-2/($3F8$/2/(--$.2%(2(#2H"(-2(
F8":7##*;%(G($-(*%&$8#23H*"(:$(H*$%$/(G(/$8.*#*"/(3$:*2%&$(&82%/2##*"%$/(
$%(-2/(M7$(*%&$8.*$%$%(F8$#*"/(G(3$8#2:"/+
,#"%"3<2(/"#*2-*/&2("(F-2%*P*#2:2'(!$P*$%:$%($-(*%&$8.$%#*"%*/3" :$-(
,/&2:"($%(-2($#"%"3<2+(,%(/7($/&2:"(3I/(F78"J($e*6$%(-2(/7/&*&7#*;% :$(-2(
F8"F*$:2:(F8*.2:2(F"8(-2(#"-$#&*.2($%(-"/(3$:*"/(:$(F8":7##*;%J(#23H*"(G(
:*/&8*H7#*;%R(:$-(3*/3"(3":"J(F*:$(-2(:*/&8*H7#*;%(*672-*&28*2(:$(-2(
8*M7$Q2(G(-2($-*3*%2#*;%(:$(-2/(#-2/$/(/"#*2-$/+
,#"%"3<2(3*e&2'()2($#"%"3<2(3*e&2($/(7%(/*/&$32(:$("862%*Q2#*;%(
$#"%;3*#2($%($-(M7$(/$(#"3H*%2(-2(2#&72#*;%(:$-(/$#&"8(F8*.2:"(#"%(-2(
:$-(/$#&"8(FSH-*#"J(M7$(2#&S2(#"3"(8$67-2:"8(G(#"88$#&"8(:$-(F8*3$8"+
Sistemas económicos según el mecanismo de coordinación
o de toma de decisiones
,#"%"3<2(&82:*#*"%2-' V"%($#"%"3<2/(/*3F-$/(#7G2/(
:$#*/*"%$/(/$(H2/2%($%(-2(&82:*#*;%+
,#"%"3<2(27&"8*&28*2' V"%(2M7$--2/($%(M7$(-2/(
:$#*/*"%$/($#"%;3*#2/(/"%(&"32:2/(F"8(7%2(27&"8*:2:(
#$%&82-+
,#"%"3<2(:$(3$8#2:"' ,/(2M7$--2($%(M7$(-2(32G"8<2(:$(
-2/(:$#*/*"%$/($#"%;3*#2/(/"%(&"32:2/(F"8(-"/(
#*7:2:2%"/+(V"%(-2/(:$%"3*%2:2/($#"%"3<2/(
#2F*&2-*/&2/+
Economías mixtas
,%($-(/*6-"(ss9J(682%(F28&$(:$(-2/($#"%"3<2/(/$(
#"%/*:$82%($#"%"3<2/(3*e&2/+
,/&"($/J($#"%"3<2/($%(-2/(M7$(7%2(F28&$(:$(-2/(
:$#*/*"%$/(-2/(&"32%(-"/(Z#*7:2:2%"/o(G("&82/($-(
6"H*$8%"J($/&"(F$83*&$(#"88$6*8(-"/ P2--"/(:$(
3$8#2:" M7$($e*/&$%+
_%(P2--"("(P2--2(:$(3$8#2:"($/(7%2(/*&72#*;%(M7$(/$(
F8":7#$(#72%:"($-(3$8#2:"(%"($/(#2F2Q(:$(2/*6%28(-"/(
8$#78/"/(:$(P"832($P*#*$%&$+
Fallo de mercado
,@$3F-"(:$(P2--"(:$(3$8#2:"'
E"8($@$3F-"J(-2(-7Q(:$(-2/(#2--$/(G($-(2-#2%&28*--2:"(:$(
7%2(#*7:2:(F":8<2%(/$8(P2--"/(:$(3$8#2:"+
C"($/(8$%&2H-$(F282(7%2($3F8$/2(:$:*#28/$(2(F"%$8(
2-73H82:"($%(-2(#2--$J(F"8M7$(*%.$8&*8<2(37#O"(:*%$8"(
F$8"(%"(*%68$/28<2(%2:2(G(2-(P*%2-(M7$H828<2+(E"8($--"J($-(
6"H*$8%"(/$($%#2862(:$(8$2-*Q28($/&2/(&28$2/J(#7H8*$%:"(
-"/(P2--"/(:$(3$8#2:"+
05. EL PROCESO
PRODUCTIVO
¿Qué la
producción?
]$#"8:$3"/
La producción
)2(F8":7##*;%(&*$%$(#"3"("H@$&*."(
P7%:23$%&2-(/2&*/P2#$8 %$#$/*:2:$/J(-"(
#72-(/$(-"682(F"8(3$:*"(:$-(#"%/73"J(M7$(
$/(-2(7&*-*Q2#*;%(*%:*.*:72-(:$(-"/
H*$%$/(F8":7#*:"/J(27%M7$(&23H*\%(/$(
F7$:$(O2H-28(:$(#"%/73"(:$(/$8.*#*"/+
La factores de producción
Capacidad
Tierra Capital Trabajo Empresarial
• Renta • Interés • Salario • Ganancio o
Beneficio
El proceso productivo
,-(F8"#$/"(F8":7#&*."($/($-(#"%@7%&"(:$(
&28$2/(G(F8"#$:*3*$%&"/(8$M7$8*:"/(M7$(
8$2-*Q2(7%2($3F8$/2(F282($P$#&728(-2(
$-2H"82#*;%(:$(H*$%$/(G(/$8.*#*"/+
423H*\%(F7$:$($%&$%:$8/$(#"3"(7%2(
/$8*$(:$("F$82#*"%$/(G(F8"#$/"/(
%$#$/28*"/(M7$(/$(8$2-*Q2%(:$(P"832(
F-2%*P*#2:2(G(/7#$/*.2(F282(-"6828(-2(
$-2H"82#*;%(:$(F8":7#&"/+
Etapas del proceso productivo
3 etapas:
- Entradas
- PROCESO
-SALIDAS
Según otros
autores
T+(5:M7*/*#*;%(:$(32&$8*2/(F8*32/'(E"8(#"%/*67*$%&$J($%($/&2(
F8*3$82($&2F2(:$-(F8"#$/"(F8":7#&*."(-2($3F8$/2(8$S%$(&":2/(
-2/ 32&$8*2/(F8*32/ M7$(/$8I%(*3F8$/#*%:*H-$/(F282(-2(P2H8*#2#*;%(
:$(-"/(F8":7#&"/(M7$("P8$#$8I(2-(3$8#2:"+
>+(E8":7##*;%'(5O"82J($%($/&2(/$67%:2(P2/$(/$(8$2-*Q2(
#"%#8$&23$%&$(-2(&82%/P"832#*;%(:$(-2/(32&$8*2/(F8*32/($(*%/73"/(
F282(/$8(#"%.$8&*:"/($%(F8":7#&"/+
U+(5:2F&2#*;%(:$(F8":7#&"'(!$/F7\/J(/$($P$#&S2($-(F8"#$/"(:$(
2:2F&2#*;%(G(2:$#72#*;%(:$-(F8":7#&"($%(P7%#*;%(:$-(#-*$%&$J($/&2(
P2/$(:$-(F8"#$/"(/$("8*$%&2(:*8$#&23$%&$(2-(F8"#$/"(:$(-2(
#"3$8#*2-*Q2#*;%(:$(-"/(H*$%$/(G(/$8.*#*"/+
Elementos del proceso productivo
T+(K2#&"8$/(:$(F8":7##*;%'()"/(P2#&"8$/(:$(F8":7##*;%(/"%(-2(&*$882J(
$-(#2F*&2-J($-(&82H2@"(G(#2F2#*:2:($3F8$/28*2-(M7$(/"%(8$M7$8*:"/(
F282(--$.28(2(#2H"($-(F8"#$/"(:$(F8":7##*;%+
>+(E8"#$/"(F8":7#&*."'(,-(F8"#$/"(F8":7#&*."(*%#-7G$(&":2(-2(
&$#%"-"6<2(M7$(/$(7&*-*Q2(:$%&8"(:$-(F8"#$/"(G(#"%/*/&$($%(
:$&$83*%28(#;3"(/$($P$#&S2(-2(#"3H*%2#*;%(:$(-"/(3$:*"/(
O732%"/(G(32&$8*2-$/(F282(:$/288"--28($-(F8"#$/"(:$(F8":7##*;%+
U+(E8":7#&"/'()"/(F8":7#&"/(/"%(&":"/(-"/(H*$%$/(G(/$8.*#*"/(M7$(
F8":7#$(-2($3F8$/2(F282($-(#"%/73"(P*%2-(:$(-"/(26$%&$/(
$#"%;3*#"/(M7$(/"%(-"/(#"%/73*:"8$/R("(H*$%$/(:$(#2F*&2-(M7$(/"%(
7/2:"/(F282(-2(F8":7##*;%(:$("&8"/(/2&*/P2#&"8$/("(-2(6$%$82#*;%(
:$(3I/(8*M7$Q2(F8":7#&*.2+
Algunos tipos de procesos productivos
T+(E8":7##*;%($%(/$8*$'
5/<(M7$J(-2(F8":7##*;%($%(/$8*$(/$(8$2-*Q2(#72%:"(/$(
F8":7#$%(F8":7#&"/(#"%(#282#&$8</&*#2/(O"3"6\%$2/J(F"8(
&2%&"J(/"%(F8":7#&"/($/&2%:28*Q2:"/J(%"(&*$%$%(%*%67%2(
:*P$8$%#*2#*;%(G(/$(F8":7#$%(F282($-(#"%/73"(32/*."+
E"8($@$3F-"J(F8$%:2/(:$(.$/&*8(#"%(&2--2/(sVJ(VJ(0J()(G(
s)+(5/<(#"3"(Q2F2&"/(F282(O"3H8$/(%S3$8"(i>J(i?J(UmJ(
$&#+
>+(E8":7##*;%(H2@"(F$:*:"'
E"8("&82(F28&$J(-2(F8":7##*;%(H2@"(F$:*:"(/$(7/2(F282(
$-2H"828(7%(F8":7#&"(:*P$8$%#*2:"(G(2:2F&2:"(2(-2/(
%$#$/*:2:$/($/F$#<P*#2/(:$(#2:2(#-*$%&$+
E":$3"/($@$3F-*P*#28($-(#2/"(:$(-2(P2H8*#2#*;%(:$(7%2(
@"G2J(7%(&82@$(2(-2(3$:*:2J(7%(8$&82&"(:$(7%2(F$8/"%2J(
$%&8$("&8"/+
U+(E8":7##*;%(F"8(-"&$'
0*$%&82/(M7$J($%(-2(F8":7##*;%(F"8(-"&$(/$(O2#$(F"8(7%(
#*$8&"(%S3$8"(:$(F8":7#&"/(M7$(8$#*H$($-(%"3H8$(:$(
-"&$(:$(F8":7##*;%J(#72%:"(/$(#"%#-7G$(7%(687F"(:$(
F8":7#&"/J(/$(F8"#$:$(2(F8":7#*8("&8"(G(2/<(
/7#$/*.23$%&$+
D2:2(F"8#*;%(:$(F8":7##*;%(/$(F8":7#$(:$(P"832(
*:\%&*#2J(F$8"(F7$:$%(#23H*28(-2/(#282#&$8</&*#2/(:$-(
F8":7#&"(2-(F8":7#*8(7%(-"&$(:$(F8":7##*;%(:*/&*%&"+
Características del proceso productivo
• 93F-*#2(-2(&82%/P"832#*;%(:$(32&$8*2(F8*32($%(-"/(H*$%$/(X:$(
#"%/73"("(*%&$83$:*"/Y(M7$(/$($%&8$628I%(2-(#-*$%&$+
• ,/&I(/7@$&"(2(3$@"82/J(-2/(#72-$/(:$F$%:$8I%(:$-(2.2%#$(
&$#%"-;6*#"+(,%($/$(/$%&*:"J($/(*3F"8&2%&$(8$#"8:28(M7$($-(
F8"#$/"(F8":7#&*."($/(F$8P$#&*H-$J(F7$:$(#23H*28($%($-(&*$3F"+
• !$H$(:*/$W28/$($%(P7%#*;%(2(-"/(8$M7$8*3*$%&"/(:$-(3$8#2:"(
X#"%(-"/(32&$8*2-$/(M7$(F8$P*$8$($-(#-*$%&$J(F"8($@$3F-"Y+
• ,-(F8"#$/"(F8":7#&*."(&*$%$(M7$(&$%$8("H@$&*."/(F8$#*/"/(G(
#"%&8"-$/($/&8*#&"/J(F"8M7$(/"-"(2/<(-2($3F8$/2(F7$:$("H&$%$8(
7&*-*:2:$/+
5:*#*"%2-3$%&$(.$8$3"/
La escasez, las necesidades y los bienes y servicios económicos

Definición clásica de la economía
Z)2($#"%"3<2($/(-2(#*$%#*2(M7$(/$("#7F2(:$-($/&7:*"(/*/&$3I&*#"(
:$(-2/(2#&*&7:$/(O732%2/("8*$%&2:2/(2(2:3*%*/&828(-"/(8$#78/"/J(
M7$(/"%($/#2/"/J(#"%($-("H@$&*."(:$(F8":7#*8(H*$%$/(G(/$8.*#*"/(G(
:*/&8*H7*8-"/(:$(P"832(&2-(M7$(/$(/2&*/P262%(-2/(%$#$/*:2:$/(:$(-"/(
*%:*.*:7"/J(-2/(M7$(/"%(*-*3*&2:2/+[
!$(-2(:$P*%*#*;%(:$($#"%"3<2(/786$%(>(#"%#$F&"/(P7%:23$%&2-$/'(
-2($/#2/$Q :$(8$#78/"/(G(-2/(%$#$/*:2:$/ *-*3*&2:2/(:$(-"/(
*%:*.*:7"/+
Definición clásica de la economía
_%(H*$%($/#2/"($/(2M7$-(M7$(/$(F8":7#$("($e*/&$($%(#2%&*:2:$/(
-*3*&2:2/+
)2($/#2/$Q(:$(8$#78/"/(/$(:$P*%$($%(8$-2#*;%(2(%$#$/*:2:$/(M7$(/"%(
*-*3*&2:2/(G(M7$(&*$%:$%(2(23F-*28/$(#"%($-(:$/288"--"(O732%"+
,%($#"%"3<2(%"(/$(2/"#*2(%$#$/28*23$%&$(-2($/#2/$Q(2(-2(F"H8$Q2+(
)"/(F2</$/(M7$(F"/$$%(2H7%:2%&$/(8$#78/"/(/*(H*$%(F7$:$%(8$:7#*8(
-2($/#2/$Q(%"(F7$:$%($-*3*%28-2+
tipos de bienes, servicios y necesidades
V$(:$P*%$(#"3"(ZH*$%[ 2(&":"(3$:*"(#2F2Q(:$(/2&*/P2#$8(7%2(
%$#$/*:2:J(&2%&"(:$(-"/(*%:*.*:7"/(#"3"(:$(-2(/"#*$:2:($%(/7(
#"%@7%&"J(-"/(#72-$/(/$(F7$:$%(#-2/*P*#28($%(H*$%$/(-*H8$/(G(
$#"%;3*#"/+()2($#"%"3<2(/$("#7F2(:$(-"/(H*$%$/($#"%;3*#"/(2/<(
#"3"(:$(-"/(/$8.*#*"/($#"%;3*#"/+
A )"/(H*$%$/($#"%;3*#"/(/"% 2M7$--"/(M7$(/"%($/#2/"/(G(
&82%/P$8*H-$/+(
A )"/(/$8.*#*"/ /"%(2M7$--2/(2#&*.*:2:$/(M7$J(/*%(#8$28(H*$%$/(
32&$8*2-$/J(/$(:$/&*%2%(:*8$#&2("(*%:*8$#&23$%&$(2(/2&*/P2#$8(
%$#$/*:2:$/(O732%2/+
4":2(%$#$/*:2:(/$(/2&*/P2#$(F"8(3$:*"(:$(7%(H*$%("(/$8.*#*"J(F"8(
-"(&2%&"J(2-($e*/&*8(:*P$8$%&$/(&*F"/(:$(%$#$/*:2:$/($e*/&*8I%(
:*P$8$%&$/(&*F"/(:$(H*$%$/($#"%;3*#"/+
)"/(H*$%$/(F8*328*"/ /"%(-"/(M7$(/2&*/P2#$%(%$#$/*:2:$/(HI/*#2/(
#"3"(2-*3$%&28/$J(.$/&*8/$J($&#+(_%2(.$Q(M7$(-"/(*%:*.*:7"/(&*$%$%(
/2&*/P$#O2/(-2/(%$#$/*:2:$/(HI/*#2/J(/786$("&8"(&*F"(:$(
%$#$/*:2:$/(#"3"(F"8($@$3F-"J(.*2@28J(&$%$8(7%(27&"J($&#+J(-2/(M7$(
#-2/*P*#23"/(#"3"(:$(#28I#&$8 /$#7%:28*"+(
Los tipos de bienes y servicios económicos.
)"/(H*$%$/($#"%;3*#"/(/$(F7$:$%(#-2/*P*#28($%(H*$%$/(:$(#"%/73"(
"(:$(#2F*&2-+ )"/(H*$%$/(:$(#"%/73" /2&*/P2#$% :*8$#&23$%&$ -2/(
%$#$/*:2:$/(:$(-"/(*%:*.*:7"/(G(/$(:*.*:$%($%(:782H-$/(X&*$%$%(7%(
7/"(F8"-"%62:"J(F"8($@$3F-"J(7%(&$-$.*/"8J(7%2(O$-2:$82Y(G(%"(
:782H-$/(XF$8$#$%($%(/7(7&*-*Q2#*;%J(F"8($@$3F-"J(-"/(2-*3$%&"/Y+(
E"8("&82(F28&$J(&$%$3"/(-"/(H*$%$/ :$(#2F*&2-J(M7$(/"%($-(#"%@7%&"(
:$(H*$%$/(M7$(/$(7&*-*Q2%($%($-(F8"#$/"(:$(F8":7##*;%(:$("&8"/(
H*$%$/J(:$%&8"(:$(-"/(#72-$/(/$($%#7$%&82%(-"/(:$(#2F*&2-(P</*#"(
X$:*P*#*"/J(32&$8*2/(F8*32/YJ(#2F*&2-(O732%"(G(#2F*&2-(P*%2%#*$8"(
XP"%:"/(:*/F"%*H-$/Y+(!$(2#7$8:"(2(/7(P7%#*;%J(&23H*\%(/$(F7$:$%(
2687F28($%(H*$%$/(*%&$83$:*"/("(H*$%$/(P*%2-$/+
)"/(H*$%$/(*%&$83$:*"/ /"%(2M7$--"/(M7$(%$#$/*&2%(/$8(
&82%/P"832:"/ F282(F":$8(/$8(7&*-*Q2:"/(#"3"(7%(H*$%(:$(#"%/73"(
XF"8($@$3F-"J(O28*%2Y(G(-"/(H*$%$/(P*%2-$/J(/"%(-"/(M7$(F7$:$%(
:$/&*%28/$(2-(#"%/73" $%(/7($/&2:"(2#&72-(XF"8($@$3F-"J(7%2(
32%Q2%2Y+()"/(H*$%$/(M7$(/$(7&*-*Q2%($%($-(F8"#$/"(:$(F8":7##*;%J(
M7$(:$%"3*%23"/(P2#&"8$/(:$(F8":7##*;%J(-"/(:*.*:*3"/($%(&8$/(
#2&$6"8<2/(F8*%#*F2-$/('(8$#78/"/(%2&782-$/J(&82H2@"(G(#2F*&2-+
,-(&82H2@"(F7$:$(:$/&*%28/$(2(-2(#8$2#*;%(:$(H*$%$/(32&$8*2-$/("(2(
-2(F8":7##*;%(:$(/$8.*#*"/J(#"3"(F"8($@$3F-"($%($-(#2/"(:$(7%(
$-$#&8*#*/&2+(,e*/&$%(%73$8"/2/(2#&*.*:2:$/(M7$(#"%/&*&7G$%(
/$8.*#*"/(#"3"(F"8($@$3F-"'(-2(:*/&8*H7#*;%(:$(2-*3$%&"/J(-2/(
2#&*.*:2:$/(M7$(/$(8$2-*Q2%(:$%&8"(:$(7%(O"&$-J(-2/(.$%:$:"82/(:$(
7%(#"3$8#*"J(-2/(2#&*.*:2:$/(P*%2%#*$82/J($&#+(
06. Frontera de
Posibilidades de
Producción
Frontera de posibilidades de producción
,-(/2&*/P2#$8(7%2(%$#$/*:2:(*3F-*#2(-2($-$##*;%($%&8$(7%(#"%@7%&"(
:$(H*$%$/(G(/$8.*#*"/+(_%2(.$Q(M7$($-$6*3"/(#"%/73*8("(F8":7#*8(
:$&$83*%2:2(#2%&*:2:(:$(7%(H*$%($/&23"/(8$%7%#*2%:"(2(#"%/73*8(
"(F8":7#*8(:$&$83*%2:2(#2%&*:2:(:$("&8"J(:*#O2(8$%7%#*2(/$(2/"#*2(
$%($#"%"3<2(2-(#"%#$F&"(:$(#"/&"(:$("F"8&7%*:2:+
El costo de oportunidad
,-(#"/&"(:$(
"F"8&7%*:2:(:$(7%(H*$%(
"(/$8.*#*"($/(-2(
#2%&*:2:(:$("&8"/
H*$%$/("(/$8.*#*"/(2(
-"/(M7$(&$%$3"/(M7$(
8$%7%#*28(F282(
"H&$%$8-"+
El costo de oportunidad
C"(/;-"(-2(F8":7##*;%(:$(H*$%$/(G(/$8.*#*"/(/*%"(&":2/(-2/(
2#&*.*:2:$/(M7$(:$/288"--2%(-"/(*%:*.*:7"/(*3F-*#2%(-2(&"32(:$(
7%2(:$#*/*;%J($/(2/<(M7$(-2 $#"%"3<2 2%2-*Q2 -2(P"832($%(M7$(-"/(
:*P$8$%&$/(26$%&$/($#"%;3*#"/($-*6$%+
!*#O2($-$##*;%(/$(H2/2($%(7%2(8$6-2(:$%"3*%2:2(#"/&"(` H$%$P*#*"J(
/$6S%(-2(#72-($-(*%:*.*:7"(8$2-*Q2(7%2(2#&*.*:2:(/*($-(H$%$P*#*"(
M7$(-$(F8":7#$($/(32G"8(M7$(/7(#"/&"+(!*#O2(8$6-2(:$P*%$(-2(
82#*"%2-*:2:(:$-(*%:*.*:7" M7$(/$8I("H@$&"(:$($/&7:*"(:$(-2(
$#"%"3<2(G(2-(M7$(:$%"3*%28$3"/(O"3"($#"%"3*#7/+
El costo de oportunidad: ejemplo
V*(.2-"823"/(-2(F"/*H*-*:2:(:$(*8(2-(#*%$J(
2F-*#28(-2(8$6-2(3$%#*"%2:2(#"%/*/&$(
/*3F-$3$%&$($%($.2-728(-"/(#"/&"/(G(
H$%$P*#*"/(2/"#*2:"/(2(-2(8$2-*Q2#*;%(:$(
:*#O2(2#&*.*:2:+(5/<J($-(H$%$P*#*"(:$(*8(2-(
#*%$(/$8<2($-(F-2#$8(M7$(F8":7#$(:*/P87&28(
:$(7%2(H7$%2(F$-<#7-2R(/7(#"/&"(/$8IJ(
2:$3I/(:$(-2($%&82:2J($-(.2-"8(:$(&":2/(-2/(
2#&*.*:2:$/(2(-2/(M7$(8$%7%#*23"/J(#"3"(
F"8($@$3F-"(&82H2@28J(*8(2(#-2/$("($/#7#O28(
3S/*#2+
Frontera de posibilidades de producción (FPP)
V*(#"%/*:$823"/(-2($#"%"3<2($%(/7(#"%@7%&"J(F":$3"/(2/"#*28(
$-(#"%#$F&"(:$(#"/&"(:$("F"8&7%*:2:J(2-(:$(P8"%&$82(:$(
F"/*H*-*:2:$/(:$(F8":7##*;%+
)2(P8"%&$82(:$(F"/*H*-*:2:$/(:$(F8":7##*;%(XKEEY $/(7%(3":$-"(
M7$(*%:*#2(-2/(#"3H*%2#*"%$/ :$(#2%&*:2:$/(3Ie*32/(:$(
H*$%$/(M7$(F7$:$(F8":7#*8(7%2(/"#*$:2:(#"%(7%"/(P2#&"8$/(G(
7%2(&$#%"-"6<2(:2:"/+ D72%:"($-(2%I-*/*/(/$(/*3F-*P*#2(2(:"/(
H*$%$/J($/&2(P8"%&$82(F7$:$(8$F8$/$%&28/$(68IP*#23$%&$(#"3"(
7%2(#78.2(#;%#2.2(O2#*2($-("8*6$%(:$(#""8:$%2:2/(M7$(/$F282(
-2/(#"3H*%2#*"%$/(*%2##$/*H-$/(:$(H*$%$/(X2M7\--2/(/*&72:2/(2(
-2(:$8$#O2(:$(-2(P8"%&$82Y(:$(-2/(2##$/*H-$/(X-2/(/*&72:2/(
/"H8$(-2(P8"%&$82("(2(-2(*QM7*$8:2(:$(\/&2Y+
Frontera de posibilidades de producción (FPP)
)2(P8"%&$82(:$(F"/*H*-*:2:$/(:$(F8":7##*;%(XKEEY(37$/&82(-2(
3Ie*32 #2%&*:2:(F"/*H-$(:$(7%(H*$%("(/$8.*#*"(M7$(F7$:$(
F8":7#*8(7%2($#"%"3<2J(:2:"/(-"/(P2#&"8$/(F8":7#&*."/J(-2(
&$#%"-"6<2(:*/F"%*H-$(G(-2(#2%&*:2:(:$("&8"/(H*$%$/(G(
/$8.*#*"/(M7$(/$(F8":7#$%+
V*(/$($/&I%($3F-$2%:"(&":"/(-"/(P2#&"8$/(F8":7#&*."/(
:*/F"%*H-$/J(2-(M7$8$8(F8":7#*8(3I/(:$(7%(H*$%(
%$#$/28*23$%&$(/$(&$%:8I(M7$(:$@28(:$(F8":7#*8(#*$8&2(
#2%&*:2:(:$("&8"+
V7F"%623"/(7%2($#"%"3<2(M7$(
F8":7#$(:"/(&*F"/(:$(H*$%$/'(
.$/&*:"/(G(2-*3$%&"/(G(/$(
$%#7$%&82($%(7%(F7%&"(5(/"H8$(-2(
KEE+(V*(/$(:$/$2(&82/-2:28/$(2(7%(
F7%&"(BJ(:"%:$(F8":7#*8<2(3I/(
.$/&*:"/J($-(#"/&"(:$("F"8&7%*:2:(
:$(*%#8$3$%&28(-2(F8":7##*;%(:$(
.$/&*:"/J(/$8I(-2(#2%&*:2:(:$(
2-*3$%&"/(M7$(:$@28I(:$(F8":7#*8+
,/&28($%(-2(KEE(*3F-*#2(M7$(
$/&28<2%(7&*-*Q2%:"(&":"/(-"/(
8$#78/"/(:*/F"%*H-$/+()"/(F7%&"/(
F"8(:$H2@"(:$(-2(P8"%&$82(*3F-*#2%(
:$/F*-P288"(:$(8$#78/"/J(3*$%&82/(
-"/(F7%&"/(F"8($%#*32(:$(-2(3*/32(
%"(/"%(2-#2%Q2H-$/(:2:"/(-"/(
P2#&"8$/(F8":7#&*."/(G(-2(
&$#%"-"6<2(:*/F"%*H-$/+
Frontera de posibilidades de producción: Ejemplo
E282(#"3F8$%:$8(3$@"8($/&$(#"%#$F&"J(/7F"%$3"/(M7$(7%2(
$#"%"3<2J($%(-2(M7$(/$(F8":7#$%(3*-$/(:$(H*$%$/(G(/$8.*#*"/J(G(
:"%:$(-2/(2-&$8%2&*.2/(:$($-$##*;%(/"%(*%%73$82H-$/J(/$(-*3*&2(2(
-2(F8":7##*;%(S%*#23$%&$(:"/(&*F"/(:$(H*$%$/J(2-*3$%&"/(G(
#"3F7&2:"82/J(7&*-*Q2%:"(/7/(P2#&"8$/(F8":7#&*."/($%(/7(&"&2-*:2:+(
)"/(:2&"/(:$(-2(/*67*$%&$ &2H-2 37$/&82%(-2/(F"/*H-$/(
#"3H*%2#*"%$/(O*F"&\&*#2/($%(-2/(M7$(/$(F7$:$%(F8":7#*8(&2-$/(
H*$%$/+
Cantidad de Cantidad de
computadoras alimentos
B
0 16
1 15,7
2 14 A
3 10,8
4 6,3
5 0
)2($P*#*$%#*2($#"%;3*#2(D72-M7*$8(F7%&"(/*&72:"(/"H8$(-2(68IP*#2(
:$(-2(KEE(37$/&82(7%2(#"3H*%2#*;%(;F&*32(:$(H*$%$/(G(/$8.*#*"/(
M7$(-2($#"%"3<2(F7$:$(F8":7#*8R(/$(:*#$(M7$(-2($#"%"3<2($/(
$P*#*$%&$(F8":7#&*.23$%&$+(E"8(&2%&"J(7%(F7%&"(F"8(:$H2@"(:$(-2(
KEEJ(#"3"($-(F7%&"(5J($/(7%2(#"3H*%2#*;%(*%$P*#*$%&$(:$(8$#78/"/(
$#"%;3*#"/J(F7$/(O2H8I(8$#78/"/(%"(7&*-*Q2:"/+(5-(#"%&828*"J(7%(
F7%&"(F"8($%#*32(:$(-2(KEEJ(#"3"($-(F7%&"(BJ(8$F8$/$%&28I(7%(%*.$-(
:$(F8":7##*;%(*%2-#2%Q2H-$J(F"8(#72%&"(-2(/"#*$:2:(%"(&*$%$(-"/(
/7P*#*$%&$/(8$#78/"/(F282(F8":7#*8($/2(#"3H*%2#*;%(:$(H*$%$/+
,-(#8$#*3*$%&"($#"%;3*#"
V*(H*$%(-2(#78.2(KEE(37$/&82(-2/("F#*"%$/(3Ie*32/(:$(F8":7##*;%(
P2#&*H-$/(#"%(-"/(8$#78/"/(:*/F"%*H-$/J(%*.$-$/(:$(F8":7##*;%(F"8($%#*32(
:$(-2(KEE(/"%(*%2-#2%Q2H-$/+
V*%($3H286"J(#"%($-(&82%/#78/"(:$-(&*$3F"(&2-$/(F7%&"/(F7$:$%(/$8(
F"/*H-$/(:$(/$8(2-#2%Q2:"/(/*(-2(#2F2#*:2:(F8":7#&*.2(:$(-2($#"%"3<2(
#8$#$J($/&"($/J(/*(-2(KEE(/$(:$/F-2Q2(O2#*2(-2(:$8$#O2+
,-(#8$#*3*$%&"($#"%;3*#"(/7F"%$($-(*%#8$3$%&"(:$(-2(#2F2#*:2:(
F8":7#&*.2(:$(7%2($#"%"3<2(G(F7$:$(&$%$8(-7628(F"8(#72-M7*$82(:$(
-2/(/*67*$%&$/(82Q"%$/'(7%2(3$@"82(:$(-2(&$#%"-"6<2(:$(F8":7##*;%R(
3$@"8$/(3\&":"/(:$(F8":7##*;%(:$(H*$%$/(G(/$8.*#*"/R(7%(273$%&"(
:$(-2(*%.$8/*;%R($-(273$%&"(:$(-2(P7$8Q2(:$(&82H2@"R("J($-(O2--2Q6"(
:$(%7$."/(8$#78/"/(%2&782-$/+
E"8("&8"(-2:"J("H/$8.23"/(M7$(F282(273$%&28(-2(F8":7##*;%(:$(
#"3F7&2:"8$/J(/$(8$M7*$8$(8$%7%#*28(2(F8":7#*8(2-*3$%&"/+(,-(#"/&$(
:$("F"8&7%*:2:(/$(3*:$($%(7%*:2:$/(P</*#2/($%(.$Q(:$(7%*:2:$/(
3"%$&28*2/+(
¿Cómo se
calcula el
costo de
oportunidad?
ejercicio 1
En una pequeña isla, aislada en el Atlántico Sur. Los habitantes cultivan papá y pescan, la siguiente tabla
muestra las posibles combinaciones de producción máxima de papas y pescado anuales. Dado que hay
limitaciones en los recursos y la tecnología disponible, cuando se usan más recursos para la producción
de papas, hay menos recursos disponibles para pescar.
Posibles combinaciones Cantidad de papas (kg) Cantidad de pescado (kg)
A 1000 0
B 800 300
C 600 500
D 400 600
E 200 650
F 0 675
a) Dibuje la FPP que ilustre las combinaciones de producción con la cantidad de papas en el eje
horizontal y la cantidad de pescado en el eje vertical. Representar los puntos A-F.
b) ¿Es factible producir 500 kilos de pescado y 800 kilos de papas? Explique ¿Dónde se situaría este
punto respecto a la FPP?
c) Calcule el costo de oportunidad de producir una unidad más de pescado y hago lo mismo respecto a
las papas.
d) ¿Cuál es el costo de oportunidad de incrementar la producción anual de papas de 200 a 400 kilos?
Ejercicio 1
725
700 F E
675
650
625 D
600
a) Gráfico 575 b) Inalcanzable
550
525
500
C
475
CANTID<D DE PESCADO
450
425
400
375
350
325 B
300
275
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50 A
25
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
CANTIDAD DE PAPAS
Ejercicio 1
c) Costo de oportunidad unitario de producir pescado y costo de oportunidad de producir papas
Cantidad de pescado Cantidad de papas Costo de Costo de

(kg) (kg) oportunidad oportunidad unitario
0 1000
- -
300 800
200 0,67
500 600 200 1
600 400 200 2
650 200 200 4
675 0 200 8
Ejercicio 1
Cantidad de papas (kg) Cantidad de pescado (kg) Costo de oportunidad Costo de

oportunidad unitario
0 675
- -
200 650
25 0,13
400 600
50 0,25
600 500
100 0,50
800 300 200 1
1000 0 300 1,50
d) El costo de oportunidad de incrementar la producción de 200 a 400 kilos

de papa, es dejar de producir 50 kilos de pescado (650-600=50).
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b7QI(-2/(:"/ #282#&$8</&#2/ M7$(/"H8$/2-$%(:$(-2(

La escasez, las necesidades y los bienes y servicios económicos

c) Costo de oportunidad unitario de producir pescado y costo de oportunidad de producir papas

Cantidad de pescado Cantidad de papas Costo de Costo de

Cantidad de papas (kg) Cantidad de pescado (kg) Costo de oportunidad Costo de

d) El costo de oportunidad de incrementar la producción de 200 a 400 kilos

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