7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS

THEMIS 61
EdZDE'K^zKZK͗Z&KZDEK>^/^dD Revista de Derecho

!".!)#-'-,-#,+.$,F)%#"'+#$ , *

ŶƌŝƋƵĞWĂƐƋƵĞůZŽĚƌşŐƵĞnj**
džŵŝĞŵďƌŽĚĞůŽŶƐĞũŽŝƌĞĐƟǀŽĚĞd,D/^

EŽĞƐĞdžƚƌĂŹŽĞŶĐŽŶƚƌĂƌƵŶLJĂĐŝŵŝĞŶƚŽŵŝŶĞƌŽ
0%30)370,R38$030%3)$2!,3103&,!0,310.!,,#))#3*3
ƉƌŽƐƉĞƌŝĚĂĚĂůƉĂşƐŐĞŶĞƌĞĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽƐƐŽĐŝĂůĞƐ͘
͎WŽƌ ƋƵĠ ƐƵĐĞĚĞ ĞƐƚŽ͍ ͎ƵĄů ĞƐ ůĂ ĐĂƵƐĂ ĚĞ
ĞƐƚŽƐĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽƐ͍ 
3
Ŷ Ğů ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞ ĂƌơĐƵůŽ ƐĞ ƉƌŽƉŽŶĞ ƋƵĞ ƵŶĂ
ĚĞ ůĂƐ ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůĞƐ ĐĂƵƐĂƐ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽƐ
ƟĞŶĞ ƵŶĂ ƌĞůĂĐŝſŶ ĚŝƌĞĐƚĂ ĐŽŶ Ğů ĚĞƌĞĐŚŽ
Ă ůĂ ƉƌŽƉŝĞĚĂĚ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ͘ Ŷ ĞƐƚĞ ƐĞŶƟĚŽ͕ Ğů
!$&#,3 10.!,,#))!3 $%!3 +,#+$0.&!3 .$=!=0%&03
ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐĂŶƚĞ͕ ƵŶ ĐĂŵďŝŽ ůĞŐŝƐůĂƟǀŽ ĞŶ Ğů
.(.&0=!3103+,#+(01!13=(%0,!3103=!%0,!38$03
ĞƐƚĞĚĞƌĞĐŚŽŶŽƐĞĂŐŽƚĞĞŶůĂƐƵƉĞƌĮĐŝĞĚĞů
.$0)#3.(%#38$0>3&!='(9%>3!'!,8$030)3.$'.$0)#3
LJůŽƐƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞƐƋƵĞĂůůşƐĞĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĞŶ͘

Enrique Pasquel Rodríguez

*
(OSUHVHQWHDUWtFXORIXHSXEOLFDGRRULJLQDOPHQWHHQHOEDMRHOWtWXOR³3RYHUW\DQGSURSHUW\LQWKH$QGHV
Reforming the mineral ownership system in Perú”. La traducción fue realizada por Camilo Clavijo Jave,
miembro de la Comisión de Contenido de THEMIS y por Marco Ismael Zaldívar Chauca, miembro del Consejo
Directivo de THEMIS.
**
Abogado. Master of Law (LL.M) por la Universidad de Yale.
4XLVLHUDDJUDGHFHUD&DURO5RVH7KRPDV0HUULOO1RDK0HHVVLQJ\DORVSDUWLFLSDQWHVGHO*UDGXDWH6HPLQDU
de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Yale por sus comentarios. También quisiera agradecer
a Enrique Ghersi, quien fue la primera persona a quien escuché discutir la importancia de privatizar los
minerales del subsuelo en los países pobres.
189
 (175(0$1*26<2525()250$1'2(/6,67(0$'(3523,('$''(/260,1(5$/(6
THEMIS 61 )%&".-1(()*%
Revista de Derecho
ůƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĂƌơĐƵůŽĨƵĞĞƐĐƌŝƚŽŽƌŝŐŝŶĂůŵĞŶƚĞ
ƉĂƌĂƵŶĂĐŽŶĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂĞŶzĂůĞ>Ăǁ^ĐŚŽŽůĞŶĞů
ϮϬϬϵ͕ĚŽŶĚĞĚŝƐĐƵơĞůƐŝƐƚĞŵĂĚĞƉƌŽƉŝĞĚĂĚ
/(*&-2*+("$+2-2*',)(+%&(2*()*(&*0(+15*W<(',2*
ƚƵǀŽ ůĂ ŐĞŶƟůĞnjĂ ĚĞ ŽĨƌĞĐĞƌŵĞ ƉƵďůŝĐĂƌůŽ LJ
ĞŶĐĂƌŐſ ƐƵ ƚƌĂĚƵĐĐŝſŶ Ă ĂŵŝůŽ ůĂǀŝũŽ LJ Ă
DĂƌĐŽĂůĚşǀĂƌ͕ĂƋƵŝĞŶĞƐƚŽLJŵƵLJĂŐƌĂĚĞĐŝĚŽ
ƉŽƌĞůĞdžĐĞůĞŶƚĞƚƌĂďĂũŽƌĞĂůŝnjĂĚŽ͘
ŶůŽƐƚƌĞƐĂŹŽƐĚĞƐĚĞƋƵĞĞƐĐƌŝďşĞƐƚĞĂƌơĐƵůŽ
ŚĂƐŝĚŽŵƵĐŚŽůŽƋƵĞŚĂƐƵĐĞĚŝĚŽĞŶůĂŵŝŶĞƌşĂ
ƉĞƌƵĂŶĂ ;ƐŝĞŶĚŽ Ğů ŐƌĂŶ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽ ĂůƌĞĚĞĚŽƌ
ĚĞůƉƌŽLJĞĐƚŽŽŶŐĂƋƵŝnjĄůŽŵĄƐƐĂůƚĂŶƚĞͿ͘>ĂƐ
ŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĞƐ ůĞŐĂůĞƐ ƋƵĞ ĂƋƵş ƐĞ ƌĞƐĞŹĂŶ͕ ŶŽ
-42#%)#(@* "%2,* )-* <%)* "%'4,%/-@* ),* #%'8-"-*
Ğů ƌŽů ĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐŽ ƋƵĞ ũƵĞŐĂ ůĂ ŵŝŶĞƌşĂ ĞŶ Ğů
ƉĂşƐLJ͕ŵĞŶŽƐĂƷŶ͕ůŽƐĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽƐƐŽĐŝĂůĞƐƋƵĞ
ĂůƌĞĚĞĚŽƌĚĞĞůůĂƐƵƌŐĞŶ͘ƌĞŽƋƵĞƚŽĚŽůŽƋƵĞ
ŚĂƐƵĐĞĚŝĚŽĞŶĞƐƚŽƐƷůƟŵŽƐĂŹŽƐŶŽŚĂĐĞŵĄƐ
ƋƵĞ ĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƌ ůĂƐ ĐŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶĞƐ LJ ƉƌŽƉƵĞƐƚĂƐ
ĚĞĞƐƚĞƚƌĂďĂũŽ͗ĂŵďŝĂƌĞůƐŝƐƚĞŵĂĂĐƚƵĂůĚĞ
8+-8,(/%/*/(*&-2*+("$+2-2*)%#$+%&(2*()*(&*0(+1*
ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƌşĂĞůĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽĚĞůĂŵŝŶĞƌşĂĨŽƌŵĂůLJůĂ
2$8(+%",.)*/(*&%*8-4+(A%5
)M,, F'%3.$,0M,.".
C)* '$"<-2* &$3%+(2* &%2* 8(+2-)%2* 2$(>%)* "-)*
()"-)#+%+*-+-*/(4%=-*/(*2$2*"%2%25*C)*-#+-2@*
2,)* ('4%+3-@* (2#-* 8$(/(* 2(+* $)%* 8(2%/,&&%5*
V)-*/(*(2#-2*&$3%+(2*(2*W%'4-3+%)/(5*
W%'4-3+%)/(* (2* $)%* 8(;$(>%* ",$/%/* %&*
ŶŽƌŽĞƐƚĞ ĚĞů WĞƌƷ͘ ƐƚĂ ĐŝƵĚĂĚ ƟĞŶĞ ƵŶĂ
ƉŽďůĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ϭϲ ϬϬϬ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂƐ ƋƵĞ ǀŝǀĞŶ ĞŶ
"-)/,",-)(2*4%2#%)#(*8+("%+,%25*W%'4-3+%)/(*
2(* ()"$()#+%* $4,"%/%* 2-4+(* $)-* /(* &-2*
7%",',()#-2*',)(+-2*'?2*3+%)/(2*/(*-+-@*A,)"*
LJĐŽďƌĞĚĞůĂƌĞŐŝſŶ͕ƋƵĞƉŽĚƌşĂǀĂůĞƌŵĄƐĚĞ
h^Ψ ϭ ϬϬϬ ŵŝůůŽŶĞƐ ĚĞ ĚſůĂƌĞƐ ĂŵĞƌŝĐĂŶŽƐ͘
I,#(+%&'()#(@*&%*",$/%/*2(*()"$()#+%*2()#%/%*
ƐŽďƌĞ ƵŶĂ ŐƌĂŶ ŵŝŶĂ ĚĞ ŽƌŽ͘ hŶŽ ƉŽĚƌşĂ
ƉĞŶƐĂƌ͗ ͋YƵĞ ďƵĞŶĂƐ ŶŽƟĐŝĂƐ ƉĂƌĂ ĞƐƚĂƐ
ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂƐ͊ůŽƌŽůŽƐƉŽĚƌşĂƐĂĐĂƌĚĞůĂƉŽďƌĞnjĂ
LJƉĞƌŵŝƟƌĚĂƌůĞƐĂƐƵƐŚŝũŽƐƵŶĂĂůŝŵĞŶƚĂĐŝſŶ
%/("$%/%@* (/$"%",.)* 7* 2%&$/@* "-2%2* ;$(* 2-)*
$)*&$=-*7*2(*()"$()#+%)*B$(+%*/(*2$*%&"%)"(5*
>ĂŵĞŶƚĂďůĞŵĞŶƚĞ͕ŶŽĞƐĂƐş͘
1
3iJLQDZHEGHOGRFXPHQWDO³7DPERJUDQGH0DQJRV0XHUWH0LQHUtD´KWWSZZZJXDUDQJRRUJWDPERJUDQGH
2
Ibídem.
3
Ibídem.
190
C)* EFFF* (&* 3-4,(+)-* 8(+$%)-* &(* -#-+3.*
$)* 8(+',2-* %* $)%* ('8+(2%* "%)%/,()2(*
8%+%* ;$(* +(%&,A%+%* -8(+%",-)(2* ',)(+%2*
ĞŶ dĂŵďŽŐƌĂŶĚĞ͘ ^ŝŶ ĞŵďĂƌŐŽ͕ ĐƵĂŶĚŽ
ůĂ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ ƚƌĂƚſ ĚĞ ůůĞŐĂƌ Ă ƵŶ
ĂĐƵĞƌĚŽ ĐŽŶ ůĂ ƉŽďůĂĐŝſŶ ƉĂƌĂ ĞdžƚƌĂĞƌ ůŽƐ
',)(+%&(2* ;$(* 2(* ()"-)#+%4%)* /(4%=-* /(*
2$2* #,(++%2@* ()"-)#+.* $)%* B$(+#(* -8-2,",.)5*
I%2* "%&&(2* (2#%4%)* +(8&(#%2* /(* 8-4&%/-+(2*
'$7* ()B%/%/-2* ;$,()(2* /('%)/%4%)* ;$(*
ůĂ ĞŵƉƌĞƐĂ ƐĞ ǀĂLJĂ͘ 'ŽĚŽĨƌĞĚŽ 'ĂƌĐşĂ
ĂĐĂ͕ ůşĚĞƌ ĚĞ ůĂ ĐŽŵƵŶŝĚĂĚ͕ ĞdžƉƌĞƐſ
&-2* 2()#,',()#-2* /(* &-2* 8-4&%/-+(2* /(*
W%'4-3+%)/(* /(* &%* 2,3$,()#(* '%)(+%O* LC&*
-+-* )-* (2* $)%* )("(2,/%/* 814&,"%* 7* )-* <%7*
$)%* )("(2,/%/* 814&,"%* ;$(* 2(* &&%'(* "-4+(5*
Q%/,(*:,:(*/(*"-'(+*-+-*),*/(*"-'(+*"-4+(5*
I%* 3()#(* :,:(* /(* "-'(+* "-',/%* 7* (2#-* (2*
&-* ;$(* )("(2,#%* &%* <$'%),/%/N1͘ ^ĞŐƵŶĚŽ
0%&%",-2@* $)* "%'8(2,)-* /(* W%'4-3+%)/(@*
2(>%&.O* LQ-2-#+-2* ()* (&* "%'8-@* /(* &-* ;$(*
#()('-2@* #-/-* &-* 8-/('-2* ("<%+* %* &%* -&&%@*
8(+-* =%'?2* :%'-2* %* ("<%+* %* &%* -&&%* -+-* ),*
8&%#%N2͘ /ƐĂďĞů ĚĞ DŽƌĂůĞƐ͕ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚĞ ĚĞů
ůƵŐĂƌ͕ĞdžƉƌĞƐſĚĞĞƐƚĂŵĂŶĞƌĂƐƵĂďƐŽůƵƚĂ
/(",2,.)* /(* )-* /(=%+* 2$2* #,(++%2O* LQ-* '(*
:-75*C2#%+('-2*&$"<%)/-*7*&$"<%)/-*<%2#%*
ƋƵĞ ŝŽƐ ĚŝŐĂ ƋƵĞ ĂƋƵş ǀĂƐ Ă ƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƌ ƚƵ
8(&(%5* 0%+%* ',2* <,=-2* 7* 8%+%* ',2* 7(+)-2* 7*
ƉĂƌĂ ŵŝƐ ŶŝĞƚŽƐ͘ ^ŝ LJŽ ŵƵĞƌŽ ƋƵĞĚĂ ƉĂƌĂ
',2* ),(#-2@* 8%+%* ',* <,=-* 7* /(* ',* <,=-* ',*
ŶŝĞƚŽ LJ ĂƐş ƐĞƌĄ͕ LJ Ăůůş ĞƐ ƵŶĂ ĐŽƐĂ ƋƵĞ
)$)"%*2(*%"%4%N 35
I%*-8-2,",.)*2(*,)"+('()#.*,)"&$2-*"$%)/-*
ůĂĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂŵŝŶĞƌĂŽĨƌĞĐŝſĐŽŶƐƚƌƵŝƌŶƵĞǀĂƐ
:,:,()/%2* "-)* 2(+:,",-2* 814&,"-2* "-'8&(#-2*
8%+%* &-2* 8-4&%/-+(2* /(* W%'4-3+%)/(5* C)*
$)%*8+-#(2#%*814&,"%@*%&3$)-2*'%),B(2#%)#(2*
ŝŶĐĞŶĚŝĂƌŽŶůĂƐŽĨŝĐŝŶĂƐĚĞůĂĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂLJƐƵ
'%;$,)%+,%* B$(* 2%;$(%/%5* I%* ('8+(2%* B$(*
%"$2%/%* /(@* 2$8$(2#%'()#(@* %2(2,)%+* %&*
ůşĚĞƌ ĐŽŵƵŶĂů 'ŽĚŽĨƌĞĚŽ 'Ăƌкà ĂĐĂ LJ ĚĞ
ĂŵĞŶĂnjĂƌĂŽƚƌŽƐůşĚĞƌĞƐĚĞdĂŵďŽŐƌĂŶĚĞ͘
&ŝŶĂůŵĞŶƚĞ͕ĞŶƵŶƉƌŽĐĞƐŽĚĞƌĞĨĞƌĠŶĚƵŵ͕
Ğů ϵϴй ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƉĂƌƚŝĐŝƉĂŶƚĞƐ ĚĞĐŝĚŝĞƌŽŶ
8+-<,4,+*&%2*-8(+%",-)(2*',)(+%2*()*(&*?+(%5*
!* 8(2%+* /(* ;$(* /,"<-* 8+-"(2-* (+%* ,&(3%&@*
ůĂ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ ĚĞĐŝĚŝſ ĂďĂŶĚŽŶĂƌ Ğů
8+-7("#-5
 7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS

DƵĐŚĂƐ ƉŽďůĂĚŽƌĞƐ ĚĞ dĂŵďŽŐƌĂŶĚĞ͕
ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĚĞ ďĂƐĞ͕ KE'͛Ɛ LJ ƉŽůşƟĐŽƐ
8(+$%)-2* "(&(4+%+-)* (2#(* <("<-* "-'-*
ƵŶ ƚƌŝƵŶĨŽ ĚĞ ĂǀŝĚ ƐŽďƌĞ 'ŽůŝĂƚŚ5* I-2*
"%'8(2,)-2* 2(* ,'8$2,(+-)* %* &%* 8-/(+-2%*
ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ LJ ƉƵĚŝĞƌŽŶ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƌ ƐƵƐ
ƟĞƌƌĂƐ͘ ů ĚŝƌŝŐĞŶƚĞ ĐŽŵƵŶĂů DĂŶƵĞů KƌƟnj
2(>%&.O*LC&*+(B(+K)/$'*8-8$&%+*(2*$)%*&("",.)*
ĐşǀŝĐĂ͕ŶŽƐſůŽƉĂƌĂdĂŵďŽŐƌĂŶĚĞ͕ƐŝŶŽƉĂƌĂĞů
0(+1@*8%+%*(&*'$)/-*7*8%+%*&-2*"-)3+(2,2#%2*/(*
ŶƵĞƐƚƌŽƉĂşƐ͟5*
^ŝŶ ĞŵďĂƌŐŽ͕ ĨƵĞ ƵŶĂ ǀŝĐƚŽƌŝĂ ƉşƌƌŝĐĂ͘
W%'4-3+%)/(* 2,3$(* 2,()/-* $)%* ",$/%/* "-)*
'$"<-2* "%'8(2,)-2* 8-4+(2* :,:,()/-* 2-4+(*
ƵŶĂŵŽŶƚĂŹĂĚĞŽƌŽ͘^ƵƐŚŝũŽƐĐĂƌĞĐĞŶĚĞƵŶĂ
%&,'()#%",.)*%8+-8,%/%@*/(*2(+:,",-2*/(*2%&$/*
%/("$%/-2*7*/(*$)%*(/$"%",.)*/("()#(5*S,:()*
2-4+(*7%",',()#-2*',)(+-2*;$(*8$(/()*#()(+*
ƵŶ ǀĂůŽƌ ĚĞ͕ ĂƉƌŽdžŝŵĂĚĂŵĞŶƚĞ͕ h^Ψ ϭ ϬϬϬ
',&&-)(2* /(* /.&%+(2* %'(+,"%)-2@* ',()#+%2*
;$(* (&* 8+(2$8$(2#-* /(* &%* '$),",8%&,/%/*
ĚĞ dĂŵďŽŐƌĂŶĚĞ ĞƐ ƵŶ ƉŽĐŽ ŵĄƐ ĚĞ h^Ψ ϳ
ŵŝůůŽŶĞƐĚĞĚſůĂƌĞƐĂŵĞƌŝĐĂŶŽƐ;ŐƌĂŶƉĂƌƚĞĚĞ
(2#(*/,)(+-*(2*#+%)2B(+,/-*/(2/(*(&*3-4,(+)-*
"()#+%&* %* &%* '$),",8%&,/%/* /(* W%'4-3+%)/(@*
8$(2* 2$2* 8-4&%/-+(2* )-* 8$(/()* 8%3%+*
ŝŵƉƵĞƐƚŽƐŵƵLJĞůĞǀĂĚŽƐͿ5
Ŷ ǀĞnj ĚĞ ƉƌŽƐƉĞƌŝĚĂĚ͕ Ğů ŽƌŽ ŚĂ ƚƌú̎ THEMIS 61
Revista de Derecho
ĚŝƐƚƵƌďŝŽƐ͕ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽƐ͕ ƵŶ ĂƐĞƐŝŶĂƚŽ͕ ŵŝŶĞƌşĂ
,)B-+'%&*7*"-)#%',)%",.)5*I%'()#%4&('()#(@*
)-* (2* $)* "%2-* %,2&%/-5* C2#(* (2* $)* (=('8&-*
ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀŽ ĚĞ ůŽ ƋƵĞ ƐƵĐĞĚĞ ĐƵĂŶĚŽ ƐĞ
/(2"$4+(* $)* 7%",',()#-* ',)(+-* :%&,-2-* ()*
%&31)*&$3%+*/(&*0(+15*
ŶĞůƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĂƌơĐƵůŽ͕ƐŽƐƚĞŶŐŽƋƵĞƵŶĂĚĞ
ůĂƐĐĂƵƐĂƐŵĄƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞƐĚĞĞƐƚŽƐĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽƐ
ƟĞŶĞƵŶĂƌĞůĂĐŝſŶĚŝƌĞĐƚĂĐŽŶĞůĚĞƌĞĐŚŽĂůĂ
ƉƌŽƉŝĞĚĂĚ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ͘ DĄƐ ĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĂŵĞŶƚĞ͕ Ğů
ŚĞĐŚŽ ĚĞ ƋƵĞ ůŽƐ ƉƌŽƉŝĞƚĂƌŝŽƐ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ
ŶŽƟĞŶĞŶĚĞƌĞĐŚŽĂůŐƵŶŽƐŽďƌĞůŽƐŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐ
;$(* 2(* ()"$()#+%)* /(4%=-* /(* (2#%2* 7* ;$(* (&*
ŐŽďŝĞƌŶŽ ƟĞŶĞ Ğů ƉƌŝǀŝůĞŐŝŽ ĚĞ ĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƌ ůĂ
ƉƌŽƉŝĞĚĂĚƐŽďƌĞƚĂůĞƐƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞƐ͘Dŝ
#(2,2*(2*;$(*(&*0(+1*/(4(*"%'4,%+*%*$)*2,2#('%*
ĞŶ Ğů ƋƵĞ ůŽƐ ƉƌŽƉŝĞƚĂƌŝŽƐ ĚĞ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ ůŽ ƐĞĂŶ
#%'4,K)*/(*&-2*',)(+%&(2*;$(*2(*()"$()#+()*
/(4%=-*/(*(2#%25
))M, +',F)%#")',#%,#+,!#"cU,)%]."F'()*%,
KEMD/͕ ,/^dKZ/ >'> z
(.%&#`&.,$.()'+*
'M,, #6,;<><HK8,B,6B,S>8SE<;B;,NE9<>B,<9,<6,
!<>T

0-+* -#+-* &%/-@* &-2* +("$+2-2* ',)(+%&(2* ;$(* 2(* >Ă ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂů ĐĂƌĂĐƚĞƌşƐƟĐĂ ĚĞů ĚĞƌĞĐŚŽ Ă ůĂ
()"$()#+%)* ()* W%'4-3+%)/(* :,()()* 2,()/-* 8+-8,(/%/*',)(+%*(2*;$(*&-2*8+-8,(#%+,-2*/(*
Ğdžƚƌú̎ƐƉŽƌŵŝůĞƐĚĞŵŝŶĞƌŽƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůĞƐƋƵĞ ůĂ ƟĞƌƌĂ ŶŽ ƟĞŶĞŶ ĚĞƌĞĐŚŽ ĂůŐƵŶŽ ƐŽďƌĞ ůŽƐ
:,:()*()*(&*?+(%75*C2#-2*',)(+-2*,)B-+'%&(2*)-* ',)(+%&(2*;$(*2(*()"$()#+%)*/(4%=-*/(*(2#%5*

Enrique Pasquel Rodríguez

2-)* 2$8(+:,2%/-2* 8-+* (&* C2#%/-@* )-* "$'8&()*
"-)* ),)31)* +(;$,2,#-* ),* (2#?)/%+* %'4,()#%&@*
"-)#%',)%)* &%2* ?+(%2* "(+"%)%2@* ('8&(%)*
ŵĂŶŽ ĚĞ ŽďƌĂ ŝŶĨĂŶƟů LJ ƵƟůŝnjĂŶ ƉƌĞĐĂƌŝŽƐ
(;$,8-2*;$(*8-)()*()*8(&,3+-*&%*2(3$+,/%/*/(*
&-2*#+%4%=%/-+(25
ĞĂĐƵĞƌĚŽ ĐŽŶůĂ ŽŶƐƟƚƵĐŝſŶƉĞƌƵĂŶĂ͕ůŽƐ
ŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐůĞƉĞƌƚĞŶĞĐĞŶĂůƐƚĂĚŽLJĞƐƚĞƟĞŶĞ
(&* 8+,:,&(3,-* /(* %2,3)%+* &-2* /(+("<-2* 2-4+(*
(2#-2*+("$+2-2*)%#$+%&(28͘ůƐƚĂĚŽƵƟůŝnjĂƵŶĂ
ĮŐƵƌĂůĞŐĂůůůĂŵĂĚĂ͞ĐŽŶĐĞƐŝſŶ͟ƉĂƌĂĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƌ
Ğů ĚĞƌĞĐŚŽ Ă ĞdžƚƌĂĞƌ ůŽƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐ͘ ů ƟƚƵůĂƌ


2[IDP³3URWHVWDVHQ7DPERJUDQGH´(QKWWSZZZR[IDPDPHULFDRUJQHZVDQGSXEOLFDWLRQVQHZVBXSGDWHV
DUFKLYHDUWKWPO ³)ULHQGV RI WKH (DUWK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 7DPERJUDQGH 0LQD GH RUR KWWSZZZIRHL
RUJHQFDPSDLJQV¿QDQFHIIPWDPERJUDQGHKWPO8QDSHOtFXODTXHFXHQWDODKLVWRULDGHVGHXQDSHUVSHFWLYD
antiminera es “Tambogrande: Mangos, Muerte, Minería”.

Oxfam.“Tambogrande Speaks Out. En: KWWSZZZR[IDPDPHULFDRUJQHZVDQGSXEOLFDWLRQVQHZVBXSGDWHV
DUFKLYHDUWKWPO

Municipalidad de Tambogrande. Presupuesto Institucional de Apertura Año 2008. En:KWWSZZZ
PXQLWDPERJUDQGHJRESHGRFXPHQWRVSLDSGI .
7
'HIHQVRUtD GHO 3XHEOR 8QLGDG GH &RQÀLFWRV 6RFLDOHV 5HSRUWH  &RQÀLFWRV 6RFLDOHV FRQRFLGRV SRU OD
'HIHQVRUtDGHO3XHEORDOGHDJRVWRGHSS9HUWDPELpQODVGHFODUDFLRQHVGHOPLQLVWURGHO
DPELHQWH $QWRQLR %UDFN (QKWWSZZZODUHSXEOLFDFRPSHFRQWHQWYLHZ GHO PLQLVWUR SHUXDQR GH
PLQHUtD-XDQ9DOGLYLDKWWSZZZODUHSXEOLFDFRPSHFRPSRQHQWRSWLRQFRPBFRQWHQWDQWWDVNYLHZLG
,WHPLG<GHOYLFHPLQLVWURGHSURPRFLyQGHOHPSOHR-DYLHU%DUUHGDKWWSZZZPLQWUDJRESHPRVWUDUBQRWLFLD
SKS"LGBDFWLYLGDGHV 
8
$UWtFXOR
Los recursos naturales, renovables y no renovables, son patrimonio de la Nación. El Estado es soberano en
VXDSURYHFKDPLHQWR«´
191
 (175(0$1*26<2525()250$1'2(/6,67(0$'(3523,('$''(/260,1(5$/(6

THEMIS 61 ĚĞůĂĐŽŶĐĞƐŝſŶƟĞŶĞĞůĚĞƌĞĐŚŽĂĞdžƉůŽƌĂƌLJ* ;$(*()*$)*8+-"(2-*/(*"-)"(2,.)*+(3$&%+5*0-+*

Revista de Derecho
Ă ĞdžƉůŽƚĂƌ ůŽƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂŶ
ĞŶ Ğů ĄƌĞĂ ĚĞ ƐƵ ĐŽŶĐĞƐŝſŶ͕ ĂƐş ĐŽŵŽ Ğů
/(+("<-* %* :()/(+* &-2* ',)(+%&(2* 7* '%)#()(+*
ůŽƐ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐ ĚĞ ĚŝĐŚĂ ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ͘ >ĂƐ
"-)"(2,-)(2* 2-)* ,++(:-"%4&(2@* #+%)2B(+,4&(2* 7*
ĞƐƚĄŶƉƌŽƚĞŐŝĚĂƐĨƌĞŶƚĞĂůĂƐĞdžƉƌŽƉŝĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ͘
^ŝŶĞŵďĂƌŐŽ͕ƉĂƌĂŵĂŶƚĞŶĞƌůĂƐĐŽŶĐĞƐŝŽŶĞƐ
ůŽƐ ƟƚƵůĂƌĞƐ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ŵŝƐŵĂƐ ĚĞďĞŶ ƉĂŐĂƌ
%)$%&'()#(*$)*/(+("<-*/(*:,3()",%5*C&*8%3-*
ǀĂĚĞƐĚĞh^ΨϬ͘ϱϬĚſůĂƌĞƐĂŵĞƌŝĐĂŶŽƐŚĂƐƚĂ
h^Ψ ϯ͘ϬϬ ĚſůĂƌĞƐ ĂŵĞƌŝĐĂŶŽƐ ƉŽƌ ŚĞĐƚĄƌĞĂ͕
ĚĞƉĞŶĚŝĞŶĚŽĚĞůƚĂŵĂŹŽĚĞůĂŽƉĞƌĂĐŝſŶ;ůĂƐ
"-)"(2,-)(2*8$(/()*,+*/(2/(*EJJ*<%2#%*E*JJJ*
ŚĞĐƚĄƌĞĂƐͿ͘ >ŽƐ ƟƚƵůĂƌĞƐ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ĐŽŶĐĞƐŝŽŶĞƐ
ĚĞďĞŶŵĂŶƚĞŶĞƌƵŶĂƉƌŽĚƵĐĐŝſŶŵşŶŝŵĂƉŽƌ
ĂŹŽ͕ ĂƐş ĐŽŵŽ ƉĂŐĂƌ ŝŵƉƵĞƐƚŽƐ͕ ƐŝĞŶĚŽ ůŽƐ
'?2* ,'8-+#%)#(2* (&* ,'8$(2#-* %* &%* +()#%* 7* (&*
,'8$(2#-*%&*:%&-+*%3+(3%/-5
ƵĂůƋƵŝĞƌ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂ ƉƵĞĚĞ ƐŽůŝĐŝƚĂƌ ƵŶĂ
"-)"(2,.)* ',)(+%* ()* (&* ?+(%* /-)/(* 8,()2(*
;$(*8$(/(*<%&&%+*',)(+%&(2@*2,('8+(*7*"$%)/-*
ĐƵŵƉůĂĐŽŶƚŽĚŽƐůŽƐƌĞƋƵŝƐŝƚŽƐůĞŐĂůĞƐ;ĐŽŵŽ
8+(2()#%+* (&* (2#$/,-* /(* ,'8%"#-* %'4,()#%&@*
8%3%+* #%2%2* &(3%&(2* -* 2(3$,+* %/("$%/%'()#(*
Ğů ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀŽ ƌĞƋƵĞƌŝĚŽͿ͘
ĞƐĞƌĞůĐĂƐŽĞŶĞůƋƵĞĚŽƐƉĞƌƐŽŶĂƐƐŽůŝĐŝƚĞŶ
$)%*"-)"(2,.)*8%+%*&%*',2'%*A-)%@*(&*8+,'(+-*
ƋƵĞ ŝŶŝĐŝſ Ğů ƉƌŽĐĞĚŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀŽ
ƟĞŶĞƵŶĚĞƌĞĐŚŽƉƌŝŽƌŝƚĂƌŝŽ͘
^ŝŶ ĞŵďĂƌŐŽ͕ ƉƵĞĚĞ ƐĞƌ ďĂƐƚĂŶƚĞ ĚŝİĐŝů
-4#()(+* /(+("<-2* 2-4+(* %&3$)-2* /(* &-2*
7%",',()#-2* ',)(+%&(2* '?2* ,'8-+#%)#(2*
ƉƵĞƐƚŽ ƋƵĞ ůŽƐ ƟƚƵůĂƌĞƐ ƐŽŶ ĞŵƉƌĞƐĂƐ
(2#%#%&(25* C2#%2* ('8+(2%2* B$(+-)* "+(%/%2*
ĚƵƌĂŶƚĞ ůĂ ŽůĂ ĚĞ ŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůŝnjĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ Ă ĮŶĂůĞƐ
/(*&-2*%>-2*2(2()#%*7*/$+%)#(*#-/%*&%*/K"%/%*
/(* &-2* %>-2* 2(#()#%* /$+%)#(* &%* /,"#%/$+%*
ŵŝůŝƚĂƌ ƐŽĐŝĂůŝƐƚĂ ĚĞ :ƵĂŶ sĞůĂnjĐŽ ůǀĂƌĂĚŽ͘
ƐƚĂƐ ĨƵĞƌŽŶ ůĂƐ ƟƚƵůĂƌĞƐ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƐ
ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ ŵĄƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞƐ ĚĞů ƉĂşƐ͕ ƉĞƌŽ
ĨƌĂĐĂƐĂƌŽŶ ĞŶ ƐƵ ŝŶƚĞŶƚŽ ĚĞ ĞdžƉůŽƚĂƌ ĞƐƚŽƐ
ƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞƐ͘&ƵĞƉŽƌĚŝĐŚŽŵŽƟǀŽ͕ƋƵĞ
Ă ƉĂƌƟƌ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ĂŹŽƐ ŶŽǀĞŶƚĂ ƚĂůĞƐ ƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƐ
ĞŶƚƌĂƌŽŶĂƵŶƉƌŽĐĞƐŽĚĞƉƌŝǀĂƟnjĂĐŝſŶ͘ŶĞƐĞ
ƐĞŶƟĚŽ͕ĞůƐƚĂĚŽƐƵďĂƐƚĂĞƐƚŽƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞƐ
7%",',()#-2*',)(+-2@*8,/,()/-*'?2*+(;$,2,#-2*
&-*3()(+%&@*;$,()*2(*%/=$/,"%*(2#%2*&,",#%",-)(2*
(2*;$,()*+(%&,A%*&%*'(=-+*-B(+#%*("-).',"%5*!*
8(2%+*/(*(2-@*(&*C2#%/-*3-A%*/(*",(+#-*8-/(+*
ĚĞĚŝƐĐƌĞĐŝſŶƉĂƌĂĚĞĐŝĚŝƌƋƵŝĠŶĐĂůŝĮĐĂĞŶĞů
8+-"(2-*/(*&,",#%",.)105
ĂĚŽ ƋƵĞ͕ ŵƵLJ Ă ŵĞŶƵĚŽ͕ ůŽƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐ ƐĞ
ĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂŶ ĚĞďĂũŽ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ ĚĞ ŽƚƌĂƐ
ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂƐ͕ĞůƟƚƵůĂƌĚĞůĂĐŽŶĐĞƐŝſŶƟĞŶĞƋƵĞ
)(3-",%+* "-)* &-2* 8+-8,(#%+,-2* 8%+%* "-'8+%+*
ĚŝĐŚĂƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ Ƶ ŽďƚĞŶĞƌ ƵŶĂ ƐĞƌǀŝĚƵŵďƌĞ
/(* 8%2-* 2-4+(* (2#%2@* ;$(* &(* 8(+',#%* +(%&,A%+*
ůĂƐ ŽƉĞƌĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ ĞŶ ůĂ njŽŶĂ͘ DƵĐŚŽƐ
7%",',()#-2* ',)(+-2* 2(* ()"$()#+%)* ()* &%2*
ŵŽŶƚĂŹĂƐ͕ĚĞďĂũŽĚĞůĂƟĞƌƌĂĚĞĐĂŵƉĞƐŝŶŽƐ
/(* '$7* 4%=-2* +("$+2-2* ("-).',"-2@* ;$,()(2*
ǀŝǀĞŶĞŶůƵŐĂƌĞƐĚĞĚŝİĐŝůĂĐĐĞƐŽĞŶůŽƐŶĚĞƐ͘
ƐŝŵŝƐŵŽ͕ ŵƵĐŚĂƐ ĚĞ ĞƐĂƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ ƐŽŶ ĚĞ
8+-8,(/%/*/(*&%*"-'$),/%/5
Ŷ ĐĂƐŽ ůĂƐ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ LJ ůŽƐ
ƉƌŽƉŝĞƚĂƌŝŽƐĚĞůĂƐƟĞƌƌĂƐŶŽůůĞŐĂƌĂŶĂŶŝŶŐƷŶ
%"$(+/-@*(2*&(3%&'()#(*8-2,4&(*(2#%4&("(+*$)%*
2(+:,/$'4+(*/(*8%2-*"-)#+%*&%*:-&$)#%/*/(*&-2*
8+-8,(#%+,-2*7*8%3%+&(2*8-+*(&*$2-*B-+A%/-*/(*
ƐƵƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ͘ ^ŝŶ ĞŵďĂƌŐŽ͕ ĞƐĂ ƐĂůŝĚĂ ůĞŐĂů ĞƐ
ƉŽĐŽ ƵƐĂĚĂ ƉƵĞƐ ƐƵƉŽŶĚƌşĂ ƵŶ ĚĞƐĂůŽũŽ ĚĞ
ƚŽĚŽĞůƉƵĞďůŽ͘EŝŶŐƷŶƉŽůşƟĐŽƋƵŝĞƌĞĂƐƵŵŝƌ
ĞƐĞƌŝĞƐŐŽLJůĂƐĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐŵŝŶĞƌĂƐƐĂďĞŶƋƵĞ
(2* ,'8-2,4&(* -8(+%+* $)%* ',)%* "-)* #-/-* (&*
8$(4&-*()*"-)#+%5*
͘ ,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĂĚĞůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽũƵƌşĚŝĐŽLJƐŽĐŝĂů
ĚĞůĂŵŝŶĞƌşĂĞŶĞůWĞƌƷ
0%+%* 8-/(+* "-'8+()/(+* (&* 2,2#('%* &(3%&*
:,3()#(*7*&-2*8+-4&('%2*2-",%&(2*+(&%",-)%/-2*
ĂůĂŵŝŶĞƌşĂ͕ĞƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞĐŽŶŽĐĞƌĞůƉƌŽĐĞƐŽ
<,2#.+,"-5
I%*2(8%+%",.)*()#+(*(&*/(+("<-*/(*8+-8,(/%/*
ĚĞůĂƐƟĞƌƌĂƐLJĞůĚĞƌĞĐŚŽĚĞƉƌŽƉŝĞĚĂĚĚĞůŽƐ
',)(+%&(2*;$(*2(*()"$()#+%)*/(4%=-*/(*(2#%2@*
ŶŽĞƐƐſůŽƵŶĂĐĂƌĂĐƚĞƌşƐƟĐĂĚĞůĂůĞŐŝƐůĂĐŝſŶ
ƉĞƌƵĂŶĂ͘ Ğ ŚĞĐŚŽ͕ ůĂ ŵĂLJŽƌşĂ ĚĞ ůĂƐ
ŽŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĞƐĞŶŵĞƌŝĐĂ>ĂƟŶĂĞƐƚĂďůĞĐĞŶ
;$(*&-2*+("$+2-2*)%#$+%&(2*;$(*2(*()"$()#+%)*
()*(&*2$42$(&-*2-)*/(*8+-8,(/%/*/(&*C2#%/-@*


Un buen resumen de la legislación minera se puede encontrar en Sociedad Nacional de Minería, Petróleo
y Energía. Perú. Manual de Inversión Minera. En: ZZZSURLQYHUVLRQJRESH5HSRVLWRULR$36-(5
38%/,&$&,21(6GRFXPHQWRV3UR,QYHUVLRQ0LQLQJ,QYHVWPHQW0DQXDOSGI
10
9HUODSiJLQDGHORVWpUPLQRVGHOSURFHVRGHDGMXGLFDFLyQGHODUHVHUYDPLQHUD%HUHQJXHOD(QKWWSZZZ
SURLQYHUVLRQJRESHPRGXORV-(53ODQWLOOD6WDQGDUGVLQ+LMRVDVS["$5  3)/  -(5 
192
 7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS

7%* ;$(* (2#(* 2,2#('%* &(3%&* B$(* <(+(/%/-* /(*
&%2*&(7(2*"-&-),%&(2*;$(*+(2(+:%4%)*#-/-2*&-2*
ŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐĂůĂŽƌŽŶĂ115
I%* &(3,2&%",.)* ',)(+%* "-&-),%&* ,)"-+8-+.* &-*
;$(*2(*"-)-"(*"-'-*(&*2,2#('%*/(*8+-8,(/%/*
ƌĞŐĂůŝƐƚĂ͘ >Ă ŽƌŽŶĂ ĞƌĂ ůĂ ƉƌŽƉŝĞƚĂƌŝĂ ĚĞ
ůŽƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐ LJ ĐŽŶĐĞ̺à ƵŶĂ ůŝĐĞŶĐŝĂ Ă ůŽƐ
ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ĞdžƚƌĂĞƌ ĞƐƚŽƐ Ă ĐĂŵďŝŽ ĚĞ
ƵŶĂ ƌĞŐĂůşĂ͘ ƐƚŽ ĞƌĂ ƵŶ ŐƌĂŶ ŶĞŐŽĐŝŽ ƉĂƌĂ
ůĂŽƌŽŶĂ͕ƉƵĞƐůĂŵŝŶĞƌşĂĂŐƌĂŶĞƐĐĂůĂĨƵĞ
$)%* /(* &%2* 8+,)",8%&(2* +%A-)(2* 8-+* &%2* ;$(*
ƐƉĂŹĂĐŽŶƋƵŝƐƚſĞůŶƵĞǀŽŵƵŶĚŽ͘ĞƐƉƵĠƐ
/(*#-/-@*&%*8+-/$"",.)*',)(+%*()*(&*0(+1*)-*
ƚĞŶşĂƉƵŶƚŽĚĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĂĐŝſŶĞŶĞůŵƵŶĚŽĞŶ
ĞƐŽƐƟĞŵƉŽƐ125*W-/%*&%*"-);$,2#%*7*&%*K8-"%*
"-&-),%&*2(*"()#+%4%)*()*(&*-+-*7*&%*8&%#%5
ƵƌĂŶƚĞ ĞƐĞ ƟĞŵƉŽ͕ Ğů ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ /ŶĐĂ ĚĞ
#+%4%=-* B-+A%/-* &&%'%/-* =(&!3 B$(* $2%/-*
8-+* (&* 3-4,(+)-* (28%>-&* 8%+%* -4&,3%+* %* "%/%*
ƉƵĞďůŽ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ŶĚĞƐ Ă ĚĞƐƟŶĂƌ ƉĂƌƚĞ ĚĞ ƐƵ
8-4&%",.)* 8%+%* ;$(* #+%4%=()* ()* &%2* ',)%2*
()* "-)/,",-)(2* ,)<$'%)%2135* C&* )1'(+-* /(*
ŝŶĚşŐĞŶĂƐƋƵĞĨƵĞĞŶǀŝĂĚŽĂƌĞĂůŝnjĂƌƚƌĂďĂũŽƐ
B-+A-2-2* ()* &%* ',)%2* (2* ,'8+(2,-)%)#(5* 0-+*
ĞũĞŵƉůŽ͕ ĂůƌĞĚĞĚŽƌ ĚĞ ϰϬ ϬϬϬ ƉŽďůĂĚŽƌĞƐ
(+%)* ():,%/-2* %* &%2* ',)%2* /(* &%* ",$/%/* /(*
WŽƚŽƐş ĐĂĚĂ ĂŹŽ5* !/('?2@* &%2* "-)/,",-)(2*
ĚĞƚƌĂďĂũŽĞŶůĂƐŵŝŶĂƐĞƌĂŶĞdžƚƌĞŵĂĚĂŵĞŶƚĞ THEMIS 61
Revista de Derecho
"+$(&(2͘/ŶĐůƵƐŽ͕ĂůŐƵŶŽƐƉŽďůĂĚŽƌĞƐĚĞůŽƐ
ŶĚĞƐůĞƐƌŽŵƉşĂŶůĂƐƉŝĞƌŶĂƐLJůŽƐďƌĂnjŽƐĂ
2$2*<,=-2*8%+%*(:,#%+*;$(*2(%)*():,%/-2*%*&%2*
',)%2*%*#+%4%=%+*"-'-*(2"&%:-25
>Ă ŵŝŶĞƌşĂ͕ ĚƵƌĂŶƚĞ ůĂ ĐŽůŽŶŝĂ͕ ĞƐƚĂďĂ
8+-B$)/%'()#(*+(&%",-)%/%*"-)*&%*(2"&%:,#$/@*
(2* /(",+@* (&* /(2"$4+,',()#-* /(* $)%* ',)%* ()*
Ğů ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝŽ ĚĞ ƵŶ ƉƵĞďůŽ ĂŶĚŝŶŽ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂďĂ
ƋƵĞ ƚŽĚŽƐ ƐƵƐ ŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚĞƐ ƐĞ ĐŽŶǀĞƌƟƌşĂŶ ĞŶ
(2"&%:-25*C2#-*)-*(+%@*2-&%'()#(@*$)*2,2#('%*
&(3%&*,)<$'%)-*7*"+$(&@*(+%*#%'4,K)*4%2#%)#(*
ŝŶĞĮĐŝĞŶƚĞ͘DƵĐŚŽƐŝŶĚşŐĞŶĂƐĐŽŶŽĐşĂŶĚĞůĂ
ĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐŝĂĚĞŶƵŵĞƌŽƐĂƐŵŝŶĂƐ͕ƐŝŶĞŵďĂƌŐŽ͕
2(*&-*-"$&#%4%)*%*&-2*"-);$,2#%/-+(2*8$(2@*/(*
&-*"-)#+%+,-@*&-*1),"-*;$(*,4%)*%*-4#()(+*(+%*
2$B+,',()#-*7*'%&#+%#-2*"-)*(&*/(2"$4+,',()#-*
/(*"%/%*',)%*)$(:%175
I%* ,)/(8()/()",%* /(* &%2* "-&-),%2* (28%>-&%2*
#+%=-* 8-"-2* "%'4,-2* ()* (2#%* A-)%5* C&* )$(:-*
3-4,(+)-* 8(+$%)-* <(+(/.* (&* 2,2#('%* /(*
ƉƌŽƉŝĞĚĂĚ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ ƋƵĞ ƵƟůŝnjĂďĂ ůĂ ŽƌŽŶĂ
(28%>-&%18͘ >Ă ũƵƐƟĮĐĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ĚĞƌĞĐŚŽƐ
ĚŝǀŝŶŽƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ŽƌŽŶĂ Ă ůŽƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐ ĨƵĞ
ƐƵƐƟƚƵŝĚĂ ƉŽƌ ůĂ ƐŽďĞƌĂŶşĂ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ŶƵĞǀŽƐ
ƐƚĂĚŽƐ ƐŽďƌĞ ůĂ ƟĞƌƌĂ͘ ŽŵŽ ůŽ ƐƵŐŝĞƌĞ
'ŚĞƌƐŝ͕ŶŽĞƐƵŶĂĐŽŝŶĐŝĚĞŶĐŝĂƋƵĞĞŶĞůWĞƌƷ͕

11
Muchas personas piensas, erróneamente, que esta es una característica de los sistemas jurídicos de
'HUHFKR&LYLOSHURQRORHV(YLGHQFLDGHHOORHVTXHHO'HUHFKR5RPDQRXQDGHODVSULQFLSDOHVLQÀXHQFLDV

Enrique Pasquel Rodríguez

del Derecho Civil) tenía el principio de que el dueño de la tierra era el dueño de lo que estaba debajo de ella,
DVtFRPRHODUWtFXORGHO&yGLJRGH1DSROHyQODSULPHUDJUDQFRGL¿FDFLyQHXURSHDTXHLQÀX\yHQORV
FyGLJRVFLYLOHVGHORVGHPiVSDtVHVGHOPLVPRFRQWLQHQWH
12
ALDANA RIVERA, Susana. “La Crisis y el Derrumbe Minero. Siglo XVII”. En: Historia de la minería en el Perú.
-RVp$QWRQLRGHO%XVWR'XWKXUEXUXHGS
13
En el Perú, las víctimas del trabajo forzoso de la minería eran, principalmente, gente de los Andes. Los esclavos
fueron traídos por la Corona Española, pero por lo general fueron asignados a trabajar en la agricultura en la
costa. Los esclavos africanos no estaban acostumbrados a los rigores del clima de los Andes, por lo que los
HVSDxROHVGHVFXEULHURQTXHORVPiVLQGLFDGRVSDUDWUDEDMDUDOOtHUDQORVSREODGRUHVDQGLQRV

48,52=&+8(&$)UDQFLVFR³/D0LQHUtD9LUUHLQDO´(Q+LVWRULDGHODPLQHUtDHQHO3HU~-RVp
$QWRQLRGHO%XVWR'XWKXUEXUXHGS

Incluso el camino a la mina era tan arriesgado que los sacerdotes españoles enviaban a los indígenas a
confesarse antes de ir a la mina en caso murieran en plena ruta. O’ PHELAN, Scarlett. “La Minería del Siglo
;9,,,´(Q+LVWRULDGHODPLQHUtDHQHO3HU~-RVp$QWRQLRGHO%XVWR'XWKXUEXUXHGS

DE LA PUENTE, José. “La Minería en el Siglo XVII. Aspectos Institucionales”. En: Historia de la minería en el
3HU~-RVp$QWRQLRGHO%XVWR'XWKXUEXUXHGS
17
,EtG$OJRVLPLODURFXUULyFRQRWURVSDtVHVVXGDPHULFDQRV (QHQOD5HS~EOLFD GHOD*UDQ&RORPELD
KR\&RORPELD9HQH]XHOD(FXDGRU\3DQDPi6LPyQ%ROtYDUXQRGHORVOLEHUWDGRUHVGH$PpULFDGHO6XU
promulgó un decreto que establecía que todas las minas que anteriormente pertenecían a la Corona se
convertían en propiedad de la República, con la prerrogativa que le concede los ciudadanos. Según el
decreto, la propiedad estatal era la mejor manera de promover la minería. Luego de la disolución de la
Gran Colombia en 1831, las nuevas repúblicas heredaron ese marco jurídico. MORA CONTRERAS, Jesús.
“El Derecho de Propiedad de los Hidrocarburos en Venezuela: Origen y Tradición Jurídica”. En: Revista
9HQH]RODQDGH(FRQRPtD\&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV9ROXPHQSS
18
5,=23$75Ï1%2</$13DXO³/DPLQHUtDHQWUH\´(Q+LVWRULDGHODPLQHUtDHQHO3HU~-RVp
$QWRQLRGHO%XVWR'XWKXUEXUXHGS

M. YEATTS, Guillermo.“Subsurface Wealth. The Struggle for Privatization in Argentina. The Foundation for
(FRQRPLF(GXFDWLRQ´SS
193
 (175(0$1*26<2525()250$1'2(/6,67(0$'(3523,('$''(/260,1(5$/(6

THEMIS 61 ĂƐşĐŽŵŽĞŶŽƚƌŽƐƉĂşƐĞƐĚĞ>ĂƟŶŽĂŵĠƌŝĐĂ͕ƐĞ %* &-2* "%'8(2,)-2* 7* :,-&%+-)* %* 2$2* '$=(+(2235*

Revista de Derecho
ĐŽŶƟŶƷĞůůĂŵĂŶĚŽĂůĂƐƚĂƐĂƐƉĂŐĂĚĂƐƉŽƌůĂƐ
ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ͞ƌĞŐĂůşĂƐ͟20͘^ŝŶĞŵďĂƌŐŽ͕
ƋƵŝnjĄƐůĂǀĞƌĚĂĚĞƌĂƌĂnjſŶƐĞĂƋƵĞůŽƐƉŽůşƟĐŽƐ
;$,(+()*#()(+*4%2#%)#(*8-/(+*2-4+(*&%*,)/$2#+,%*
ŵĄƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞĞŶĞůWĞƌƷ͘ĞŚĞĐŚŽ͕ĚƵƌĂŶƚĞ
ůŽƐ ƉƌŝŵĞƌŽƐ ĂŹŽƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ZĞƉƷďůŝĐĂ͕ ůĂ ŵŝŶĞƌşĂ
ĞƌĂůĂĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐĂƋƵĞŵĄƐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵşĂ
%&*#(2-+-*814&,"-215
ƵŶƋƵĞĞƐĚŝİĐŝůƐĂďĞƌĐƵĄŶĐĞƌĐĂƐĞĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂ
&%* &,#(+%#$+%* /(* &%* +(%&,/%/* 7* <%4,()/-* &%*
2-",(/%/* 8(+$%)%* "%'4,%/-* /(2/(* %;$(&&-2*
ƟĞŵƉŽƐ͕ ůĂ ŶŽǀĞůĂ ĚĞ sĂůůĞũŽ ;LJ Ğů ƚƌĂďĂũŽ ĚĞ
'$"<-2* )-:(&,2#%2* 8(+$%)-2* ,/(-&.3,"%'()#(*
ĐĞƌĐĂŶŽƐͿ ƐŝŐƵĞŶ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐŝĂŶĚŽ ĞŶ ůĂ ŵĂŶĞƌĂ
ĐſŵŽůĂŐĞŶƚĞƉĞƌĐŝďĞůĂĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚŵŝŶĞƌĂĞŶ
(&*0(+15

C)* '$"<-2* &$3%+(2* /(&* 0(+1@* &-2* 8+-4&('%2*
ƐŽĐŝĂůĞƐ ƌĞůĂĐŝŽŶĂĚŽƐ ĐŽŶ ůĂ ŵŝŶĞƌşĂ ŶŽ
"%'4,%+-)* &$(3-* /(* &%* ,)/(8()/()",%* /(*
ůĂ ŽƌŽŶĂ ƐƉĂŹŽůĂ͘ >ŽƐ ĐŽŶƋƵŝƐƚĂĚŽƌĞƐ
(28%>-&(2* B$(+-)* +(('8&%A%/-2* 8-+*
B$)",-)%+,-2* 814&,"-2* 7* #(++%#(),()#(25*
W-'%4%)* &-2* ',)(+%&(2* ;$(* 2(* ()"-)#+%4%)*
ĞŶ ůĂƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƉƵĞďůŽƐ ĂŶĚŝŶŽƐ LJ
ŽĨƌĞĐşĂŶĞŵƉůĞŽƐĐŽŶƐĂůĂƌŝŽƐŵƵLJďĂũŽƐĂůĂ
8-4&%",.)* &-"%&@* 2,* (2* ;$(@* ()* %&3$)-2* "%2-2@*
)-*&-2*(2"&%:,A%4%)22͘ƐŵƵLJĚŝİĐŝůƐĂďĞƌĐŽŶ
ĞdžĂĐƟƚƵĚ Ɛŝ ĞƐƚĂƐƉƌĄĐƟĐĂƐĞƌĂŶůĂ ƌĞŐůĂŽůĂ
ĞdžĐĞƉĐŝſŶ͘ WĞƌŽ͕ ƚĂŶƚŽ ůĂ ůŝƚĞƌĂƚƵƌĂ ƉĞƌƵĂŶĂ
"-'-*(&*B-&M&-+(*%)/,)-@*+(B$(+A%)*&%*,/(%*/(*
;$(*&-2*8-4&%/-+(2*/(*&-2*!)/(2*2,('8+(*<%)*
ƐŝĚŽĞdžƉůŽƚĂĚŽƐĞŶůĂƐĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚĞƐŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ͘
WŽƌ ĞũĞŵƉůŽ͕ ƵŶĂ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ŵĄƐ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĂƐ
-4+%2* &,#(+%+,%2* 8(+$%)%2@* ;$(* +(#+%#%* &%*
ƌĞĂůŝĚĂĚ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚĞƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ ĞŶ ůŽƐ
!)/(2@*(2*(&*W$)32#()-@*/(&*3+%)*8-(#%*8(+$%)-*
ĞƐĂƌ sĂůůĞũŽ͘ hŶĂ ŶŽǀĞůĂ ůĞşĚĂ ƉŽƌ ƚŽĚŽƐ ůŽƐ
ĞƐƚƵĚŝĂŶƚĞ ƉĞƌƵĂŶŽƐ ĚĞ ƐĞĐƵŶĚĂƌŝĂ ƚŽĚĂǀşĂ
ƉƵĞĚĞ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƌƐĞ ŵƵLJ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĂ ĚĞ ůĂ
8(+"(8",.)*8-+*8%+#(*/(*&%*2-",(/%/*8(+$%)%*/(*
ůĂŵŝŶĞƌşĂ͘ŝĐŚĂŶŽǀĞůĂ͕ĞƐĐƌŝƚĂĞŶϭϵϯϭ͕ĐƵĞŶƚĂ
&%*<,2#-+,%*/(*$)%*"-'$),/%/*()*&-2*!)/(2*;$(*
ĞƐƐĂƋƵĞĂĚĂ͕ĞƐĐůĂǀŝnjĂĚĂLJĞdžƉůŽƚĂĚĂƉŽƌƵŶĂ
ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂŵŝŶĞƌĂĂŵĞƌŝĐĂŶĂ͕ůĂĐůĂƐĞŵĞĚŝĂLJ
ĂůƚĂƉĞƌƵĂŶĂ͕ĞůŐŽďŝĞƌŶŽLJůĂ/ŐůĞƐŝĂĂƚſůŝĐĂ͘
ZŽďĂƌŽŶƐƵƐƟĞƌƌĂƐ͕ĞƐĐůĂǀŝnjĂƌŽŶLJĂƐĞƐŝŶĂƌŽŶ
C2* ,'8-+#%)#(* #()(+* ()* "$()#%* /-2* "-2%25*
0+,'(+-@* &-2* ',)(+%&(2* )$)"%* <%)* 2,/-* /(*
8+-8,(/%/* /(* &%2* "-'$),/%/(2* /(* &-2* !)/(2*
ƋƵĞ ǀŝǀĞŶ ƐŽďƌĞ ĞůůŽƐ͘ ^ĞŐƵŶĚŽ͕ ůĂ ŽƌŽŶĂ LJ
Ğů ƐƚĂĚŽ ƉĞƌƵĂŶŽ ŶƵŶĐĂ ŚĂŶ ƵƟůŝnjĂĚŽ ůŽƐ
ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐƋƵĞƚƌĂĞŶĞƐƚŽƐƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞƐ
8%+%*%7$/%+*%*(2#%2*"-'$),/%/(2*8-4+(25*C2*
8-+* (2-@* ;$(* '$"<%2* 8(+2-)%2* 2,('8+(* <%)*
ƐĞŶƟĚŽ ƋƵĞ ůĂ ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ ƐſůŽ ƚƌĂĞ
8+-4&('%25
͘ ůĞƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽĂĐƚƵĂůĚĞůĂŵŝŶĞƌşĂ
ĂĚĂ ŵĞƐ͕ ĞŶ ůŽƐ ĚŝĂƌŝŽƐ ƉĞƌƵĂŶŽƐ ĂƉĂƌĞĐĞŶ
,)B-+'(2*/(*%&3$)%*"-'$),/%/*;$(*2(*-8-)(*
%&* /(2%++-&&-* /(* 8+-7("#-2* ',)(+-2* ()* 2$2*
ƟĞƌƌĂƐ͘ hŶĂ ďƷƐƋƵĞĚĂ ĞŶ 'ŽŽŐůĞ ĚĞ ůĂƐ
ƉĂůĂďƌĂƐ ͞WĞƌƷ н ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽƐ ŵŝŶĞƌŽƐ͟ ĂƌƌŽũĂ
ϮϰϮϬϬϬƌĞƐƵůƚĂĚŽƐ͘
,ŽLJĞŶĚşĂ͕ůĂŵĂLJŽƌşĂĚĞĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ
B-+'%&(2* "$'8&()* "-)* &-2* (2#?)/%+(2* /(*
"-)/,",-)(2* /(* #+%4%=-* 7* +(%&,A%)* 8+-7("#-2*
ĚĞ ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽ ĞŶ ůŽƐ ƉƵĞďůŽƐ ĂŶĚŝŶŽƐ͘ ^ŝŶ
('4%+3-@* /(4()* ()B+()#%+2(* %* '$"<-2*
ƉƌĞũƵŝĐŝŽƐ ĞŶ ĐŽŶƚƌĂ ĚĞ ůĂ ŵŝŶĞƌşĂ͕ ůŽƐ
"$%&(2* <%)* 2,/-* "-)2#+$,/-2* 2-4+(* 2,3&-2* /(*
ĞdžƉůŽƚĂĐŝſŶ͘
WŽƌ ŽƚƌŽ ůĂĚŽ͕ ĞdžŝƐƚĞ ƵŶĂ ƉĞƌĐĞƉĐŝſŶ ƐŽĐŝĂů
ƌĞƐƉĞĐƚŽ ĚĞ ƋƵĞ ůĂ ŵŝŶĞƌşĂ ĐĂƵƐĂ ƵŶ ŝŵƉĂĐƚŽ

20
GHERSI, Enrique. “La propiedad del subsuelo”.
21
'$*(5$/9$-RVHSK³0LQHUtDHQOD,QGHSHQGHQFLD\7HPSUDQD5HS~EOLFD´(Q+LVWRULDGHOD
PLQHUtDHQHO3HU~-RVp$QWRQLRGHO%XVWR'XWKXUEXUXHG
22
Una manera popular de contratar trabajadores para la minería fue el “enganche”, donde los reclutadores iban
a las comunidades para reclutar gente para reclutar en las minas. Muchos historiadores han descrito estos
contactos, en los que los reclutadores y los propietarios de las minas se aprovechaban de la desinformación
de los campesinos para hacerlos trabajar en condiciones terribles y con retribuciones que no eran seguras.
5,=23$75Ï1%2</$13DXO³/D0LQHUtDHQWUH\´(Q+LVWRULDGHODPLQHUtDHQHO3HU~-RVp
$QWRQLRGHO%XVWR'XWKXUEXUXHGSS)/25(60$5,1-RVp³0LQHUtD&RORQLDO\&R\XQWXUD
0XQGLDO3HU~´&HQWUR3HUXDQRGH+LVWRULD(FRQyPLFDSS6HJ~Q)ORUHVHVWRIXH
reconocido por los propietarios de las minas, que afectados por estas condiciones trataron de encontrar
VROXFLRQHVHQHO&RQJUHVR1DFLRQDOGHOD,QGXVWULD0LQHUDGH,EtGS
23
/D QRYHOD GH 9DOOHMR HV WDPELpQ XQ PDQL¿HVWR LGHROyJLFR /R HVFULELy GHVSXpV GH UHJUHVDU GH 0RVF~
LQÀXHQFLDGRSRUHOPDU[LVPRTXHVHYHUHÀHMDGRHQHOPHQVDMHDQWLFDSLWDOLVWD\DQWLLPSHULDOLVWDGHODQRYHOD

9$//(-2&HVDU³(O7XQJVWHQR3DFR<XQTXH´6WRFNFHUR
194

ƚĞƌƌŝďůĞ ĞŶ Ğů ĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞ͘ ŽŵŽ ůŽ ĐŽŶĮƌŵĂŶ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĞƐĚĞůĂŶĐŽDƵŶĚŝĂů͕ůĂƉĞƌĐĞƉĐŝſŶƐŽĐŝĂů
ĚĞ ůĂ ŵŝŶĞƌşĂ ĐŽŵŽ ƵŶĂ ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ ĂůƚĂŵĞŶƚĞ
ĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂŶƚĞ ĞŶ Ğů WĞƌƷ ƟĞŶĞ ƐƵ ďĂƐĞ ĞŶ ůŽƐ
%&#-2* 3+%/-2* /(* "-)#%',)%",.)* /(&* %'4,()#(*
ƌĞĂůŝnjĂĚŽƐƉŽƌĚĠĐĂĚĂƐĚĞĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚŵŝŶĞƌĂĞŶ
&%* 2,(++%* 8(+$%)%@* ()* $)* '-'()#-* ()* (&* ;$(*
&%2* 8+(-"$8%",-)(2* 8-+* (&* %'4,()#(* )-* (+%)*
ƚŽŵĂĚĂƐĞŶĐƵĞŶƚĂ͘z͕ĂƵŶƋƵĞĂŚŽƌĂůĂĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ
ŵŝŶĞƌĂƉƵĞĚĞůůĞǀĂƌƐĞĂĐĂďŽĐŽŶƚŽƚĂůĂƌŵŽŶşĂ
"-)*(&*%'4,()#(*7*/(*'%)(+%*2(3$+%@*)-*#-/%2*
ůĂƐ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ ƐĞ ƉƵĞĚĞŶ ƉƌĞĐŝĂƌ ĚĞ
ĞdžŚŝďŝƌĂůƚŽƐĞƐƚĄŶĚĂƌĞƐŵĞĚŝŽĂŵďŝĞŶƚĂůĞƐ͘
0-+*&-*#%)#-@*&-2*8-4&%/-+(2*;$(*:,:()*2-4+(*
7%",',()#-2* ',)(+-2* 2,()#()* ;$(* (2* $)* '%&*
ŶĞŐŽĐŝŽĞŶĐŽŶƚƌĂƌŽƌŽĚĞďĂũŽĚĞƐƵƐƟĞƌƌĂƐ͘
EŽ ŽďƚĞŶĚƌĄŶ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽ ĂůŐƵŶŽ ;ƉƵĞƐ ŶŽ
2-)* 8+-8,(#%+,-2* /(* &-2* ',)(+%&(2* ;$(* 2(*
ĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĞŶ ĞŶ Ğů ƐƵďƐƵĞůŽͿ LJ ĂƐƵŵŝƌĄŶ Ğů
+,(23-* /(* #()(+* $)* :(",)-* "-)#%',)%/-+*
;ĞƐƚŽ ĚĞďŝĚŽ Ă ůĂ ƉĠƐŝŵĂ ƌĞƉƵƚĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůĂ
ŵŝŶĞƌşĂͿ5*C2#%*(2*$)%*+%A.)*'$7*,'8-+#%)#(*
8%+%* ()#()/(+* (&* 8-+* ;$K* /(* &-2* "-)2#%)#(2*
ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽƐ ĞŶƚƌĞ ůĂƐ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ LJ ůĂƐ
"-'$),/%/(2*()*(&*0(+15
0%+%* <%"(+* &%2* "-2%2* '?2* "-'8&,"%/%2@* &%*
ƉŽďƌĞnjĂ ĞdžƚƌĞŵĂ ĞƐ ƵŶĂ ĐĂƌĂĐƚĞƌşƐƟĐĂ ĚĞ ůĂ
ŵĂLJŽƌşĂ ĚĞ ĞƐƚĂƐ ĐŽŵƵŶŝĚĂĚĞƐ ĐĂŵƉĞƐŝŶĂƐ͘
DƵĐŚŽƐĚĞůŽƐƉƵĞďůŽƐĞŶůĂƐnjŽŶĂƐŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ
2-)*"-'$),/%/(2*+$+%&(2*;$(*:,:()*2,)*%""(2-*
Ă ƐĞƌǀŝĐŝŽƐ ƉƷďůŝĐŽƐ Ž ĐŽŶ ŶŝǀĞůĞƐ ĐƌşƟĐŽƐ ĚĞ
ĂŶĂůĨĂďĞƟƐŵŽ LJ ŵŽƌƚĂůŝĚĂĚ ŝŶĨĂŶƟů275* C)* (&*
ϮϬϬϲ͕ Ğů ϲϵ͘ϯй ĚĞ ůĂƐ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂƐ ƋƵĞ ŚĂďŝƚĂŶ
()* ?+(%2* +$+%&(2* 2(* ()"-)#+%4%)* 8-+* /(4%=-*
ĚĞůĂůşŶĞĂĚĞůĂƉŽďƌĞnjĂ285*I-2*/(8%+#%'()#-2*
ĚĞůĂƌĞŐŝſŶĚĞůŽƐŶĚĞƐ;ĐŽŶĞdžĐĞƉĐŝſŶĚĞů
ƵƐĐŽͿ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂďĂŶ ůŽƐ ŵĄƐ ĂůƚŽƐ ŶŝǀĞůĞƐ ĚĞ
ƉŽďƌĞnjĂ͕ŽƐĐŝůĂŶĚŽĞŶƚƌĞĞůϳϰ͘ϲйLJĞůϴϴ͘ϳй
/(*&%*8-4&%",.)5
ůƐƚĂĚŽĞƐƚĄŽďůŝŐĂĚŽĂƵƟůŝnjĂƌďƵĞŶĂƉĂƌƚĞ
ĚĞ ůŽƐ ŝŵƉƵĞƐƚŽƐ ŽďƚĞŶŝĚŽƐ ƉŽƌ ůĂ ŵŝŶĞƌşĂ
8%+%*'(=-+%+*&%2*"-)/,",-)(2*/(*:,/%*/(*(2#%2*

Banco Mundial. “Republic of Perú Wealth and Sustainability: The Environmental and Social Dimensions of the
0LQLQJ6HFWRULQ3HU~´5HSRUW3(0$<S

6REUHFyPRDOJXQRVGHVXSXHVWRVDPELHQWDOLVWDV\JUXSRVSROtWLFRVHVWiQHQFRQWUDGHWRGRWLSRGHLQYHUVLyQPLQHUD
ver. DE ALTHAUS, Jaime. “La Revolución Capitalista en el Perú”. Fondo de Cultura Económica. 2007. p. 210.
27
'HIHQVRUtDGHO3XHEOR8QLGDGGH&RQÀLFWRV6RFLDOHV,QIRUPH
28
Una persona es pobre cuando sus gastos son inferiores a lo que se necesita para poder satisfacer sus
necesidades alimentarias y no alimentarias.

,1(,3HU¿OGHODSREUH]DVHJ~QGHSDUWDPHQWRV
 KWWSZZZLQHLJRESHZHE%LEOLR,QHL/LVWD,WHP%\7HPD3DODEUDDVS"F  WW 1LYHOHVGH9LGD
\3URJUDPDV6RFLDOHV
7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS
ĐŽŵƵŶŝĚĂĚĞƐ ;LJ ĚĞů ƌĞƐƚŽ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂƐ THEMIS 61
Revista de Derecho
ƉŽďƌĞƐĞŶĞůWĞƌƷͿ͘ůϱϬйĚĞůĂƚŽƚĂůŝĚĂĚĚĞů
ŝŵƉƵĞƐƚŽĂůĂƌĞŶƚĂƉĂŐĂĚŽƉŽƌůĂƐĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ
ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ ǀĂ Ăů 'ŽďŝĞƌŶŽ ĞŶƚƌĂů͘ ů ŽƚƌŽ ϱϬй
(2*(&*&&%'%/-*"%)-)*7*:%*%*/,B(+()#(2*),:(&(2*
/(* 3-4,(+)-* 8%+%* %7$/%+* %* &%* 8-4&%",.)* ;$(*
<%4,#%* ()* &%2* A-)%2* ',)(+%25* C&* "%)-)* (2*
/,2#+,4$,/-*/(*%"$(+/-*%&*&$3%+*/-)/(*2(*$4,"%*
ůĂŵŝŶĂƋƵĞƉĂŐĂĞůŝŵƉƵĞƐƚŽ͘ϭϬйĚĞůĐĂŶŽŶ
ǀĂĂůĚŝƐƚƌŝƚŽ;ůĂƵŶŝĚĂĚŐĞŽŐƌĄĮĐĂĚĞŐŽďŝĞƌŶŽ
ŵĄƐƉĞƋƵĞŹĂͿ͕ĞůϮϱйĂůĂƉƌŽǀŝŶĐŝĂ͕ϰϬйĂů
ĚĞƉĂƌƚĂŵĞŶƚŽ LJ ϮϬй Ă ůĂ ƌĞŐŝſŶ ;ůĂ ƵŶŝĚĂĚ
ŐĞŽŐƌĄĮĐĂ ĚĞ ŐŽďŝĞƌŶŽ ŵĄƐ ŐƌĂŶĚĞͿ͘ ů ϱй
+('%)()#(*(2*%2,3)%/-*%*&%2*$),:(+2,/%/(2*/(&*
/(8%+#%'()#-* "-++(28-)/,()#(5* W-/%2* (2#%2*
ƵŶŝĚĂĚĞƐ ĚĞ ŐŽďŝĞƌŶŽ ƟĞŶĞŶ ƋƵĞ ŐĂƐƚĂƌ Ğů
ĐĂŶŽŶĞŶŝŶǀĞƌƟƌĞŶƉƌŽLJĞĐƚŽƐƉĂƌĂůĂŵĞũŽƌĂ
/(*&%2*"-)/,",-)(2*/(*:,/%*/(*&%*8-4&%",.)5
ů ĐĂŶŽŶ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂ ƵŶĂ ŐƌĂŶ ĐĂŶƟĚĂĚ ĚĞ
ĚŝŶĞƌŽƉƵĞƐůĂŵŝŶĞƌşĂĞƐĞůƐĞĐƚŽƌĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐŽ
ƋƵĞ ƉĂŐĂ ŵĄƐ ŝŵƉƵĞƐƚŽƐ ĞŶ Ğů WĞƌƷ͘ ŽŵŽ
ůŽ ŚĞŵŽƐ ŵĞŶĐŝŽŶĂĚŽ ĂŶƚĞƐ͕ ůĂƐ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ
ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐƉĂŐĂƌŽŶ͕ĞŶĞůϮϬϬϳ͕ĞůϮϱйĚĞůƚŽƚĂů
/(*&-2*,'8$(2#-2*,)#(+)-2*+("-&("#%/-25
ƉĞƐĂƌĚĞĞƐŽ͕ĞdžŝƐƚĞŶŵƵĐŚŽƐƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƐƋƵĞ
)-*8(+',#()*;$(*(&*2,2#('%*8$(/%*#+%4%=%+*()*
ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽĚĞůŽƐƉĞƌƵĂŶŽƐŵĄƐƉŽďƌĞƐ͘
C&* "%)-)* /(8()/(* /(&* ,'8$(2#-* %* &%* +()#%*
8%3%/-*8-+*&%2*('8+(2%2@*8(+-*(&*8+,'(+*8%3-*
ƌĞĐŝĠŶ ƉŽĚƌşĂ ƐĞƌ ƌĞĐŝďŝĚŽ ŚĂƐƚĂ ĚĞƐƉƵĠƐ ĚĞ
Enrique Pasquel Rodríguez
ƵŶĂĚĠĐĂĚĂĚĞŝŶŝĐŝĂĚĂƐůĂƐĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚĞƐƉŽƌůĂ
ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ͘ ů ƉƌŽĐĞƐŽ ĚĞ ĞdžƉůŽƌĂĐŝſŶ
8$(/(* /$+%+* ()#+(* #+(2* 7* 2,(#(* %>-2* 7* &%*
ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐĐŝſŶ ĚĞů ĐĂŵƉĂŵĞŶƚŽ ŵŝŶĞƌŽ ƉŽĚƌşĂ
/('-+%+*<%2#%*$)*%>-*7*'(/,-5*V)%*:(A*;$(*(&*
ƉƌŽĐĞƐŽĚĞĞdžƚƌĂĐĐŝſŶĐŽŵŝĞŶnjĂ͕ůĂƐŐĂŶĂŶĐŝĂƐ
+(",K)*2(*:(+?)*"$%#+-*-*",)"-*%>-2*'?2*#%+/(@*
LJĂ ƋƵĞ ĞŶ ůŽƐ ĂŹŽƐ ƉƌĞǀŝŽƐ ůĂ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂ ŚĂ
ĞƐƚĂĚŽ ŝŶǀŝƌƟĞŶĚŽ ĚŝŶĞƌŽ͕ ŽďƚĞŶŝĞŶĚŽ ƐſůŽ
8K+/,/%2*7*),)31)*,)3+(2-5*C2*8-+*(2#-@*;$(*&%*
ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂ ƌĞĐŝĠŶ ƉƵĞĚĞ ĞŵƉĞnjĂƌ Ă ƉĂŐĂƌ Ğů
,'8$(2#-* %* &%* +()#%* $)%* /K"%/%* /(28$K2* /(*
195
 (175(0$1*26<2525()250$1'2(/6,67(0$'(3523,('$''(/260,1(5$/(6

THEMIS 61 ŝŶŝĐŝĂĚĂƐůĂƐĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚĞƐŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ͘^ŝŶĞŵďĂƌŐŽ͕ ŶĞƐĞƐĞŶƟĚŽ͕ĐĂďĞŝŶĚŝĐĂƌƋƵĞĚĞĂĐƵĞƌĚŽ

Revista de Derecho
ůŽƐ ƉŽďůĂĚŽƌĞƐ ĚĞďĞŶ ůŝĚŝĂƌ ĐŽŶ ůĂ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂ
',)(+%@* %&+(/(/-+* /,(A* %>-2* %)#(2* /(* ;$(* (&*
"%)-)*2(%*8%3%/-*%&*C2#%/-305
0-+* -#+%* 8%+#(@* &%* 4$+-"+%",%* 8(+$%)%* )-*
ƉĂƌĞĐĞ ƐĞƌ ĐĂƉĂnj ĚĞ ƵƟůŝnjĂƌ ĞĮĐŝĞŶƚĞŵĞŶƚĞ
(&* "%)-)* 8%+%* '(=-+%+* &%2* "-)/,",-)(2* /(*
:,/%* /(* &%2* 8(+2-)%2* ;$(* :,:()* ()* &%2* A-)%2*
ĚŽŶĚĞ ƐĞ ůůĞǀĂ Ă ĐĂďŽ ůĂ ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ͘
V)-* /(* &-2* 8+-4&('%2* (2* ;$(* /(4,/-* %&*
()3-++-2-* 8+-"(2-* 8+(2$8$(2#%+,-* (&* C2#%/-*
2(*#%+/%*$)-2*/,(",-"<-*'(2(2@*&$(3-*/(*;$(*
ůĂ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ ŚĂ ƉĂŐĂĚŽ Ğů ŝŵƉƵĞƐƚŽ͕
()* #+%)2B(+,+&-* %* &%2* /,B(+()#(2* %3()",%2* 7*
$),/%/(2* /(* 3-4,(+)-* ()"%+3%/%2* /(* 3%2#%+*
(2#(*/,)(+-5*C2*8-+*(2#-@*;$(*&%*8-4&%",.)*)-*
ƉĞƌĐŝďĞ ůŽƐ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐ ƋƵĞ ƚƌĂĞ ůĂ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝſŶ
',)(+%*%*"-+#-*8&%A-315*
ĚĞŵĄƐ͕ĞƐĚŝİĐŝůĞǀĂůƵĂƌůŽƋƵĞůŽƐĚŝĨĞƌĞŶƚĞƐ
),:(&(2* /(* 3-4,(+)-* <%"()* "-)* (&* /,)(+-* /(&*
"%)-)@* 7%* ;$(* <%7* '$7* 8-"%* ,)B-+'%",.)*
+(28("#-*/(*(2#-*()*&%2*"$()#%2*814&,"%2325*C)*
3()(+%&@*&%*#+%)28%+()",%*8+(2$8$(2#%+,%*)-*(2*
ƵŶĂĚĞůĂƐĐĂƌĂĐƚĞƌşƐƟĐĂƐĚĞůĂĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂĐŝſŶ
814&,"%* ()* (&* 0(+15* I-* 1),"-* ;$(* 2(* 2%4(* (2*
;$(@*()*8+-'(/,-@*&%2*/,B(+()#(2*%3()",%2*/(*
3-4,(+)-*()"%+3%/%2*/(*3%2#%+*(&*"%)-)*2.&-*
ŝŶǀŝĞƌƚĞŶĞůϳϳйĚĞĞƐĞĚŝŶĞƌŽ͘>ŽƐƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƐ
ďƵƌŽĐƌĄƟĐŽƐŚĂĐĞŶƋƵĞĞůϮϯйĚĞĞƐĞĚŝŶĞƌŽ
2(*;$(/(*()*&%2*"$()#%2*/(&*C2#%/-*2,)*3()(+%+*
ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽĂůŐƵŶŽƉĂƌĂůĂƉŽďůĂĐŝſŶ335
džŝƐƚĞ͕ĂĚĞŵĄƐ͕ĞǀŝĚĞŶĐŝĂĚĞƋƵĞĞůĚŝŶĞƌŽĚĞů
ĐĂŶŽŶŶŽĞƐŝŶǀĞƌƟĚŽĞĮĐŝĞŶƚĞŵĞŶƚĞ͘
C)* (&* GJJD@* (&* /(8%+#%'()#-* "-)* '%7-+(2*
ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽƐ ƐŽĐŝĂůĞƐ ĞƌĂ ĂũĂŵĂƌĐĂ͘ >Ž ŝƌſŶŝĐŽ
ĞƐ ƋƵĞ ĂũĂŵĂƌĐĂ ĞƐ Ğů ĚĞƉĂƌƚĂŵĞŶƚŽ ƋƵĞ
+(",4(* '?2* /,)(+-* 8-+* 8%+#(* /(&* "%)-)5*
!8%+()#('()#(@*&-2*"%=%'%+;$,)-2*)-*8(+",4()*
ůŽƐďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐĚĞůĂƐŝŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶĞƐĐŽŶĚŝŶĞƌŽĚĞů
"%)-)5*
Ă ĚŝĨĞƌĞŶƚĞƐ ĞŶĐƵĞƐƚĂƐ ĚĞ ŽƉŝŶŝſŶ͕ Ğů ϱϬй
/(* &%2* 8(+2-)%2* ;$(* :,:()* ()* A-)%2* /(*
ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ ĐƌĞĞŶ ƋƵĞ Ğů ĚŝŶĞƌŽ ĚĞů
ĐĂŶŽŶĞƐƵƟůŝnjĂĚŽƉĂƌĂƉĂŐĂƌůŽƐƐƵĞůĚŽƐĚĞ
B$)",-)%+,-2* 814&,"-2@* %&3-* 8+-<,4,/-* 8-+* &%*
ůĞLJ͘ůϭϮйĚĞůĂƐƉĞƌƐŽŶĂƐĞŶƚƌĞǀŝƐƚĂĚĂƐĐƌĞşĂŶ
;$(*(&*"%)-)@*2,'8&('()#(@*)-*2(*$2%͘ĂƐŝ͕
ĞůϱϬйĚĞůĂƐƉĞƌƐŽŶĂƐĞŶĐƵĞƐƚĂĚĂƐŶŽƐĂďşĂŶ
;$K*"-2%*(+%*(&*"%)-)5*C2#-*/('$(2#+%*;$(@*
-* 4,()* &-2* -+3%),2'-2* (2#%#%&(2* ()"%+3%/-2*
/(* %/',),2#+%+* (&* /,)(+-* )-* &-* (2#?)* $2%)/-*
ĐŽƌƌĞĐƚĂŵĞŶƚĞ͕ŽŶŽƟĞŶĞŶĠdžŝƚŽĞŶŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƌ
%*&%*8-4&%",.)*;$(*&-2*8+-7("#-2*/(*,):(+2,.)*
2(* /%)* 3+%",%2* %* &%* +,;$(A%* 3()(+%/%* 8-+* &%2*
ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ͘
!$)* "$%)/-* )-* 2(%* 8-2,4&(* "-)-"(+* (&*
/(2#,)-* B,)%&* /(&* /,)(+-* /(&* "%)-)@* 2,* (2*
8-2,4&(* 2%4(+* &-* ;$(* &-2* /,2#,)#-2* ),:(&(2*
/(* 3-4,(+)-* 8&%)(%)* <%"(+* "-)* (&* /,)(+-*
%* "-',()A-2* /(&* %>-5* U(%#+,A* U-A%* <%*
(2#$/,%/-* %&3$)-2* /(* &-2* 8+-7("#-2* 8%+%*
(&* %>-* GJJD* /(* &-2* /,B(+()#(2* -+3%),2'-2*
(2#%#%&(2* ()"%+3%/-2* /(* %/',),2#+%+* (&*
/,)(+-*/(&*"%)-)5*!$)*"$%)/-*)-*2(%*8-2,4&(*
2%4(+* 2,@* :(+/%/(+%'()#(@* 2(* ,):(+#,+?* (&*
/,)(+-* ()* /,"<-2* 8+-7("#-2@* +(8+(2()#%*
$)* 4$()* ,)/,"%/-+* 2-4+(* &-2* +$4+-2* /(*
,):(+2,.)*/(&*"%)-)5
ŽnjĂĚĞƐĐƵďƌŝſƋƵĞŚĂďşĂĂůŐƵŶŽƐƉƌŽLJĞĐƚŽƐ
/(* ,):(+2,.)* 4%2#%)#(* +%A-)%4&(2@* 8(+-*
ŽƚƌŽƐ ĞƌĂŶ ƐŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞ ĂďƐƵƌĚŽƐ͘ /ůĂǀĞ͕ ƉŽƌ
ĞũĞŵƉůŽ͕ĞƐƵŶĂĐŝƵĚĂĚĐŽŶϲϬϬϬϬŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚĞƐ
ĚŽŶĚĞ ĂůƌĞĚĞĚŽƌ ĚĞů ϵϬй ŶŽ ƟĞŶĞŶ
ĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝĚĂĚ Ŷŝ ĚĞƐĂŐƺĞ͘ /ůĂǀĞ ĞƐ ƚƌŝƐƚĞŵĞŶƚĞ
ƌĞĐŽƌĚĂĚĂ ƉŽƌƋƵĞ͕ ĞŶ Ğů ϮϬϬϰ͕ ƵŶĂ ƚƵƌďĂ ĚĞ
'%),B(2#%)#(2* %2(2,).* %&* %&"%&/(* %"$2?)/-&-*
/(* "-++$8#-5* !* 8(2%+* /(* (2-@* ()* (&* GJJD@* (&*
ŶƵĞǀŽ ĂůĐĂůĚĞ ƉůĂŶŝĮĐſ ŐĂƐƚĂƌ Ğů ϵϰй ĚĞ ƐƵ
8+(2$8$(2#-* /(&* "%)-)* ',)(+-* ()* 8%+;$(2*
+("+(%",-)%&(2@*$)*3%2#-*%42$+/-*()*$)*&$3%+*
ĐŽŶĂůƚŽƐşŶĚŝĐĞƐĚĞƉŽďƌĞnjĂ375

30
%2=$',%Ï6%HDWUL]³&DQRQ0LQHUR¢&DMD&KLFDR3DODQFDSDUDHO'HVDUUROOR"´&,(6SS
31
Ibíd. p. 30.
32
&LXGDGDQRVDO'tD³&DQRQ0LQHUR6LWXDFLyQ\3HUVSHFWLYDV´&$'$JRVWRS(QKWWS
ZZZFLXGDGDQRVDOGLDRUJLQIRUPHVUHSRVLWRULRL,QIRUPHB9HU6HWB)LQDOSGI
33
%2=$',%Ï6%HDWUL]³&DQRQ0LQHUR¢&DMD&KLFDR3DODQFDSDUDHO'HVDUUROOR"´&,(6S

&LXGDGDQRVDO'tD³&DQRQ0LQHUR6LWXDFLyQ\3HUVSHFWLYDV´&$'$JRVWRS(QKWWS
ZZZFLXGDGDQRVDOGLDRUJLQIRUPHVUHSRVLWRULRL,QIRUPHB9HU6HWB)LQDOSGI

%2=$',%Ï6%HDWUL]³&DQRQ0LQHUR¢&DMD&KLFDR3DODQFDSDUDHO'HVDUUROOR"´&,(6S

,EtGS
37
Ibíd. p. 101.
196

ŶĞůĚŝƐƚƌŝƚŽĚĞĂůĂŵĂƌĐĂ͕ůĂŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝĚĂĚ
ƉůĂŶŝĮĐſ ŐĂƐƚĂƌ ůĂ ŵĂLJŽƌ ƉĂƌƚĞ ĚĞ ƐƵ
ƉƌĞƐƵƉƵĞƐƚŽ ĞŶ ĄƌĞĂƐ ĚĞƉŽƌƟǀĂƐ LJ
ƉůĂnjĂƐ ƉƷďůŝĐĂƐ͕ ĐƵĂŶĚŽ ŵĄƐ ĚĞů ϵϵй ĚĞ
ůĂ ƉŽďůĂĐŝſŶ ŶŽ ƟĞŶĞ Ŷŝ ĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝĚĂĚ Ŷŝ
ĚĞƐĂŐƺĞ͘ Ŷ Ğů ĚŝƐƚƌŝƚŽ ĚĞ >Ă ĂƉŝůůĂ ƐſůŽ
Ğů ϳй ĚĞ ůĂ ƉŽďůĂĐŝſŶ ƟĞŶĞ ĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝĚĂĚ LJ
ƐſůŽ Ğů Ϯй ĚĞƐĂŐƺĞ͕ ƉĞƌŽ ůĂ ŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝĚĂĚ
ƉůĂŶŝĮĐſ ŐĂƐƚĂƌ ůĂ ŵĂLJŽƌ ƉĂƌƚĞ ĚĞů ĚŝŶĞƌŽ
8+-:(),()#(* /(&* "%)-)* ()* $)* %$/,#-+,-*
ƉƷďůŝĐŽ͘ >Ă DƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝĚĂĚ ĚĞ ũŽLJĂŶŝ͕ ƵŶ
ůƵŐĂƌ ŵƵLJ ƉŽďƌĞ ĞŶ ůŽƐ ŶĚĞƐ͕ ƉůĂŶŝĮĐſ
3%2#%+*&%*'%7-+*8%+#(*/(*2$*8+(2$8$(2#-*()*
ŝŶƐƚĂůĂĐŝŽŶĞƐĚĞƉŽƌƟǀĂƐ͕ƉŝƐĐŝŶĂƐ͕ƵŶĂƉůĂnjĂ
ĚĞ ƚŽƌŽƐ LJ ͞ŐĂƐƚŽƐ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀŽƐ͘͟ ůŐŽ
ƐŝŵŝůĂƌƐƵĐĞĚŝſĞŶĞůĞdžƚƌĞŵĂĚĂŵĞŶƚĞƉŽďƌĞ
ĚŝƐƚƌŝƚŽĚĞŚŽĐĂLJĄŶLJŽƐƉĄŶ385*
>ĂĨĂůƚĂĚĞĞĮĐŝĞŶĐŝĂLJůĂƉŽĐĂƌĞŶĚŝĐŝſŶĚĞ
"$()#%2* 8-+* 8%+#(* /(* &-2* /,B(+()#(2* ),:(&(2*
/(*3-4,(+)-*8(+$%)-*)-*8(+',#()*%&*C2#%/-*
ƵƟůŝnjĂƌ ůŽƐ ŝŵƉƵĞƐƚŽƐ ƌĞĐŽůĞĐƚĂĚŽƐ ĚĞ ůĂƐ
ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ ĞŶ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝĂƌ Ă ůŽƐ
8(+$%)-2* '?2* 8-4+(25* C2* 8-+* (2#-* ;$(@* &-*
1),"-* ;$(* (28(+%)* -4#()(+* 2,* /(2"$4+()*
ŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐ ĚĞďĂũŽ ĚĞ ƐƵƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ ĞƐ ƵŶĂ
8(;$(>%* "-'8()2%",.)* 8-+* (&* $2-* /(* &%2*
ŵŝƐŵĂƐ ;ƐƵ ƷŶŝĐŽ ĂƚƌĂĐƟǀŽͿ LJ Ğů ƌŝĞƐŐŽ ĚĞ
ĞŶĨƌĞŶƚĂƌĂƵŶĂĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂŵŝŶĞƌĂƋƵĞƉƵĞĚĂ
"-)#%',)%+* (&* %,+(* ;$(* +(28,+%)* 7* (&* %3$%*
ƋƵĞƚŽŵĂŶ͘Ɛş͕ůŽƐƉŽďůĂĚŽƌĞƐĚĞůŽƐŶĚĞƐ
ƟĞŶĞŶ ŵƵLJ ƉŽĐĂƐ ƌĂnjŽŶĞƐ ƉĂƌĂ ƌĞĐŝďŝƌ Ă
,):(+2-+(2*',)(+-25*
)))M, +'$, !#"$.%'$, -#C#%, $#",
!".!)#&'").$, -#, +.$, F)%#"'+#$,
Yh^EhEdZE:K^h^
&)#""'$
Ŷ ĞƐƚĂ ƐĞĐĐŝſŶ ĞdžƉůŝĐĂƌĠ ƉŽƌ ƋƵĠ ƵŶ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ
/-)/(* &-2* 8+-8,(#%+,-2* 2(%)* /$(>-2* /(* &-2*
',)(+%&(2* ;$(* 2(* ()"$()#+()* /(4%=-* /(* 2$2*
ƟĞƌƌĂƐƐŽůƵĐŝŽŶĂƌşĂŵƵĐŚŽƐĚĞůŽƐƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƐ
ĂŶƚĞƐĚĞƐĐƌŝƚŽƐ͘ŽŵƉĂƌĂƌĠŵŝƉƌŽƉƵĞƐƚĂĐŽŶ
Ğů ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ƋƵĞ ĂĐƚƵĂůŵĞŶƚĞ ĞdžŝƐƚĞ ĞŶ Ğů WĞƌƷ
ĞŶ ĐŝŶĐŽ ĂƐƉĞĐƚŽƐ͗ ;ŝͿ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ƵŶĂ
ĂĚĞĐƵĂĚĂ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐ͖ ;ŝŝͿ
ůŽƐ ĐŽƐƚŽƐ ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐĂĐĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůĂ ŵŝŶĞƌşĂ͖ ;ŝŝŝͿ
ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽƐƐŽĐŝĂůĞƐ͖;ŝǀͿƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƐĂŵďŝĞŶƚĂůĞƐ͖
LJ͕ ;ǀͿ ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĂƐ ƐŽďƌĞ ůĂ ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵĐŝſŶ͘
ĞŵŽƐƚƌĂƌĠƋƵĞŵŝƉƌŽƉƵĞƐƚĂ͕ĐŽŵƉĂƌĂĚĂĐŽŶ
Ğů ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ĂĐƚƵĂů͕ ƟĞŶĞ ŵƵĐŚĂƐ ǀĞŶƚĂũĂƐ ĐŽŶ
+(&%",.)*%*(2#-2*%28("#-25
*
38
Ibíd. p. 102.
7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS
͘ /ŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐƉĂƌĂƵŶĂĂĚĞĐƵĂĚĂ THEMIS 61
Revista de Derecho
;E:D>EAGHEO9,;<,68:,><HG>:8:
C&* %+3$'()#-* 8+,)",8%&* 8%+%* /(B()/(+* &%*
ƉƌŽƉŝĞĚĂĚ ƋƵĞ ƟĞŶĞ Ğů ƐƚĂĚŽ ƐŽďƌĞ ůŽƐ
+("$+2-2*)%#$+%&(2*(2*;$(*2-)*'$7*,'8-+#%)#(2*
8%+%*%2,3)?+2(&-2*%*"$%&;$,(+*%3()#(*8+,:%/-5*
0-+* (2-@* 2(* /,"(@* (&* C2#%/-* /(4(* (2"-3(+* %&*
,)/,"%/-5* C2#(* 2,2#('%* 2(>%&%* ;$(* )-* #-/%2*
&%2* 8(+2-)%2* /(4()* #()(+* (&* /(+("<-* /(*
ƉƌŽƉŝĞĚĂĚƐŽďƌĞƵŶƌĞĐƵƌƐŽŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞƐƉĞĐşĮĐŽ
7* ;$(* 2-)* &-2* B$)",-)%+,-2* /(&* 3-4,(+)-* &-2*
'?2* "-'8(#()#(2* 8%+%* 2(&("",-)%+* ;$,K)* (2*
ĞůƟƚƵůĂƌĚĞůĚĞƌĞĐŚŽ͘
WĞƌƷŶŽĞƐƵŶĐĂƐŽĂŝƐůĂĚŽ͘Ŷ>ĂƟŶŽĂŵĠƌŝĐĂ͕
ůĂƐ ĐŽŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĚĞ ƌŐĞŶƟŶĂ͕ ŽůŝǀŝĂ͕
ƌĂƐŝů͕ ŽůŽŵďŝĂ͕ ĐƵĂĚŽƌ͕ DĠdžŝĐŽ͕ WĂƌĂŐƵĂLJ͕
S()(A$(&%*<%4&%)*2-4+(*&-2*+("$+2-2*)%#$+%&(2*
()*&-2*',2'-2*#K+',)-25
C2#%* :,2,.)* /(* ".'-* %2,3)%+* &-2* +("$+2-2*
ŝŵƉůŝĐĂƋƵĞĂůŐƵŶĂƐƉĞƌƐŽŶĂƐĞƐƚĄŶĐĂůŝĮĐĂĚĂƐ
8%+%* '%)(=%+&-2* 7* -#+%2* )-@* 7* ;$(* (&* C2#%/-*
(2* (&* '(=-+* %3()#(* 8%+%* 2(&("",-)%+* ;$,K)*
Ɛş ĐĂůŝĮĐĂ͘ ƐƚŽ ĞƐ ďĂƐƚĂŶƚĞ ĚĞďĂƟďůĞ͕ ƐŽďƌĞ
#-/-*/(2/(*$)*8$)#-*/(*:,2#%*("-).',"-5
0+,'(+-@*)%/,(*8$(/(*8+(/(",+*;$,K)*3()(+%+?*
ŵĂLJŽƌĞƐ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐ ĞdžƉůŽƚĂŶĚŽ ůŽƐ ƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐ
)%#$+%&(2*-*;$,K)*8$(/(*"$,/%+*'(=-+*/(*(&&-2H*
ĞŶůĂŵŝƐŵĂůşŶĞĂ͕ŶĂĚŝĞƉƵĞĚĞƉƌĞĚĞĐŝƌĐƵĂů
ƐĞƌĄůĂĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂŵĄƐƌĞŶƚĂďůĞĞŶůĂŝŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂ
Enrique Pasquel Rodríguez
ŵŝŶĞƌĂ͘ dĂůĞƐ ƉƌĞĚŝĐĐŝŽŶĞƐ ƐƵƉŽŶĚƌşĂŶ ůĂ
-'),2",()",%@*8-+*&-*'()-25*
^ĞŐƵŶĚŽ͕ Ɛŝ ůĂ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂ ƋƵĞ ŝŶŝĐŝĂůŵĞŶƚĞ
ŽďƟĞŶĞ ůĂ ĐŽŶĐĞƐŝſŶ ŶŽ ĞƐ ůĂ ƋƵĞ ƉƵĞĚĞ
ĞũĞƌĐĞƌůĂĚĞŵĂŶĞƌĂŵĄƐĞĮĐŝĞŶƚĞ͕ƵŶƵƐƵĂƌŝŽ
ŵĄƐĞĮĐŝĞŶƚĞůĂĐŽŵƉƌĂƌĄ͕ƉŽƌůŽƋƵĞĞůƋƵĞ
ĐŽŶƐŝŐĂ ƉƌŝŵĞƌŽ Ğů ơƚƵůŽ ŶŽ ĞƐ ƵŶ ƉƌŽďůĞŵĂ
2,('8+(*7*"$%)/-*&-2*"-2#-2*/(*#+%)2B(+()",%*
LJ ƚƌĂŶƐĂĐĐŝſŶ ƐĞĂŶ ďĂũŽƐ͘ Ğ ĞƐƚĂ ŵĂŶĞƌĂ͕
)-* <%7* )("(2,/%/* /(* /(28(+/,",%+* +("$+2-2*
%2$',()/-*"-2#-2*8-#()",%&'()#(*%&#-2*/(*&%*
ďƵƌŽĐƌĂĐŝĂĚĞĚŝĐĂĚĂĂĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƌƋƵŝĞŶƐĞƌşĂ
(&*'(=-+*8-2#-+5
W(+"(+-@* &-2* B$)",-)%+,-2* 814&,"-2* )-*
ĂƐƵŵĞŶ ůŽƐ ĐŽƐƚŽƐ Ž ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐ ĚĞ ƌĞĂůŝnjĂƌ
$)%* 4$()%* -* '%&%* /(2,3)%",.)* ,),",%&* /(* &-2*
ƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞƐ͕ ƉŽƌ ůŽ ƋƵĞ ƟĞŶĞŶ ƉŽĐŽƐ
ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ĚĞ ƚŽŵĂƌ ƵŶĂ ďƵĞŶĂ ĚĞĐŝƐŝſŶ͘ Ɛ
197
 (175(0$1*26<2525()250$1'2(/6,67(0$'(3523,('$''(/260,1(5$/(6

THEMIS 61 ",(+#-* ;$(* ',()#+%2* &-2* +("$+2-2* 8$(/%)* 2(+*
Revista de Derecho
ĐŽŵĞƌĐŝĂůŝnjĂĚŽƐĞƐŽŶŽƐĞƌşĂŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞĞŶĞů
ůĂƌŐŽƉůĂnjŽ͘^ŝŶĞŵďĂƌŐŽ͕ĞůƉƌŽďůĞŵĂĞƐƚĄĞŶ
;$(*"-'-*&-2*B$)",-)%+,-2*814&,"-2*)-*%2$'()*
ŶŝůŽƐďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐŶŝůŽƐĐŽƐƚŽƐ͕ŶŽƟĞŶĞŶƉƌŝƐĂ
()*/(2,3)%+*&-2*+("$+2-2*)%#$+%&(25*V)*(=('8&-@*
ĞƐ Ğů ĐĂƐŽ ĚĞ ůĂ ƌĞƐĞƌǀĂ ĚĞ ŐĂƐ ĚĞ ĂŵŝƐĞĂ͘
I%* +(2(+:%* B$(* /(2"$4,(+#%* ()* &-2* 8+,'(+-2*
%>-2*/(*&%*/K"%/%*/(*&-2*-"<()#%*8-+*F/0))@*&%*
"$%&* #+%4%=%4%* %&* %'8%+-* /(* $)* "-)#+%#-* /(*
ĞdžƉůŽƌĂĐŝſŶĮƌŵĂĚŽĐŽŶĞůŐŽďŝĞƌŶŽƉĞƌƵĂŶŽ͘
I%* +(2(+:%* /(2"$4,(+#%* (+%* ()-+'(@* /,(A*
:("(2* '?2* 3+%)/(* ;$(* &%* 2,3$,()#(* +(2(+:%*
/(* 3%2* 8(+$%)%* 7* $)%* /(* &%2* '?2* 3+%)/(2*
ĞŶ >ĂƟŶŽĂŵĠƌŝĐĂ͘ Ğ ĂĐƵĞƌĚŽ ĐŽŶ ǀĂƌŝĂƐ
ĂƵƚŽƌŝĚĂĚĞƐƉƷďůŝĐĂƐ͕ĞůƉƌŽLJĞĐƚŽĚĞĂŵŝƐĞĂ
ƐĞ ĐŽŶǀĞƌƟƌşĂ ĞŶ Ğů ƉƌŽLJĞĐƚŽ ĞŶĞƌŐĠƟĐŽ
'?2* ,'8-+#%)#(* ()* &%* <,2#-+,%* 8(+$%)%͘ ^ŝŶ
ĞŵďĂƌŐŽ͕ Ğů ŐĂƐ ŶŽ ƉŽĚşĂ ƐĞƌ Ğdžƚƌú̎ ŚĂƐƚĂ
;$(*(&*3-4,(+)-*8(+$%)-*%2,3)%+%*&-2*/(+("<-2*
ĚĞ ůĂ ĞdžƚƌĂĐĐŝſŶ͘ dŽŵſ ŵĄƐ ĚĞ ϮϬ ĂŹŽƐ LJ
",)"-*8+(2,/()#(2*"-)"(/(+*&-2*/(+("<-2*8%+%*
ĞŵƉĞnjĂƌ Ğů ƉƌŽLJĞĐƚŽ͘ ŽŵŽ ůŽƐ ĨƵŶĐŝŽŶĂƌŝŽƐ
814&,"-2* %* "%+3-* )-* %2$',(+-)* &-2* "-2#-2* /(*
ƵŶĂ ĚĞŵŽƌĂ Ž ůŽƐ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐ ĚĞ ƵŶ ƌĄƉŝĚŽ
ĐŽŵŝĞŶnjŽ͕ůŽƐŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐƉĂƌĂƵŶĂĚĞƐŝŐŶĂĐŝſŶ
-8-+#$)%*/(*/(+("<-2*)-*(+%)*B$(+#(25
ƐŽƐŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐƉĞƌǀĞƌƐŽƐĚĞůŽƐĨƵŶĐŝŽŶĂƌŝŽƐ
ƉƷďůŝĐŽƐ ůŽƐ ƉŽĚƌşĂŶ ůůĞǀĂƌ Ă ŶŽ ĂƐŝŐŶĂƌ ůŽƐ
ƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐ͕ LJĂ ƋƵĞ ƌĞĚƵĐŝƌşĂ ůŽƐ ĂĐƟǀŽƐ LJ ůĂ
ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐŝĂ ƉŽůşƟĐĂ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵŽƐ͘ >ŽƐ
ďƵƌſĐƌĂƚĂƐ ƟĞŶĞŶ ĨƵĞƌƚĞƐ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ
%$'()#%+* (&* 8+(2$8$(2#-* /(* 2$2* -+3%),2'-2*
/(* 3-4,(+)-* 8%+%* ,)"+('()#%+* 2$* 8-/(+@*
ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐŝĂƌ͕ ĂƐş ĐŽŵŽ ĂƐĞŐƵƌĂƌ ƐĂůĂƌŝŽƐ ŵĄƐ
%&#-2* 7* $)%* '%7-+* 8(+'%)()",%͘ Ɛş͕ ůŽƐ
-+3%),2'-2* ()"%+3%/-2* /(* "-)"(2,-)%+* &-2*
/(+("<-2* /(* 8+-8,(/%/* 2-4+(* &-2* +("$+2-2*
ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞƐ ƉƵĞĚĞŶ ƚĞŶĞƌ͕ Ă ǀĞĐĞƐ͕ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ
8%+%* %42#()(+2(* /(* +(%&,A%+* &%* /(2,3)%",.)@*
ƉƵĞƐ ĞƐŽ ƌĞĚƵĐŝƌşĂ ƐƵ ƉƌĞƐƵƉƵĞƐƚŽ LJ͕ ĞŶ
"-)2("$()",%* 2$* ,'8-+#%)",%* 7* 8-/(+5* C2#-@*
ƉŽƌĞũĞŵƉůŽ͕ŶŽƐƉƵĞĚĞĂLJƵĚĂƌƉĂƌĂĞdžƉůŝĐĂƌ
ƉŽƌƋƵĠůŽƐŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵŽƐĚĞůŐŽďŝĞƌŶŽƌĞƟĞŶĞŶ
ŵƵĐŚĂƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ ĞŶ ůĂƐ ŵĂŶŽƐ ĚĞů ƐƚĂĚŽ͕
,)"&$2-@* <%4,()/-* $)%* 3+%)* /('%)/%* /(*
ƟĞƌƌĂƐ͘>ĂŵĂLJŽƌşĂĚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵŽƐĚĞůŐŽďŝĞƌŶŽ
ĞŶĐĂƌŐĂĚŽƐĚĞĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƌůĂƟĞƌƌĂƉƌĞĮĞƌĞŶ
ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƌůĂƉŽƌƐŝŵŝƐŵŽƐƋƵĞƉƌŝǀĂƟnjĂƌůĂ͕
8+-4%4&('()#(* 8-+;$(* $)* %/',),2#+%/-+* /(*
ůĂƟĞƌƌĂƐŝŶƟĞƌƌĂƉĞƌĚĞƌşĂƐƵƉŽĚĞƌ;LJ͕ƚĂůǀĞnj͕
ůĂƌĂnjſŶĚĞůĂĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐŝĂĚĞƐƵĞŵƉůĞŽͿ5*I-*
ŵŝƐŵŽƋƵĞƐƵĐĞĚĞĐŽŶůĂƐƟĞƌƌĂƐ͕ƐƵĐĞĚĞĐŽŶ
&-2*/('?2*+("$+2-2*)%#$+%&(25
ƵĂƌƚŽ͕ĐƵĂŶĚŽĞůƐƚĂĚŽƉƵĞĚĞ͕ůŝďƌĞŵĞŶƚĞ͕
ĞƐĐŽŐĞƌƋƵŝĞŶŽďƟĞŶĞůŽƐƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐ͕ĞůƉƌŽĐĞƐŽ
/(* "-)"(2,.)* 2(* "-):,(+#(* ()* $)* ,'?)* /(* &%*
ĐŽƌƌƵƉĐŝſŶ͕ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůŵĞŶƚĞ ĞŶ ƉĂşƐĞƐ ĞŶ ǀşĂƐ
ĚĞĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽLJĐŽŶŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĞƐĨƌĄŐŝůĞƐ͘>ŽƐ
ĂĐƚŽƐ ĚĞ ĐŽƌƌƵƉĐŝſŶ͕ ĂƐş ĐŽŵŽ ŽƚƌŽƐ ĚĞůŝƚŽƐ͕
8$(/()* 2(+* %)%&,A%/-2* "-'-* $)* B().'()-*
("-).',"-5* V)%* 8(+2-)%* "-'(#(* $)* /(&,#-@*
ƉŽƌƋƵĞ ĞƐƉĞƌĂ ƋƵĞ ůŽƐ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐ ĞdžĐĞĚĂŶ
%* &-2* +,(23-2* (28(+%/-2͘ Ŷ ƉĂşƐĞƐ ĞŶ ǀşĂƐ
ĚĞ ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽ ƋƵĞ ĐƵĞŶƚĂŶ ĐŽŶ ŝŶƐƟƚƵĐŝŽŶĞƐ
/K4,&(2@* &%* 8+-4%4,&,/%/* /(* 2%)",.)* /(* &-2*
%"#-2*/(*"-++$8",.)*(2*3()(+%&'()#(*4%=%@*7*
(2-*+(/$"(*&-2*"-2#-2*"%&"$&%/-2*/(*&-2*%"#-2*
ĚĞ ĐŽƌƌƵƉĐŝſŶ͘ ů ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽ ĞƐƉĞƌĂĚŽ ĞƐ ůĂ
8+-4%4,&,/%/*/(*-4#()(+*$)*2-4-+)-5*I%*'%7-+*
/,2"+(",-)%&,/%/*()*".'-*%2,3)%+*&-2*+("$+2-2*
,)"+('()#%* /,"<%* 8+-4%4,&,/%/* 8-+;$(* &(2*
/%* %* &-2* B$)",-)%+,-2* 814&,"-2* '%7-+(2*
ŽƉŽƌƚƵŶŝĚĂĚĞƐĂƉĞĚŝƌƵŶƐŽďŽƌŶŽ͘DŝĞŶƚƌĂƐ
'?2* :%&,-2-* 2(%* (&* +("$+2-* %* /(2,3)%+@* '?2*
ŐƌĂŶĚĞƐĞƌĄĞůƐŽďŽƌŶŽƋƵĞƐĞƉŝĚĂ;ĚĞƐƉƵĠƐ
/(*#-/-@*$)*2-4-+)-*(2*$)*8%3-*;$(*2(*+(%&,A%*
ĚĞ ŵĂŶĞƌĂ ĐůĂŶĚĞƐƟŶĂͿ͘ Ɛ ƉŽƌ ĞƐŽ ƋƵĞ͕ ĞŶ
ůŽƐ ƉĂşƐĞƐ ĚŽŶĚĞ ůĂ ƉƌŽďĂďŝůŝĚĂĚ ĚĞ ĐĂƐƟŐŽ
(2* 4%2#%)#(* 4%=%@* &-2* B$)",-)%+,-2* 814&,"-2*
ƋƵĞ ƟĞŶĞŶ ŵƵĐŚĂ ĚŝƐĐƌĞĐŝŽŶĂůŝĚĂĚ ƉĂƌĂ
/(2,3)%+*+("$+2-2*:%&,-2-2*"-'-*&-2*',)(+%&(2*
Ž Ğů ƉĞƚƌſůĞŽ ƟĞŶĞŶ ŐƌĂŶĚĞƐ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ
ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƌ ĞŶ ĂĐƚŽƐ ĚĞ ĐŽƌƌƵƉĐŝſŶ͘ ƐƚŽ
ŶŽ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂ ƋƵĞ ƚŽĚŽ ĨƵŶĐŝŽŶĂƌŝŽ ƉƷďůŝĐŽ
()"%+3%/-* /(* %2,3)%+* +("$+2-2* )%#$+%&(2* 2(%*
ĐŽƌƌƵƉƚŽ͘ WĞƌŽ͕ ĞdžŝƐƚĞŶ ŵƵĐŚŽƐ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ
8%+%*/(=%+*/(*2(+*$)%*8(+2-)%*<-)(2#%5


9HUHQWUHYLVWDD-XDQ0LJXHO&D\R0DWDYLFHPLQLVWURSHUXDQRGHHQHUJtD3RU%,'$PHULFD(QKWWSZZZ
LDGERUJLGEDPHULFDLQGH[FIP"WKLVLG 

1,6.$1(1:LOOLDP$³%XUHDXFUDF\DQG5HSUHVHQWDWLYH*RYHUQPHQW´$OGLQH$WKHUWRQ

$OJXQRV DXWRUHV VXJLHUHQ TXH DOJR VLPLODU RFXUULy HQ (VWDGRV 8QLGRV FRQ OD 2¿FLQD GH $GPLQLVWUDFLyQ
GH 7LHUUDV \ OD 2¿FLQD GH$VXQWRV ,QGtJHQDV '($/(66, /RXLV ³7KH *DLQV IURP 3ULYDWH 3URSHUW\ 7KH
(PSLULFDO(YLGHQFH´(Q³3URSHUW\5LJKWV&RRSHUDWLRQ&RQÀLFWDQGWKH/DZ´7HUU\/$QGHUVRQ )UHG
60F&KHVQH\HG9HUWDPELpQ0&&+(61(<)UHG6³*RYHUQPHQWDV'H¿QHURI3URSHUW\5LJKWV
7UDJHG\([LWLQJWKH&RPPRQV"´(Q3URSHUW\5LJKWV&RRSHUDWLRQ&RQÀLFWDQGWKH/DZ7HUU\/$QGHUVRQ
& Fred S. McChesney (ed.). 2003.

3261(55LFKDUG³(FRQRPLF$QDO\VLVRI/DZ´$VSHQ3XEOLVKHUV6H[WDHGLFLyQS
198
 7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS

WŽĚƌşĂŵŽƐ ƉŽŶĞƌ ĐŽŵŽ ĞũĞŵƉůŽ Ă ůĂ ŵŝŶŝƐƚƌŽĚĞƉĞƚƌſůĞŽLJŵŝŶĞƌşĂĚĞsĞŶĞnjƵĞůĂ THEMIS 61

KƌŐĂŶŝnjĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ WĂşƐĞƐ džƉŽƌƚĂĚŽƌĞƐ ĚĞ
WĞƚƌſůĞŽ;KWƉŽƌƐƵƐƐŝŐůĂƐĞŶŝŶŐůĠƐͿ͘dŽĚŽƐ
2$2* ',('4+-2* 2-)* )%",-)(2* 2-4+(* &%2* "$%&(2*
2(* 2%4(* ;$(* 2(* '%)(=%)* +("$+2-2* )%#$+%&(2*
2$'%'()#(* :%&,-2-2* 7* ;$(* &%* "-++$8",.)* )-*
(2*$2$%&'()#(*2%)",-)%/%5*Q,)3$)%*/(*(2#%2*
ŶĂĐŝŽŶĞƐŽĐƵƉĂƵŶďƵĞŶůƵŐĂƌĞŶĞů1ŶĚŝĐĞĚĞ
WĞƌĐĞƉĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ŽƌƌƵƉĐŝſŶ ĚĞ dƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ
/ŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂů͘ Ŷ ĞĨĞĐƚŽ͕ ŽĐŚŽ ĚĞ ĞƐƚĂƐ
2(* ()"$()#+%)* ()* &%* ',#%/* '?2* "-++$8#%*
/(&* '$)/-@* '$"<%2* -"$8%)/-* '$7* 4%=%2*
8-2,",-)(25
ů ƐƚĂĚŽ ƉĞƌƵĂŶŽ ŚĂ ƐŝĚŽ͕ ƚĂŵďŝĠŶ͕ ǀşĐƟŵĂ
/(* &%* "-++$8",.)* ()* &%* /(2,3)%",.)* /(* &-2*
ƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞƐĞŶƌĞƉĞƟĚĂƐŽĐĂƐŝŽŶĞƐ͘ů
ƷůƟŵŽĐĂƐŽƐĞĚŝŽĐŽŶĞůĞƐĐĄŶĚĂůŽĚĞůϮϬϬϴ
;$(* ,):-&$"+.* &%* "-++$8#%* /(2,3)%",.)* /(*
%&3$)-2* 8-A-2* 8(#+-&(+-25* C)* (&* (2"?)/%&-*
(2#$:,(+-)* ,'8&,"%/-2* :%+,-2* ',),2#+-2* /(*
C2#%/-* 7* -#+-2* B$)",-)%+,-2* 814&,"-25* C&*
WƌŝŵĞƌ DŝŶŝƐƚƌŽ LJ Ğů DŝŶŝƐƚƌŽ ĚĞ ŶĞƌպà LJ
DŝŶĂƐ ĨƵĞƌŽŶ ŽďůŝŐĂĚŽƐ Ă ƌĞŶƵŶĐŝĂƌ LJ ŽƚƌŽƐ
B$)",-)%+,-2*814&,"-2*B$(+-)*+('-:,/-25
ů ĞƐĐƌŝďŝƌ ƐŽďƌĞ ůĂƐ ĚŝĮĐƵůƚĂĚĞƐ ƋƵĞ ĞdžŝƐƚĞŶ
ƉĂƌĂ ŚĂĐĞƌ ƌĞĨŽƌŵĂƐ ƉĂƌĂ ĐŽŵďĂƟƌ ůĂ
ĐŽƌƌƵƉĐŝſŶ͕ ůĂ ƉƌŽĨĞƐŽƌĂ ZŽƐĞͲĐŬĞƌŵĂŶ
ƐĞŹĂůĂ ƋƵĞ ͞ůŽƐ ƉĂşƐĞƐ ĞŶ ǀşĂƐ ĚĞ ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽ
ĐŽŵŽ EŝŐĞƌŝĂ͕ sĞŶĞnjƵĞůĂ Ğ /ŶĚŽŶĞƐŝĂ ŚĂŶ
ĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚĂĚŽ ŐĂŶĂŶĐŝĂƐ ĞdžƚƌĂŽƌĚŝŶĂƌŝĂƐ
Ă ƌĂşnj ĚĞ ůĂ ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐŝĂ ĚĞů ƉĞƚƌſůĞŽ͕ ĞƐƚŽ
Revista de Derecho
LJ ĐŽĨƵŶĚĂĚŽƌ ĚĞ KW͕ ƉƌĞĚŝũŽ ĞŶ ůŽƐ ĂŹŽƐ
2(#()#%* L(&* 8(#+.&(-* )-2* &&(:%+?* %* &%* +$,)%N*
LJ ůůĂŵſ Ăů ƉĞƚƌſůĞŽ ͞Ğů ĞdžĐƌĞŵĞŶƚŽ ĚĞů
ĚĞŵŽŶŝŽ͘͟ ů ƚĞŵşĂ ƋƵĞ ůĂ ĐŽƌƌƵƉĐŝſŶ ĚĞů
ƉĞƚƌſůĞŽ ĞŵĞƌŐŝĞƌĂ LJ ĚŽŵŝŶĂƌĂ Ğů ƉĂşƐ͘ EŽ
(2#%4%*(;$,:-"%/-5*!)#(2*/(*/(2"$4+,+2(*2$2*
,)'()2%2* +(2(+:%2* /(* 8(#+.&(-@* S()(A$(&%*
ƚĞŶşĂ ůŽƐ ŵĄƐ ĂůƚŽƐ ŝŶŐƌĞƐŽƐ ƉĞƌ ĐĄƉŝƚĂ ĚĞ
>ĂƟŶŽĂŵĠƌŝĐĂ͘ ŚŽƌĂ ŚĂ ƌĞƚŽƌŶĂĚŽ Ă ůŽƐ
şŶĚŝĐĞƐĚĞůŽƐĂŹŽƐƐĞƐĞŶƚĂ5*!2,',2'-@*'?2*
/(*#+(,)#%*%>-2*/(28$K2*(&*%2(2-+*/(*S&%/,',+*
WƵƟŶ͕ ŶĚƌĞŝ /ůůĂƌŝŶŽǀ͕ ĂĐƵŹſ Ğů ƚĠƌŵŝŶŽ
͞sĞŶĞnjƵĞůŝnjĂĐŝſŶ͟ ƉĂƌĂ ĚĞƐĐƌŝďŝƌ Ğů ĚĞƐƟŶŽ
ĚĞ ZƵƐŝĂ ĚĞƐƉƵĠƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ƌĞͲŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůŝnjĂĐŝſŶ
ĚĞ ůĂ ĮůŝĂů ĚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐĐŝſŶ ŵĄƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞ
ĚĞ ůĂ ƉĞƚƌŽůĞƌĂ zƵŬŽƐ͘ dĞŵĞƌŽƐŽ ĚĞ ůĂ
"-++$8",.)* ;$(* 2(* 3()(+%4%* 7* L&%* '%&/,",.)*
/(*&-2*+("$+2-2*)%#$+%&(2N@*/,=-@*L<-7*<('-2*
/(",/,/-*$),+)-2*%&*#(+"(+*'$)/-N5*C2#-*)-*
ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂ ƋƵĞ ůĂ ƉƌŽƉŝĞĚĂĚ ĞƐƚĂƚĂů ƐŽďƌĞ ůŽƐ
+("$+2-2* )%#$+%&(2* 2,('8+(* )-2* "-)/$",+?*
Ă ůĂ ĐŽƌƌƵƉĐŝſŶ͕ ĞŶ Ğů ŵŝƐŵŽ ƐĞŶƟĚŽ ƋƵĞ
ĚĞũĂƌ ůĂ ƉƵĞƌƚĂ ƐŝŶ ƐĞŐƵƌŽ ŶŽ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂ ƋƵĞ
)("(2%+,%'()#(* $)* &%/+.)* ()#+(* %* 2$* "%2%* %*
ƌŽďĂƌ͘ ^ŝŶ ĞŵďĂƌŐŽ͕ ĞƐ ďĂƐƚĂŶƚĞ ŝŵƉƌƵĚĞŶƚĞ
/(=%+*&%*8$(+#%*/(*&%*"%2%*%4,(+#%@*2-4+(*#-/-@*
()*:(",)/%+,-2*"-)*%&#-*3+%/-*/(*"+,',)%&,/%/5*
ŽŵŽƐĞŹĂůĂ^ƵƐĂŶZŽƐĞĐŬĞƌŵĂŶ͕ĞůŽďũĞƟǀŽ
8+,)",8%&*/(*&%*&$"<%*"-)#+%*&%*"-++$8",.)*/(4(*
ƐĞƌůĂƌĞĚƵĐĐŝſŶĚĞůŽƐďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐĚĞƌĞĐŝďŝƌLJ
8%3%+*2-4-+)-25

Enrique Pasquel Rodríguez

<%* <("<-* ;$(* 2(* +(2,2#%)* %* $)%* +(B-+'%* 8-+* V)* 8+-4&('%* +(&%",-)%/-* (2* ;$(* &%*
ǀĂƌŝŽƐ ĂŹŽƐ͕ LJ ůĂ ƌŝƋƵĞnjĂ ŵŝŶĞƌĂů ĚĞ ĂŝƌĞ /,2"+(",-)%&,/%/* /(&* C2#%/-* %&* %2,3)%+* &-2*
"-)#+,4$7.* %* &%* 2-2#(),4,&,/%/* /(&* +K3,'()* ƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞƐ ĐƌĞĂ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ůĂ
"-++$8#-N͘ :ƵĂŶ WĂďůŽ WĠƌĞnj ůĨŽŶƐŽ͕ ƵŶ Ğdž 412;$(/%*/(*+()#%2*()*(&*2("#-+*8+,:%/-@*;$(@*


7UDQVSDUHQFLD ,QWHUQDFLRQDO ËQGLFH GH OD 3HUFHSFLyQ GH &RUUXSFLyQ  KWWSZZZWUDQVSDUHQF\RUJ
QHZVBURRPLQBIRFXVFSLFSLBBWDEOH,UDNHVHO~QLFRSDtVGHOD23(&TXHQRDSDUHFHHQHO
ranking.

/DVSHUVRQDVLQYROXFUDGDVHQHVWHHVFiQGDORHVWDEDQSUHVXQWDPHQWHLQYROXFUDGRVHQDFWRVGHFRUUXSFLyQR
intentos de corrupción relacionados con los depósitos de gas y tierras públicas.

³'HQXQFLDQ FRUUXSFLyQ GH DOWR YXHOR HQ 3HUXSHWUR´ 'LDULR &RUUHR  GH 2FWXEUH GH  KWWSZZZ
FRUUHRSHUXFRPSHOLPDBQRWDSKS"LG  VKRZ U)PXOROH)Q ³'LVFRYHU JDQy JUDFLDV D
VX DOLDQ]D FRQ 3HWURSHU~´ 'LDULR &RUUHR  2FWXEUH GH  KWWSZZZFRUUHRSHUXFRPSHOLPDBQRWD
SKS"LG  VKRZ U)PXOROH)Q 5yPXOR /HyQ $OHJUtD YLVLWy  YHFHV D IXQFLRQDULRV GH
3HWURSHU~'LDULR3HU~GH1RYLHPEUHGHKWWSSHUXSHQRWLFLDURPXOROHRQYLVLWR
YHFHVIXQFLRQDULRVSHWURSHUX

526($&.(50$16XVDQ³&RUUXSWLRQDQG*RYHUQPHQW´&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVS

86((0-HUU\³7KH'HYLO¶V([FUHPHQW´(Q)RUWXQH0DJD]LQHGHIHEUHURGHKWWSPRQH\FQQFRP
PDJD]LQHVIRUWXQHIRUWXQHBDUFKLYHLQGH[KWP

(Q HO ³&XUVH RI 1DWXUDO 5HVRXUFHV´ XQR GH ORV SHULyGLFRV PiV OHtGRV 6$&+6 -HIIUH\ ' \ $QGUHZ 0
:$51(5³7KH&XUVHRI1DWXUDO5HVRXUFHV´(XURSHDQ(FRQRPLF5HYLHZSS

5XVLD³/DPDOGLFLyQGHGyODUHVHOEDUULO´%XVLQHVV:HHN0D\KWWSZZZEXVLQHVVZHHNFRP
PDJD]LQHFRQWHQWBEBP]KWP

526($&.(50$16XVDQ³&RUUXSWLRQDQG*RYHUQPHQW´&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
199
 (175(0$1*26<2525()250$1'2(/6,67(0$'(3523,('$''(/260,1(5$/(6
THEMIS 61 ĞŶǀĞnjĚĞŝŶǀĞƌƟƌůŽƐƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐĞŶƉƌŽĚƵĐĐŝſŶ
Revista de Derecho
("-).',"%@* &-2* ,):,(+#()* ()* -4#()(+* B%:-+(2*
ƉŽůşƟĐŽƐ͘ ƐƚŽ ŶŽ ĞƐ ƐſůŽ ƵŶĂ ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ
/(* /(28(+/,",-* 7* $)* =$(3-* /(* 2$'%* "(+-5*
Ɛ͕ ƚĂŵďŝĠŶ͕ ƵŶĂ ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ ĚŽŶĚĞ ůŽƐ ƋƵĞ
ŽďƟĞŶĞŶ ůĂƐ ƌĞŐůĂƐ ƋƵĞ ƋƵŝĞƌĞŶ ƐŽŶ͕ ƉŽƌ ůŽ
3()(+%&@* &-2* 3+$8-2* '(=-+* -+3%),A%/-2* "-)*
'%7-+*8-/(+*("-).',"-*-*;$(*(2#?)*'?2*"(+"%*
ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƉŽůşƟĐŽƐ ĞŶ Ğů ƉŽĚĞƌ͘ ǀŝĚĞŶƚĞŵĞŶƚĞ͕
ĞƐƚŽ ĂĨĞĐƚĂ Ă ůĂ ŐĞŶƚĞ ƉŽďƌĞ ;ĐŽŵŽ ůŽƐ
ƉŽďůĂĚŽƌĞƐĚĞůŽƐŶĚĞƐͿLJĂŐƌĂŶĚĞƐŐƌƵƉŽƐ
)-*-+3%),A%/-2*"-'-*&-2*"-)2$',/-+(2*-*&-2*
"-)#+,4$7()#(25
&ŝŶĂůŵĞŶƚĞ͕ ĚĞďĞŵŽƐ ƚĞŶĞƌ ĞŶ ĐƵĞŶƚĂ ƋƵĞ
'$"<%2* :("(2* )%/,(* 2%4(* /-)/(* 2(* ()"$()#+%*
(&* +("$+2-* )%#$+%&* '?2* :%&,-2-5* C)* (&* "%2-* /(*
&-2* +("$+2-2* L(2"-)/,/-2N* "-'-* &-2* ',)(+%&(2@*
)-* 2.&-* 2(* )("(2,#%)* +(3&%2* 8%+%* %2,3)%+* &%*
8+-8,(/%/* /(* &-2* +("$+2-2* 2,)-* #%'4,K)* +(3&%2*
ƋƵĞ ĐƌĞĞŶ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ŝŶǀŝĞƌƚĂ ĞŶ
Ğů ĚĞƐĐƵďƌŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ ĚĞ ƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞƐ͘ Ɛş͕
$)%* +(3&%* ;$(* (2#%4&(A"%* ;$(* (&* 8+-8,(#%+,-*
ĚĞ ůĂ ƟĞƌƌĂ ĞƐ Ğů ĚƵĞŹŽ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐ
ĐƌĞĂ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƚŽĚĂ ǀĞnj ƋƵĞ ůĂ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝſŶ
()* &%* 412;$(/%* /(* )$(:-2* +("$+2-2* 2(* :(*
+("-'8()2%/-* "-)* &%* 8+-8,(/%/* 2-4+(* (&&-2*
;ƐŝĞŵƉƌĞLJĐƵĂŶĚŽĞůƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƉĞƌŵŝƚĂĂĚƋƵŝƌŝƌůĂ
ƟĞƌƌĂƐŝŶŵĂLJŽƌĞƐĚŝĮĐƵůƚĂĚĞƐͿ͘WĞƌŽ͕ƵŶƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ
()*(&*;$(*(&*C2#%/-*/(",/(*;$,()*(2*(&*,)/,"%/-*
ƉĂƌĂ ĂƐŝŐŶĂƌůĞ ůŽƐ ƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐ͕ ŶŽ ĐƌĞĂ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽ
%&3$)-*8%+%*/(2"$4+,+*)$(:-2*+("$+2-25
Ğ ŚĞĐŚŽ͕ ĞƐƚĞ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ĐƌĞĂ͕ ŝŶĐůƵƐŽ͕
ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ĞƐĐŽŶĚĞƌ ůŽƐ ƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐ͘ Ŷ
ůĂ ĠƉŽĐĂ ĚĞ ůĂ ĐŽůŽŶŝĂ͕ ůŽƐ ŝŶĚşŐĞŶĂƐ ƐŽůşĂŶ
'%)#()(+*()*2("+(#-*&%*$4,"%",.)*/(*/,B(+()#(2*
ŵŝŶĂƐ Ž ƐŽůşĂŶ ĐƵďƌŝƌ ůĂ ĞŶƚƌĂĚĂ ĚĞ ĞƐƚĂƐ
ĐŽŶ ƉŝĞĚƌĂƐ Ž ƉůĂŶƚĂƐ ƉĂƌĂ ĂƐş ĞƐĐŽŶĚĞƌůĂƐ͘
/ŶĐůƵƐŽ ŝŶǀĞŶƚĂƌŽŶ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĂƐ ƐŽďƌĞ ĚĞŵŽŶŝŽƐ
8%+%*'%)#()(+*%*&-2*(28%>-&(2*%&(=%/-2*/(*&%2*
A-)%2*',)(+%2͘ƐƚŽƐŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐƐĞĐƌĞĂƌŽŶĂ
ƌĂşnjĚĞƵŶƐŝƐƚĞŵĂůĞŐĂůƋƵĞŶŽƌĞĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂďĂ
ĂůŽƐŶĂƟǀŽƐƋƵĞĚŝĞƌĂŶŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ͕LJĂƋƵĞ
ůĂŽƌŽŶĂŵĂŶƚĞŶşĂĞůĚĞƌĞĐŚŽĚĞƉƌŽƉŝĞĚĂĚ
2-4+(*&-2*',)(+%&(2*7*(&*/(+("<-*/(*():,%+*%*&-2*
ŝŶĚşŐĞŶĂƐĂƚƌĂďĂũĂƌĂůĂƐŵŝŶĂƐ͘ĐƚƵĂůŵĞŶƚĞ͕
LJĂŶŽĞdžŝƐƚĞůĂĞƐĐůĂǀŝƚƵĚ͕ƉĞƌŽůŽƐƉŽďůĂĚŽƌĞƐ

En la búsqueda de rentas, KRUEGER, Anne. “The Political Economy of the Rent Seeking Society”. En:
$PHULFDQ(FRQRPLF5HYLHZS9HUWDPELpQ78//2&.*RUGRQ³7KHUHQWVHHNLQJVRFLHW\´
/LEHUW\)XQG

Esta es una tesis desarrollada en Mancur Olson, “The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the
7KHRU\RI*URXSV´+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

48,52=&+8(&$)UDQFLVFR³/D0LQHUtD9LUUHLQDO´(Q+LVWRULDGHOD0LQHUtDHQHO3HU~-RVp
ůŽĐĂůĞƐƐŝŐƵĞŶƚĞŶŝĞŶĚŽŵƵLJƉŽĐŽƐŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ
ƉĂƌĂƌĞǀĞůĂƌůĂĞdžŝƐƚĞŶĐŝĂĚĞŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐĚĞďĂũŽ
ĚĞƐƵƐƟĞƌƌĂƐƉƵĞƐŵƵĐŚŽƐĚĞĞůůŽƐƟĞŶĞŶĞů
ƚĞŵŽƌ ƋƵĞ ůĂ ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ ĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĞ Ğů
ĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞ͘ůƷŶŝĐŽďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƋƵĞĞůůŽƐĐƌĞĞŶ
;$(* +(",4,+?)* (2* $)* 8-"-* /(* "%+,/%/@* 8-+* &-*
ƋƵĞ ŵƵĐŚŽƐ ĚĞ ĞůůŽƐ ƉƌĞĮĞƌĞŶ ŐƵĂƌĚĂƌƐĞ ůĂ
,)B-+'%",.)* 8%+%* (&&-2* ',2'-2* 7* ('8(A%+* %*
ƌĞĂůŝnjĂƌĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚŵŝŶĞƌĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂů͘
C)*(B("#-@*)-*2(*8$(/(*:%&-+,A%+*&-2*+("$+2-2*
2,)-* <%2#%* /(28$K2* /(* %&3$)%2* ,):(+2,-)(2*
()* (&* /(2"$4+,',()#-* /(* )$(:%* ,)B-+'%",.)*
2-4+(* (2#-2@* %$);$(* #-/-2* 2(8%)* /-)/(* 2(*
ĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĞŶ͘ hŶĂ ƉĂƌĐĞůĂ ĚĞ ƚĞƌƌĞŶŽ ďĂůĚşŽ͕
ƉŽƌĞũĞŵƉůŽ͕ƉƵĞĚĞƐĞƌŝŶƷƟůŚĂƐƚĂƋƵĞĂůŐƵŝĞŶ
ŝŶǀŝĞƌƚĞ ĞŶ ĚĞƐĐƵďƌŝƌ Ɛŝ ƉƵĞĚĞ ƐĞƌ ƵƟůŝnjĂĚŽ
-* #+%)2B-+'%/-* 8%+%* &%* %3+,"$&#$+%* -* (&*
ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽƵƌďĂŶŽ͘K͕ƋƵŝnjĄƐ͕ƵŶƌşŽŶŽĞƐŵĄƐ
;$(*$)%*"-++,()#(*/(*%3$%*<%2#%*;$(*%&3$,()*
,):,(+#(* ()* /(2"$4+,+* ".'-* (&* %3$%* 8$(/(*
2(+* &&(:%/%* %* $)* &$3%+* /-)/(* &%* )("(2,#()@* 2,*
ůĂĐŽƌƌŝĞŶƚĞĞƐƐƵĮĐŝĞŶƚĞƉĂƌĂĞƐƚĂďůĞĐĞƌƵŶĂ
,)/$2#+,%*-*2,@*%/('?2@*2(*8$(/(*"-)2#+$,+*$)%*
ƌĞƉƌĞƐĂ͘/ŶĐůƵƐŽƵŶĂnjŽŶĂůůĞŶĂĚĞŽƌŽŶŽĞƐ
+(%&'()#(* :%&,-2%* <%2#%* ;$(* %&3$,()* ,):,(+#(*
()* 8+-/$",+* ,)B-+'%",.)* 2-4+(* &%* "%&,/%/* 7*
ĐĂŶƟĚĂĚĚĞůŵŝŶĞƌĂůŽƐŽďƌĞůĂƉŽƐŝďŝůŝĚĂĚĚĞ
ƚĞŶĞƌ ƵŶ ƉƌŽLJĞĐƚŽ ĚĞ ĞdžƉůŽƚĂĐŝſŶ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ ĞŶ
&%*A-)%5*0(+-@*2,)*$)%*+(3&%*;$(*+("-'8()2(*
ĞƐĞ ƟƉŽ ĚĞ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝſŶ͕ ůŽƐ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ
8+-/$",+* ,)B-+'%",.)* 2-4+(* (&* :%&-+* +(%&* /(*
ůŽƐ ƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐ ƐŽŶ ŵşŶŝŵŽƐ͘ ͎WŽƌ ƋƵĠ ĂůŐƵŝĞŶ
ŝŶǀĞƌƟƌşĂ ĞŶ ŽďƚĞŶĞƌ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ ǀĂůŝŽƐĂ
2-4+(* %&31)* +("$+2-* )%#$+%&* 2,* )-* +(",4,+?*
ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽĂůŐƵŶŽ͍
0-+* #%)#-@* &%* '(=-+* '%)(+%* /(* %2,3)%+*
ŝŶŝĐŝĂůŵĞŶƚĞ ůŽƐ ƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐ ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞƐ ;ĞŶ
ƉĂşƐĞƐ ĞŶ ǀşĂƐ ĚĞ ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽͿ ĞƐ ůŝŵŝƚĂŶĚŽ ůĂ
/,2"+(",-)%&,/%/* /(&*C2#%/-* /(*%2,3)%+&-25* I%*
,/(%*/(*;$(*(&*C2#%/-*/(4(*2(+*(&*2-4(+%)-*/(*
ůŽƐƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞƐ͕ŶŽƟĞŶĞƐĞŶƟĚŽ͘
C&* 0(+1* <%* 2$B+,/-* '$"<-2* /(* &-2* 8+-4&('%2*
ƋƵĞ ŚĞ ĚĞƐĐƌŝƚŽ ĚĞƐĚĞ ůĂƌŐŽ ƟĞŵƉŽ ĂƚƌĄƐ͘ Ɛ
8-+*(2#-*;$(*&%*&,',#%",.)*%*&%*/,2"+(",-)%&,/%/*
/(&*C2#%/-*%&*'-'()#-*/(*%2,3)%+*&-2*+("$+2-2*
$QWRQLRGHO%XVWR'XWKXUEXUXHGSS
200

ŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞƐ ĞƐ ƵŶ ƚĞŵĂ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞ ĞŶ Ğů ƉĂşƐ
ĚĞƐĚĞ ůŽƐ ĂŹŽƐ ŶŽǀĞŶƚĂ͘ DƵĐŚĂƐ ƌĞĨŽƌŵĂƐ
ůĞŐĂůĞƐ LJ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀĂƐ ĨƵĞƌŽŶ ƉƵĞƐƚĂƐ ĞŶ
ŵĂƌĐŚĂ LJ ĞƐŽ ƉĞƌŵŝƟſ ƵŶ ŝŵƉƌĞƐŝŽŶĂŶƚĞ
/(2%++-&&-* /(&* 2("#-+* ',)(+-5* * !"#$%&'()#(@*
"%/%* 8(+2-)%* ;$(* "$'8&%* "-)* &-2* +(;$,2,#-2*
8$(/(* 2-&,",#%+* $)%* "-)"(2,.)* ',)(+%* 7*
ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƌ ĞŶ ůŽƐ ƉƌŽĐĞƐŽƐ ƉƷďůŝĐŽƐ ĚĞ
%/=$/,"%",.)*8%+%*;$(*2(*&(*%2,3)()*&-2*+("$+2-2*
;ƐŝŶĞŵďĂƌŐŽ͕ĞůƐƚĂĚŽƐŝŐƵĞƚĞŶŝĞŶĚŽŵƵĐŚĂ
/,2"+(",-)%&,/%/* %&* 2(&("",-)%+* ;$,()* 8$(/(*
ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƌĞŶƚĂůĞƐƉƌŽĐĞƐŽĚĞĂĚũƵĚŝĐĂĐŝſŶͿ͘
C&* 2,2#('%* %"#$%&@* ()* :,3-+* /(2/(* &-2*
%>-2* )-:()#%@* +("-)-"(* ;$(* (&* C2#%/-* )-*
ƟĞŶĞ ůŽƐ ŵĞũŽƌĞƐ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ĂƐŝŐŶĂƌ
/,2"+(",-)%&'()#(* &-2* ',)(+%&(25* C2* 8-+* (2-*
;$(*2(*&,',#%*&%*/,2"+(",-)%&,/%/*/(&*3-4,(+)-*()*
/,B(+()#(2*B-+'%25*C&*2,2#('%*;$(*8+-8-)('-2*
(2*$)%*'(=-+%*()*&%*',2'%*/,+("",.)5*0+,'(+-@*
8-+;$(*%$)*"$%)/-*&-2*8+-"(2-2*/(*%2,3)%",.)*
/(* +("$+2-2* )-* 2-)* :,2#-2* "-'-* "-++$8#-2* -*
ĞdžƚƌĞŵĂĚĂŵĞŶƚĞ ŝŶĞĮĐŝĞŶƚĞƐ͕ ĞƐƚŽ ƉƵĞĚĞ
ĐĂŵďŝĂƌĐŽŶĞůƉƌſdžŝŵŽŐŽďŝĞƌŶŽ͘hŶĂŶƵĞǀĂ
4$+-"+%",%* ,)"-'8(#()#(* 7* "-++$8#%* (2* #-/-*
&-* ;$(* 2(* )("(2,#%* 8%+%* /(2#+$,+* &-2* %:%)"(2*
ĚĞůŽƐĂŹŽƐĂŶƚĞƌŝŽƌĞƐ͘ĞŚĞĐŚŽ͕ƵŶĂŵŝƌĂĚĂ
ƌĄƉŝĚĂĂůŽƐĚŝĨĞƌĞŶƚĞƐƉƌŽĐĞƐŽƐďƵƌŽĐƌĄƟĐŽƐŽ
B+%$/$&()#-2*/(*&%*%2,3)%",.)*/(*-#+-2*+("$+2-2*
ĐŽŵŽĞůƉĞƚƌſůĞŽ͕ůŽƐďŽƐƋƵĞƐŽƟĞƌƌĂƐ͕ŵƵĞƐƚƌĂ
ƋƵĞ ůĂ ƌĞĐŝĞŶƚĞ ƌĞƉƵƚĂĐŝſŶ ƐĂƟƐĨĂĐƚŽƌŝĂ ĚĞ ůĂ
ŵŝŶĞƌşĂ ĞƐ ƵŶĂ ĞdžĐĞƉĐŝſŶ ĞŶ Ğů WĞƌƷ͘ ŽŶ Ğů
ĮŶĚĞŐĂƌĂŶƟnjĂƌƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂLJĞĮĐŝĞŶĐŝĂĞŶ
&%*#+%)2B(+()",%*/(*&-2*7%",',()#-2*',)(+-@*2(*
ĚĞďĞƌşĂ ƉŽŶĞƌ ĞŶ ŵĂƌĐŚĂ ƵŶ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ĚŽŶĚĞ
2.&-* %3()#(2* 8+,:%/-2* (2#K)* ,):-&$"+%/-2* ()*
ůĂĂƐŝŐŶĂĐŝſŶĚĞůŽƐƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐ͘^ŝŶĨƵŶĐŝŽŶĂƌŝŽƐ
814&,"-2* "-'-* ,)#(+'(/,%+,-2@* <%4+?* '()-2*
ĐŽƐƚŽƐ ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟǀŽƐ͕ ŶŝŶŐƵŶĂ ƉŽƐŝďŝůŝĚĂĚ
ĚĞ ĐŽƌƌƵƉĐŝſŶ LJ ŵĞũŽƌĞƐ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ƵŶĂ
+?8,/%* %2,3)%",.)* /(* +("$+2-2* )%#$+%&(25* 0-+*
ŽƚƌŽ ůĂĚŽ͕ ĐŽŵŽ ůŽ ĞdžƉůŝĐĂƌĠ ĞŶ Ğů ƐŝŐƵŝĞŶƚĞ
8$)#-@* (&* 2,2#('%* ;$(* 8+-8-)3-* +(/$"(* &-2*
"-2#-2* /(* &&(3%+* %* $)* %"$(+/-* 8%+%* (&* $2-* /(*
ůĂ ƟĞƌƌĂ͕ ƉŽƌ ůŽ ƋƵĞ ĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂ ůĂ ĞdžƉůŽƌĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ
ŶƵĞǀŽƐ LJĂĐŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƐ ŵŝŶĞƌŽƐ͕ ĂƐş ĐŽŵŽ ůŽƐ
ƉƌŽĐĞƐŽƐĚĞĞdžƚƌĂĐĐŝſŶ͘
͘ >ŽƐĐŽƐƚŽƐĚĞƚƌĂŶƐĂĐĐŝſŶĚĞůĂŵŝŶĞƌşĂ
!/('?2* /(* -4#()(+* &%* "-)"(2,.)* ',)(+%*
ƉŽƌƉĂƌƚĞĚĞůƐƚĂĚŽ͕ůĂƐĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ
ƟĞŶĞŶ ƋƵĞ ŶĞŐŽĐŝĂƌ ĐŽŶ ůŽƐ ƉƌŽƉŝĞƚĂƌŝŽƐ ĚĞ
ůĂƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ ƉĂƌĂ ƉŽĚĞƌ ĞdžƚƌĂĞƌ ůŽƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐ

'HIHQVRUtDGHO3XHEOR³/RV&RQÀLFWRVVRFLRDPELHQWDOHVSRUDFWLYLGDGHVH[WUDFWLYDVHQHO3HU~´$EULOGH
7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS
;$(* 2(* ()"$()#+%)* /(4%=-* /(* (2#%25* C2%2* THEMIS 61
Revista de Derecho
ƟĞƌƌĂƐ ƉƵĞĚĞ ƋƵĞ ƐĞĂ ůŽ ƷŶŝĐŽ ƋƵĞ ůŽƐ
ƉŽďůĂĚŽƌĞƐ ƟĞŶĞŶ͘ WŽƌ ƚĂů ƌĂnjſŶ͕ ŶŽ ůĂƐ
:()/(+?)* ),* %4%)/-)%+?)* /(* '%)(+%* #%)*
ĨĄĐŝů͘ WŽƌ ŽƚƌĂ ƉĂƌƚĞ͕ ůĂƐ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ
7%* &(* 8%3%)* %&* C2#%/-* 8-+* &%* "-)"(2,.)* /(*
ůŽƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐ͕ ƉŽƌ ůŽ ƋƵĞ ŶŽ ƟĞŶĞ ƐĞŶƟĚŽ
ƋƵĞ͕ ĂĚĞŵĄƐ͕ ƉĂŐƵĞŶ ƵŶĂ ŝŶŵĞŶƐĂ ĐĂŶƟĚĂĚ
ĚĞ ĚŝŶĞƌŽ ƉŽƌ ůĂ ƟĞƌƌĂ͘ Ŷ ĂůŐƵŶŽƐ ĐĂƐŽƐ͕
ƐŽďƌĞ ƚŽĚŽ͕ ĐƵĂŶĚŽ ƐĞ ƚƌĂƚĂ ĚĞ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ
',)(+%2* ,'8-+#%)#(2@* (2#%2* &(* -B+("()* %* &%*
ƉŽďůĂĐŝſŶ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐ ĐŽŵŽ ůĂ ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐĐŝſŶ
/(* "-&(3,-2@* "%++(#(+%2@* ,'8&('()#%",.)* /(*
2(+:,",-2* 814&,"-2* 7* "+(%",.)* /(* 8$(2#-2* /(*
#+%4%=-5* 0(+-* &-2* 8-4&%/-+(2* 2,()#()* ;$(* &%2*
ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐŵŝŶĞƌĂƐLJĞůƐƚĂĚŽĞƐƚĄŶƚŽŵĂĚŽ
&%* 8%+#(* '?2* 3+%)/(* 7* ;$(* 2(* ()B+()#%)* %*
+,(23-2* (:()#$%&(2* /(* "-)#%',)%",.)5* C&&-2*
ŶŽƋƵŝĞƌĞŶĐĂƌŝĚĂĚ͘^ŝĞŶƚĞŶƋƵĞĂůƐĞƌĚƵĞŹŽƐ
ĚĞ ůĂƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ ĚĞďĞŶ ƌĞĐŝďŝƌ Ğů ǀĂůŽƌ ƚŽƚĂů ĚĞ
ůĂƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ LJ ůŽƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐ͘ EŽ ĞŶƟĞŶĚĞŶ
ĐſŵŽĞůŐŽďŝĞƌŶŽ;ƋƵĞŶŽŚĂĞƐƚĂĚŽƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞ
8%+%* /(B()/(+&-2* /(* &-2* /(&,)"$()#(2* -* 8%+%*
4+,)/%+&(2* 2(+:,",-2* 814&,"-2* -* (/$"%",.)*
ďĄƐŝĐĂͿ ƵŶ ̺à ĚĞĐŝĚĞ ǀĞŶĚĞƌ ůŽ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ
ĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂ ĚĞďĂũŽ ĚĞ ƐƵƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ Ă ƵŶĂ
ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂ ƋƵĞ͕ ŵƵĐŚŽƐ ĚĞ ĞůůŽƐ͕ ƉŝĞŶƐĂŶ
ƋƵĞ ĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƌĄ Ğů ĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞ͘ EŽ ĞƐ ĚŝİĐŝů
"-'8+()/(+* 2$* %* :("(2* :,-&()#%* -8-2,",.)* %*
&-2*8+-7("#-2*',)(+-25*
DĄƐĂƵŶ͕ŶŽĞƐĚŝİĐŝůĐŽŵƉƌĞŶĚĞƌĞůƐĞŶƟŵŝĞŶƚŽ
ĚĞ ĞdžĐůƵƐŝſŶ ĚĞ ĚŝĐŚĂƐ ĐŽŵƵŶŝĚĂĚĞƐ ƋƵĞ ŶŽ
Enrique Pasquel Rodríguez
ƐſůŽ ƐŽŶ ĚĞƐƉůĂnjĂĚĂƐ ƐŝŶŽ ƋƵĞ ĂŚŽƌĂ ƟĞŶĞŶ
;$(* :,:,+* %&* "-2#%/-* /(* $)* "%'8%'()#-*
',)(+-* /-)/(* (&* '-/-* /(* :,/%* (2* '$7*
/,B(+()#(5* I-2* "%'8%'()#-2* ',)(+-2* (2#?)*
,'8&('()#%/-2*"-)*%3$%*8-#%4&(@*(&("#+,",/%/@*
#(&("-'$),"%",-)(2* 7* 2(+:,",-2* /(* 2%&$/5* I-2*
ĞŵƉůĞĂĚŽƐ ŵĂŶĞũĂŶ ǀĞŚşĐƵůŽƐ ĚĞƉŽƌƟǀŽƐ
ĚĞ ƵƟůŝĚĂĚ ĂůƌĞĚĞĚŽƌ ĚĞů ƉƵĞďůŽ͕ ĚŽŶĚĞ ůĂƐ
ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂƐ Ŷŝ ƐŝƋƵŝĞƌĂ ƟĞŶĞŶ ƵŶ ĂƵƚŽ͘  ǀĞĐĞƐ͕
ĐŽŶƚƌĂƚĂŶ Ă ƉŽůŝĐşĂƐ ůŽĐĂůĞƐ ƉĂƌĂ ĐƵŝĚĂƌ Ğů
ĐĂŵƉĂŵĞŶƚŽ ŵŝŶĞƌŽ ĞŶ ƐƵƐ ĚşĂƐ ůŝďƌĞƐ͕
ƉŽůŝĐşĂƐƋƵĞůŽƐƉŽďůĂĚŽƌĞƐůŽĐĂůĞƐŶŽƐŝĞŶƚĞŶ
ƋƵĞĞƐƚĄŶĂŚşƉĂƌĂƉƌŽƚĞŐĞƌůŽƐ5*Q-*2(*8$(/(*
ĐƵůƉĂƌ Ă ůĂ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ ĚĞ ĚĂƌůĞƐ Ă ƐƵƐ
('8&(%/-2* "-)/,",-)(2* /(* #+%4%=-* /("()#(25*
WĞƌŽ͕ůĂƉŽďůĂĐŝſŶůŽĐĂůƐĞƐŝĞŶƚĞĞdžĐůƵŝĚĂ͘
&ŝŶĂůŵĞŶƚĞ͕ ĂůŐƵŶĂƐ ĐŽŵƵŶŝĚĂĚĞƐ ƐĂďĞŶ
ƋƵĞ Ɛŝ ŵĂŶƟĞŶĞŶ ůĂƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ ƉĂƌĂ Ɛş ŵŝƐŵĂƐ
ƚĞŶĚƌĄŶůĂŽƉŽƌƚƵŶŝĚĂĚ͕ĂůŵĞŶŽƐ͕ĚĞĞdžƉůŽƚĂƌ
&-2*7%",',()#-2*',)(+-2*/(*'%)(+%*,)B-+'%&5
201
 (175(0$1*26<2525()250$1'2(/6,67(0$'(3523,('$''(/260,1(5$/(6
THEMIS 61 WŽƌ ŽƚƌŽ ůĂĚŽ͕ ůĂƐ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ ĐƌĞĞŶ
Revista de Derecho
ƋƵĞ LJĂ ĞƐƚĄŶ ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵLJĞŶĚŽ ůŽ ƐƵĮĐŝĞŶƚĞ͘ >Ă
ŵĂLJŽƌşĂĚĞůĂƐĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐŵŝŶĞƌĂƐĞŶĞůWĞƌƷ
%/',),2#+%)*8+-3+%'%2*/(*/(2%++-&&-*2-",%&*()*
&%2*A-)%2*/-)/(*-8(+%)5*0-+*(=('8&-@*8+-:(()*
2(+:,",-2* /(* (/$"%",.)@* ,)B+%(2#+$"#$+%@*
2(+:,",-2* 814&,"-2@* 8+-3+%'%2* /(* 8+(:()",.)*
/(* /+-3%2@* %2,2#()",%* #K"),"%* 8%+%* &-2*
ĞŵƉƌĞƐĂƌŝŽƐ ůŽĐĂůĞƐ͕ ĞŶƚƌĞ ŽƚƌŽƐ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐ͕
"-'-* &%* "-'8+%* /(* 8+-/$"#-2* &-"%&(2* %*
8+(",-2*8-+*()",'%*/(&*'(+"%/-5*0+-:(()*/(*
2(+:,",-2* (2()",%&(2* ;$(@* ,)"&$2-@* (&* 8+-8,-*
C2#%/-*)-*"$'8&(*"-)*()#+(3%+5*0-+*-#+%*8%+#(@*
&-2*#+%4%=-2*',)(+-2*<%"()*"+("(+*(&*),:(&*/(*
ǀŝĚĂ ĚĞ ůĂ ŐĞŶƚĞ ĞŵƉůĞĂĚĂ ƉŽƌ ůĂ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂ͘
I-2*,)3+(2-2*/(*$)*-8(+%/-+*/(*',)%*2-)*/,(A*
:("(2*'%7-+(2*%*&-2*/(*$)*"%'8(2,)-*()*&-2*
!)/(25*!/('?2*/(*#-/-2*&-2*8+-3+%'%2*/(*
ĚĞƐĂƌƌŽůůŽ ƐŽĐŝĂů ƋƵĞ ƌĞĂůŝnjĂŶ ůĂƐ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ
',)(+%2@* 8%3%)* ,'8$(2#-2* 4%2#%)#(* %&#-2* %&*
ƐƚĂĚŽ͘ ĚŝĐŝŽŶĂůŵĞŶƚĞ͕ ƟĞŶĞŶ ƋƵĞ ƉĂŐĂƌůĞ
%&*C2#%/-*8(+$%)-*8-+*&%*"-)"(2,.)*',)(+%5
>ĂƐ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ ƐŝĞŶƚĞŶ ƋƵĞ ƉĂŐĂŶ
/('%2,%/-5*I-2*8-4&%/-+(2*&-"%&(2*2,()#()*;$(*
+(",4()* '$7* 8-"-5* C&* 2,2#('%* /(* 8+-8,(/%/*
',)(+%*%$'()#%*&-2*"-2#-2*/(*#+%)2%"",.)*8%+%*
ůůĞŐĂƌ Ă ƵŶ ĂĐƵĞƌĚŽ ƉĂƌĂ ůĂ ĞdžƚƌĂĐĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůŽƐ
',)(+%&(2* /(4,/-* %* &%* %2,3)%",.)* ,),",%&* /(* &-2*
/(+("<-25* C2%* %2,3)%",.)* <%"(* %* &%2* ('8+(2%2*
',)(+%2* 8%3%+* '$"<-* 8-+* &-2* ',)(+%&(2*
',()#+%2* &%2* "-'$),/%/(2* +(",4()* '$7* 8-"-*
LJ ƐĞ ůĞƐ ŚĂĐĞ ƉĞƌĚĞƌ ƐƵƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ͕ ůĂ ƷŶŝĐĂ ĐŽƐĂ
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƋƵĞƟĞŶĞŶ͘
͎YƵĠƉĂƐĂƌşĂƐŝůĂůĞLJƐĞŹĂůĂƌĂƋƵĞůŽƐĚƵĞŹŽƐ
ĚĞ ůĂ ƐƵƉĞƌĮĐŝĞ ƐŽŶ ĚƵĞŹŽƐ͕ ƚĂŵďŝĠŶ͕ ĚĞ
&-2* ',)(+%&(2* /(&* 2$42$(&-R* C)* (2(* "%2-@* &%2*
ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ ƚĞŶĚƌşĂŶ ƋƵĞ ƉĂŐĂƌůĞƐ Ă
ůŽƐƉŽďůĂĚŽƌĞƐůŽĐĂůĞƐ;LJŶŽĂůƐƚĂĚŽͿƉŽƌĞů
ŽƌŽ͕LJŶŽƐſůŽƉŽƌůĂƐƟĞƌƌĂƐ͘ŶŽƚƌĂƐƉĂůĂďƌĂƐ͕
ƐĞ ǀŽůǀĞƌşĂŶ ŵŝůůŽŶĂƌŝŽƐ͘ zĂ ŶŽ ƚĞŶĚƌşĂŶ ƋƵĞ
ƚƌĂďĂũĂƌ ĐŽŵŽ ĐĂŵƉĞƐŝŶŽƐ͕ ƉŽĚƌşĂŶ ĚĂƌůĞƐ Ă
2$2*<,=-2*$)%*(/$"%",.)*/("()#(@*"$,/%+*/(*2$*
2%&$/*7*/%+&(2*$)%*4$()%*)$#+,",.)@*2(+:,",-2*
"-)* &-* ;$(* 8-+* %<-+%* 2-&-* 8$(/()* 2->%+5*
dĞŶĚƌşĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞƐŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐƉĂƌĂǀĞŶĚĞƌ
ƐƵƐƟĞƌƌĂƐĂůĂƐĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ͘
V)%* +%A.)* ,'8-+#%)#(* 8-+* &%* ;$(* &%2*
"-'$),/%/(2* %)/,)%2* 2(* -8-)()* %* &-2*
8+-7("#-2* ',)(+-2* (2* 8-+* ;$(* (2#-2* )-*

Banco Mundial. “Republic of Peru Wealth and Sustainability: The Environmental and Social Dimensions of the
0LQLQJ6HFWRULQ3HUX´5(3257(3(0$<2

'HIHQVRUtDGHO3XHEOR³8QLGDGGH&RQÀLFWRV6RFLDOHV´5HSRUWH
202
ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂŶ ƵŶ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽ͕ ĚĞďŝĚŽ Ă ƵŶ
ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ũƵƌşĚŝĐŽ ŝŶĂĚĞĐƵĂĚŽ͘ WĞƌĚĞƌşĂŶ ƐƵƐ
ƟĞƌƌĂƐĂĐĂŵďŝŽĚĞƵŶƉŽĐŽĚĞĐĂƌŝĚĂĚ͘ƐƉŽƌ
(2#-* ;$(* &-2* "-2#-2* /(* #+%)2%"",.)* ;$(* "+(%*
(&*2,2#('%*,'8,/(*&%*+(%&,A%",.)*/(*/,B(+()#(2*
8+-7("#-2*',)(+-25
^ŝŶĞŵďĂƌŐŽ͕ĞƐĐŝĞƌƚŽƋƵĞ͕ĂǀĞĐĞƐ͕ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ
)-*8%3%)*#%2%2*%&#%2*8%+%*-4#()(+*&%*"-)"(2,.)5*
I-2*3+%)/(2*8%3-2*2-)*(&*,'8$(2#-*%*&%*+()#%*7*%&*
:%&-+*%3+(3%/-5*C)#-)"(2@*8%+%*)-*,'8-)(+*$)*
ĐŽƐƚŽĂĚŝĐŝŽŶĂůĂůĂĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚŵŝŶĞƌĂ͕ƐŝŶƵĞƐƚƌŽ
ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƉƌŽƉƵĞƐƚŽƐĞĂĚŽƉƚĂƌĂƐĞƌşĂŶĞĐĞƐĂƌŝŽ
ƉĞƌŵŝƟƌĂůĂƐĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ͕ƉŽƌĞũĞŵƉůŽ͕
&%* +(/$"",.)* /(* 2$* ,'8$(2#-* %* &%* +()#%* 7* /(&*
ĐŽƐƚŽĚĞĐŽŵƉƌĂĚĞůŽƐŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐLJĚĞůĂƟĞƌƌĂ͘
V)*8-2,4&(*%+3$'()#-*()*"-)#+%*/(&*2,2#('%*
ƋƵĞƉƌŽƉŽŶŐŽĞƐƋƵĞůĂƐĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ
8$(/()* '%),8$&%+* %* &-2* 8-4&%/-+(2* /(* &-2*
ĂŶĚĞƐ ƉĂƌĂ ĂƐş ƉĂŐĂƌůĞƐ ƉŽƌ ƐƵƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ ƵŶ
8+(",-* ,)B(+,-+* %&* /(&* 8+(",-* /(&* '(+"%/-5*
^ŝŶ ĞŵďĂƌŐŽ͕ ĂƵŶƋƵĞ ĞƐ ĐŝĞƌƚŽ ƋƵĞ ŵƵĐŚŽƐ
"%'8(2,)-2* 2-)* %)%&B%4(#-2@* (&&-2* 2%4()*
'(=-+* ;$(* "$%&;$,(+* -#+%* 8(+2-)%* (&* :%&-+*
ĚĞ ƐƵ ƟĞƌƌĂ͘ ^ŝ ƉƵĚŝĞƌĂŶ ƐĞƌ ƚĂŶ ĨĄĐŝůŵĞŶƚĞ
ĞŶŐĂŹĂĚŽƐ͕ĞƐƚĂƌşĂŶ͕ĂĐƚƵĂůŵĞŶƚĞ͕ǀĞŶĚŝĞŶĚŽ
ƐƵƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ Ă ůĂƐ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ ƋƵĞ ƋƵŝĞƌĞŶ
ĞdžƚƌĂĞƌ ůŽƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂŶ ĞŶ
Ğů ƐƵďƐƵĞůŽ͕ ƉĞƌŽ ŶŽ ůŽ ĞƐƚĄŶ ŚĂĐŝĞŶĚŽ͘ Ğ
ŚĞĐŚŽ͕ ĞŶĨƌĞŶƚĂŶ Ă ůĂƐ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ Ă
ŶĞŐŽĐŝĂĐŝŽŶĞƐďĂƐƚĂŶƚĞĚŝİĐŝůĞƐƉĂƌĂĞŶƚƌĂƌĂ
ƐƵƐƉƌŽƉŝĞĚĂĚĞƐ͘WŽƌŽƚƌŽůĂĚŽ͕ƐŝĞdžŝƐƚĞĂůŐƷŶ
ƉƌŽďůĞŵĂĚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ͕ůĂƐŽůƵĐŝſŶĚĞďĞƌşĂ
2(+* /%+&(* &%* ,)B-+'%",.)* %* &%* 8-4&%",.)@* )-*
8+-<,4,+*&%*#+%)2%"",.)5*
͘ ŽŶŇŝĐƚŽƐƐŽĐŝĂůĞƐ
>ĂĞĨĞŶƐŽƌşĂĚĞůWƵĞďůŽĞŵŝƚĞƉĞƌŝſĚŝĐĂŵĞŶƚĞ
ƵŶ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĞ ƐŽďƌĞ ůŽƐ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽƐ ƐŽĐŝĂůĞƐ ŵĄƐ
ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞƐĞŶĞůƉĂşƐ͘ĞĂĐƵĞƌĚŽĐŽŶĚŝĐŚŽ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĞ Ğů ϰϵй ĚĞ ůŽƐ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽƐ ƐŽĐŝĂůĞƐ Ă
ũƵůŝŽ ĚĞů ϮϬϬϴ ĞƐƚĂďĂŶ ƌĞůĂĐŝŽŶĂĚŽƐ ĐŽŶ
ƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƐ ƐŽĐŝŽͲĂŵďŝĞŶƚĂůĞƐ͘ ů ϴϮй ĚĞ
ĚŝĐŚŽƐ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽƐ ƚĞŶşĂ ƌĞůĂĐŝſŶ ĐŽŶ ůĂ
ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ͕ LJ ůĂ ŵĂLJŽƌşĂ ĚĞ ůƵŐĂƌĞƐ
ĚŽŶĚĞĞƐƚŽƐĞĚĂďĂĞƌĂĞŶƐŝƟŽƐŵƵLJƉŽďƌĞƐ͕
8(;$(>%2*"-'$),/%/(2*+$+%&(2*;$(*:,:()*2,)*
%""(2-*%*&-2*2(+:,",-2*814&,"-2*-*"-)*),:(&(2*
ĐƌşƟĐŽƐ ĚĞ ĂŶĂůĨĂďĞƟƐŵŽ LJ ŵŽƌƚĂůŝĚĂĚ
ŝŶĨĂŶƟů5

DƵĐŚŽƐ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽƐ ŝŶǀŽůƵĐƌĂŶ Ă
8-4&%/-+(2* ;$(* 4&-;$(%)* "%++(#(+%2* -*
#-'%)* &%2* ',)%2* 8-+* &%2* B$(+A%* 8%+%* 8%+%+*
ƐƵƐ ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚĞƐ͘ Ŷ ŵƵĐŚŽƐ ĐĂƐŽƐ͕ ĐƵĂŶĚŽ
&%2* -8(+%",-)(2* ',)(+%2* ),* 2,;$,(+%* <%)*
('8(A%/-@* &-2* 8-4&%/-+(2* -+3%),A%)*
8+-#(2#%2* /('%)/%)/-* &%* 8+-<,4,",.)* /(* &%*
ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ ĞŶ Ğů ĄƌĞĂ͘ ƐƚŽƐ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽƐ
2-)*%&,'()#%/-2*8-+*$)*2,2#('%*&(3%&*;$(*&(*
8(+',#(*%&*C2#%/-*:()/(+*&-2*',)(+%&(2*;$(*2(*
ĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂŶĞŶĞůƐƵďƐƵĞůŽĚĞůĂƟĞƌƌĂĚĞƵŶ
8+,:%/-5
hŶ ĞũĞŵƉůŽ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀŽ ĚĞ ƵŶ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽ
',)(+-* (2* (&* /(* W%'4-3+%)/(@* "-'()#%/-*
ĂůŝŶŝĐŝŽĚĞĞƐƚĞĂƌơĐƵůŽ͘hŶƉƵĞďůŽůůĞŶŽĚĞ
%3+,"$&#-+(2* '$7* 8-4+(2* ;$(* 2(* /(/,"%4%)*
Ăů ĐƵůƟǀŽ ĚĞ ŵĂŶŐŽƐ LJ ůŝŵŽŶĞƐ ƐŽďƌĞ Ğů
7%",',()#-* '?2* 3+%)/(* /(* &%* +(3,.)* /(* -+-@*
A,)"*7*"-4+(5
>Ă ůƵĐŚĂ ƉŽƌ ůĂ ĞdžƚƌĂĐĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐ
/(2()"%/().* &%* /(2#+$"",.)* /(* &%* 8+-8,(/%/*
8+,:%/%@* /,2#$+4,-2* 7* $)* %2(2,)%#-5* I-2*
',)(+%&(2* %1)* 7%"()* /(4%=-* /(* &-2* "%'8-2*
/(*'%)3-5*C2#-2*)-*2-)*$2%/-2*8%+%*'(=-+%+*
&%* "%&,/%/* /(* :,/%* /(* &-2* 8-4&%/-+(2* ),* 8%+%*
ƉĞƌŵŝƟƌ ƋƵĞ ůĂƐ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ LJ Ğů
C2#%/-* -4#()3%)* ,)3+(2-25* I-2* 1),"-2* ;$(*
ŽďƟĞŶĞŶ ĐŝĞƌƚĂƐ ŐĂŶĂŶĐŝĂƐ ƐŽŶ ůŽƐ ŵŝŶĞƌŽƐ
,)B-+'%&(2@* ;$,()(2* "-)#%',)%)* 3+%:('()#(*
ĞůĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞLJƵƟůŝnjĂŶŵĂŶŽĚĞŽďƌĂŝŶĨĂŶƟů͘
C:,/()#('()#(@*&%*8-4&%",.)*/(*W%'4-3+%)/(*
ƟĞŶĞ ŵƵLJ ƉŽĐŽƐ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ƉĞƌŵŝƟƌ ůĂ
ĞdžƚƌĂĐĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐ ĞŶ ƐƵƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ͘
ůůŽƐ ƌĞĐŝďŝƌşĂŶ ƚĂŶ ƐſůŽ ƵŶĂ ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂĐŝſŶ
ƉŽƌĞůƵƐŽĚĞƐƵƐƟĞƌƌĂƐ;LJĞůǀĂůŽƌĚĞůĂƟĞƌƌĂ
(2*"%2,*)%/%@*7%*;$(*2(*()"$()#+%*8(+/,/%*()*
ŵĞĚŝŽĚĞƵŶĂŵŽŶƚĂŹĂͿ͕ŵŝĞŶƚƌĂƐƋƵĞŽƚƌĂƐ
8(+2-)%2* 2(* ;$(/%)* "-)* &-2* ',)(+%&(25* 0-+*
ŽƚƌŽ ůĂĚŽ͕ ŵƵĐŚŽƐ ƉŽďůĂĚŽƌĞƐ ƟĞŶĞŶ ŵŝĞĚŽ
%&*8(&,3+-*/(*&%*"-)#%',)%",.)5*C2*8-+*(2-*;$(*
ƉƌĞĮĞƌĞŶŵĂŶƚĞŶĞƌƐƵƐĐĂŵƉŽƐĐŽŶŵĂŐŽƐŽ
ĞdžƉůŽƚĂƌŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůŵĞŶƚĞůŽƐŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐ͘
KƚƌŽ ĞũĞŵƉůŽ ĚĞ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽ ŵŝŶĞƌŽ ĞƐ Ğů ĐĂƐŽ
ĚĞůĂĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂDĂũĂnj͕ƋƵĞƚĞŶşĂƵŶƉƌŽLJĞĐƚŽ
ŵŝŶĞƌŽ ůůĂŵĂĚŽ ZşŽ ůĂŶĐŽ ĞŶ Ğů ŶŽƌƚĞ ĚĞů
WĞƌƷ͘ƉĂƌĞŶƚĞŵĞŶƚĞ͕ĚŝĐŚŽƉƌŽLJĞĐƚŽƚĞŶşĂůĂ

Grupo de Apoyo para el Perú, la Minería y Desarrollo en el Perú, con especial referencia al proyecto Río
%ODQFR3LXUD*UXSRGH$SR\RSDUDHO3HU~0DU]RS

Ibíd. p. 18.

'HIHQVRUtDGHO3XHEOR,QIRUPH$630$0$S
7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS
ƉŽƐŝďŝůŝĚĂĚĚĞĐŽŶǀĞƌƟƌƐĞĞŶůĂƐĞŐƵŶĚĂŵŝŶĂ THEMIS 61
Revista de Derecho
ĚĞĐŽďƌĞŵĄƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞĞŶĞůƉĂşƐ͘ůƐƚĂĚŽ
ƉĞƌƵĂŶŽ ůĞ ĐŽŶĐĞĚŝſ Ă DĂũĂnj ůŽƐ ĚĞƌĞĐŚŽƐ
ƉĂƌĂ ĞdžƉůŽƚĂƌ ůŽƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐ ƐŽďƌĞ ůĂƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ
ĚĞ ůĂƐ ĐŽŵƵŶŝĚĂĚĞƐ ĚĞ zĂŶƚĂ͕ ^ĞŐƵŶĚĂ LJ
ĂũĂƐ͕ ƋƵĞ ƵƐĂďĂŶ ĞƐĂƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ ƉĂƌĂ ƉĂƐƚĞĂƌ
%),'%&(2* 7@* 2-4+(* #-/-@* "-'-* $)%* +(2(+:%*
;ƵŶĂĞƐƉĞĐŝĞĚĞ͞ĐƵĞŶƚĂĚĞĂŚŽƌƌŽƐ͟Ϳ5*
I%*"%&,/%/*/(*:,/%*()*/,"<%2*"-'$),/%/(2*(2*
4%2#%)#(* 4%=%5* C)* &%2* A-)%2* '?2* 8-4+(2@* (&*
ϴϮй ĚĞ ůĂ ƉŽďůĂĐŝſŶ ŶŽ ƟĞŶĞ ĂĐĐĞƐŽ Ă ĂŐƵĂ
ƉŽƚĂďůĞ͕ Ğů ϳϰй ŶŽ ƟĞŶĞ ĂĐĐĞƐŽ Ă ƐĞƌǀŝĐŝŽƐ
ĚĞ ƐĂŶŝĚĂĚ LJ Ğů ϵϲй ŶŽ ƟĞŶĞ ĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝĚĂĚ͘
ĚĞŵĄƐ͕ ůĂ ƚĂƐĂ ĚĞ ĂŶĂůĨĂďĞƟƐŵŽ ĨĞŵĞŶŝŶŽ
ůůĞŐĂ Ăů ϯϲй ĚĞ ůĂ ƉŽďůĂĐŝſŶ͕ LJ ĞŶ ϭϵϵϵ ůĂ
ƚĂƐĂ ĚĞ ĚĞƐŶƵƚƌŝĐŝſŶ ĂůĐĂŶnjĂďĂ Ăů ϲϬй ĚĞ ůĂ
8-4&%",.)5
ů ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽ ĐŽŵĞŶnjſ ĞŶ Ğů ϮϬϬϯ ĐƵĂŶĚŽ
ůĂƐ ĐŽŵƵŶŝĚĂĚĞƐ ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĂƌŽŶ ůĂ ůĞŐĂůŝĚĂĚ
ĚĞ ƵŶ ĂĐƵĞƌĚŽ ĮƌŵĂĚŽ ƉŽƌ ĂůŐƵŶŽƐ ĚĞ ƐƵƐ
ůşĚĞƌĞƐ͕ ƉŽƌ Ğů ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ůĞ ƉĞƌŵŝơĂ Ă DĂũĂnj
ŝŶŝĐŝĂƌůĂƐŽďƌĂƐĚĞĞdžƉůŽƌĂĐŝſŶĂĐĂŵďŝŽĚĞů
'(=-+%',()#-*/(*%&3$)%2*"%++(#(+%2*&-"%&(25
6$4-* $)%* 3+%)* "-)#+-:(+2,%* +(28("#-* /(* &-2*
ĚĞƌĞĐŚŽƐĚĞDĂũĂnjƉĂƌĂĞŶƚƌĂƌĞŶůĂƐƟĞƌƌĂƐ
/(* &%2* "-'$),/%/(25* 0(+-@* &%* "-)#+-:(+2,%*
ƐĞ ƚŽƌŶſ ƌĄƉŝĚĂŵĞŶƚĞ ĞŶ ƵŶ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽ ƐŽĐŝĂů
ŵĂLJŽƌ͘ Ŷ Ğů ϮϬϬϰ ƵŶĂ ŐƌĂŶ ĐĂŶƟĚĂĚ ĚĞ
',('4+-2* /(* &%* "-'$),/%/* '%+"<%+-)*
%&* "%'8%'()#-* ',)(+-* 7* &-* %#%"%+-)5* V)*
Enrique Pasquel Rodríguez
8-4&%/-+* '$+,.* ()* (&* ()B+()#%',()#-*
ĐŽŶ ůĂ ƉŽůŝĐşĂ͘ ĞƐƉƵĠƐ ĚĞ ƵŶ ƟĞŵƉŽ ĚĞ
"-):(+2%",-)(2*B%&&,/%2@*()*(&*GJJD@*%&+(/(/-+*
ĚĞ Ϯ ϬϬϬ Ă ϯ ϬϬϬ ƉŽďůĂĚŽƌĞƐ ŵĂƌĐŚĂƌŽŶ Ăů
ĐĂŵƉĂŵĞŶƚŽĚĞDĂũĂnj͘>ĂƉƌŽƚĞƐƚĂŽĐĂƐŝŽŶſ
&%*/(2#+$"",.)*/(*8+-8,(/%/*814&,"%*7*8+,:%/%@*
ĂƐş ĐŽŵŽ Ğů ďůŽƋƵĞŽ ĚĞ ĐĂƌƌĞƚĞƌĂƐ LJ ŽƚƌŽ
ƉŽďůĂĚŽƌ ŵƵĞƌƚŽ Ă ƌĂşnj ĚĞů ĞŶĨƌĞŶƚĂŵŝĞŶƚŽ
ĐŽŶůĂƉŽůŝĐşĂ͘>ŽƐƉŽďůĂĚŽƌĞƐůŽĐĂůĞƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵƐŽ͕
ƐĞĐƵĞƐƚƌĂƌŽŶ Ă ƚƌĞƐ ĞŵƉůĞĂĚŽƐ ĚĞ DĂũĂnj͘
6$4-*%"$2%",-)(2*/(*;$(*%&3$)-2*('8&(%/-2*
ĚĞ DĂũĂnj ĨƵĞƌŽŶ ĂŵĞŶnjĂĚŽƐ LJ ƚŽƌƚƵƌĂĚŽƐ͘
!/('?2@* %&3$)-2* 8-4&%/-+(2* ;$(* %8-7%4%)*
(&* 8+-7("#-* ',)(+-* B$(+-)* %'()%A%/-2*
8-+* &-2* -8-2,#-+(2@* ;$(* /(2#+$7(+-)* 2$2*
8+-8,(/%/(2* 7* &(2* 4&-;$(%+-)* (&* %""(2-* %&*
ĂŐƵĂ͘ DĂũĂnj ŶŽ ĞƐƚĂďĂ ůŝďƌĞ ĚĞ ĂĐƵƐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ͘
203
 (175(0$1*26<2525()250$1'2(/6,67(0$'(3523,('$''(/260,1(5$/(6

THEMIS 61 I%2* 8(+2-)%2* /(* 2(3$+,/%/* 8+-#%3-),A%+-)*
Revista de Derecho
ĞƉŝƐŽĚŝŽƐ ĚĞ ǀŝŽůĞŶĐŝĂ Ğ ŝŶƟŵŝĚĂĐŝſŶ ƐŽďƌĞ
ĂůŐƵŶŽƐƉŽďůĂĚŽƌĞƐ͕ůŽƋƵĞŽďůŝŐſĂDĂũĂnjĂ
/(28(/,+&-2*7*-B+("(+*/,2"$&8%2*814&,"%2*()*$)*
8(+,./,"-*&-"%&5
WĂƌƚĞ ĚĞ ůĂ ũƵƐƟĮĐĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůĂ ƉƌŽƚĞƐƚĂ ĨƵĞ
(&* 8(&,3+-* /(* "-)#%',)%",.)5* I%* /,B(+()",%*
"-)* (&* "%2-* /(* W%'4-3+%)/(* (2#%4%* ()* ;$(*
Ğů ƐƚƵĚŝŽ ĚĞ /ŵƉĂĐƚŽ ŵďŝĞŶƚĂů ŶŽ ĞƐƚĂďĂ
ůŝƐƚŽĞŶĞƐĞŵŽŵĞŶƚŽƉŽƌůŽƋƵĞŶŽĞdžŝƐơĂƵŶ
ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚŽ ŽĮĐŝĂů ƋƵĞ ƉƵĞĚĂ ĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƌ ƋƵĞ
(&*8+-7("#-*(+%*2(3$+-5*0(+-@*;$,A?2@*&%*'(=-+*
ŵĂŶĞƌĂĚĞĂŶĂůŝnjĂƌƐŝĞdžŝƐơĂĞǀŝĚĞŶĐŝĂĚĞƋƵĞ
ĞůƉƌŽLJĞĐƚŽŵŝŶĞƌŽƉŽĚƌşĂƌĞĂůŝnjĂƌƐĞƐŝŶĚĂŹĂƌ
(&*%'4,()#(*(+%*8+(3$)#?)/-&(2*%*&-2*;$(*2(*
ŽƉŽŶşĂŶĂůƉƌŽLJĞĐƚŽ͘
ů WĞƌƵ ^ƵƉƉŽƌƚ 'ƌŽƵƉ ĞƐ ƵŶĂ ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂĐŝſŶ
ďƌŝƚĄŶŝĐĂƐŝŶĮŶĞƐĚĞůƵĐƌŽ͕ƌĞůĂĐŝŽŶĂĚĂĂKE'͛Ɛ
ĐŽŵŽ KdžĨĂŵ ƋƵĞ ĂƉŽLJĂŶ Ă ůŽƐ ŵŽǀŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƐ
ĚĞŝnjƋƵŝĞƌĚĂLJŐƌƵƉŽƐĐŽŶƚƌĂůĂŵŝŶĞƌşĂĞŶĞů
0(+15* C2#%* -+3%),A%",.)* 8$4&,".* $)* ,)B-+'(*
ĚŽŶĚĞĐƌŝƟĐĂďĂůĂĨŽƌŵĂĐſŵŽŵĂŶĞũĂƌŽŶĞů
ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽ DĂũĂnj LJ Ğů ƐƚĂĚŽ ƉĞƌƵĂŶŽ ĚĞĐůĂƌſ
;$(* (&* 8+-7("#-* 8+(2()#%4%* 2(+,-2* +,(23-2*
%'4,()#%&(25* 0(+-@* ()* (&* ',2'-* ,)B-+'(*
ůŽƐ ĂƵƚŽƌĞƐ ĂĚŵŝƟĞƌŽŶ ƋƵĞ ͞ĞŶ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů͕ ůŽƐ
,'8%"#-2* %'4,()#%&(2* ;$(* 8$(/%* -"%2,-)%+*
&%* ',)%@* #%&* "$%&* (2#?* /,2(>%/%* %"#$%&'()#(@*
ƉŽĚƌşĂŶ ƐĞ ŵĂŶĞũĂďůĞƐ͘͟ Ğ ŚĞĐŚŽ͕ Ğů
,)B-+'(*+("-)-"(*;$(*'$"<-2*/(*&-2*#('-+(2*
2-4+(* &%* "-)#%',)%",.)* %'4,()#%&* (+%)*
8+-/$"#-* /(* &%* /(2,)B-+'%",.)5* C&* ,)B-+'(*
2(>%&.* &-* 2,3$,()#(O* LI%* 8-4&%",.)* &-"%&*
'-2#+.@* 2,('8+(@* $)%* B%&#%* /(* "-)-",',()#-*
%"(+"%* /(* &-2* 8-2,4&(2* 8+-4&('%2* "%$2%/-2*
ƉŽƌ ůĂ ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ͘ >Ă ĚĞƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ
ĞƌĂ ĂďƵŶĚĂŶƚĞ͘ DƵĐŚĂƐ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂƐ ŶŽƐ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƌŽŶƋƵĞŶƵŵĞƌŽƐŽƐƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƐŚĂďşĂŶ
ƐŝĚŽĐĂƵƐĂĚŽƐƉŽƌůĂĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚŵŝŶĞƌĂĞŶZşŽ
U&%)"-@* ;$(* ,)"&$7()O* (B("#-2* 2-4+(* &%* 2%&$/*
<$'%)%@*'$(+#(*/(*%),'%&(2*/(*"%'8-@*%3$%*
ĚĞůĂƐƵƉĞƌĮĐŝĞLJĂŐƵĂƉŽƚĂďůĞĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂĚĂ͘
ƐƚŽƐ ƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƐ ŶŽ ƉŽĚşĂŶ ƐĞƌ ƉŽƐŝďůĞƐ LJĂ
;$(*&%*',)%*%1)*)-*(2#%4%*B$)",-)%)/-N5
>Ă ŵĂLJŽƌşĂ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƉŽďůĂĚŽƌĞƐ Ŷŝ ƐŝƋƵŝĞƌĂ
2(* ,)#(+(2%4%)* ()* ,)B-+'%+2(* 2-4+(* &-2*
+,(23-2* 7* "-2#-2* +(%&(2* /(&* 8+-7("#-* ',)(+-5*
^ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞ͕ƚŽŵĂďĂŶĐƵĂůƋƵŝĞƌĞdžĐƵƐĂƉĂƌĂ
ŽƉŽŶĞƌƐĞ Ă ĠƐƚĞ LJĂ ƋƵĞ ƐĞŶơĂŶ ƋƵĞ ŝďĂŶ Ă
3%)%+* '$7* 8-"-* "-)* &%* 8$(2#%* ()* '%+"<%*
ĚĞů ƉƌŽLJĞĐƚŽ͘ ĞƐƉƵĠƐ ĚĞ ƚŽĚŽ͕ ůŽ ƷŶŝĐŽ
;$(* 8$(/()* -4#()(+* (2* "%+,/%/* 7* %7$/%* 8-+*
ƉĂƌƚĞ ĚĞ ůĂ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ ĂƐş ĐŽŵŽ ƵŶĂ
ĐŽŵƉĞŶƐĂĐŝſŶ ƉŽƌ ƵƐĂƌ ƐƵƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ͘ EŝĐĂŶŽƌ
ůǀĂƌĂĚŽ ĂƌƌĂƐĐŽ͕ Ğů ƉŽƌƚĂǀŽnj ĚĞ ĂůŐƵŶŽ ĚĞ
&-2* 3+$8-2* ;$(* 2(* -8-)()* %* &-2* 8+-7("#-2*
',)(+-2* ()* (&* )-+#(* /(&* 0(+1@* /,=-O* L2,*
ŚƵďŝĠƌĂŵŽƐ ƐĂďŝĚŽ ƋƵĞ Ğů ĐŽďƌĞ Ğdžƚƌú̎ ĚĞ
ĞƐĂƐŵŝŶĂƐŝďĂ͕ǀĞƌĚĂĚĞƌĂŵĞŶƚĞ͕ĂďĞŶĞĮĐŝĂƌ
Ă ŶƵĞƐƚƌŽ ƉĂşƐ͕ ƋƵŝnjĄƐ͕ ƵƐĂŶĚŽ ƚĞĐŶŽůŽŐşĂ
ĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĂ ƋƵĞ ŶŽ ƚĞŶŐĂ ŵĂLJŽƌ ŝŵƉĂĐƚŽ ĞŶ
(&* %'4,()#(* ),* ()* &%2* 8(+2-)%2@* <$4,K+%'-2*
ĂƉŽLJĂĚŽ Ă ůĂƐ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ͘ ƐƚŽ
ŚƵďŝĞƌĂƉĂƐĂĚŽ͕ƐŝůŽƐƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐƐĞƵƟůŝnjĂďĂŶ͕
8-+* (=('8&-@* 8%+%* 4+,)/%+&(* (&("#+,",/%/*
%* )$(2#+%2* "-'$),/%/(2@* -* 8%+%* "+(%+*
%+#(B%"#-2* "-'-@* 8-+* (=('8&-@* #$* 3+%4%/-+%5*
C2#-* <$4,(+%* "+(%/-* 8$(2#-2* /(* #+%4%=-* 7*
)$(2#+%* "%&,/%/* /(* :,/%* <$4,(+%* '(=-+%/-5*


El caso Majaz se convirtió en un enfrentamiento ideológico en los grandes medios de comunicación. Las
diferentes versiones de los acontecimientos puede verse en los siguientes documentos: La minera Majaz
GHQXQFLy DWDTXHV FRQWUD VXV R¿FLQDV \ WUDEDMDGRUHV 'LDULR (O &RPHUFLR  GH GLFLHPEUH GH  (Q
KWWSZZZHOFRPHUFLRFRPSHHGLFLRQRQOLQH+70/ODPLQHUDPDMD]GHQXQFLRDWDTXHVFRQWUD
VXVR¿FLQDV\WUDEDMDGRUHVKWPO /LEHUDQ D GRV WUDEDMDGRUHV GH OD PLQHUD 0DMD] 533 QRWLFLDV  GH
DJRVWR GH  (Q KWWSFPVUSSFRPSHSRUWDGDQDFLRQDOBSKS 2WUR WUDEDMDGRU GH PLQHUD
GHQXQFLD VHFXHVWUR 'LDULR &RUUHR  DJRVWR GH  KWWSZZZFRUUHRSHUXFRPSHOLPDBFROXPQLVWDV
SKS"LG  S  HG  'HIHQGHU VXV WLHUUDV OHV FXHVWD GHQXQFLD SHQDO 'LDULR (O 5HJLRQDO GH 3LXUD
 GH VHWLHPEUH GH  KWWSZZZHOUHJLRQDOSLXUDFRPSHDUFKLYRVQRWLFLDVBVHSWLHPEUHB
UHJLRQDOHVBKWP 4XHPDQ XQD FDPLRQHWD GH OD HPSUHVD PLQHUD 0DMD] HQ +XDQFDEDPED 'LDULR (O
&RPHULFLR  GH GLFLHPEUH GH  (Q KWWSZZZHOFRPHUFLRFRPSHHGLFLRQRQOLQH+70/
TXHPDQFDPLRQHWDHPSUHVDPLQHUDPDMD]KXDQFDEDPEDKWPO-XDQ$VWH'DIIyV/RTXHHVWiGHWUiVGH0DMD]
'LDULR/D5HS~EOLFDGHGLFLHPEUHGH(QKWWSZZZODUHSXEOLFDFRPSHLQGH[SKS"RSWLRQ FRPBFR
QWHQW WDVN YLHZ LG  ,WHPLG  IHFKDBHGLFLRQ 9pDVHHOUHSRUWHGHOD'HIHQVRUtDGHO
Pueblo y del Grupo de Apoyo para el Perú, previamente citado. Véase también, el programa de televisión “La
9HQWDQD,QGLVFUHWD´\HOSURJUDPDGHUHSRUWDMHVGHWHOHYLVLyQ³3DQRUDPD´HPLWLGRHOGHRFWXEUHGH
alegando que existía una red terrorista en contra del proyecto. Véase también, Responsabilizan a minera
Majaz por torturas contra campesinos de Ayabaca y Huancabamba. Diario El Regional de Piura. 7 de junio
GHKWWSZZZHOUHJLRQDOSLXUDFRPSHDUFKLYRQRWLFLDVBMXQLRBMXQLRBUHJLRQDOHVBKWP

Grupo de Apoyo para el Perú, la Minería y Desarrollo en el Perú, con especial referencia al proyecto Río
%ODQFR3LXUD*UXSRGH$SR\RSDUDHO3HU~0DU]RS

,EtGS
204

WĞƌŽ͕ƐŝƐĞƚƌĂƚĂĚĞĂLJƵĚĂƌĂƵŶĞdžƚƌĂŶũĞƌŽĂ
ƋƵĞƐĞŚĂŐĂƌŝĐŽŵŝĞŶƚƌĂƐŶƵĞƐƚƌĂƐƟĞƌƌĂƐƐĞ
('8-4+("()@*()#-)"(2*8+(B(+,'-2*2(3$,+*"-)*
)$(2#+%2* 8&%)#%",-)(2* /(* "%BK@* "-)* )$(2#+-2*
ƌşŽƐĚĞĂŐƵĂĚƵůĐĞ͕ŶƵĞƐƚƌŽďŽƐƋƵĞŶĞďůŝŶŽƐŽ͕
)$(2#+%2*"-+/,&&(+%2*7*)$(2#+%*"$&#$+%N5
,ĂƐƚĂĂŚŽƌĂ͕ĞůƷůƟŵŽĐĂƉşƚƵůŽĚĞůĂŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĂ
ĚĞ DĂũĂnj ĨƵĞ ƵŶ ƌĞĨĞƌĠŶĚƵŵ ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂĚŽ
ƉŽƌ ůĂƐ ĂƵƚŽƌŝĚĂĚĞƐ ůŽĐĂůĞƐ ĞŶ Ğů ĂŹŽ ϮϬϬϳ
ƉĂƌĂ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƌ Ɛŝ ůĂ ƉŽďůĂĐŝſŶ ƋƵĞƌşĂ ƋƵĞ
ůĂ ŵŝŶĂ ĚĞƚĞŶŐĂ ƐƵƐ ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚĞƐ͘ ůƌĞĚĞĚŽƌ
ĚĞůϱϬйĚĞůĂƉŽďůĂĐŝſŶĨƵĞĂǀŽƚĂƌLJĚĞĐŝĚŝſ
;$(* 2(* /(#()3%* (&* 8+-7("#-5* C&* 3-4,(+)-*
"()#+%&* %"$2.* %* &%2* %$#-+,/%/(2* &-"%&(2* /(*
'%),8$&%+* &%* -8,),.)* 814&,"%* 7* &%* %$#-+,/%/*
(&("#-+%&* &-2* %"$2.* /(* "-'(#(+* /(&,#-2@* 8$(2*
ŶŽƚĞŶşĂŶŶŝŶŐƵŶĂĂƵƚŽƌŝnjĂĐŝſŶƉĂƌĂŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƌ
ĞƐĞ ƟƉŽ ĚĞ ƌĞĨĞƌĠŶĚƵŵ͘ DĂũĂnj ĂƷŶ ƐŝŐƵĞ
ƚĞƌŵŝŶĂŶĚŽĞůƐƚƵĚŝŽĚĞ/ŵƉĂĐƚŽŵďŝĞŶƚĂů͕
ĞƐƉĞƌĂŶĚŽ ƋƵĞ ĞdžŝƐƚĂ ĂůŐƷŶ ĐĂŵŝŶŽ ĚĞ
ĞŵƉĞnjĂƌĞůƉƌŽLJĞĐƚŽŵŝŶĞƌŽ͘DŝĞŶƚƌĂƐƚĂŶƚŽ͕
ůŽƐ ƉŽďůĂĚŽƌĞƐ ĚĞ zĂŶƚĂ LJ ^ĞŐƵŶĚĂ LJ ĂũĂƐ
ĐŽŶƟŶƷĂŶĞŶƚƌĞůŽƐƉĞƌƵĂŶŽƐŵĄƐƉŽďƌĞƐ5
ů ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ƋƵĞ ƉƌŽƉŽŶŐŽ ĐƌĞĂƌşĂ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ
ƉĂƌĂ ƌĞĚƵĐŝƌ ůŽƐ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽƐ ƐŽĐŝĂůĞƐ͘ WŽƌ
ƵŶĂ ƉĂƌƚĞ͕ ůŽƐ ƉŽďůĂĚŽƌĞƐ ůŽĐĂůĞƐ ƚĞŶĚƌşĂŶ
ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ƉĞƌŵŝƟƌ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ĚĞŶ ůĂƐ
ŽƉĞƌĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ ƉŽƌƋƵĞ ŽďƚĞŶĚƌşĂŶ
ŵƵĐŚŽƐ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐ͘ ƐŽ ƌĞĚƵĐŝƌşĂ ůĂƐ
%'()%A%2@* /,2#$+4,-2* 7* %#%;$(2* "-)#+%* &%*
8+-8,(/%/* 814&,"%* 7* 8+,:%/%5* 0-+* -#+%* 8%+#(@*
',()#+%2* '?2* %4,(+#-2* %&* /,?&-3-* 7* %* &%2*
)(3-",%",-)(2* (2#K)* &-2* 8-4&%/-+(2@* &%2*
ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ ƚĞŶĚƌĄŶ ŵĞŶŽƐ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ĚĞ
ƵƟůŝnjĂƌƚĄĐƟĐĂƐǀŝŽůĞŶƚĂƐ͘
^ŝŶ ĞŵďĂƌŐŽ͕ ĂůŐƵŶĂƐ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂƐ ƐĞŹĂůĂŶ ƋƵĞ
ůĂƐƌĂşĐĞƐĚĞĞƐƚŽƐĐŽŶŇŝĐƚŽƐƐŽŶůĂŝŐŶŽƌĂŶĐŝĂ
LJůŽƐƉƌĞũƵŝĐŝŽƐ͘ůĐĂƐŽĚĞDĂũĂnjĞƐƵŶďƵĞŶ
(=('8&-*8%+%*/('-2#+%+*&%*/(2,)B-+'%",.)*/(*
&-2* 8-4&%/-+(2* &-"%&(2* 2-4+(* &-2* :(+/%/(+-2*
8(&,3+-2* /(* &%* "-)#%',)%",.)* %'4,()#%&@* -*
ƋƵĞ͕ƐŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞ͕ƐĞŽƉŽŶĞŶĂĐƵĂůƋƵŝĞƌƟƉŽ
ĚĞŵŝŶĞƌşĂ͘ƐƚĞƚĂŵďŝĠŶĨƵĞĞůĐĂƐŽĚĞĐĞƌƌŽ
YƵŝůŝƐŚ ĚŽŶĚĞ ůĂ ĞŵƉƌĞƐĂ zĂŶĂĐŽĐŚĂ ƋƵĞƌşĂ

(QWUHYLVWDD1LFDQRU$OYDUDGR&DUUDVFR(QKWWSZZZLQG\PHGLDEHHQQRGH

³5HYROWLQWKH$QGHV´(Q7KH(FRQRPLVWGHVHWLHPEUHGH9ROXPHQ7HPDS

³'($/7+$86-DLPH³/D5HYROXFLyQ&DSLWDOLVWDHQHO3HU~´)RQGRGH&XOWXUD(FRQyPLFDS

Anthony Downs utiliza esta explicación económica para describer la conducta de los votantes desinformados.
'2:16$QWKRQ\³$Q(FRQRPLF7KHRU\RI'HPRFUDF\´$GGLVRQ:HVOH\

CAPLAN, Bryan. “The Myth of the Rational Voter. Why Democracies Choose Bad Policies”. Princeton
University Press. 2007.
7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS
ĞdžƉĂŶĚŝƌƐƵƐĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚĞƐŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ͘>ŽƐƉƵĞďůŽƐ THEMIS 61
Revista de Derecho
:(",)-2* -+3%),A%+-)* $)%* '%+"<%* ,)'()2%*
8%+%* /(#()(+* (&* 8+-7("#-@* %$)* "$%)/-* $)*
ƐƚƵĚŝŽĚĞ/ŵƉĂĐƚŽŵďŝĞŶƚĂůĞƐƚĂďůĞĐşĂƋƵĞ
ŶŽ ŚĂďşĂ ƌŝĞƐŐŽ ĂůŐƵŶŽ ĚĞ ĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂĐŝſŶ LJ
ĐƵĂŶĚŽ zĂŶĂĐŽĐŚĂ ŽĨƌĞĐŝſ ƌĞĂůŝnjĂƌ ŶƵĞǀŽƐ
(2#$/,-25*I%*8-4&%",.)*&-"%&*2(*-8$2-*%*%)%&,A%+*
ĐƵĂůƋƵŝĞƌ ƟƉŽ ĚĞ ĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚŽ Ž ƉƌŽƉƵĞƐƚĂ͘
>Ă ĐŽŶƐĞĐƵĞŶĐŝĂ ĨƵĞ ƋƵĞ zĂŶĂĐŽĐŚĂ ;ƵŶĂ ĚĞ
ůĂƐ ĐŝŶĐŽ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ ƉĞƌƵĂŶĂƐ ŵĄƐ
ŐƌĂŶĚĞƐͿ ƉĂƐſ ĚĞ ƉƌŽĚƵĐŝƌ ƚƌĞƐ ŵŝůůŽŶĞƐ ĚĞ
ŽŶnjĂƐĂůĂŹŽĂůĂŵŝƚĂĚĚĞĞƐĂĐĂŶƟĚĂĚ5
ů ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ƋƵĞ ƉƌŽƉŽŶŐŽ ƐĞƌşĂ ďĂƐƚĂŶƚĞ
ƷƟů ƉĂƌĂ ĐƌĞĂƌ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ůŝĚŝĂƌ ĐŽŶ ůĂ
,3)-+%)",%*7*"-)*&-2*8+(=$,",-25*I%*,3)-+%)",%*
(2*$)*B().'()-*("-).',"-5*I%*3()#(*/(",/(*
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƌƐĞƐŝůŽƐďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐĚĞůĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ
2-)*2$8(+,-+(2*%*&-2*"-2#-2*/(*-4#()(+&%5*C2*
8-+*(2#-*;$(*#-/%2*&%2*8(+2-)%2*2-)*,3)-+%)#(2*
+(28("#-* %* %&3$)-2* #('%2* 7* (/$"%/%2*
+(28("#-*%*-#+-25*I-2*8-4&%/-+(2*%)/,)-2*)-*
ĞƐƉĞƌĂŶŽďƚĞŶĞƌďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂďůĞƐĚĞ
ůĂŝŶǀĞƌƐŝſŶŵŝŶĞƌĂ;ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůŵĞŶƚĞĚĞƐĚĞƵŶ
ƉƵŶƚŽ ĚĞ ǀŝƐƚĂ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůͿ͕ ƉŽƌ ůŽ ƋƵĞ ƟĞŶĞŶ
ŵƵLJ ƉŽĐŽƐ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƌƐĞ ĚĞ
ŵĂŶĞƌĂ ĂĚĞĐƵĂĚĂ͕ ĂĐĞƌĐĂ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐ
7*&-2*"-2#-2*;$(*,'8&,"%*$)*8+-7("#-*',)(+-5*
0(+-@* 2,* B$(+%)* /$(>-2* /(* &-2* ',)(+%&(2* /(&*
ƐƵďƐƵĞůŽ͕ ƚĞŶĚƌşĂŶ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞƐ
ƉĂƌĂŽďƚĞŶĞƌŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ͕ƉƵĞƐůŽƐďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐ
/(*:()/(+&-2*2-)*3,3%)#(2"-25
Enrique Pasquel Rodríguez
C&* 8+(=$,",-* (2* $)* #('%* '?2* "-'8&,"%/-* 7%*
;$(* ,'8&,"%* )-* 2.&-* &%* B%&#%* /(* ,)B-+'%",.)*
ƐŝŶŽ ƵŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂŵŝĞŶƚŽ ŝƌƌĂĐŝŽŶĂů͘ ĞƐƉƵĠƐ
/(* #-/-@* $)* 8+(=$,",-* (2* $)%* -8,),.)*
8+("-)"(4,/%* )-* 4%2%/%* ()* &%* +%A.)* -* ()* &%*
ĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐŝĂ ĂĐƚƵĂů͘ ^ŝŶ ĞŵďĂƌŐŽ͕ ĞdžŝƐƚĞ ƵŶĂ
ĞdžƉůŝĐĂĐŝſŶ ĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐĂ ƉĂƌĂ ĞƐƚĞ ƟƉŽ ĚĞ
ĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂŵŝĞŶƚŽƐŝƌƌĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ͘ƌLJĂŶĂƉůĂŶ͕
ƉŽƌ ĞũĞŵƉůŽ͕ ƐŽƐƟĞŶĞ ƋƵĞ ĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂƌƐĞ
/(* '%)(+%* ,++%",-)%&* (2* $)%* /(",2,.)*
+%",-)%&ϲϳ5* I-2* %"#-2* ,++%",-)%&(2* "-'-* &-2*
ƉƌĞũƵŝĐŝŽƐ ŝŵƉůŝĐĂŶ ĐŽƐƚŽƐ LJ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐ
ƋƵĞ͕ ĞǀŝĚĞŶƚĞŵĞŶƚĞ͕ ǀĂƌşĂ ĚĞ ĂĐƵĞƌĚŽ Ă ůĂ
ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂ͘ ů ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽ ƐĞƌşĂ Ğů ƐĞŶƟŵŝĞŶƚŽ
205
 (175(0$1*26<2525()250$1'2(/6,67(0$'(3523,('$''(/260,1(5$/(6
THEMIS 61 /(* 2(+* %"(8#%/-* 8-+* -#+%2* 8(+2-)%2* ;$(*
Revista de Derecho "-'8%+#()* (&* ',2'-* 8+(=$,",-@* (:,#%)/-* &%*
ĚĞƐĂŐƌĂĚĂďůĞ ƉƌĞƐŝſŶ ƐŽĐŝĂů ĚĞ ĐƵĞƐƟŽŶĂƌ
ůĂƐ ĐƌĞĞŶĐŝĂƐ ŵĂLJŽƌŝƚĂƌŝĂƐ͕ ƐĞŶƟƌƐĞ ƐƵƉĞƌŝŽƌ
%*-#+%2*8(+2-)%2@*-*)-*,)"$++,+*()*(&*(2B$(+A-*
/(*,)B-+'%+2(*%*$)-*',2'-*7*()*&%*:(+3\()A%*
/(* %"(8#%+* ;$(* $)-* (2#$:-* (;$,:-"%/-*
ĚƵƌĂŶƚĞŵƵĐŚŽƟĞŵƉŽ͘ůĐŽƐƚŽĞƐĞůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů
-* 4,()(2#%+* 82,"-&.3,"-* /(* 8(+/(+2(* 8-+*
(2#%+* %"#$%)/-* /(* '%)(+%* 8+(=$,",-2%5* 0-+*
ĞũĞŵƉůŽ͕ Ɛŝ ƵŶŽ ƟĞŶĞ Ğů ƉƌĞũƵŝĐŝŽ ĚĞ ƋƵĞ ůŽƐ
ĞdžƚƌĂŶũĞƌŽƐ ƐŽŶ ĚĞƐŚŽŶĞƐƚŽƐ LJ ƉĞƌĞnjŽƐŽƐ͕
ƵŶŽ͕ ƉƌŽďĂďůĞŵĞŶƚĞ͕ ƉŝĞƌĚĂ Ğů ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽ ĚĞ
<%"(+* )(3-",-2* "-)* (&&-2* -* /(* "-)#+%#%+&-2*
"-'-* #+%4%=%/-+(25* C)* )$(2#+-* (=('8&-@* 2,*
ƵŶŽ ƟĞŶĞ ŵƵĐŚĂƐ ŽƉŽƌƚƵŶŝĚĂĚĞƐ ĚĞ ŚĂĐĞƌ
)(3-",-2* -* "-)#+%#%+* %* $)* "-))%",-)%&@* &-2*
"-2#-2* /(* '%)#()(+* (&* 8+(=$,",-* 2-)* 4%=-25*
WĞƌŽ͕ Ɛŝ ůŽƐ ĞdžƚƌĂŶũĞƌŽƐ ƐŽŶ ƵŶ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞ
3+$8-* ()* (&* '(+"%/-@* 2(* #()/+?)* '%7-+(2*
ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ƐƵƉĞƌĂƌ ƵŶ ĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂŵŝĞŶƚŽ
ŝƌƌĂĐŝŽŶĂů͘ƐƉŽƌĞƐŽƋƵĞůĂƐƉĞƌƐŽŶĂƐƟĞŶĚĞŶ
ĂƐƵƉĞƌĂƌƐƵƐƉƌĞũƵŝĐŝŽƐ;ƐƵĐŽŵƉŽƌƚĂŵŝĞŶƚŽ
ŝƌƌĂĐŝŽŶĂůͿĐƵĂŶĚŽůŽƐďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĞƐ
2-)*'%7-+(2*;$(*&-2*"-2#-25
DƵĐŚŽƐ ƉŽďůĂĚŽƌĞƐ ĂŶĚŝŶŽƐ ƟĞŶĞŶ Ğů
ƉƌĞũƵŝĐŝŽĚĞƋƵĞůĂƐĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐŵŝŶĞƌĂƐƐŽŶ͕
ŶĞĐĞƐĂƌŝĂŵĞŶƚĞ͕ ĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂŶƚĞƐ͘ ĂĚŽ ƋƵĞ
ŚŽLJ ĞŶ ĚşĂ͕ ĞůůŽƐ ĞƐƉĞƌĂŶ ŽďƚĞŶĞƌ ƉŽĐŽƐ
ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐ Ăů ĂĐĞƉƚĂƌ ůĂ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝſŶ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ
ĞŶ ƐƵƐ ĐŽŵƵŶŝĚĂĚĞƐ͕ ƟĞŶĞŶ ŵƵLJ ƉŽĐŽƐ
ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ĚĞũĂƌ ĂƚƌĄƐ ƐƵƐ ƉƌĞũƵŝĐŝŽƐ͘
^ŝ Ğů ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ƋƵĞ ƉƌŽƉŽŶĞŵŽƐ ƐĞ ƉƵƐŝĞƌĂ
ĞŶ ŵĂƌĐŚĂ͕ ůŽƐ ƉŽďůĂĚŽƌĞƐ ƉŽĚƌşĂŶ ŽďƚĞŶĞƌ
ŐƌĂŶĚĞƐ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐ Ɛŝ ĞůůŽƐ ŶĞŐŽĐŝĂƌĂŶ ĐŽŶ
ůĂƐ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ͕ ƉŽƌ ůŽ ƋƵĞ ƚĞŶĚƌşĂŶ
ǀĂƌŝŽƐŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐƉĂƌĂƐƵƉĞƌĂƌƐƵƐƉƌĞũƵŝĐŝŽƐ͘
C2* ",(+#-@* 8-+* -#+-* &%/-@* ;$(* #-/-2* (2#-2*
%+3$'()#-2*<%"()*)("(2%+,%*&%*"+(%",.)*/(*$)*
ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƉĂƌĂĂƐĞŐƵƌĂƌďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞƐ
%* &%2* "-'$),/%/(2* ;$(* 2(* ()"$()#+()* "(+"%*
ĚĞLJĂĐŝŵŝĞŶƚŽƐŵŝŶĞƌŽƐ͕ƉĞƌŽƋƵĞŶŽƟĞŶĞŶ
ƟĞƌƌĂƐ ƐŽďƌĞ ĞƐƚŽƐ͘ ƐƚĂƐ ĐŽŵƵŶŝĚĂĚĞƐ ŶŽ
2-)* &%2* 8+-8,(#%+,%2* /(* &-2* ',)(+%&(2@* 8-+*
ƚĂŶƚŽ͕ ŶŽ ŽďƚĞŶĚƌĄŶ ƵŶ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽ ĚŝƌĞĐƚŽ ĚĞ
ůĂ ŽƉĞƌĂĐŝſŶ ĐŽŶ ůĂ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ͘ ^ŝŶ
('4%+3-@* 2(* 8$(/()* :(+* 8-#()",%&'()#(*
%B("#%/%2* 8-+* &%* "-)#%',)%",.)* 8-+* &-* ;$(*
ƟĞŶĞŶƌĂnjŽŶĞƐƉĂƌĂŽƉŽŶĞƌƐĞĂůŽƐƉƌŽLJĞĐƚŽƐ
',)(+-2@* /(2,)B-+'%/-2* 7* "-)* 8+(=$,",-25* C2*
8-+*(2#-*;$(*(2*,'8-+#%)#(*;$(*-4#()3%)*$)*
ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽ ĚŝƌĞĐƚŽ ĚĞ ůĂ ŽƉĞƌĂĐŝſŶ͘ YƵŝnjĄƐ͕ Ğů
,'8$(2#-* %8&,"%/-* %* &%* :()#%* /(* ',)(+%&(2*
8-+* &-2* 8+-8,(#%+,-2* 7* "$%&;$,(+* -#+%* #%+,B%*
ĂďŽŶĂĚĂ ƉĂƌĂ Ğů ŝŶŝĐŝŽ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚĞƐ
206
ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐƐĞƉŽĚƌşĂƵƟůŝnjĂƌƉĂƌĂĚĂƌůĞĂƚŽĚŽƐ
&-2* 8-4&%/-+(2* &-"%&(2* $)* "<(;$(5* W%'4,K)@*
$)%* 8%+#(* /(* &-2* -#+-2* ,'8$(2#-2* 8%3%/-2*
ƉŽƌ ůĂ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ ƵŶĂ ǀĞnj ƋƵĞ ŚĂŶ
ŝŶŝĐŝĂĚŽƐƵƐĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚĞƐƉƵĞĚĞƐĞƌƵƐĂĚĂƉĂƌĂ
ƌĞĂůŝnjĂƌ ƵŶĂ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƟǀĂ ƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂ ĚĞ
/,)(+-@*/(*'%)(+%*/,+("#%@*%*&-2*8-4&%/-+(25*
Ğ ĞƐƚĂ ŵĂŶĞƌĂ͕ ůĂƐ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂƐ ŵĄƐ ĂĨĞĐƚĂĚĂƐ
ƉŽƌůĂĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚŵŝŶĞƌĂƐĞŶƟƌĄŶƵŶďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽ
ŝŶŵĞĚŝĂƚŽĂƌĂşnjĚĞůĂŝŶǀĞƌƐŝſŶŵŝŶĞƌĂ͘
džŝƐƚĞ͕ ĂƐŝŵŝƐŵŽ͕ ƵŶĂ ƌĞĨŽƌŵĂ ŵĄƐ ƋƵĞ
/(4(* 2(+* 8$(2#%* ()* '%+"<%* 8%+%* <%"(+*
ƋƵĞ Ğů ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ĨƵŶĐŝŽŶĞ͗ ƉĞƌŵŝƟƌ Ă ůĂƐ
"-'$),/%/(2*%)/,)%2*8%2%+*/(*$)*2,2#('%*/(*
8+-8,(/%/* "-'$)%&* %* $)* 2,2#('%* ,)/,:,/$%&*
ĚĞƉƌŽƉŝĞĚĂĚ͕ƐŝĞůůŽƐůŽĚĞƐĞĂŶ͘,ŽLJĞŶĚşĂ͕
ůĂ ůĞLJ ŚĂĐĞ ďĂƐƚĂŶƚĞ ĚŝİĐŝů ƋƵĞ Ğů ƚƌĂƐƉĂƐŽ
/(&*8+,'(+-*%&*2(3$)/-*2(*"-)"+(#(5*!&3$)%2*
"-'$),/%/(2* 8$(/()* ()"-)#+%+* :()#%=%2*
+,3,K)/-2(* 4%=-* $)%* &(7* "-'$)%&@* 8(+-* -#+%2*
ƉƌĞĮĞƌĞŶ ĚĞƌĞĐŚŽƐ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝnjĂĚŽƐ͘ &ĂĐŝůŝƚĂƌ
(&*8%2(*%*$)*2,2#('%*/(*8+-8,(/%/*,)/,:,/$%&*
ƉƵĞĚĞƐĞƌďĂƐƚĂŶƚĞƷƟůƉĂƌĂĐƌĞĂƌŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ
ƉĂƌĂŶĞŐŽĐŝĂƌůĂǀĞŶƚĂĚĞůĂƐƟĞƌƌĂƐLJĚĞůŽƐ
',)(+%&(25
ůůŽ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĂƌşĂ͕ ƉŽƌ ĞũĞŵƉůŽ͕ Ă ůĂƐ
"-'$),/%/(2* %* +(28(#%+* &-2* %"$(+/-2*
ĮƌŵĂĚŽƐ ĞŶƚƌĞ ƐƵƐ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂŶƚĞƐ LJ ůĂ
ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂŵŝŶĞƌĂ͘ŵĞŶƵĚŽ͕ůŽƐƉŽďůĂĚŽƌĞƐ
)-* (2#?)* "-'8&(#%'()#(* ,)B-+'%/-2* %"(+"%*
ĚĞ ůŽ ƋƵĞ ƐƵƐ ůşĚĞƌĞƐ ƌĞĂůŵĞŶƚĞ ŚĂĐĞŶ͕ LJ
"$%)/-* /(2"$4+()* /(* ;$K* 2(* #+%#%@* %* :("(2@*
ŶŽƌĞƐƉĞƚĂŶůŽƐĐŽŶƚƌĂƚŽƐĐŽŶůŽƐĞdžƚƌĂŶũĞƌŽƐ͘
ƐƚŽƐƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƐƐĞƉƵĞĚĞŶĞdžƉůŝĐĂƌ;ĂůŵĞŶŽƐ
ĞŶ ƉĂƌƚĞͿ ƉŽƌ ůŽƐ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƋƵĞ Ğů ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ
"-'$)%&* /(* 8+-8,(/%/* "+(%5* !* '()$/-@*
ĚŝĐŚŽ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ƉƵĞĚĞ ƐĞƌ ĞĮĐĂnj ƉĂƌĂ ůŝĚŝĂƌ
ĐŽŶůŽƐƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƐĚĞůĚşĂĂĚşĂĚĞŶƚƌŽĚĞůĂ
"-'$),/%/@*/-)/(*&%2*#+%/,",-)(2*&-"%&(2*7*&%2*
"-2#$'4+(2* %)"(2#+%&(2* 8(+',#()* %&* 2,2#('%*
#+%4%=%+5*0(+-@*&%2*#+%/,",-)(2*7*&%2*"-2#$'4+(2*
ŶŽ ƐŽŶ ƐŝĞŵƉƌĞ ƷƟůĞƐ ĞŶ ƵŶ ĞƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽ
#-#%&'()#(*/,B(+()#(@*"-'-*&%*)(3-",%",.)*"-)*
ƵŶĂŐƌĂŶĞŵƉƌĞƐĂŵŝŶĞƌĂƋƵĞƋƵŝĞƌĞƵƟůŝnjĂƌ
ůĂƐƟĞƌƌĂƐĚĞůĂĐŽŵƵŶŝĚĂĚ͘ŶĞƐĂƐŝƚƵĂĐŝſŶ͕
ĞŶůĂƋƵĞŶŽŚĂLJƉƌĄĐƟĐĂƐůŽĐĂůĞƐƉĂƌĂĂƉŽLJĂƌ
ůĂ ĂĐĐŝſŶ ĐŽůĞĐƟǀĂ͕ ůŽƐ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉƵĞĚĞŶ
ĐĂŵďŝĂƌ ĚƌĄƐƟĐĂŵĞŶƚĞ͘ >ŽƐ ůşĚĞƌĞƐ ĚĞ ůĂ
"-'$),/%/*/(4()*#-'%+*/(",2,-)(2*+(28("#-*
ĂƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƐƋƵĞŶƵŶĐĂĂŶƚĞƐŚĂďşĂŶƚĞŶŝĚŽ͘
>ŽƐƉŽďůĂĚŽƌĞƐƟĞŶĞŶŵƵLJƉŽĐĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ
ƐŽďƌĞůŽƐƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƐLJůĂƐĂĐĐŝŽŶĞƐĚĞƐƵůşĚĞƌ
()B+()#%)* %&#-2* "-2#-2* 8%+%* "-)#+-&%+* 2$2*
ĂĐĐŝŽŶĞƐ͘ ƋƵş ĞdžŝƐƚĞ ƵŶ ƉƌŽďůĞŵĂ ĚĞ 4,00@
,(10,͘ >ŽƐ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐ ƋƵĞ ŽďƚĞŶŐĂ Ğů ůşĚĞƌ

ƐĞƌĄŶƉĂƌĂƚŽĚĂůĂĐŽŵƵŶŝĚĂĚ͘ĂĚĂƉŽďůĂĚŽƌ
()B+()#%* &%* /(",2,.)* /(* %2$',+* &-2* "-2#-2* /(*
,)B-+'%+2(* %"(+"%* /(* (2#%* )$(:%* 2,#$%",.)*
LJ ĚĞ ůĂ ĂĐƚƵĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ƐƵƐ ůşĚĞƌĞƐ͕ Ž ĞƐƉĞƌĂƌ
<%2#%* ;$(* %&3$,()* '?2* %2$'%* &-2* "-2#-2* /(*
-4#()(+* &%* ,)B-+'%",.)* 8-+* (&&-25* C)#-)"(2@*
ĐĂĚĂ ƉŽďůĂĚŽƌ ƟĞŶĞ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ĞƐƉĞƌĂƌ
<%2#%* ;$(* %&3$,()* %2$'%* (&* "-2#-* 8%+%* ;$(*
2(* &(* 8$(/%* "-)2,/(+%+* $)* 4,00@,(10,* 8-+* 2$*
(2B$(+A-5*0-+*-#+%*8%+#(@*"-'-*&%2*/(",2,-)(2*
ƐŽŶ ƚŽŵĂĚĂƐ ĐŽůĞĐƟǀĂŵĞŶƚĞ͕ ŝŶǀĞƌƟƌ ĞŶ
ŽďƚĞŶĞƌŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶŶŽũƵƐƟĮĐĂůŽƐĐŽƐƚŽƐ͕LJĂ
;$(*(&*2,'8&(*:-#-*/(*$)%*8(+2-)%*,)B-+'%/%*
)-* 8$(/(* "%'4,%+* &-2* +(2$&#%/-25* 0-+* #%)#-@*
ĐĂĚĂ ƉŽďůĂĚŽƌ͕ ƟĞŶĞ ƉŽĐŽƐ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ
-4#()(+* ,)B-+'%",.)5* C2#%* (2@* 2,'8&('()#(@*
-#+%* %8&,"%",.)* /(&* '-/(&-* /(* &%* ,3)-+%)",%*
+%",-)%&*/(2"+,#-*%)#(25
ŽŶ ůĂ ƉƌŽƉŝĞĚĂĚ ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů͕ ĐĂĚĂ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂ
ĂƐƵŵĞ ƚŽĚŽƐ ůŽƐ ŐĂƐƚŽƐ LJ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐ ĚĞ
ƚŽŵĂƌĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶĞƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĚĂƐ͘WŽƌĞƐŽ͕ƟĞŶĞŶ
ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƌƐĞ LJ ƚŽŵĂƌ ďƵĞŶĂƐ
ĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶĞƐ͘ ĂĚĂ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂ ƉƵĞĚĞ ŶĞŐŽĐŝĂƌ
&-2* #K+',)-2* ;$(* '(=-+* 2(* %'-&/()* %* 2$2*
ŶĞĐĞƐŝĚĂĚĞƐƚƌĂƚĂƌĚĞŽďƚĞŶĞƌůŽƐďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐ
ƋƵĞ ǀĞĂ ĐŽŶǀĞŶŝĞŶƚĞ͘ EŽ ĞdžŝƐƚĞŶ ƐŽƌƉƌĞƐĂƐ
,)(28(+%/%2*()*&%2*;$(*2(*"(&(4+%)*"-)#+%#-2*
"-)* #K+',)-2* /(2"-)-",/-2* 8%+%* 2$2*
ƐƵƉƵĞƐƚŽƐďĞŶĞĮĐŝĂƌŝŽƐ͘
-M,, !>8A6<NB:,BNAE<9DB6<:
P#+%* &%'()#%4&(* "-)2("$()",%* /(&* +("<%A-*
ĚĞ ůĂƐ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ ĨŽƌŵĂůĞƐ ƉŽƌ
8%+#(*/(*&%2*"-'$),/%/(2*(2*;$(@*%*:("(2@*&%*
ƷŶŝĐĂ ŵĂŶĞƌĂ ĚĞ ĞdžƉůŽƚĂƌ ůŽƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐ ƐĞĂ
ĚĞ ŵĂŶĞƌĂ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂů͘ ŽŶ ĨƌĞĐƵĞŶĐŝĂ͕ ƉĂƌƚĞ
ĚĞ ůĂ ŵŝƐŵĂ ĐŽŵƵŶŝĚĂĚ ĚĞĐŝĚĞ ĞdžƉůŽƚĂƌ ůŽƐ
ŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐ ĚĞďĂũŽ ĚĞ ƐƵƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ ĐŽŵŽ ƵŶĂ
ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ ĚĞ ƐƵďƐŝƐƚĞŶĐŝĂ͘  ǀĞĐĞƐ͕ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂƐ
ƋƵĞ ŶŽ ƐŽŶ ĚĞů ůƵŐĂƌ Ž ŵĂĮĂƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ
ŝŶŐƌĞƐĂŶ Ă ůĂƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ ƉŽƌ ůĂ ĨƵĞƌnjĂ͘ Ŷ ĞƐĞ
"%2-@* &%2* "-)2("$()",%2* %'4,()#%&(2* 2-)*
ŶĞĨĂƐƚĂƐ͘ŽŵŽŵĞŶĐŝŽŶĠĂŶƚĞƐ͕ƉŽƌĞũĞŵƉůŽ͕
&-2* ',)(+%&(2* /(* W%'4-3+%)/(* %<-+%* 2-)*

9pDQVH ODV GHFODUDFLRQHV GHO PLQLVWUR GHO DPELHQWH $QWRQLR %UDFN (Q KWWSZZZODUHSXEOLFDFRPSH
FRQWHQWYLHZ 'HO PLQLVWUR GH HQHUJtD \ PLQDV -XDQ 9DOGLYLD (Q KWWSZZZODUHSXEOLFDFRPSH
FRPSRQHQWRSWLRQFRPBFRQWHQWDQWWDVNYLHZLG,WHPLG<GHOYLFHPLQLVWURGHWUDEDMR-DYLHU%DUUHGD
(QKWWSZZZPLQWUDJRESHPRVWUDUBQRWLFLDSKS"LGBDFWLYLGDGHV 

.85$0272-XDQD5³$UWLVDQDODQG,QIRUPDO0LQLQJLQ3HUX´,,(' :%&6'SS
70
,EtGSS
71
,EtG SS  9pDVH WDPELpQ 3$6&2 )217$OEHUWR ³0LQHUtD ,QIRUPDO \ 0HGLR$PELHQWH HQ HO 3HU~´
*5$'(
7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS
Ğdžƚƌú̎Ɛ ƉŽƌ ŵŝůĞƐ ĚĞ ŵŝŶĞƌŽƐ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůĞƐ THEMIS 61
Revista de Derecho
;$(*:,:()*()*(2%*A-)%5
I-2* ',)(+-2* ,)B-+'%&(2@* 8-+* &-* 3()(+%&@* )-*
ƟĞŶĞŶ ĂĐĐĞƐŽ Ă ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ Ž Ă ƚĞĐŶŽůŽŐşĂ
;$(* +(/$A"%* &%* "-)#%',)%",.)5* !/('?2@* )-*
ƟĞŶĞŶ ƉůĂŶ ĂůŐƵŶŽ ƉĂƌĂ ƌĞĚƵĐŝƌ Ğů ŝŵƉĂĐƚŽ
()*(&*2$(&-*-*&%*"-)#%',)%",.)*/(&*%3$%5*0-+*
ŽƚƌŽůĂĚŽ͕ŶŽƟĞŶĞŶĚŝŶĞƌŽƉĂƌĂĂĐĐĞĚĞƌĂƵŶ
ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵĂ ĚĞ ĐŽŶĐŝĞŶƟnjĂĐŝſŶ ĂŵďŝĞŶƚĂů Ž Ă
ƚĞĐŶŽůŽŐşĂŵŝŶĞƌĂĚĞůŝŵƉŝĞnjĂ5
!/('?2@* (&* <("<-* /(* ;$(* &%2* -8(+%",-)(2*
,)B-+'%&(2* )-* 2(%)* 2$8(+:,2%/%2* 7* )-*
"$'8&%)*"-)*&-2*+(;$,2,#-2*/(*2%),/%/@*<%"()*
ĚĞ ůĂ ŵŝŶĞƌşĂ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂů ƵŶĂ ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ ŵƵLJ
ƉĞůŝŐƌŽƐĂ͘ >ŽƐ ƚƷŶĞůĞƐ ƋƵĞ ĞdžĐĂǀĂŶ͕ Ă ǀĞĐĞƐ͕
ƐŽŶŵƵLJĞƐƚƌĞĐŚŽƐ;ĚĞĂĐƵĞƌĚŽĂ<ƵƌĂŵŽƚŽ͕
Ğů ƚĂŵĂŹŽ ĐŽŵƷŶ ĞƐ ĚĞ ϳϬ Đŵ dž ϳϬ ĐŵͿ͕ ŶŽ
ƐŝŐƵĞŶ ƵŶ ƉůĂŶ ĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂĚŽ LJ ƟĞŶĞŶ ƵŶĂ
ǀĞŶƟůĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞĮĐŝĞŶƚĞ ;ůĂƐ ĞŶĨĞƌŵĞĚĂĚĞƐ
+(28,+%#-+,%2* 2-)* "-'$)(2* ()#+(* %;$(&&-2*
ŵŝŶĞƌŽƐͿ͘ hƐƵĂůŵĞŶƚĞ͕ ůŽƐ ĞdžƉůŽƐŝǀŽƐ ƐŽŶ
$2%/-2*2,)*),)31)*()#+()%',()#-*8+(:,-*7*&%*
ŵĂLJŽƌşĂ ĚĞ ůŽƐ ŵŝŶĞƌŽƐ ŶŽ ĐƵĞŶƚĂŶ ĐŽŶ ƵŶ
(;$,8-* /(* 2(3$+,/%/5* W%'4,K)* 2(* ()B+()#%)*
%*%&#-2*+,(23-2*/(*"-)#%',)%",.)*/(*'(+"$+,-*
/$+%)#(* (&* 8+-"(2-* /(* %'%&3%'%",.)* /(&*
ŽƌŽ͘ Ğ ĂĐƵĞƌĚŽ Ă ƵŶ ĞƐƚƵĚŝŽ ƌĞĂůŝnjĂĚŽ
ĞŶ ůĂ ĐŽŵƵŶŝĚĂĚ ĚĞ ŵŝŶĞƌşĂ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂů ĚĞ
DŽůůĞŚƵĂĐĂ͕ĞůϲϮйĚĞůĂƐƉĞƌƐŽŶĂƐĂŶĂůŝnjĂĚĂƐ
ƚĞŶşĂŶ şŶĚŝĐĞƐ ĚĞ ŵĞƌĐƵƌŝŽ ƋƵĞ ĞdžĐĞĚşĂŶ ůŽƐ
ƉĞƌŵŝƟĚŽƐ70͘ z͕ ĞǀŝĚĞŶƚĞŵĞŶƚĞ͕ ůŽƐ ŵŝŶĞƌŽƐ
Enrique Pasquel Rodríguez
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůĞƐŶŽƟĞŶĞŶƐĞŐƵƌŽĚĞƐĂůƵĚ͕ůŽƋƵĞ
ƐşƉƌŽǀĞĞŶůĂƐĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐŵŝŶĞƌĂƐĨŽƌŵĂůĞƐ͘
WŽƌŽƚƌŽůĂĚŽ͕ůĂŵŝŶĞƌşĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůƟĞŶĞĞĨĞĐƚŽƐ
8(+=$/,",%&(2*2-4+(*(&*2$(&-715*I-2*'-:,',()#-2*
ĚĞ ůĂ ƟĞƌƌĂ ĚƵƌĂŶƚĞ Ğů ƉƌŽĐĞƐŽ ĚĞ ĞdžƚƌĂĐĐŝſŶ
/(&* ',)(+%&* 8$(/()* "%$2%+* 3+%:(2* /%>-2* %&*
'(/,-* %'4,()#(* /(4,/-* %* &%2* %&#(+%",-)(2*
ƚŽƉŽŐƌĄĮĐĂƐ͕ LJ ŵŝĞŶƚƌĂƐ Ğů ƐƚĂĚŽ ƉƵĞĚĞ
ĞdžŝŐŝƌůĞ Ă ƵŶĂ ĞŵƉƌĞƐĂ ĨŽƌŵĂů ƵŶ ƉůĂŶ ƉĂƌĂ
&,/,%+*"-)*(2#-2*8+-4&('%2*&$(3-*/(&*",(++(*/(*
&%* ',)%@* &-2* ',)(+-2* ,)B-+'%&(2* 2,'8&('()#(*
/(2%8%+("()*/(=%)/-*(&*8+-4&('%*2,)*+(2-&:(+5
207
 (175(0$1*26<2525()250$1'2(/6,67(0$'(3523,('$''(/260,1(5$/(6
THEMIS 61 ĚŝĐŝŽŶĂůŵĞŶƚĞ͕ ůĂ ŵŝŶĞƌşĂ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂů ĞƐ ƵŶ
Revista de Derecho
8(&,3+-*8-#()",%&*8%+%*&%2*"-++,()#(2*/(*%3$%725*
Q%/,(* 2%4(* +(%&'()#(* /-)/(* 2(* ()"$()#+%)*
&-2* ',)(+-2* ,)B-+'%&(2* 7* ".'-* /,28-)()* /(*
2$2*,)2$'-2*"-)#%',)%)#(25*0-+*&-*#%)#-@*)-*
<%7*'%)(+%*/(*2%4(+*2,*&%2*&(7(2*%'4,()#%&(2*
2(* (2#?)* "$'8&,()/-* -* 2,* &%2* "-++,()#(2* /(*
%3$%*(2#?)*2,()/-*"-)#%',)%/%25
WŽƌ ŽƚƌĂ ƉĂƌƚĞ͕ Ğů ƚƌĂďĂũŽ ŝŶĨĂŶƟů ĞƐ ŵƵLJ
ĐŽŵƷŶ ĞŶ ůĂ ŵŝŶĞƌşĂ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂů͘ ^Ğ ĞƐƟŵĂ
;$(* $)-2* DJJ@* JJJ* ),>-2* 8(+$%)-2* #+%4%=%)*
ĞŶ ůĂƐ ĚŝĨĞƌĞŶƚĞƐ ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚĞƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ͘ ůůŽƐ
ŚĂĐĞŶƉĞƌĨŽƌĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ͕ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂŶůŽƐĞdžƉůŽƐŝǀŽƐ͕
"%+3%)* &-2* ',)(+%&(2* 7* %"-'8%>%)* %* &-2*
%/$&#-2*;$(*#+%4%=%)*"-)*'(+"$+,-735*!/('?2*
ĚĞ ĞdžƉŽŶĞƌůŽƐ Ă ƐĞƌŝŽƐ ƌŝĞƐŐŽƐ͕ ůĂ ŵŝŶĞƌşĂ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂů ŵĂŶƟĞŶĞ Ă ůŽƐ ŶŝŹŽƐ ĨƵĞƌĂ ĚĞ ůŽƐ
ĐŽůĞŐŝŽƐ͘ Ŷ DĂĚƌĞ ĚĞ ŝŽƐ͕ ƉŽƌ ĞũĞŵƉůŽ͕
ĂůƌĞĚĞĚŽƌ ĚĞů ϰϬй ĚĞ ůŽƐ ĞƐƚƵĚŝĂŶƚĞƐ ƐŽŶ
#%'4,K)*#+%4%=%/-+(2*',)(+-25
>ĂŵŝŶĞƌşĂŝŶĨŽƌŵĂů͕ĂƐŝŵŝƐŵŽ͕ĞƐƵƐƵĂůŵĞŶƚĞ
ƵŶĂ ĨŽƌŵĂ ŵƵLJ ŝŶĞĮĐŝĞŶƚĞ ĚĞ ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ
ŵŝŶĞƌĂ͘ zĂ ƋƵĞ ǀĂƌŝŽƐ ŵŝŶĞƌŽƐ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůĞƐ
ƐŽŶ ŵŝŶĞƌŽƐ ĂƌƚĞƐĂŶĂůĞƐ͕ ƐƵ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ
ĞƐ ďĂƐƚĂŶƚĞ ďĂũĂ͘ ^Ğ ĞƐƟŵĂ ƋƵĞ ůĂƐ ŐƌĂŶĚĞƐ
ĞŵƉƌĞƐĂƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ ŶĞĐĞƐŝƚĂŶ ϱ͘ϱ ĚşĂƐͬ
<-'4+(* 8%+%* 8+-/$",+* $)* M,&-3+%'-* /(* -+-@*
&%2* -8(+%",-)(2* /(* &%* '(/,%)%* 7* 8(;$(>%*
ŵŝŶĞƌşĂƌĞƋƵŝĞƌĞŶĞŶƚƌĞϲϬĂϭϴϬLJůĂŵŝŶĞƌşĂ
ĂƌƚĞƐĂŶĂů ŶĞĐĞƐŝƚĂ ĂůƌĞĚĞĚŽƌ ĚĞ ϱϳϱ ĚşĂƐͬ
<-'4+(5*
ĚĞŵĄƐĚĞůĂƐŝŶĞĮĐŝĞŶĐŝĂƐĚĞďŝĚŽĂůĂĨĂůƚĂ
ĚĞĐĂƉŝƚĂů͕ƚĂŵďŝĠŶŚĂLJŝŶĞĮĐŝĞŶĐŝĂƐĚĞďŝĚŽĂ
ůĂ ĨĂůƚĂ ĚĞ ĐŽŶŽĐŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ͘ Ŷ DĂĚƌĞ ĚĞ ŝŽƐ͕
8-+*(=('8&-@*&-2*',)(+-2*,)B-+'%&(2*#+%4%=%)*
ĞŵƉşƌŝĐĂŵĞŶƚĞ ƐŝŶ ŶŝŶŐƷŶ ĐŽŶŽĐŝŵŝĞŶƚŽ
3(-&.3,"-* (&('()#%&@* 8-+* &-* ;$(* 8,(+/()*
ĚŝŶĞƌŽ LJ ƟĞŵƉŽ ĞŶ ůĂ ĞdžƚƌĂĐĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůŽƐ
',)(+%&(25
^ŝ ůŽƐ ƉƌŽƉŝĞƚĂƌŝŽƐ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ ůŽ ĨƵĞƌĂŶ
#%'4,K)* /(* &-2* ',)(+%&(2@* &-2* "-2#-2* /(*
#+%)2%"",.)* /(* &%* #+%)2B(+()",%* /(* &-2*
ĚĞƌĞĐŚŽƐĂůĂƐĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐŵŝŶĞƌĂƐƐĞƌşĂŶŵƵLJ
ďĂũŽƐ͘ DŝĞŶƚƌĂƐ ŵĄƐ ŐƌĂŶĚĞ ĞƐ ůĂ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂ͕
ŵĄƐĚŝİĐŝůĞƐƌĞĂůŝnjĂƌůĂĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚĚĞŵĂŶĞƌĂ
72
3$6&2)217$OEHUWR³0LQHUtD,QIRUPDO\0HGLR$PELHQWHHQHO3HU~´*5$'(
73
KURAMOTO, Juana R. “Artisanal and Informal Mining in Peru”. IIED & WBCSD. 2001. p. 32.

Ibíd. p. 7.

,EtGS

,EtGS
208
,)B-+'%&@* 7%* ;$(* &%2* -8(+%",-)(2* 2-)* '?2*
:,2,4&(2* 7* B?",&(2* /(* /(#("#%+5* !2,',2'-@*
ůĂƐ ŽƉĞƌĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĚĞ ůĂƐ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ
ŐƌĂŶĚĞƐ LJ ŵĞĚŝĂŶĂƐ ƐŽŶ ĮƐĐĂůŝnjĂĚĂƐ ĚĞ
"(+"%* 8-+* (&* C2#%/-@* 8-+;$(* &-2* ,'8$(2#-2*
;$(* 2(* 8%3%)* 2-)* $)%* B$()#(* ,'8-+#%)#(*
ĚĞů ƉƌĞƐƵƉƵĞƐƚŽ ƉƷďůŝĐŽ͘ ĚĞŵĄƐ͕ KE'͛Ɛ
ŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ Ğ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂĐŝŽŶĂůĞƐ͕ ĂƐş ĐŽŵŽ ůĂ
ƉƌĞŶƐĂ͕ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĞĂŶĚĞĐĞƌĐĂĂůĂƐĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ
',)(+%2*8-+*2(+*&-2*'?2*,'8-+#%)#(2*%3()#(2*
("-).',"-2*()*(&*0(+15*C2*8-+*(2-*;$(*<%"(+*
ŵŝŶĞƌşĂ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂů ĞƐ ĚŝİĐŝů ƉĂƌĂ ůĂ ŐƌĂŶĚĞ
7* '(/,%)%* ('8+(2%@* %* /,B(+()",%* /(* &-2*
',)(+-2* 8(;$(>-2* -* %+#(2%)%&(2@* 8-+;$(*
)%/,(* 2%4(* ;$,()(2* 2-)@* /.)/(* :,:()* 7* 2$2*
ŽƉĞƌĂĐŝŽŶĞƐLJĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚĞƐƐŽŶŵƵLJƉĞƋƵĞŹĂƐ
"-'-* 8%+%* &&%'%+* &%* %#()",.)* 814&,"%* 7* 8%+%*
ũƵƐƟĮĐĂƌ ůĂ ƉƌĞƐĞŶĐŝĂ ĚĞ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵŽƐ ŶŽ
3$4(+)%'()#%&(2@*/(*&%*8+()2%*-@*,)"&$2-@*/(&*
C2#%/-5
0-+* -#+-* &%/-@* &-2* 8-4&%/-+(2* /(* &-2* %)/(2*
2-)@* 8-+* &-* 3()(+%&@* 4%2#%)#(* 8-4+(2* 7*
:,:()* ()* A-)%2* '$7* %&(=%/%2* /-)/(* )-* <%7*
8+(2()",%*8-&,",%&5*C2*8-+*(2-*;$(*2(*&(2*<%"(*
ŵƵLJĚŝİĐŝůƉƌŽƚĞŐĞƌƐƵƐƟĞƌƌĂƐĚĞůĂƐŵĂĮĂƐ
ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ͘>ĂƐŐƌĂŶĚĞƐĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ͕ĞŶĐĂŵďŝŽ͕
ƟĞŶĞŶ ŵĂLJŽƌĞƐ ƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ĚĞƚĞŶĞƌ Ă
ĂƋƵĞůůŽƐƋƵĞŝŶƚĞŶƚĞŶƌĞĂůŝnjĂƌĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚĞƐĚĞ
ŵŝŶĞƌşĂ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂů ĞŶ ůĂ njŽŶĂ͘ WŽƌ ůŽ ŐĞŶĞƌĂů͕
ƟĞŶĞŶ ĨƵĞƌnjĂƐ ĚĞ ƐĞŐƵƌŝĚĂĚ ďĂƐƚĂŶƚĞ ďŝĞŶ
ĞŶƚƌĞŶĂĚĂƐ͕ ĂƐş ĐŽŵŽ ƵŶĂ ĨƵĞƌƚĞ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐŝĂ
ƐŽďƌĞ Ğů ŐŽďŝĞƌŶŽ ƉĂƌĂ ŚĂĐĞƌ ƋƵĞ ůĂ ƉŽůŝĐşĂ
8+-#(=%* &%* A-)%5* !2,',2'-@* 2$2* -8(+%",-)(2*
',)(+%2*%4%+"%)*:%2#%2*?+(%2*/(*#(++()-@*&%2*
;$(*&-2*8-4&%/-+(2*),*2,;$,(+%*8$(/()*-"$8%+@*
ĂƐşƋƵĞƐŝĂůŐƷŶŵŝŶĞƌŽŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůƋƵŝĞƌĞĞŶƚƌĂƌ
ĞŶ ůĂ njŽŶĂ ĞŶĐŽŶƚƌĂƌĄ ƋƵĞ ůĂ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂ
ŵŝŶĞƌĂĨŽƌŵĂůLJĂƐĞĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂĞdžƚƌĂLJĞŶĚŽůŽƐ
',)(+%&(25*
͘ ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂĐŝŽŶĞƐĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟǀĂƐ
C2* 8-2,4&(* %+3$'()#%+* ;$(* ()* $)* 2,2#('%*
&(3%&*/-)/(*&-2*"%'8(2,)-2*2(%)*8+-8,(#%+,-2*
/(* &-2* ',)(+%&(2* ;$(* 2(* ()"$()#+%)* 4%=-*
ƐƵƐƟĞƌƌĂƐƐĞƌşĂŝŶũƵƐƚŽ͘ĞƐƉƵĠƐĚĞƚŽĚŽ͕ůĂ
ƉƌŽƉŝĞĚĂĚĚĞůŽƐŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐ͕ĞŶůĂŵĂLJŽƌşĂĚĞ
ůŽƐĐĂƐŽƐ͕ƐĞƌşĂƵŶŐŽůƉĞĚĞƐƵĞƌƚĞĚĞĂƋƵĞůůŽƐ

;$(* )-* <%)* <("<-* )%/%* 8%+%* -4#()(+* &-2*
ƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐ͘ ͎^Ğ ŵĞƌĞĐĞŶ ĚŝĐŚĂ ŐĂŶĂŶĐŝĂ͍77*
!2$'%'-2* ;$(* )-@* 8-+* &-* ;$(* #()/+('-2*
;$(* %)%&,A%+* ;$K* 2,2#('%* (2#?* '?2* "(+"%* /(*
ĂůĐĂŶnjĂƌ ůĂ ŵĞƚĂ ĚĞ ƉĞƌŵŝƟƌ ƋƵĞ ůĂ ŵĂLJŽƌşĂ
ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƉĞƌƵĂŶŽƐ ŽďƚĞŶŐĂ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐ ĚĞ ůĂ
ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ͘ ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌŽ ƋƵĞ Ğů ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ
ƋƵĞ ƉƌŽƉŽŶŐŽ ƟĞŶĞ͕ ƚĂŵďŝĠŶ͕ ǀĞŶƚĂũĂƐ ĞŶ
(2#(* %28("#-* "-'8%+%/-* %&* %"#$%&* 2,2#('%*
(2#%#%&*/(*8+-8,(/%/*/(*&-2*',)(+%&(25
C&*2,2#('%*%"#$%&'()#(*()*:,3-+*)-*"-)#+,4$7(*
%* &%* /,2#+,4$",.)* /(* &%* +,;$(A%* 3()(+%/%* 8-+*
ůĂ ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ͕ ĐŽŵŽ ƐĞ ŚĂ ǀŝƐƚŽ ĂŶƚĞƐ
ĞŶ ĞƐƚĞ ĂƌơĐƵůŽ͘ >Ă ĨĂůƚĂ ĚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶĐŝĂ͕
ůĂ ĐŽƌƌƵƉĐŝſŶ͕ ůĂ ŝŶĞĮĐŝĞŶƚĞ ďƵƌŽĐƌĂĐŝĂ͕ ůĂ
/(2,)B-+'%",.)* 7* $)* 2,2#('%* &(3%&* ()* (&* ;$(*
&-2* B$)",-)%+,-2* 814&,"-2* )-* +,)/()* "$()#%2*
<%"(* ;$(* (&* C2#%/-* 8(+$%)-* 2(%* $)* '%&*
ĐĂŶĚŝĚĂƚŽ ƉĂƌĂ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌ ƉŽůşƟĐĂƐ ĚĞ
/,2#+,4$",.)* /(* &%* +,;$(A%* 7* 8+-3+%'%2* /(*
ĂƐŝƐƚĞŶĐŝĂ ƐŽĐŝĂů͘ džŝƐƚĞ ƵŶĂ ŐƌĂŶ ƉŽƐŝďŝůŝĚĂĚ
/(* ;$(* &%* '%7-+* 8%+#(* /(&* /,)(+-* #(+',)(*
()* $)* 8+-7("#-* /(* ,):(+2,.)* %42$+/-@* ()* (&*
4-&2,&&-*/(*$)*4$+."+%#%*"-++$8#-*-*"-)3(&%/-*
()* &%2* "$()#%2* /(&* 3-4,(+)-5* !2,',2'-@* (2#(*
2,2#('%*(&(:%*&-2*"-2#-2*/(*#+%)2%"",.)*/(*&%2*
-8(+%",-)(2*',)(+%25
ůƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƋƵĞƉƌŽƉŽŶŐŽƌĞĚƵĐŝƌşĂƚŽĚŽƐĞƐŽƐ
ĐŽƐƚŽƐĚĞƚƌĂŶƐĂĐĐŝſŶ͘ƐŽƉĞƌŵŝƟƌşĂŵĂLJŽƌĞƐ
,):(+2,-)(2*7*"+(%",.)*/(*8$(2#-2*/(*#+%4%=-@*
ƋƵĞ͕ ĞŶ ĞƐƚŽƐ ĚşĂƐ͕ ĞƐ ůĂ ŵĞũŽƌ ŵĂŶĞƌĂ ĚĞ
ƉĞƌŵŝƟƌ ƋƵĞ ůŽƐ ƉĞƌƵĂŶŽƐ ƐĞ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝĞŶ ĚĞ
ůĂ ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ͘ Ŷ Ğů ϮϬϬϰ͕ ĚĞďŝĚŽ Ă
&-2* 8$(2#-2* /(* #+%4%=-* /,+("#-2* (* ,)/,+("#-2*
ĐƌĞĂĚŽƐƉŽƌůĂƐĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ͕ϭϴϬϬϬϬϬ
ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂƐ ĚĞƉĞŶĚşĂŶ ĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐĂŵĞŶƚĞ ĚĞ
/,"<%2* ('8+(2%25* !2,',2'-@* ()* 8-"-* '?2*
ĚĞ ƵŶĂ ĚĠĐĂĚĂ ůĂƐ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ ŚĂŶ
ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵŝĚŽĐĂƐŝϯϬϬϬŬŵĚĞĐĂƌƌĞƚĞƌĂƐ͕ŵĄƐ
ĚĞ ϰϬϬ Ŭŵ ĨĞƌƌŽǀŝĂƌŝŽƐ͕ ĚŽƐ ƉƵĞƌƚŽƐ LJ ǀĂƌŝĂƐ
8&%)#%2* (&K"#+,"%25* !/('?2@* 3+%",%2* %* (2#%2*
('8+(2%2@* &-2* /,2#+,#-2* ',)(+-2* (&(:%+-)* 2$2*
ŝŶŐƌĞƐŽƐƉĞƌĐĄƉŝƚĂĞŶƵŶϯϰйLJƐƵĐŽŶƐƵŵŽ
ƉĞƌ ĐĄƉŝƚĂ ĞŶ ƵŶ ϮϮй͘ ĚŝĐŝŽŶĂůŵĞŶƚĞ͕ ůĂƐ
ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐŵŝŶĞƌĂƐƌĞĂůŝnjĂŶǀĂƌŝŽƐƉƌŽLJĞĐƚŽƐ
/(* /(2%++-&&-* 2-",%&* ()* &%2* +(3,-)(2* '?2*
77
(VWDQRHVXQDSUHJXQWDIiFLO'HKHFKRPXFKDVGHODVWHRUtDVPRUDOHVVHEDVDQHQTXHODLQWXLFLyQGH
las ventajas arbitrarias son injustas. Véase RAWLS, John. “A Theory of Justice”. Oxford University Press
':25.,15RQDOG³$0DWWHURI3ULQFLSOH´+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV':25.,15RQDOG³:KDW
LV (TXDOLW\" 3DUW  (TXDOLW\ RI 5HVRXUFHV´  3+,/  38%$))  1$*(/7KRPDV ³(TXDOLW\ DQG
3DUWLDOLW\´2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV&2+(1*HUDOG³¢3RUTXpQRHOVRFLDOLVPR"´(Q5D]RQHVSDUD
el Socialismo. Roberto Gargarella y Félix Ovejero. 2001.
78
'($/7+$86-DLPH³/D5HYROXFLyQ&DSLWDOLVWDHQHO3HU~´)RQGRGH&XOWXUD(FRQyPLFDSS
7+Ɯ0,65HYLVWDGH'HUHFKRS
8-4+(2@* ()* 2("#-+(2* "-'-* (/$"%",.)@* THEMIS 61
Revista de Derecho
)$#+,",.)@* 2(+:,",-2* 814&,"-2@* 2%&$/@* ()#+(*
ŽƚƌŽƐ͘ ƐƚĂƐ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ ĐƵďƌĞŶ ŵƵĐŚŽƐ
2(+:,",-2*;$(*(&*C2#%/-*)-*8+-8-+",-)%785
0-+*&-* #%)#-@*()*(&*0(+1@*&%* ,):(+2,.)* 8+,:%/%*
ŵŝŶĞƌĂƚƌĂĞŵƵĐŚŽƐďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐ͘ƐƚĞƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ
ĞƐƚĄƚƌĂďĂũĂŶĚŽƉĂƌĂůůĞǀĂƌůĞƐďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐĂůĂ
8-4&%",.)@* ',()#+%2* &-2* 8+-3+%'%2* (2#%#%&(2*
/(* /,2#+,4$",.)* /(* &%* +,;$(A%* B%&&%)5* C2* 8-+*
(2#-* ;$(* (&* 0(+1* )("(2,#%* $)* 2,2#('%* ;$(*
B%",&,#(*&%*,):(+2,.)*',)(+%@*$)-*"-'-*(&*;$(*
8+-8-)3-5*0$(/(*;$(*(2#(*)-*2(%*(&*2,2#('%*
;$(* %&3$)-2* /(B()2-+(2* /(* &%* /,2#+,4$",.)*
ĚĞůĂƌŝƋƵĞnjĂƟĞŶĞŶĞŶŵĞŶƚĞ͕ƉĞƌŽ͕ĞŶƚŽĚŽ
"%2-@*(2*&%*2(3$)/%*'(=-+*-8",.)*/,28-),4&(5
/ŶĐůƵƐŽ͕ ƐĞƌşĂ ŵĞũŽƌ ƉĞƌŵŝƟƌůĞƐ Ă ůŽƐ
8-4&%/-+(2* '%)#()(+* &%* 8+-8,(/%/* 2-4+(*
&-2* ',)(+%&(2* 2,* )$(2#+%* ,)#()",.)* B$(2(*
%$'()#%+* &-2* 2$42,/,-2* (2#%#%&(2* %* &H%2*
8(+2-)%2* ()* 2,#$%",.)* /(* 8-4+(A%5* 0+,'(+-@*
ůĂƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂĚĞůĂƐƟĞƌƌĂƐLJůŽƐŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐ
8$(/(*2(+*3+%:%/%*8%+%*$)%*'(=-+*/,2#+,4$",.)*
/(*&%*+,;$(A%5*0%+%*&-2*8+-"(2-2*/(*/,2#+,4$",.)*
)-* (2* )("(2%+,-* ;$(* (&* C2#%/-* %2,3)(* &-2*
ƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐ͘ ĞũĞŵŽƐ ƋƵĞ ůŽƐ ƉƌŝǀĂĚŽƐ ƐĞĂŶ ůŽƐ
ƋƵĞĂƐŝŐŶĞŶůŽƐŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐĂĮŶĚĞĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƌůĂ
,):(+2,.)*',)(+%*7*(2#%4&(A"%'-2*$)*,'8$(2#-*
ƐŽďƌĞůĂƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĞŶĐŝĂĚĞƉƌŽƉŝĞĚĂĚ͘DŝĞŶƚƌĂƐ
&-2*,'8$(2#-2*)-*2(%)*/('%2,%/-*%&#-2*"-'-*
8%+%* /(2%&()#%+* &%* :()#%* /(* &-2* ',)(+%&(2@*
ƚĞŶĚƌĞŵŽƐůŽƐďƵĞŶŽƐŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐĚĞůƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ
Enrique Pasquel Rodríguez
;$(*8+-8-)3-*7*&%*8-2,4,&,/%/*/(*/,2#+,4$,+*&%*
+,;$(A%5*C)*(B("#-@*<%4+?*'?2*+,;$(A%*8%+%*2(+*
ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵŝĚĂ͕ ƉŽƌƋƵĞ Ğů ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ƋƵĞ ĚĞĮĞŶĚŽ
ĐƌĞĂŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐƉĂƌĂƉĞƌŵŝƟƌŵĄƐŽƉĞƌĂĐŝŽŶĞƐ
',)(+%25
!/('?2@*#()('-2*;$(*()#()/(+*;$(*&%*'%7-+*
8%+#(* /(* &%* 3%)%)",%* )-* (2#?* ()* &%* :()#%* /(*
ůĂ ƟĞƌƌĂ LJ ůŽƐ ŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐ ƋƵĞ ƐĞ ĞŶĐƵĞŶƚƌĂŶ
ĚĞďĂũŽĚĞĞƐƚĂ͕ƐŝŶŽĞŶůĂĞdžƚƌĂĐĐŝſŶĚĞĞƐƚŽƐ
7*()*&%*:()#%*/(*&-2*',)(+%&(2*8+-"(2%/-25*I-2*
;$(* 3()(+%)* '?2* +,;$(A%* ()* (&* )(3-",-* /(*
ůĂ ŵŝŶĞƌşĂ ŶŽ ƐŽŶ ůŽƐ ƋƵĞ ǀĞŶĚĞŶ ůĂƐ ŵŝŶĂƐ͕
2,)-*&-2*;$(*+(%&,A%)*&%2*,):(+2,-)(2*7*#-'%)*
ĞůƌŝĞƐŐŽĚĞĞdžƚƌĂĞƌůŽƐŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐLJǀĞŶĚĞƌůŽƐ͘
209
 (175(0$1*26<2525()250$1'2(/6,67(0$'(3523,('$''(/260,1(5$/(6
THEMIS 61 0-+*&-*#%)#-@*2,*(&*3-4,(+)-*;$,(+(*%8&,"%+*$)*
Revista de Derecho
ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵĂĚĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵĐŝſŶ͕ƐƵŽďũĞƟǀŽĚĞďĞƐĞƌ
ĐƌĞĂƌůŽƐŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐƉĂƌĂƉĞƌŵŝƟƌĞůŝŶŐƌĞƐŽĚĞ
ůĂŵŝŶĞƌşĂLJĞƐƚĂďůĞĐĞƌƵŶŝŵƉƵĞƐƚŽƐŽďƌĞůĂƐ
ŽƉĞƌĂĐŝŽŶĞƐƋƵĞĞƐƚĞƌĞĂůŝĐĞ͘ĞƚĂůŵĂŶĞƌĂ͕
<%4+?*'?2*;$(*/,2#+,4$,+5
)0M,, (.%(+1$)*%
I%*8+-8,(/%/*(2#%#%&*2-4+(*&-2*',)(+%&(2*(2#?*
4%2%/%*()*&%*8+(',2%*/(*;$(*(&*C2#%/-*(2*(&*
'(=-+* %3()#(* 8%+%* %/',),2#+%+* 7* %2,3)%+* &-2*
ƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞƐ͘ŶĞůƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĂƌơĐƵůŽ͕ŚĞ
ĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚĂĚŽƋƵĞĞƐŽĞƐďĂƐƚĂŶƚĞĚĞďĂƟďůĞ͘
ů ƐƚĂĚŽ ŶŽ ƟĞŶĞ ůĂ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ ƉĂƌĂ
2(&("",-)%+*%&*'(=-+*8-2#-+5*I-2*B$)",-)%+,-2*
ƉƷďůŝĐŽƐŶŽƟĞŶĞŶŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐƉĂƌĂƌĞĂůŝnjĂƌƵŶĂ
ĞĮĐŝĞŶƚĞ ĂƐŝŐŶĂĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ƌĞĐƵƌƐŽƐ Ğ͕ ŝŶĐůƵƐŽ͕
ƉƵĞĚĞŶ ƚĞŶĞƌ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ĂďƐƚĞŶĞƌƐĞ
/(* &%* %2,3)%",.)* /(* &-2* ',)(+%&(25* 0-+* -#+-*
ůĂĚŽ͕ ƵŶ ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ĞŶ Ğů ƋƵĞ Ğů ƐƚĂĚŽ ƟĞŶĞ
'$"<%*/,2"+(",-)%&,/%/*8%+%*%2,3)%+*:%&,-2-2*
+("$+2-2* )%#$+%&(2* <%"(* ;$(* &%* "-++$8",.)*
"+(A"%5* !/('?2@* /,"<-* 2,2#('%* )-* 8+-/$"(*
ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ĐƌĞĂƌ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂĐŝſŶ ƐŽďƌĞ ůĂ
ƵďŝĐĂĐŝſŶLJĐĂƌĂĐƚĞƌşƐƟĐĂƐĚĞůŽƐŵŝŶĞƌĂůĞƐ͘
0-+*-#+%*8%+#(@*(&*2,2#('%*8-+*(&*;$(*(&*C2#%/-*
(2*8+-8,(#%+,-*/(*&-2*',)(+%&(2*,)"+('()#%*&-2*
"-2#-2*/(*#+%)2%"",.)*/(*&%*,):(+2,.)*',)(+%@*
ƉƵĞƐ ůŽƐ ƉŽďůĂĚŽƌĞƐ ĂŶĚŝŶŽƐ ƟĞŶĞŶ ƉŽĐŽƐ
ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ƉĞƌŵŝƟƌ ƋƵĞ ůĂƐ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ
ŵŝŶĞƌĂƐ ƵƟůŝĐĞŶ ƐƵƐ ƟĞƌƌĂƐ ƉĂƌĂ ƌĞĂůŝnjĂƌ ƐƵƐ
ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚĞƐ͘ ^ĂďĞŶ ƋƵĞ ƟĞŶĞŶ ŵƵLJ ƉŽĐŽ
ƋƵĞŐĂŶĂƌLJƟĞŶĞŶƋƵĞĂƐƵŵŝƌĞůƌŝĞƐŐŽĚĞůĂ
"-)#%',)%",.)*',)(+%5
C&* 2,2#('%* /(* 8+-8,(/%/* (2#%#%&* "+(%@*
ƚĂŵďŝĠŶ͕ ŝŶĐĞŶƟǀŽƐ ƉĂƌĂ ůĂ ĂƉĂƌŝĐŝſŶ ĚĞ ůĂ
ŵŝŶĞƌşĂ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂů͕ ƵŶĂ ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ ĂůƚĂŵĞŶƚĞ
"-)#%',)%)#(*7*+,(23-2%*;$(@*%*:("(2@*('8&(%*
%* ),>-2* 8%+%* &%4-+(2* B$(+#(2* 7* 8(&,3+-2%25*
&ŝŶĂůŵĞŶƚĞ͕ Ğů ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ĂĐƚƵĂů ŶŽ ĂůĐĂŶnjĂ ƐƵƐ
ŽďũĞƟǀŽƐĚĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵĐŝſŶ͘
210
ĂŵďŝĂƌ Ğů ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂ ĚĞ ƉƌŽƉŝĞĚĂĚ ŵŝŶĞƌĂ
()* (&* 0(+1* )-* (2* 2.&-* ,'8-+#%)#(* 8-+* #('%2*
("-).',"-2@* 2-",%&(2@* %'4,()#%&(2* 7* /(*
ũƵƐƟĐŝĂ͘ Ɛ ƚĂŵďŝĠŶ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞ ƉŽƌ ƐĞƌ
ƵŶĂ ĨŽƌŵĂ ĚĞ ŐĂƌĂŶƟnjĂƌ ůĂ ŐŽďĞƌŶĂďŝůŝĚĂĚ
LJ ĞƐƚĂďŝůŝĚĂĚ ĚĞŵŽĐƌĄƟĐĂ͘ ĐƚƵĂůŵĞŶƚĞ͕
ĞŶ >ĂƟŶŽĂŵĠƌŝĐĂ ŶŽ ƐĞ ƵƐĂŶ ƚĂŶƋƵĞƐ ƉĂƌĂ
ĂůĐĂŶnjĂƌĞůƉŽĚĞƌ͘^ĞƵƟůŝnjĂŶĞůĞĐĐŝŽŶĞƐĐŽŵŽ
ƚŽĚŽƐůŽƐĚĞŵĄƐ͘^ĞĂƉĞůĂĂůĂƐŵĂƐĂƐƉŽďƌĞƐ
ʹůĂ ŵĂLJŽƌşĂ ĚĞ ůĂƟŶŽĂŵĞƌŝĐĂŶŽƐʹ Ă ƋƵŝĞŶĞƐ
ƐĞ ůĞƐ ǀĞŶĚĞ ůĂ ŝĚĞĂ ĚĞ ƋƵĞ ůĂƐ ĐŽŵƉĂŹşĂƐ
ĞdžƚƌĂŶũĞƌĂƐ ǀŝĞŶĞŶ Ăů ƉĂşƐ ƉĂƌĂ ůůĞǀĂƌƐĞ ůĂ
+,;$(A%@* ',()#+%2* 2(* &(2* <%"()* +("-+/%+*
&%* <,2#-+,%* /(* -8+(2,.)* ;$(* :,:,(+-)* &-2*
ŝŶĚşŐĞŶĂƐ͘^ĞĞŶĨĂƟnjĂůŽƐƉƌĞũƵŝĐŝŽƐƌĂĐŝĂůĞƐLJ
2-",%&(2@* ',()#+%2* 2(* 8,/(* (&* 8-/(+* %42-&$#-*
ƉĂƌĂĐŽƌƌĞŐŝƌƚŽĚĂƐĞƐĂƐŝŶũƵƐƟĐŝĂƐŚŝƐƚſƌŝĐĂƐ͘
I%2* 8(+2-)%2* ;$(* (&,3()* %* (2#-2* 8-8$&,2#%2*
2-)* &-2* 8-4&%/-+(2* /(* &-2* !)/(2* ;$(* (&*
ƐŝƐƚĞŵĂƐŝĞŵƉƌĞŚĂĞdžĐůƵŝĚŽ͘ŶĞůWĞƌƷ͕ĞŶůĂƐ
ƷůƟŵĂƐ ĚĠĐĂĚĂƐ͕ ŵƵĐŚŽƐ ĚĞ ĞůůŽƐ ĂƉŽLJĂƌŽŶ
%&* 2-",%&,2#%* S(&%A"-@* /,"#%/-+* ()* &%* /K"%/%*
ĚĞ ůŽƐ ƐĞƚĞŶƚĂ͕ Ăů ŐƌƵƉŽ ŵĂŽşƐƚĂ ƚĞƌƌŽƌŝƐƚĂ
()*&%*/K"%/%*/(*&-2*-"<()#%@*&%*/,"#%/$+%*/(*
ĚĞƌĞĐŚĂ ĚĞ &ƵũŝŵŽƌŝ ĞŶ ůŽƐ ĂŹŽƐ ŶŽǀĞŶƚĂ͕ LJ
ĂƉŽLJĂƌĄŶĂĐƵĂůƋƵŝĞƌƉĞƌƐŽŶĂŽŝĚĞŽůŽŐşĂƋƵĞ
&(2*8+-'(#%*"%'4,%+*+%/,"%&'()#(*(&*'$)/-*
,)=$2#-*()*(&*;$(*:,:()5
C&* 2,2#('%* /(* 8+-8,(/%/* ;$(* 8+-8-)3-*
ůĞƐ ƉĞƌŵŝƟƌĄ Ă ŵƵĐŚŽƐ ƉĞƌƵĂŶŽƐ ƉŽďƌĞƐ
ŽďƚĞŶĞƌ ŐƌĂŶĚĞƐ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝŽƐ ĚĞ ůĂ ĂĐƟǀŝĚĂĚ
ĞĐŽŶſŵŝĐĂ ŵĄƐ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞ ĚĞů ƉĂşƐ͘ WŽĚƌĄ
(&(:%+@* #+('()/%'()#(@* 2$* "%&,/%/* /(* :,/%@*
&-2* %7$/%+?* %* 2$8(+%+* '$"<-2* 8+(=$,",-2* 7*
ůĞƐ ŵŽƐƚƌĂƌĄ ƋƵĞ ůĂƐ ŝŶũƵƐƟĐŝĂƐ ŚŝƐƚſƌŝĐĂƐ
8$(/()*2(+*2$8(+%/%25*W%'4,K)*&(2*'-2#+%+?*
ƋƵĞ ůĂ ŝŶǀĞƌƐŝſŶ ƉƌŝǀĂĚĂ ƉƵĞĚĞ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝĂƌ
Ă ůĂ ƉŽďůĂĐŝſŶ ƉŽďƌĞ LJ ƐĞƌ ĐŽŵƉĂƟďůĞ ĐŽŶ
Ğů ŵĞĚŝŽ ĂŵďŝĞŶƚĞ͘ ŽŶ ƚŽĚŽ ĞƐƚŽ͕ ƉƵĞĚĞ
;$(*2(*%42#()3%)*/(*:-#%+@*-#+%*:(A@*8-+*$)%*
ĮŐƵƌĂĂƵƚŽƌŝƚĂƌŝĂƋƵĞĞůůŽƐǀĞŶĐŽŵŽůĂƷŶŝĐĂ
8-2,4,&,/%/*/(*(2"%8%+*/(*&%*8-4+(A%*<,2#.+,"%*
;$(*<%*"%+%"#(+,A%/-*%*&-2*!)/(25*