BOOKLET OF ENGLISH

COURSE: 5th year

DIVISION: 1st & 4th

MODALITY: Social Studies

SHIFT: Morning & Afternoon

YEAR: 20__

SCHOOL: E.E.S.N° 21 Dr. Mariano Moreno

TEACHER: Cabral, Natalia Lorena

STUDENT: _____________________

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 INDEX

5th YEAR

1ST PERIOD CONTENTS (March to July)

UNIT 1

Theory: Pages 3 to 13
Practice: Pages 14 to 19
Written Assignments: Pages 20 to 28

• Pasado perfecto para expresar actividades que se completaron antes

que otras en el pasado.
• Contraste entre pasado perfecto y pasado simple.
• Too + adjective/ Adjective + enough

2ND PERIOD CONTENTS (August to December)

UNIT 2

Theory: Pages 29 to 42
Practice: Pages 43 to 58
Written Assignments: Pages 59 to 66

• Verbos modales Must + perfect infinitive y Can´t + perfect infinitive

para expresar probabilidades en el pasado.
• Oraciones condicionales tipo 3 para expresar situaciones imposibles o
auto reproches.
• Reported Speech (preguntas y órdenes)
• Voz pasiva en presente y pasado perfecto.

Oral Tests: Pages 67 to 74

Final Group Project: Pages 75 to 76
Irregular and regular verbs list: Pages 77 to 82

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1st Period
UNIT 1
5th year
Theory

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PASADO PERFECTO PARA EXPRESAR ACTIVIDADES QUE
SE COMPLETARON ANTES QUE OTRAS EN EL PASADO.

El pasado perfecto en inglés corresponde al pluscuamperfecto de español.

En general, lo usamos para acciones que ocurrieron antes de otra acción en
el pasado.

Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)

Form (Forma)

Igual que en el presente perfecto, se forma el pasado perfecto con el verbo

auxiliar “to have” y el participio pasado. El verbo auxiliar estará en pasado.

Verbo
Sujeto Forma Corta Participio Pasado
Auxiliar

I, you, he, she, I’d, you’d, he’d, she’d, studied, visited,

had
it, we, they it’d, we’d, they’d worked…

Nota: Ten cuidado porque la contracción “-’d” también se utiliza con el verbo modal
“would” para formar el condicional. Como tal, la forma corta “I’d” puede tener dos
significados diferentes. Podemos distinguir entre estos dos significados por la forma del
verbo principal que les sigue. Si queremos decir “I’d” en el sentido de pasado perfecto, el
verbo principal está en la forma de participio pasado, mientras que con el condicional,
“I’d” va seguido por el verbo en infinitivo.

Structure (Estructura)

1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas)

Sujeto + “had” + participio pasado…

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Ejemplos:
I had [I’d] visited the Louvre before, so I knew where the Mona Lisa was.
(Había visitado el Museo del Louvre antes, así que sabía donde estaba la
Mona Lisa.)
They had [They’d] studied English before they went to London.
(Habían estudiado inglés antes de irse a Londres.)
Henry changed careers because he had [he’d] worked as an accountant
for many years and was bored.
(Henry cambió de profesión porque había trabajado como contable
durante muchos años y estaba aburrido.)

2. Negative Sentences (Frases negativas)

Sujeto + “had” + “not” + participio pasado…

Ejemplos:
I had not [hadn’t] visited the Louvre before so I didn’t know where the
Mona Lisa was.
(No había visitado el Museo del Louvre antes, así que no sabía donde
estaba la Mona Lisa.)
They had not [hadn’t] studied English before they went to London.
(No habían estudiado inglés antes de irse a Londres.)
Henry changed careers even though he had not [hadn’t] worked as an
accountant for long.
(Henry cambió de profesión a pesar de que no había trabajado como
contable durante mucho tiempo.)

3. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas)

“Had” + sujeto + participio pasado…?

Ejemplos:
How did you know where the Mona Lisa was? Had you visited the Louvre
before?
(¿Cómo sabías dónde estaba la Mona Lisa? ¿Habías visitado el Museo del
Louvre antes?)

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 Had they studied English before they went to London?
(¿Habían estudiado inglés antes de irse a Londres?)
Had Henry worked as an accountant for long before he changed careers?
(¿Henry había trabajado como contable durante mucho tiempo antes de
cambiar de profesión?)

Uses (Usos)

1. Usamos el pasado perfecto para referirnos a una acción o evento que

comenzó en el pasado y que es anterior a otra acción también en el
pasado. La acción que ocurrió primero es en pasado perfecto y la que sigue
en pasado simple.

Ejemplos:
I’d read the book before I saw the movie.
(Había leído el libro antes de ver la película.)
Donna had just left when you called.
(Donna había salido justo cuando llamaste.)
Had you ever flown before the trip to France?
(¿Alguna vez habías volado antes del viaje a Francia?)

2. Se usa para acciones que ocurrieron antes de un tiempo específico en el

pasado.

Ejemplos:
I had already woken up when the alarm clock rang at 7am.
(Ya me había despertado cuando sonó el despertador a las 7.)
He hadn’t been to France before the trip in 2008.
(No había estado en Francia antes del viaje del 2008.)

3. También, como en el presente perfecto, con algunos verbos usamos el

pasado perfecto para situaciones que empezaron en el pasado y que
siguieron hasta un punto específico en el pasado.

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 Ejemplos:
She had only owned one car before she bought her new BMW.
(Solo había tenido un coche antes de que comprara su nuevo BMW.)
I’d been depressed for a long time before I changed jobs.
(Había estado deprimido durante mucho tiempo antes de que cambiara de
trabajo.)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

CONTRASTE ENTRE PASADO PERFECTO Y PASADO SIMPLE

Usamos este tiempo verbal para hablar de una acción que ocurrió antes de
otra acción en el pasado.
Casi siempre el pasado perfecto se combina en oraciones con el pasado
simple.
Vamos a analizar un ejemplo para que esta explicación sea más fácil de
entender:

-When I got home, she had already left.

(Cuando yo llegué a la casa, ella ya se había ido)

En la oración anterior hay dos tiempos verbales: el primero es el pasado

simple (I got home / Yo llegué a la casa) y el segundo es el pasado
perfecto (She had already left / ella ya se había ido).

El orden de la oración puede cambiarse sin modificar el significado:

-She had already left when I got home.
(Ella ya se había marchado cuando yo llegué a la casa)

Ahora quiero que respondas la siguiente pregunta:

En el ejemplo anterior ¿Cuál acción ocurrió primero: “llegar a la casa: get

home” o “marcharse de la casa: leave home”?

La respuesta es:

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La acción “marcharse de la casa / leave home” ocurrió primero. Es muy
importante recordar que SIEMPRE la acción que ocurrió primero es la que
usa el PASADO PERFECTO.

Veamos otros ejemplos:

o The thieves had already escaped when the policed arrived.

(Los ladrones ya se habían escapado cuando la policía llegó)

o When I woke up, the house had flooded.

(Cuando me desperté, la casa se habían inundado)

o Richard had finished the report before his boss called him

(Richard había terminado el reporte antes de que su jefe lo llamara)

o When they called us, the party had just started.

(Cuando ellos nos llamaron, la fiesta apenas había comenzado)

o The football game hadn’t ended when he woke up.

(El juego de futbol no había terminado cuando él se despertó)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOO + ADJECTIVE/ ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH

“Enough” y “too” se utilizan como calificadores con adjetivos, adverbios y nombres para
indicar un grado de cantidad.

Enough (Suficiente)

“Enough” es un adjetivo que se usa para indicar que es suficiente o igual que lo necesario.
Se puede utilizar con otros adjetivos, adverbios o nombres.

1. Con adjetivos y adverbios:

adjetivo/adverbio + “enough”

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Ejemplos:
Heather is old enough now to make her own decisions.(Heather es lo suficientemente
mayor ahora para tomar sus propias decisiones.)
Victor doesn’t speak English well enough for the job.(Victor no habla suficientemente
bien el inglés para este trabajo.)
The apartment is big enough for three people.(El piso es lo suficientemente grande
para tres personas.)
Ben runs fast enough to win the race.(Ben corre lo suficientemente rápido como para
ganar esta carrera.)
We aren’t working hard enough! We are never going to finish this project.(No
trabajamos lo suficientemente duro. Nunca acabaremos este proyecto.)

2. Con sustantivos:
“enough” + sustantivo

Ejemplos:
I don’t have enough time to finish all this work!(No tengo tiempo suficiente para
acabar este trabajo.)
Is there enough wine for everyone to try?(¿Hay suficiente vino para que todos lo
prueben?)
Don’t worry, they have enough space in the car for all of us.(No se preocupe, tienen
sitio suficiente en el coche para todos nosotros.)
Nota: Podemos reemplazar “enough” por “the” para indicar la misma cosa. Compare los
ejemplos de arriba y abajo.

Ejemplos:
I don’t have the time to finish all this work!(No tengo tiempo para acabar este
trabajo.)
Don’t worry, they have the space for all of us.(No se preocupe, tienen sitio para todos
nosotros.)
Nota: También podemos utilizar “enough” sin un nombre cuando está claro a que nos
referimos.

Ejemplos:
Would you like some more coffee? No, I’ve had enough, thank you.(¿Le gustaría un
poco más de café? No, he tenido suficiente, gracias.)
Do you have enough to pay for this?(¿Tienes suficiente para pagar esto?)

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3. Podemos usar “enough” con un adjetivo y un sustantivo, pero el sentido de la frase
cambia con la posición de “enough”.

Ejemplos:
Is there enough hot water}?(¿Hay suficiente agua caliente?)
Is there hot enough water?(¿Hay agua suficientemente caliente?)

4. “Enough of”
“enough of” + determinante [articulo o pronombre]

Ejemplos:
I’ve been in enough of these situations to know better!(He estado en bastantes
situaciones de estas como para conocer mejor.)
We’ve had enough of your complaints. Don’t you have anything positive to
say?(Tenemos bastante con tus quejas. ¿No tienes nada positivo que decir?)
Michael has studied enough of the possibilities to make a good decision.(Michael ha
estudiado bastantes de las posibilidades como para tomar una buena decisión.)

Too (Demasiado)

“Too” es un adverbio que indica que hay una cantidad más que suficiente.

1. Con un adjetivo o un adverbio:

“too” + adjetivo/ adverbio

Ejemplos:
You are too young to understand.(Eres demasiado joven para entender.)
Claire is too irresponsible to have a dog.(Claire es demasiado irresponsable como para
tener un perro.)
It’s too early to go to bed.(Es demasiado temprano para ir a la cama.)
Nota: Podemos usar “enough” en una frase negativa para indicar que algo no es
suficiente. Compara los ejemplos de arriba con los de abajo.

Ejemplos:
You are not old enough to understand.(No eres lo suficientemente mayor para
entender.)
Claire is not responsible enough to have a dog.(Claire no es lo suficientemente
responsable como para tener un perro.)

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2. Cuando usamos “too” con nombres, utilizamos las expresiones “too many” o “too
much”.
“too many” + nombre contable
“too much” + nombre incontable

Ejemplos:
There are too many students in the classroom.(Hay demasiados estudiantes para esta
clase.)
Is there too much sugar in your coffee?(¿Hay demasiado azúcar en tu café?)
My daughter has too many shoes, she doesn’t need any more!(Mi hija tiene
demasiados zapatos, no necesita más.)
There is too much work for just one person!(Hay demasiado trabajo para una sola
persona.)

3. “Too much of” o “Too many of”

“too many of” + determinante + nombre contable
“too much of” + determinante + nombre incontable

Examples:
His problem is that he spends too much of his time playing video games!(Su problema es
que pasa demasiado tiempo jugando a videojuegos.)
That’s enough. You have already eaten too many of the chocolates!(Basta ya. Ya has
comido demasiados bombones.)
It is sometimes difficult to decide on A veces es difícil decidir sobre la posición de la
the position of the word enough in the palabra enough dentro de la oración. Aquí va
sentence. Here goes the best la mejor explicación que te podemos ofrecer.
explanation we can offer to you.

Enough goes after adjectives and Enough va después de adjetivos y

adverbs like this: adverbios...de este modo:

adjective + enough adjetivo + suficiente

No, I can't wear this. It's not big enough No puedo utilizar esto. No es lo
for me. suficientemente grande para mí.

I don't want to get married yet. I am No me quiero casar todavía. No tengo la edad
not old enough. suficiente.

He is not imaginative enough I am No es lo suficientemente imaginativo me

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 afraid. temo.

adverb + enough adverbio + suficiente

I am not working hard enough to pay No estoy trabajando lo suficientemente duro

the rent this year. como para pagar el alquiler.

I didn't feel well enough to go to work No me sentí lo suficientemente bien para ir a

yesterday. trabajar ayer.

We didn't drive quickly enough to get No condujimos lo suficientemente rápido para

there by four. llegar allí a las cuatro.

On the other hand, enough goes before Por otra parte, enough precede a los
nouns: sustantivos:

noun + enough sustantivo + enough

We don't have the money enough to No tenemos el dinero suficiente para ir de

go on holidays this summer. vacaciones este verano.

You can't get that job. You haven't got No puedes conseguir ese trabajo. No tienes la
the experience enough to do it. experiencia suficiente para hacerlo.

After enough you can say for Luego de enough puedes decir para alguien o
somebody /something... para algo...

We don't have enough money for a big No tenemos suficiente dinero para una comida
meal. grande.

A thousand dollars is enough money Mil dólares es dinero suficiente para una
for a party.... fiesta.

A sandwich is enough for me now. Un sándwich es suficiente para mí ahora.

There isn't enough room for all here.... No hay suficiente lugar para todos aquí....

You can use the infinitive with to after Puedes utilizar la forma infinitiva con to luego
enough: de enough:

There aren't enough chairs for us to sit No hay suficientes sillas para que nosotros nos
down... sentemos.

I am not old enough to drive a car. Soy un poco chico para conducir un auto.

I'm sorry! I am not strong enough to ¡Lo siento! No soy lo suficientemente fuerte
help you. para ayudarte.

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The word too can be used in many La palabra too se puede utilizar de muchas
different ways. Read the examples formas. Lee los ejemplos de más abajo y te
below and you will get familiar with its familiarizarás con su uso.
use.

Structures: Estructuras:

too + adjective demasiado + adjetivo

too + adjective + for somebody demasiado + adjetivo + para alguien / para

/something algo

too + adjective + for somebody/sth + demasiado + adjetivo + para alguien/algo +

infinitive with to infinitivo con to

too + adjective + to demasiado + adjetivo + para

EXAMPLE: THE COFFEE WAS TOO HOT TO DRINK. Ejemplo: el café estaba demasiado caliente para tomar

(not) + adjective +enough + to (no) + adjetivo + suficiente + para

EXAMPLE: THE COFFEE WASN’T HOT ENOUGH TO EJEMPLO: EL CAFÉ NO ESTABA LO SUFICIENTEMENTE
DRINK- CALIENTE PARA TOMAR

EXAMPLES

This shirt is too big. I need something Esta camisa es muy grande. Necesito algo más
smaller. pequeño.

That car is too expensive. Ese auto es muy caro.

This shirt is too big for me. I need Esta camisa es muy grande para mi. Necesito
something smaller. algo más pequeño.

That car is too expensive for us. Ese auto es muy caro para nosotros.

This shirt is too big for me to wear. Esta camisa es muy grande para mi para
usarla.

That car is too expensive for us to buy. Ese auto es muy caro para que nosotros lo
compremos.

- Too means more than what is necessary. (más de lo necesario) It is most used with
affirmative sentences
- Enough means as much as necessary. (tanto como sea necesario) It is most used with
negative and interrogative sentences.

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1st Period
UNIT 1
5th year
Practice

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 Past Perfect Simple
1) Complete with the correct form of the verb between brackets.

1) I ___________ (be) at home all day. I had to get out and go for a walk.
2) She ________________ (teach) Shakespeare before.
3) _____ you __________ (eat) breakfast when you left the house?
4) ______you _____ (eat) breakfast when you left the house?
5) We _________ (not/finish) the document when the computer crashed.
6) We _____ never _____ (see) a whale before our trip.
7) She _____________ (prepare) dinner before leaving for work that day.
8) I _____________ (not/do) all my homework when I went to class.
9) ______ you _________ (meet) her before?

2) Match the two columns to make full sentences as the example in bold.

When Tracy got home d a. I had left the office.

Derek had paid full price ___
Before the fire started ___
I had applied for another job ___
Before now ___
Thomas won the price ___
b. She had never been to France.
c. Before I got the promotion.
d. She noticed somebody had broken
into it.
e. Because everybody else had forgotten
to turn in their projects.
f. Before he realized there was a
discount.

3) Fill in the blanks with the past perfect tense of the verbs in brackets.

1.- Sonia got dressed when she ………………………………… (finish) her breakfast.
2.-When you arrived, your friends ………………………………….. (leave) the party.
3.- My sister ………………………………...(send) me a message before I noticed it.
4.- Thomas …………………………………………..… (repair) his car when I called him.

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5.- Helen was upset because her boyfriend ……………………… (not phone) her.
6.-The girl …………………..…. (eat) all the sweets before her mom came home.
7.-George and Samuel were tired because they ……………... (take) part in the
marathon.
8.-Martin was late for work since he ………………... (not hear) the alarm clock.
9.-I was embarrassed because I …………………………. (be) very impolite to you.
10.-Hector lost the match because he …………………………….. (not play) before.
11.-David ……………………………. (see) the film so he didn’t want to see it again.
12.-After the man ……………………….…... (write) the report, he went for a walk.

4) Answer the questions with the past perfect of the verbs in brackets.

1. What had they done yesterday? They ……………………….... (play) tennis.

2. Where had she stayed? She …………………………………..…. (be) in France.
3.- Why had the baby cried? He …………………………………….... (feel) badly.
4.- How had you come here? I ……………………………….… (come) by plane.
5.- What time had they got up? They ………………………..(get) up at 8,45.
6.- Why hadn’t you got that job? Because I …………….. (not speak) German.
7.- When had the woman bought the food? She ……….…(buy) it yesterday.
8.-Who had you met at the pub? I …………………………………. (meet) Jennifer.

Past Perfect vs. Past Simple

1) CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION

1.- When Anne opened/had opened the door, she realized that somebody
broke/had broken into.
2.- Elisa was very upset because her computer disappeared/had
disappeared yesterday.

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3.- My cousin promised/had promised me to bring me a souvenir from
France last month.
4.- By the time Julia left/had left the shop, she spent/had spent all her
money on clothes.
5.- I didn’t want to see that film because I saw/had seen it twice.
6.- Philip tidied/had tidied his bedroom before he left/had left for work.
7.- My husband did/had done the shopping after I called/had called him.
8.-Alfred had worked/worked in a bank for five years before he was sent to
Rome.
9.-The judge said that she was guilty because she took/had taken the money
for herself

2) COMPLETE THE TEXT WITH THE PAST SIMPLE OR PAST PERFECT.

In March 1999, four thieves …………….. (steal) some diamonds from Woolworth, a famous
jewellery shop in Boston. The thieves were very smart. Before the robbery, they
…………………. (hide) in the building next door and ……………………. (cut) a hole through the
wall.

They used it to get into the shop. By the time the guard at the entrance………………………..
(see) them, they …………………….... (already/take) the very expensive jewellery from the
safe.

A man from the neighbourhood ………………………... (hear) some noises in the shop and he
………………….. (call) the police but when they …………… (arrive) to the shop, the thieves
……………………. (escape).

3) WRITE PAST SIMPLE OR PAST PERFECT.

1.- Barbara …………… (live) in Greece for three years before she ………… (move) to Italy.
2.-My team …………….. (not win) the football match because they ……………. (play) badly.
3.-The teacher ……………. (punish) the student because he …….……. (be) very naughty.
4.-By winter, the new soap opera ……………. (become) the most popular show on TV.
5.-He …………… (mug) three passengers by the time the police …………….. (arrive)
6.-The pirates ……………. (hijack) an enormous ship two months ago in Somalia.
7.-The captain of the ship ………………….(surrender) because he ………… (hate) violence.
8.-The journalist …………. (interview) the famous actress before the TV…………. (come)
9.-Everyone ……………. (leave) the train before the bomb ……………… (explode)

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10.- By the time my mum …………..… (prepare) lunch, we ………….. (lay) the table.

Too & Enough

1) COMPLETE EACH SENTENCE USING TOO OR ENOUGH AND AN ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB
FROM THE BOX.

warm dark well early quietly loud

E.g. Annie can’t go to school today. She has got a temperature and isn’t well enough to get up.

1. We couldn’t see what was in the room because it was ______________________.

2. I couldn’t hear everything she said because she spoke ______________________.

3. They missed their plane because they didn’t leave home ____________________.

4. He told them the music was ________________________ so they turned it down.

5. We didn’t go to the beach yesterday because the weather wasn’t _____________.

2) TRY TO COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES EITHER WITH ENOUGH OR WITH TOO.

1) The wind was ______strong to go out that day...

2) I didn't finish my test because I didn’t have ________time to do it!
3) This is a good jacket Mr. Green. Try it on and see if it is big _________for you.
4) 'Let's go dancing.' 'No it is _________late for us to go dancing today.'
5) 'Does your friend work hard?' 'Not at all. He is __________lazy to work.'

3) CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION

1-She is not.................................to get married.

TOO OLD OLD ENOUGH

2-Let’s get a taxi. It is .................... to walk.

TOO FAR NOT FAR ENOUGH

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3-The water wasn’t ........................ to swim in it.

CLEAN ENOUGH TOO CLEAN

4- The shirt is.....................for me. I need a smaller size.

BIG ENOUGH TOO BIG

5-He isn’t ............... to go on working.

TOO RESPONSIBLE RESPONSIBLE ENOUGH

4) REPHRASE THE SENTENCE USING THE WORD IN BOLD.

1) THE SOUP WAS SO SALTY THAT I COULDN’T EAT IT. ( TOO)

_____________________________________________
2) THE WATER WAS SO COLD THAT WE COULDN’T SWIM. ( HOT)
_____________________________________________
3) THE TROUSERS WERE SO EXPENSIVE THAT I DIDN’T BUY THEM (CHEAP)
_____________________________________________
4) THE EXAM WAS SO DIFFICULT THAT I COULDN’T DO IT (EASY)
_____________________________________________
5) THE TROUSERS WERE SO SMALL THAT I COULDN’T WEAR THEM. (TOO)
_____________________________________________
6) THE ARTICLE WAS SO DIFFICULT THAT I COULDN’T UNDERSTAND IT.(EASY)
_____________________________________________

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 1st Period
UNIT 1
5th year
Written
Assignments

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 WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT Nº1
1) Read the following text and answer the questions below.

Thanksgiving Dinner

Last Thanksgiving my parents had a large family dinner at their house.

Getting ready for Thanksgiving dinner takes a lot of work.

The day started well and by late afternoon we had completed most of the
work. Everyone had helped to make the meal a success. We had put the
turkey in the oven earlier that day so the house was starting to smell like
roast turkey. The grandchildren had finished setting the table for
Thanksgiving dinner. My aunt had made two pies for dessert, a pumpkin pie
and an apple pie. My brother and I had peeled the carrots and the potatoes.
We had just turned on the stove to start cooking the vegetables when the
power went out! The oven stopped working! We couldn’t cook the
vegetables! The turkey wouldn’t finish cooking! We waited. We talked. We
went for a walk.

We had waited two hours by the time the power came back on.
We had almost given up hope. Dinner was late that night but it was a
Thanksgiving dinner that we won’t forget.

1. When had we completed thanksgiving dinner work?

____________________________________________
2. Who had set the table?
____________________________________________
3. What had my aunt made for thanksgiving dinner?
____________________________________________
4. What had we done when the power went out?
____________________________________________
5. Had the turkey been cooked before the power went out?
____________________________________________
6. How many hours had we waited when the power came back?
____________________________________________

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2) Fill in the Blanks:

7. My brother and I had (peel) _____________ the vegetables for dinner.

8. Everyone had (help) ______________ to make the meal a success.

3) Find the following verbs

AWOKEN
BECOME
BEGUN
BOUGHT
BROKEN
BROUGHT
COME
DONE
DRIVEN
DRUNK
EATEN
FALLEN
FORGOTTEN
GONE
GOTTEN
KNOWN
LET
SEEN
SLEPT
SOLD
STOLEN
TAKEN
TOLD
WON
WRITTEN

4) Change the following verbs into their participle form

Be Keep Fly Sweep

Begin Make Go Take

Come Say Eat Break

Drink Sleep Forgive Wake up

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 WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT Nº2
1) Choose the correct option.

1 When my brother ___ the army, he ___ how to use a gun.

had joined / had not knowed

joined / didn't know

joined / had knew

2 I ___ my mother because I ___ the question.

asked / didn't heard

had asked / didn't heard

asked / hadn't heard

3 The earthquake ___ after we ___ the building.

began / had left

had began / left

began / had leaved

4 My sister waited for half an hour, but then she ___.

left

had left

leaved

5 Peter was sad because he ___ his mother.

not visisted

didn't have visited

had not visited

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6 Their parents ___ until their daughter ___.

didn't relax / didn't phone

didn't relax / phoned

didn't relax / had phoned

7 His mother___ annoyed because he ___ his homework.

was / hadn't done

were / hadn't done

was / didn't have done

8 I ___ for ten minutes, but then I ___ to go.

waited / had decided

didn't wait / had decided

waited / decided

9 She ___ the cake when the family ___.

had already made / arrived

made already / had arrived

had made already / arrived

10 After the hurricane they ___ outside their houses.

had lived

lived

did not live

2) Fill in the sentences with the verbs from the chart in the place and the form
indicated for each sentence: Past Simple or Past Perfect Tense.

24
1) After the family had had lunch Mary washed up.
2) Before he _____________ the newspaper he _______________ (-) a
sandwich.
3) ____ Jenny ___________ the homework after she ______________ home?
4) Sally _____________ a blouse and then she _______________ for it.
5) ____ you _____________ what I ______________ you before?
6) After he _______________ up he ______________ the answer.
7) ____ they _____________ up the snowman after they ______________ it?
8) The maid _____________ (-) the beds after she _____________ the room.
9) After they _______________ (-) any pay-raise, they _______________.
10) Before they _______________ coffee break they ______________ work.
11) He _______________ (-) in before he _______________ work.
12) ____ Sam _______________ a bath because he ______________ before?
13) After Emily ______________ (-) her notebook she _____________ on the
wall.
14) ____ he ______________ the shopping before he _____________ home?
15) After they _______________ up the tent Ted _______________ asleep.

Los verbos que deben utilizar en cada punto son:

2) read /not eat

3) do / arrive
4) choose / pay
5) hear /tell
6) wake / know
7) dress / build
8) not make/ air
9) not get / strike
10) have / finish
11) not check / start
12) have / play
13) not find / draw
14) do / go
15) set / fall

25
Los tiempos en que deben ir cada uno de esos verbos son past simple (P. S.) y
past perfect (P. P.):

2) P.S./P.P.
3) P.S./P.P.
4) P.S./P.S.
5) P.S./P.S.
6) P.P. /P.S.
7) P. S. /P.P.
8) P. S. /P.P.
9) P. P. / P. S.
10) P. S. /P. P.
11) P. P. /P. S.
12) P. S. /P. P
13) P. P. / P. S.
14) P. P. /P. S.
15) P. P. /P. S.

26
 WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT Nº3
1) Completa los recuadros usando el adjetivo que se encuentra entre paréntesis con too o
enough.

1. This computer is (slow) to do this calculation.

2. Elaine is (old) to enter here.

3. This suitcase is (heavy) to carry.

4. It isn't (sunny) to sunbathe.

5. Are you (tall) to reach that shelf?

6. You're (young) to drive.

7. You aren't (old) to drive.

8. That sweater is big, it's (big) for you.

9. The garden isn't (big) to play football.

10. This coffee is (strong) for me.

2) Complete the sentences using TOO MUCH, TOO MANY or ENOUGH.

E.g. We’ve been so busy today we didn’t even have enough time for lunch.

1. I’d like to go to the cinema, but I haven’t got _______________________ money.

2. I can’t drink this soup. It’s got ___________________ salt in it.

3. Doctors say that __________________ sugar is bad for you.

4. We didn’t really enjoy the party; there were far _________________ people there.

5. We couldn’t make an omelette because we didn’t have _________________ eggs.

27
3) Complete with TOO or ENOUGH.

1- She is clever …………………… to pass the test.

2- The skirt is …………………… long for you.

3- Kate is ………………….. young to drive a car.

4- There is ……………………. meat in the fridge for the whole week.

5- I didn’t work hard …………………… to pass the exam.

6- We can’t buy the car because it is ………………….. expensive.

7- He can’t sleep because he drinks ………………….. much coffee.

8- Are you tall …………………. to reach that shelf?

9- They often take the bus to school because it’s ………………. far to walk.

10- She isn’t fast …………………. to win the race.

11- There’s ………………….. food for everyone to eat.

12- She isn’t speaking clearly ……………. . I can’t understand her.

28
2nd Period
UNIT 2
5th year
Theory

29
VERBOS MODALES MUST/CAN´T + PERFECT INFINITIVE
PARA EXPRESAR PROBABILIDADES EN EL PASADO.

When we know that something happened in the past, we use a normal past tense (He
did, I saw them, etc.). If we are not completely sure, we use a modal (must, may,
might, could + have). The choice of modal depends on the degree of certainty, as in
the following table.

PROBABILITY VERB EXAMPLE

100% sure past simple She knew.

95% almost certain must have We must have arrived.

50% possible could have She could have forgotten.

30% likely might/ may have We might/may have made a mistake.

10% unlikely can’t/couldn’t have You can’t have lost it.

0% impossible past simple negative He didn’t know.

ESTRUCTURA AFIRMATIVA/NEGATIVA:

sujeto + must/may/might/could/can´t/couldn´t have + verbo en pasado participio +

complemento

ESTRUCTURA INTERROGATIVA:

must/may/might/could + sujeto + have + verbo en pasado participio + complemento +?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ORACIONES CONDICIONALES TIPO 3
PARA EXPRESAR SITUACIONES IMPOSIBLES
O AUTO REPROCHES.
El tercer condicional se refiere a circunstancias pasadas, por lo que habla de cómo habrían
sido las cosas si alguna condición se hubiera cumplido, o no. Veámoslo en más detalle.

La fórmula básica para estos condicionales es la siguiente:

30
Afirmativa

If sujeto had participio sujeto would have participio

If I had known, I would have gone.

Negativa

If sujeto hadn’t participio sujeto wouldn’t have participio

If I hadn’t known, I wouldn’t have gone.

Interrogativa

Would sujeto have participio if sujeto had participio

Would you have gone if you had known?

Al igual que con los otros condicionales, no es necesario empezar con if. Eso
sí, if y would nunca van en la misma oración.

Presta atención a la pronunciación de la contracción would’ve. Decimos /uúdavvv/.

Si (yo) hubiera estado allí, me habría reído. If I’d been there, I would’ve laughed.

31
Si te hubieras venido, nos habríamos If you’d come along, we would’ve had lots
divertido mucho. of fun.

Si hubiera venido más gente, habríamos If more people had come, we would’ve
acabado antes. finished earlier.

Ahora veamos unas cuantas oraciones más en negativa. Wouldn’t have se

pronuncia /uúdentavvv/.

Si ella no se hubiera caído, no nos habrían If she hadn’t fallen over, they wouldn’t
mirado. have looked at us.

(Él) no se habría resfriado si la calefacción He wouldn’t have caught a cold if the

no hubiera estado tan baja. heating hadn’t been on so low.

No habríamos sentido nada si no lo We wouldn’t have felt anything if we

hubiéramos tocado. hadn’t touched it.

¡Solo queda la interrogativa! Veremos would you have /uúdiuhhhavvv/, would he

have /uúdihhhavvv/ y would it have /uúditavvv/.

Would you have hung up if it had been

¿Habrías colgado si hubiera sido ella?
her?

¿Se habría arrepentido (él) si lo hubiera

Would he have regretted it if he’d done it?
hecho?

32
¿Habría ocurrido si no hubiéramos vendido Would it have happened if we hadn’t sold
el coche? the car?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
REPORTED SPEECH (PREGUNTAS Y ÓRDENES)

Direct and Reported Speech (El estilo directo e indirecto)

Cuando queremos comunicar o informar lo que otra persona ha dicho, hay dos
maneras de hacerlo: utilizando el estilo directo o el estilo indirecto.

Direct Speech (El estilo directo)

Cuando queremos informar exactamente lo que otra persona ha dicho, utilizamos el

estilo directo. Con este estilo lo que la persona ha dicho se coloca entre comillas
(“…”) y deberá ser palabra por palabra.

Ejemplos:
“I am going to London next week,” she said.
(“Voy a Londres la semana que viene,” ella dijo.)
“Do you have a pen I could borrow,” he asked.
(“¿Tienes un bolígrafo que puedas prestarme?,” él preguntó.)
Alice said, “I love to dance.”
(Alice dijo, “Me encanta bailar.”)
Chris asked, “Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?”
(Chris preguntó, “¿Te gustaría cenar conmigo mañana por la noche?”)

Reported Speech (El estilo indirecto)

El estilo indirecto, a diferencia del estilo directo, no utiliza las comillas y no necesita
ser palabra por palabra. En general, cuando se usa el estilo indirecto, el tiempo
verbal cambia. A continuación tienes una explicación de los cambios que sufren los
tiempos verbales.

33
A veces se usa “that” en las frases afirmativas y negativas para introducir lo que ha
dicho la otra persona. Por otro lado, en las frases interrogativas se puede usar “if” o
“whether”.

Nota: Ten en cuenta también que las expresiones de tiempo cambian en el estilo
indirecto. Fíjate en los cambios de tiempo en los ejemplos más abajo y después,
encontrarás una tabla con más explicaciones de los cambios de tiempo en el estilo
indirecto.

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Present Simple Past Simple

“He is American,” she said. She said he was American.

“I am happy to see you,” Mary Mary said that she was happy to
said. see me.

He asked, “Are you He asked me if I was busy that

busy tonight?” night.

Present Continuous Past Continuous

“Dan is living in San Francisco,” She said Dan was living in San
she said. Francisco.

He told me that he was

He said, “I’m making dinner.”
making dinner.

“Why are you working so They asked me why I was

hard?” they asked. working so hard.

Past Simple Past Perfect Simple

“We went to the movies last He told me they had gone to the
night,” he said. movies the night before.

34
 Greg said, “I didn’t go to Greg said that he hadn’t gone to
work yesterday.” work the day before.

“Did you buy a new car?” she She asked me if I had bought a
asked. new car.

Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

“I was working late last night,” Vicki told me she’d been

Vicki said. working late the night before.

They said, “we weren’t They said that they hadn’t been
waiting long.” waiting long.

He asked,
He asked if I’d been
“were you sleeping when I
sleeping when he called.
called?”

Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple

Heather said, Heather told

“I’ve already eaten.” me that she’d already eaten.

“We haven’t been to China,” They said they hadn’t been to

they said. China.

“Have you worked here I asked her whether she’d

before?” I asked. worked there before.

Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous

“I’ve been studying English for He said he’d been

two years,” he said. studying English for two years.

Steve said, “we’ve been Steve told me that they’d been

dating for over a year now.” dating for over a year.

“Have you been waiting long?” They asked whether I’d been
they asked. waiting long.

35
 Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple (NO CHANGE)

“I’d been to Chicago before for He said that he’d been to

work,” he said. Chicago before for work.

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous
(NO CHANGE)

She said, “I’d been dancing for She said she’d been dancing for
years before the accident.” years before the accident.

Nota: Cuando hablamos de algo que no ha cambiado (que sigue siendo cierto) o de
algo en el futuro, no es necesario cambiar el tiempo verbal.

Ejemplos:
“I’m 30 years old,” she said. → She said she is 30 years old.
Dave said, “Kelly is sick.” → Dave said Kelly is sick.
“We are going to Tokyo next week,” they said. → They said they are going to
Tokyo next week.
“I’ll cut my hair tomorrow,” Nina said. → Nina said she is cutting her hair
tomorrow.

Modal Verbs (Los verbos modales)

El tiempo verbal cambia en el estilo indirecto también con algunos de los verbos
modales.

Nota: Con “would”, “could”, “should”, “might” y “ought to”, el tiempo no cambia.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Will Would

“I’ll go to the movies tomorrow,” John said he would go to

John said. the movies the next day.

36
 “Will you help me move?” she She asked me if I would
asked. help her move.

Can Could

Debra said, “Allen can Debra said Allen could

worktomorrow.” workthe next day.

“Can you open the window, He asked me if I could

please?”, he asked. open the window.

Must Had to

“You must wear your seat belt,” My mom said I had to

mom said. wear my seat belt.

She said, “You must She said I had to work the

worktomorrow.” next day.

Shall Should

“Shall we go to the beach today?” Tom asked if we should

Tom asked. go to the beach that day.

“What shall we do tonight?” she She asked me what

asked. we should do that night.

May Might/Could

Jane said, “I may not be in Jane said she might not

class tomorrow.” be in class the next day.

“May I use the bathroom, please?”, The boy asked if he could

the boy asked. use the bathroom.

Nota: A continuación tienes una tabla donde puedes observar los cambios que
sufren las expresiones de tiempo cuando usamos el estilo indirecto.

37
 Direct Speech Indirect Speech

today that day

tonight that night

this week/month/year that week/month/year

tomorrow the next day

the
next week/month/year
following week/month/year

the day before or the previous

yesterday
day

the week/month
last week/month/year year before or the
previous week/month/year

now then/at that moment

Otros cambios

here there

▪ In conversations you should use other reporting verbs, different from the basic ones
SAY / TELL / ASK /ANSWER
▪ You should try and join the information by using connectors or linking words.
▪ Pay attention to the punctuation marks. The paragraphs should be clear, compact
and differentiated.
▪ Avoid colloquial/informal expressions that are only used in direct conversations.
▪ The final text in the reported speech should have a narrative form. The usefulness of
RS in real life is in summarizing a conversation in a fluent way, not in producing a
word-for-word imitation of direct speech.

OTHER REPORTING VERBS

▪ ADVISE AGREE OFFER PROMISE REFUSE

38
▪ REMIND REPLY INVITE THREATEN ADD
▪ ADMIT AGREE CLAIM COMPLAIN COMMENT
▪ DENY EXPLAIN INSIST MENTION SUGGEST
▪ REPLY GREET ACCEPT WARN APOLOGISE
Remember to follow the basic rules and change verb tenses, pronouns, possessives,
adverbs, expressions of time from direct to reported speech.

ESTRUCTURAS DE REPORTED SPEECH

EXAMPLES:

DIRECT STATEMENT: He is at home, she said.

INDIRECT STATEMENT: She told me that he was at home.

DIRECT COMMAND: Do your homework, the teacher said.

INDIRECT COMMAND: The teacher told me to do my homework.

DIRECT ADVICE: You should be careful when crossing the street, the policeman said.

INDIRECT ADVICE: The policeman suggested me to be careful when crossing the

street.

DIRECT QUESTION OR REQUEST: Can you buy some milk at the supermarket,
please?

39
INDIRECT QUESTION OR REQUEST: She asked me if I could buy some milk at the
supermarket.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

VOZ PASIVA EN PRESENTE Y PASADO PERFECTO.

Por regla general, utilizamos la voz pasiva cuando el enfoque

está acerca de la acción y NO en quién o qué está cumpliendo
la acción.

ESTRUCTURA DE VOZ PASIVA EN PRESENTE PERFECTO:

Object + has/have + been + participio pasado (3rd column of

the list or -ed)

ESTRUCTURA DE VOZ PASIVA EN PASADO PERFECTO:

Object + had + been + participio pasado (3rd column of the

list or -ed)

Usamos el pasivo para poner más énfasis en el complemento, y

para quitarlo del sujeto. Podemos usar pasivo cuando el sujeto
es obvio, desconocido, o no importa. El pasivo es algo más
formal que el activo y se usa más en el inglés escrito.

(1) El sujeto es desconocido. No sabemos quién o qué es el

sujeto.
• An amazing surprise has been prepared for you, Maria.

• A new factory had been built there ages ago. (We don’t
know WHO built the factory).

(2) Usamos la voz pasiva para enfatizar el sujeto.

• Only ”he” has been known to have all the answers.

40
 • Drugs had been detected in one of the cyclists during the
Tour De France.

(3) Usamos la voz pasiva para hablar acerca de verdades

muy generales.

• These lands have been cultivated by farmers for as long

as we know it.
• It had been thought for years not long ago that the earth
was round.

(4) Usamos la voz pasiva si queremos ser poco claros o

vagos sobre el tema/sujeto.

• An interesting letter has been written by this author.

• All is known is that mistakes had been committed during
that period. (We are being vague about the ‘mistakes’ and
not specifying which were the exact mistakes).

(5) Usamos la voz pasiva cuando el sujeto es irrelevante

(nos da igual quién o qué ha causado la acción).

• I haven’t the slightest clue as to who or what has been

driven to commit such an act but we need to get to the
bottom of all this.
• Some guy from the information department had been
told that he wasn’t allowed to leave before 18:00h. (Here,
we aren’t interested in who the guy is, rather the fact that
he wasn’t allowed to leave before 18:00h).

(6) Usamos la voz pasiva en un ambiente más formal como

en una tesis o una redacción importante, como, por
ejemplo, redacciones científicas.

41
 • The sulphur and other liquids have been poured into the
mix in order to acquire the results we were looking for.
• Substances from the experiment had been located while
researching.

MAS EJEMPLOS:

Presente Perfecto (Present Perfect)

Activa: Charles has signed the contract / Carlos ha firmado el contrato

Pasiva: The contract has been signed by Charles / El contrato ha sido firmado
por Charles

Pasado Perfecto (Past Perfect)

Activa: Allan had already stolen the car when the police arrived / Allan ya
había robado el auto cuando la policía llegó

Pasiva: The car had already been stolen by Allan when the police arrived / El
auto ya había sido robado por Allan cuando la policía llegó

42
2nd Period
UNIT 2
5th year
Practice

43
 Past Probability
1) The following sentences are about an escaped criminal. Rewrite them using a modal
from the above table, as in the example:

Example: It is almost certain that he left before breakfast.

He must have left before breakfast.

1. It is unlikely that he carried the gold by himself.

__________________________________________________________

2. It is possible that he had an accomplice.

__________________________________________________________

3. He has almost certainly been spotted by the police by now.

__________________________________________________________

4. It is unlikely that he headed towards London.

__________________________________________________________

5. It’s possible that he gave himself up.

__________________________________________________________

6. It is almost certain that he realised how serious it was.

__________________________________________________________

7. It is unlikely that he thought things through clearly.

__________________________________________________________

8. Possibly he escaped by boat.

__________________________________________________________

44
 9. It’s unlikely that he made contact with his friends.
__________________________________________________________

10. It is likely that he committed suicide.

__________________________________________________________

2) Complete the phrases with "can't have", "must have" o "might (not) have" and the
verb between brackets in the past participle.

• He hard for his exams because his results were very good.
(study)

• They the instructions because they looked confused. (not

understand)

• home late last night because she was very tired this morning.
(get)

• they to the wrong place? (go)

3) Choose the correct option.

• Sarah things she ____ her purse on the bus.

must have left can has left

must has left might has left

• She ____ the train instead of the bus.

must have took might have taken

must has taken can't have took

• They ____ the project yet because they only started work on it this week.

can't have finished might not have finish

might haven't finished must have finished

45
 • She ____ received the invitation yet.

can't not has must not has

might not has can't have

• If he had understood the consequences, he ____ the email.

must not have written might not have write

might not have written can't have written

• He is late for this appointment. His train ____ delayed.

can has been might has been

must has been might have been

4) Check the right explanation for the following statements.

1- A- I used the camera all the week. But yesterday it didn't work.

B- It must have run out of charge.

I am almost certain that it has run out of charge.

It's possible that the camera has run out of charge.

2- The book was here a minute ago. Someone might have taken it.

I am saying that it is possible that someone took it.

It can't be true that someone took it.

I am sure that some has come and taken it.

3- Oh my god! The car is crushed. A terrible accident must have happened.

I am guessing that the accident happened.

It's a possible explanation why the car is crushed

It's for sure the car had an accident.

46
 4- You had just travelled when you called me .You couldn't have been there.

Where were you calling from?

It's possible that he arrived.

No way he was there it is not possible

I am sure he was there.

5- The ground is still wet. It could have rained here a couple of hours ago.

I am sure that it rained.

No way had it rained.

It's possible that it rained.

5) Complete the sentences using MUST HAVE or CAN´T HAVE and the verb in
brackets.

1) She didn´t answer the doorbell even though I rang several times

She ________(BE) asleep: She MUST HAVE BEEN asleep.

2) I __________(RUN) out of petrol. I only filled up the tank this morning.

3) I´m so sorry I´m late. You ______________(WONDER) what happened.

4) Kathy has got a new BMW! She ______________ (WIN) the lottery.

5) I _____________(LOSE) my glasses. They were here a minute ago.

6) The flowers are beautiful! They _______________ (COST) you a fortune.

7) Alan _______________ (GET) lost. I gave him the address and drew a map.

Third Conditional
1) MATCH THE SENTENCES AND LABEL THE PICTURES

47
1 If Granny had taken the train A he wouldn’t have got drunk.

2 If Jack had followed his dream B she would have arrived much earlier.

3 If I had known you were in hospital C I would have stopped.

4 If Ann had gone to the supermarket D I would have come to see you.

5 If Ted hadn’t been out in the cold E she would have been a better dancer.

6 If I had seen the red traffic light F he would have become a great actor.

7 If the taxi hadn’t been so expensive G she would have played with it all the time.

8 If Jane had taken dancing classes H we would have built a beautiful snowman.

9 If John hadn’t drunk so much I Jason would have taken it.

10 If there had been more snow J I would have accepted her invitation.

11 If Kate had invited me to her party K she would have spent less money.

12 If Mandy had got a doll for her birthday L he wouldn’t have caught a cold

1__2__3__4__5__6__7__8__9__10__11__12__

48
2) WRITE SENTENCES WITH THIRD CONDITIONALS

1 Mary didn’t give me her phone number, so I didn’t call her.

If she had given me her phone number, I ………………………..……… her.

2 John didn’t have enough money with him last night, so he didn’t buy the painting .

If he …………………………… enough money with him, he ………………………the painting.

3 My parents didn’t get to the station in time, so they missed their train.

If they ………………………..to the station in time, they………………….……their train.

4 Tom didn’t do his homework so the teacher scolded him.

If Tom………………………………………….., the teacher…………………………………..him.

5 It was very dark so I didn’t see your house.

If it………………………………………….so dark, I……………………………….your house.

6 Bob and Ted were very angry so they shouted at me.

If Bob and Ted…………………………..so angry, ………………………………..at me.

3) LOOK AT THE PICTURES AND COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES

1 Linda’s boss would have been very angry if she.................coffee all over the papers. (spill)

2 My father would have been very angry if he………………………………..the telephone bill. (see)

3 If the policeman had seen Ted without a helmet-he………………………………………………him. (fine)

4 If Jack hadn’t read the paper while walking, he …..…………………..into the manhole.(not fall)

5 Billy wouldn’t have fallen off the ladder if he…………………………………………….the roof. (mend)

6 If Charles hadn’t found a flat tyre, he…………………………..………it. (not/change)

7 If Sam had been more careful, he………………………………a car accident. (not/have)

8 Carol wouldn’t have dropped all the drinks ifshe……………………………..(not slip)

9 If Mrs Brown had had the money for a taxi, she…………………………………..(not take) the bus.

10 If Kevin and Amanda hadn’t fallen in love, they…………………………….…………(not get married)

49
 1 2

4 5
6

7 9 10

4) COMPLETE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES WITH THE THIRD CONDITIONAL.

USE ABBREVIATIONS FOR THE NEGATIVE VERBS.

a) If Jane _______________ (not/lose) her job as a sales representative in London,

she _________________ (not/move) to Edinburgh.

b) If she _______________ (not/move) to Edinburgh, she ______________

(not/find) a job in a new company.

c) If she _______________ (not/find) a job in the new company, she ______

_________________ (not/meet) Adam.

d) If she ________________ (not/meet) Adam, they __________________

(not/fall) in love.

e) If they ________________ (not/fall) in love, Adam _________________

(not/ask) Jane to marry him.

f) If Michael's alarm clock __________________ (ring) on time,

he _______________ (have) time to have breakfast at home.

g) If he ______________ (have) breakfast and home, he ______

_____________________ (feel) more relaxed.

h) If he ________________ (feel) more relaxed, he _________

______________ (not/drive) so fast.

i) If he _______________ (drive) slowly, he _______________

(see) the "STOP" sign.

j) If he _____________ (see) the sign, he _________________

(not/crash) against the other car.

50
 5) CHOOSE THE CORRECT ENDING FOR THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.

1) If the weather had been better yesterday,

a) we had gone to the countryside.

b) we´d have gone to the countryside.
c) we´d had gone to the countryside.

2) If Jane had arrived on time last night,

a) we would have watched a film together.

b) we had watched a film together.
c) we could watch a film together.

3) If I had studied more for my exams,

a) my grades would be better.

b) my grades would have been better.
c) my grades had been better.

4) We would have had a wonderful weekend

a) if it hadn´t begun to rain.

b) if it hadn´t began to rain.
c) if it wouldn´t have begun to rain.

5) The party would have been funnier

a) if my parents hadn´t decided to stay.

b) if my parents wouldn´t have decided to stay.
c) if my parents would have decided to stay.

51
Reported Speech (questions and orders)
1) Read the dialogue below:

PHILLIP: ‘Hello Rose. How are you?’

ROSE: ‘Fine, thanks’
PHILLIP: ‘By the way, what are you doing on Saturday night?’
ROSE: ‘Er…….. Well, I don’t know. I haven’t got any plans yet’
PHILLIP: ‘Would you like to go out with me? We could have a meal at a
restaurant and meet some friends later’’
ROSE: ‘ok, that sounds fine, but ……only if you don’t wear these awful
clothes’
PHILLIP: ‘Come on, Rose; that’s nonsense; you know that I never wear my
uniform when I go out with a girl’

2) Read the same text changed into reported speech:

Phillip greeted Rose and asked her what she was doing on Saturday night. Rose
answered that she didn’t know because she hadn’t thought about it yet. Then
Phillip invited her to go out with him and suggested having a meal together and
meeting some friends later. Rose agreed to accept the invitation but only if he
didn’t wear those awful clothes. Phillip complained on the comment and added
that he never wore his uniform when he went out with a girl.

3) Change these dialogues from direct to reported speech:

ASKING FOR A LOAN

PAUL: ‘Hi, dad. Could you do me a favour?’

DAD: ‘What is it, Paul?’
PAUL: ‘I was wondering if you could lend me 50 euros’
DAD: ‘My God! That’s a lot of money. What do you want it for?
PAUL: ‘Well, the thing is ……. Janet’s birthday party is on Saturday and I’ll have to
buy a present for her and a new T-shirt for me’
DAD: ‘Ok, that’s all right…… but, please, don’t waste the money’
PAUL: ‘Thank you, dad. I hope I will give it back to you in two weeks’

52
JEALOUSY
SUE: ‘Just a minute, Reg. I have to make a phone call’
REG: ‘Who are you going to phone?’
SUE: ‘I can’t tell you. It’s none of your business’
REG: ‘You have to tell me, Sue’
SUE: ‘Why? You’re playing Othello again 1.I’m not going to tell you, Reg. You’re
always trying to boss me. Go away. I’m sick and tired of you’
REG: ‘That’s all right, Sue, I’m leaving, but I’m sure you’ll regret it’

4) Change this text into direct speech

DOING UP THE LIVING-ROOM
Anne told her husband, George, that they should have the living-room done up
because the wallpaper was beginning to peel, mainly where the children had been
playing.
George agreed that it looked a bit messy and said that he would do the job as soon
as he had a weekend free. Anne explained that it would be better to leave the job
to someone else because she hated to see him working at the weekend when he
was tired. Then George admitted that he had been feeling rather tired lately.
That’s when Anne added that she had enquired at a shop downtown and had
offered a reasonable price. She finally concluded that she would tell them to come
and do the job.

5) Complete the dialogues with reported speech.

Eric: Please make me a cup of coffee, Ann.

Ann's mother: What are you doing here in the kitchen?
Ann: Eric asked me to make him a cup of coffee.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Tourist: Could you show me the way to the nearest railway station?
Janet: What did the man want?
Peggy: He asked me ______________________________________________
Lily: We'd better not. Mother told us _________________________________

1
You’re playing Othello again: It means to be extremely jealous.

53
Lily's mother: Don't watch television while you're doing your homework.
David: Let's watch television. There's a good programme on.
Lily: We'd better not. Mother told us ________________________________

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jack: Let's go for a swim tomorrow.
Bruce: What did Jack say on the phone just now?
Steve: He suggested ______________________________________________
Kate's sister: Was it Ruth who called?
Kate: Yes, she reminded me _______________________________________

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peter: We're going on a picnic this Sunday. Would you like to join us?
Sarah: Are you free this Sunday?
Doris: I'm afraid not. Peter and his friends are going on a picnic this Sunday.
He's invited me________________________ and I've accepted his
invitation.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Stranger: Could I speak to the manager?

Mr. Lam: What did that man come here for?
Receptionist: He asked ____________________________________________

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

You: If l were you, I wouldn't give up your job.

Mike: What advice did you give Sandi?
You: I advised her ________________________________________________

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

You: I'm sorry Mr. Lau, but Father's cut. Would you like to have a message,
please?
Your mother: What did you tell Mr. Lau?
You: I told him Father was out and asked him __________________________

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

54
 Passive Voice in Present & Past Perfect
1) Rellena los espacios con las palabras para completar la pasiva de cada
una de las frases en presente perfecto. No añadir la preposición by.

Ejemplo:
They've opened a new supermarket down the road.

Respuesta
A new supermarket has been opened down the road.

1) The cleaners have thrown away the papers I left on my desk.

The papers I left on my desk ___________________.

2) They have closed the zoo this week for health reasons.

The zoo________________this week for health reasons.

3) I heard that they have used animals here for scientific experiments.

I heard that animals _________________ here for scientific experiments.

4) Somebody has stolen my new watch.

My new watch ____________________.

5) The police have not found the murderer yet.

The murderer _______________ yet.

6) They still have not solved the case.

The case still __________________.

7) Have you switched the computer on this morning?

Has the computer _______________ this morning?

8) Have they done anything about the broken photocopier?

55
Has ________________ about the broken photocopier?

9) People say they have seen her driving a new car.

She ________________ driving a new car.

10) Nobody has arranged anything.

Nothing _______________.

2) Completa los espacios con la pasiva en presente perfecto. No añadir

la preposición by + agente.
Ejemplo:
The authorities have stopped construction of the new motorway.

Respuesta
Construction of the new motorway has been stopped.

1) My father has swept and cleaned the whole house.

The whole house ________________

2) I haven't turned the clock back yet.

The clock _______________ back yet.

3) Many people have suggested that we should clean our rivers.

It __________________ that we should clean our rivers.

4) Somebody has borrowed that book from the library.

That book _______________ from the library.

5) Doctors have not found the cause for the illness.

The cause for the illness _________________

56
6) The chef hasn't cooked this properly.

This ________________ properly.

7) Have you taken the dog for a walk?

Has the dog _________________ for a walk?

8) Has your mother painted the dining-room yet?

Has the dining-room _________________ yet?

9) Nobody has ever done that.

That _____________________

10) Nobody has really seen the Loch Ness Monster.

The Loch Ness Monster _____________________

3) Completa los espacios con la forma activa y pasiva del pasado perfecto.

EXAMPLE:

1. ACTIVE: Somebody HAD STOLEN (steal) my passport before I got on

the plane. (Alguien había robado mi pasaporte antes de que yo
subiera al avión)
PASSIVE: My passport HAD BEEN STOLEN (steal) before I got on the
plane. (Mi pasaporte había sido robado antes de que yo subiera al
avión)
2. ACTIVE: By the time the police arrived, the crowd ……………
…………………………… (break) the shop window.
PASSIVE: By the time the police arrived, the shop window
…………………………………………….. (break).

57
3. ACTIVE: The guests left only after they ……………………………… (eat) all
the food.
PASSIVE: The guests left only after all the food ……………………
…………….. (eat).
4. ACTIVE: Thomas Edison ……………………………….…. (invent) the electric
light bulb before the invention of personal computers.
PASSIVE: The electric light bulb ……………………………………….…. (invent)
before the invention of personal computers.
5. ACTIVE: The housekeeper …………………………………. (cook) the dinner
before she left.
PASSIVE: ________________________________________
6. PASSIVE: The car …………………………………. (repair) by the mechanic
by the time we arrived.
ACTIVE: _________________________________________
7. ACTIVE: Somebody …………………………………………. (find) the missing
child before the police arrived.
PASSIVE: ________________________________________
8. PASSIVE: This house …………………………….…………. (build) by a German
architect before World War II.
ACTIVE: _________________________________________
9. ACTIVE: Columbus …………………………………….……. (discover) America
before The Civil War.
PASSIVE: ________________________________________

58
2nd Period
UNIT 2
5th year
Written
Assignments

59
 WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT Nº4
MODAL VERBS TO EXPRESS
PROBABILITY IN THE PAST
1. READ THIS INFORMATION ABOUT KEN.

Ken’s car was stolen on Monday.

Ken didn’t do anything on Saturday. He stayed at home.
Ken was short of money last week.
Ken was free on Tuesday afternoon.
Ken had to work on Friday evening.

Some people wanted Ken to do different things last week but they couldn’t contact
him. So he didn’t do any of these things. You have to say whether he could have
done or can’t have done them.

A) Ken’s aunt wanted him to drive her to the airport on Monday.

He can’t have driven her to the airport (because his car had been stolen).

B) A friend of Ken wanted him to go out for a meal on Friday evening.

__________________________________________________________

C) Another friend wanted him to play tennis on Tuesday afternoon.

__________________________________________________________

D) Jane wanted Ken to come to her party on Saturday evening.

__________________________________________________________

E) Jack wanted Ken to lend him 50$ last week.

__________________________________________________________

2. READ THE SITUATIONS AND USE THE WORDS IN BRACKETS TO WRITE

SENTENCES WITH MUST HAVE AND CAN’T HAVE.

A) The phone rang but I didn’t hear it. (I / be asleep)

_____I must have been asleep_____

60
B) Jane walked pastme without speaking. (she/see/me)
she can’t have seen me
C) The jacket you bought is very good quality. (it/be very expensive)
__________________________
D) I haven’t seen the people next door for ages. (they/ go away)
__________________________
E) I can’t find my umbrella. (I / leave / it in the restaurant last night)
__________________________
F) Frank passed the exam without studying for it. (the exam / be very difficult)
__________________________
G) She knew everything about our plans. ( she / listen / to our conversation)
___________________________
H) Fiona did the opposite of what I asked her to do. (she / misunderstand / what I
said)
______________________________
I) When I woke up this morning, the light was on. (I/forget/to turn it off).
_________________________________
J) The lights were red but the car didn’t stop. (the driver/have/an emergency)
_________________________________
K) I was woken up in the middle of the night by the noise next door. (the neighbours
/ have /a party)
_______________________________

3. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING MIGHT NOT HAVE OR MIGHT HAVE

PLUS THE VERB BETWEEN BRACKETS.

1. She looks sad. She _____________ some bad news. (hear)

2. The police wasn’t sure at that time, but they said it _____________(be) an

accident.

3. Ann didn’t come to the party, I think she ___________________. (be invited)

4. Can you look outside the window? It _______________ raining. (stop)

61
 WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT Nº5
THE THIRD CONDITIONAL
1) WRITE THE VERBS IN BRACKETS IN THE THIRD CONDITIONAL FORM.

Margaret celebrated her birthday on New Year’s Eve. If it _____________ (not/be)

such a special night, all her friends __________________ (come) to her party.
However, most of them decided to spend New Year abroad.
At twelve o’clock, all the cell phones of Margaret’s guests started to ring. If their
families ______________ (not/want) to wish them a happy new year, Margaret’s
friends __________________ (be) on the phone when she was about to blow the
candles.
If they ___________________ (not/answer) their phones, Margaret ______________
(be) happier.
If they ___________________ (pay) more attention to Margaret, she _____________
(not/feel) so upset.
If they ___________________ (remember) to get her a present, Margaret _________
(not/go) home so angry with her friends.
If Margaret’s friends ____________________ (tell) her to celebrate her birthday
another day, she _____________________ (accept).

Anna has been working too hard lately. If _________________ (not/have) so much
work last week, she _____________________ (have) time to meet her friends.
If she ____________________ (spend) some time with her friends, she
____________ (forget) her work problems.
If she ______________________ (forget) her problems, she
_____________________ (feel) much better.
If she ______________________ (not/be) so stressed, she __________________
(feel) so weak and she _____________________ (not/faint) in the office.
If she ______________________ (not/faint) in the office, her boss ________________
(not/give) her the day off.
If she ___________________ (not/have) the day off, she ____________________
(not/go) to a spa for a massage.
If she _______________________ (find) time to relax before, her health
____________ (be) much better than it is now.

62
 Paula had a date last Friday night. If she ___________________ (not/have) a date,
she ____________________ (not/go) to the hairdresser’s and she
____________________ (not/ buy) a brand new dress.
If she ____________________ (not/be wearing) her new dress, she
_______________ (not/look) so fashionable.
Paul, her date, had an emergency at work. If he ___________________ (not/have)
an emergency, he ___________________ (arrive) on time to the meeting point and
Paula ___________________ (not/be waiting) for half an hour.
If Paul _____________________ (phone) Paula, she ______________________
(know) that he was arriving late.
If Paul _____________________ (not/lose) Paula’s cell number, she
_______________ (not/break up) with him.

2) EXTRACT FROM EACH TEXT A CONDITIONAL SENTENCE AND THEN

TRANSLATE IT TO SPANISH.

1) ________________________________________________ (INGLÉS)

__________________________________________________(ESPAÑOL)

2) ________________________________________________ (INGLÉS)

__________________________________________________(ESPAÑOL)

3) ________________________________________________ (INGLÉS)

__________________________________________________(ESPAÑOL)

63
 WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT Nº 6
DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH
1) REPORT THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. “Where do you live?”, she asked me.

She asked me ________________________________________________________

2. “When do the children sing?”, I asked Tom.

I asked Tom_________________________________________________________

3. “What did they build?”, I asked Paul.

I asked Paul__________________________________________________________

4. “Who did you meet?”, Tina asked me.

Tina asked me________________________________________________________

5. “When will you return?”, she asked me.

She asked me_________________________________________________________

6. “How will they find that book?”, Tom asked.

Tom asked___________________________________________________________

7. “Why will she leave so early?”, I asked her.

I asked her___________________________________________________________

8. “What have you done?”, I asked him.

I asked him___________________________________________________________

9. “What has she bought?”,I asked Tom.

I asked Tom__________________________________________________________

10. “What have they said?”, She asked me.

She asked me_________________________________________________________

2) ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS AS IN THE EXAMPLE FROM THE GAME, THEN
PLAY IT WITH YOUR PARTNER.

64
 Have you
How long
What did What were
Do you What are have you
you doing
START like going you doing ever sung been you do last
yesterday at
to the at the in public? learning weekend?
English? 3.15?
cinema? weekend?

Do you
think you

REPORTED will get

married?

Are you

SPEECH going to
learn a new
language?

Are you Have you How long

Do you

FINISH
have you
reading ever seen
been playing wish you
any good a famous this were
book now? person? boardgame? famous?

Do you Who is
like your
listening favourite
to music?

Do you
What did you say? actor?

What are
wish you you doing
were rich? this
evening?

What are Have you

you going ever fallen
to buy? in love?

Will you How long

live in a have you
different been living
country? here?
- Do you like watching TV?
Did you
What
- What did you say? see a good
were you
movie last
doing at
year?
11 a.m.? - I asked if you liked watching TV?
Did you Were you
- Yes, I do. watching
enjoy your
TV
last
holidays?
- What’s your favourite TV channel? yesterday at
7.45?

How have Have you Are you Where do Do you wish What are Will you
meeting you like you were a
you been ever lost spending
you going have
your friends member of
feeling your tomorrow? your
the opposite
to do next children?
recently? wallet? holidays? Monday? 65
sex?
 Written Assignment Nº 7
PASSIVE VOICE IN THE PRESENT AND PAST PERFECT TENSE

Basic Rules
Remember: ☺ We form the Passive voice with the auxiliary
verb Be (always in the same tense as the verb
in the active voice) and the Past Participle of
the main verb, followed by a by-phrase, the
agent, when we know who or what performed
the action.

Subject Verb Object

Children’s day has
already been
celebrated.
Teachers have/had discussed teens’ problems.

Yeah…Lots of
trees have Teens’ problems have/had been discussed by teachers.

been planted.
Subject Verb Agent

Rewrite each sentence in the Passive:

Match the forms of the Active verbs with 1. Someone has stolen Jeff’s car this week
their corresponding Passive forms.
__________________________________
1. have discussed (Singular) a) has been built 2. The President has cancelled the meeting.
2. has built (Plural) b) had been discussed __________________________________
c) had been found 3. She had already announced the results.
3. has closed (Singular)
__________________________________
4. had found d) has been discussed
4. Millions of people have watched the game.
5. has discussed (Plural) e) has been closed
__________________________________
6. has found (Plural) f) has been found
5. We had sold more than 100 apartments.
7. have built (Singular) g) have been built
__________________________________
8. have found (Singular) h) have been found 6. Someone has broken Anne’s window.
9. had discussed i) has been made __________________________________
10. have made (Singular) j) have been discussed 7.
Write an active sentence and a passive
Read the following piece of news and sentence from these prompts.
cross out the wrong verb forms.
1. Government / build/ hundreds of houses/
French Police have arrested/ have been arrested
this year. (Present Perfect)
Agathe Habyarimana, the widow of Rwanda's
a) __________________________________
assassinated ex-president. She has arrested /has
b)___________________________________
been arrested at her home in Courcouronnes,
2. The twins/ win/ the prize/ (Past Perfect)
south of Paris, officials told AFP. She has later
a) __________________________________
freed / has later been freed on bail. The Tutsi-led
government in Kigali has accused/ has been b)___________________________________

accused the 68-year-old of being a member of the
Hutu inner circle that planned the mass killings in
1994. She has steadfastly denied/ has been
steadfastly denied the charge.
3. The students/ fill in /already/ the
application for. (Present Perfect)
a) __________________________________
66
b)__________________________________
67
 ORAL TEST Nº 1
PAST PERFECT AND SIMPLE
A GOING OUT TO THE CINEMA

Romy: Hi, Oliver. What’s up?

Oliver: Hey, Romy. I went to a movie with my girlfriend, Brook, yesterday.

Romy: Sounds fun. How was the movie? Did you guys enjoy it?

Oliver: Not really. Before we went to the cinema, we had had an argument.

Romy: I’m sorry to hear that! What were you arguing?

Oliver: When I told Brook which movie we were going to watch, she said no.

Romy: Why not?

Oliver: She had seen it last week, so she didn’t want to see it again with me.

Romy: Then why did you make her do it?

Oliver: I’d heard that the movie was really scary, so I didn’t want to see it alone.

Romy: Well, you could have invited someone who hadn’t seen the movie. Did
Brook still see it with you at the end?

Oliver: Yes, she did. And she made me pay for it.

Romy: That sounds fair.

Dialogue Quiz - A going out to the cinema

Choose the correct answer to the following five questions based on the dialogue.
Each question has only one correct answer. If you had any problems, try reading
the dialogue again.

68
1) Where did Oliver and brook go yesterday?

a) to the disco

b) to the cinema

c) to the theatre

2) Why did Oliver want to go with her?

a) because the movie was really scary

b) because he didn´t have any other person to go with

c) because it was her birthday

3) What had happened before they went out?

a) Brook had had an accident

b) Oliver had lost his wallet

c) They had had an argument

4) What type of movie did they see at the cinema?

a) a romantic film

b) a horror film

c) a comedy film

5) Who had seen the movie before?

a) Oliver

b) Romy

c) Brook

69
 ORAL TEST Nº 2
THE THIRD CONDITIONAL
READ THE FOLLOWING CONVERSATION BETWEEN TWO FRIENDS, MIA AND
ROBERT, ABOUT AN EXAM AND THEN ANSWER THE QUESTIONS BELOW IT.

Mia: Hey Robert! Why are you crying?

Robert: I failed the final exam again so I can’t go to college.
Mia: But, why? Andrew told me you studied a lot last weekend.
Robert: Hmm no that much. Carla invited me to a party.
Mia: You didn’t go, right?
Robert: Yes, I did. If I hadn’t gone to the party, I would have had more time to
study.
Mia: Oh that’s bad. What did your mother say?
Robert: Mom cried a bit and dad got really pissed. He grounded me for 2 months.
Mia: Wow! That’s a long time. If you had studied more, your dad wouldn’t have
grounded you for such a long time.
Robert: Yeah, I know. And there is something even worse.
Mia: Even worse?
Robert: Yes. If I had passed the exam, my parents would have given me a brand
new car as a gift.
Mia: Oh man. You messed it up big time.

NOW, ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. Did Robert get a good score in the exam?

¿Robert obtuvo una buena puntuación en el examen?

70
 Yes, he did
No, he didn't
We don't know

2. What did Andrew do last weekend?

¿Qué hizo Andrew el fin de semana pasado?

He studied a lot
He went to a party
We don't know

3. Did Robert go to the party?

¿Robert fue a la fiesta?

Yes, he did
No, he didn't
We don't know

4. Who was mad at Robert?

¿Quién estaba enojado con Robert?

His mom
His father
His parents

5. Did Robert’s dad ground him for more than 75 days?

¿El papá de Robert lo castigó por más de 75 días?

Yes, he did
No, he didn't
We don´t know

6. Why didn’t Robert get a brand new car?

¿Por qué Robert no consiguió un coche nuevo?

71
Because he didn't do well in an exam
Because he went to a party
Because he loves parties

72
 ORAL TEST Nº 3
DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH

(PREGUNTAS Y ÓRDENES)

Read the dialogue between a TV host who doesn´t speak English, only Spanish; a
translator and an English actor.

TV HOST (CONDUCTORA): Buenas noches Sr. Smith y bienvenido a mi programa!

TRANSLATOR: She said “good evening Mr. Smith and welcome to my program!”

ENGLISH ACTOR: Good evening to you too! It´s a pleasure for me to be here with
you Susan tonight!

TRANSLATOR: Él dijo: “buenas noches a usted también” y “es un placer para mi

estar aquí contigo Susana esta noche!”

TV HOST: Me han dicho que has venido a Argentina para grabar algunas escenas de
tu nueva película aquí en Buenos Aires, ¿no es así?

TRANSLATOR: I have been told that you have come to Argentina to shoot some
scenes of your new film here in Buenos Aires, haven´t you?

ENGLISH ACTOR: Yes, I have. I arrived yesterday and I am planning to stay in this
wonderful country for 2 weeks approximately.

TRANSLATOR: Él dice que sí que ha venido a Argentina a eso, que llegó ayer y que
está planeando quedarse en este maravilloso país por 2 semanas
aproximadamente.

TV HOST: Ok y ¿tenés idea en que partes de Buenos Aires van a grabar?

TRANSLATOR: She asked if you knew in which parts of Buenos Aires you were going
to shoot.

ENGLISH ACTOR: Yes of course! We are going to shoot our scenes in Mar del Plata,
Luján and Ezeiza.

TRANSLATOR: Él dice que sí por supuesto! y que van a grabar en Mar del Plata,
Luján y Ezeiza.

73
TV HOST: Ah qué bueno! Espero que todo les salga perfecto y deseo que su película
sea un gran éxito! Estoy muy contenta de que hayan elegido a mi país para su
nueva película! Lamentablemente, mi programa ha terminado y tengo que
despedirte. Muchas gracias por venir y espero volver a verte muy pronto!

TRANSLATOR: She said that she hopes everything goes perfect and that she wants
the movie to be a great success. She also said that she is very happy that you and
your people have chosen her country for your new film!. She regrets her program
has finished and that she will have to tell you goodbye. She thanks you for coming
and she hopes to see you again soon!

ENGLISH ACTOR: Thank you very much for invite me to your program which I know
is a great success in Latin America. It was a pleasure to know you and of course
that I will come back again soon! Have a good night!

TRANSLATOR: Él dice: “Muchas gracias por invitarme a tu programa, el cual sé que

es un gran éxito en América Latina; que fue un placer conocerte y que por
supuesto volverá otra vez pronto. Te desea una buena noche!”

EXERCISE 1

De las oraciones que están subrayadas en el diálogo explicita cuales representan

un “direct speech” y cuales un “reported speech” teniendo en cuenta lo leído en la
teoría.

EXERCISE 2

Report the following sentences taken from the dialogue. Remember to change
tenses, pronouns and time expressions if it is necessary.

1) Mr. Smith said “I arrived yesterday”

2) Mrs. Susan asked “do you know where you are going to shoot the scenes?”

3) Mr. Smith said “I am planning to stay in Argentina for two weeks”

4) Mrs. Susan said “I hope to see you again soon in my country”

74
 PROYECTO FINAL DE 5TO AÑO
1) Los alumnos/as del curso en forma individual realizarán una entrevista personal a
un profesor/a de la escuela o a algún adulto de su familia para saber su opinión
acerca de la importancia de aprender una lengua extranjera en la escuela. ¿En
qué nos beneficia? y ¿cómo se podría mejorar su enseñanza?
2) Luego deberán presentarla por escrito en direct speech (lenguaje directo) y
debajo deberá figurar esa entrevista en lenguaje indirecto (indirect / reported
speech).

MODELO ENTREVISTA

STUDENT: What do you think about the teaching of a second language at schools?
Why?
TEACHER / RELATIVE: I think that …………………………………………………..………...
because …………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………........................................................................................
STUDENT: How could it be improved in your opinion?
TEACHER / RELATIVE: In my opinion, it could be improved by ……………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
STUDENT: What are the benefits of its teaching?
TEACHER / RELATIVE: I think that the benefits of teaching a second language at schools
are the following:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

MODELO DE REPORTE:

DIRECT SPEECH: “What do you think about the teaching of a second language at
schools?” the student asked his/her teacher / relative (choose what it corresponds)

REPORTED SPEECH: The student asked his / her teacher / relative what he / she
thought about the teaching of a second language at schools.

DIRECT SPEECH: “I think that ………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………….…………”

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REPORTED SPEECH: His / her teacher / relative answered that
……………………………………………………...................................................................

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….

DIRECT SPEECH: “How could it be improved in your opinion?” The student asked.
REPORTED SPEECH: The student asked how could it be improved in his / her opinion.

DIRECT SPEECH: “In my opinion, it could be improved by …………………” the student

asked his / her teacher / relative.
REPORTED SPEECH: His / her teacher / relative said that …………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

DIRECT SPEECH: What are the benefits of its teaching? The student asked.
REPORTED SPEECH: The student asked what the benefits of its teaching were.
DIRECT SPEECH: “I think that the benefits of teaching a second language at schools are
the following:
REPORTED SPEECH: The teacher / relative said that the teaching of a second language
at schools were the following ……………………………………...............................................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 IRREGULAR VERBS LIST
Nº Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle Spanish
1. arise arose arisen surgir
2. be was / were been ser
3. beat beat beaten golpear
4. become became become convertirse
5. begin began begun comenzar
6. bet bet/betted bet/betted apostar
7. bite bit bitten morder
8. bleed bled bled sangrar
9. blow blew blown soplar
10. break broke broken romper
11. bring brought brought traer
12. build built built construir
13. buy bought bought comprar
14. catch caught caught atrapar
15. choose chose chosen elegir
16. come came come venir
17. cost cost cost costar
18. creep crept crept arrastrarse
19. cut cut cut cortar
20. deal dealt dealt dar, repartir
21. do did done hacer
22. draw drew drawn dibujar
23. dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed soñar
24. drink drank drunk beber
25. drive drove driven conducir
26. eat ate eaten comer
27. fall fell fallen caer
28. feed fed fed alimentar
29. feel felt felt sentir
30. fight fought fought pelear
31. find found found encontrar
32. flee fled fled huir
33. fly flew flown volar
34. forget forgot forgotten olvidar
35. forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
36. forsake forsook forsaken abandonar

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37. freeze froze frozen congelar
38. get got got tener, obtener
39. give gave given dar
40. go went gone ir
41. grind ground ground moler
42. grow grew grown crecer
43. hang hung hung colgar
44. have had had tener
45. hear heard heard oír
46. hide hid hidden esconderse
47. hit hit hit golpear
48. hold held held tener, mantener
49. hurt hurt hurt herir, doler
50. keep kept kept guardar
51. kneel knelt knelt arrodillarse
52. know knew known saber
53. lead led led encabezar
54. learn learnt/learned learnt/learned aprender
55. leave left left dejar
56. lend lent lent prestar
57. let let let dejar
58. lie lay lain yacer
59. lose lost lost perder
60. make made made hacer
61. mean meant meant significar
62. meet met met conocer, encontrar
63. pay paid paid pagar
64. put put put poner
65. quit quit/quitted quit/quitted abandonar
66. read read read leer
67. ride rode ridden montar, ir
68. ring rang rung llamar por tel.
69. rise rose risen elevar
70. run ran run correr
71. say said said decir
72. see saw seen ver
73. sell sold sold vender
74. send sent sent enviar
75. set set set fijar
76. sew sewed sewn/sewed coser

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77. shake shook shaken sacudir
78. shine shone shone brillar
79. shoot shot shot disparar
80. show showed shown/showed mostrar
81. shrink shrank/shrunk shrunk encoger
82. shut shut shut cerrar
83. sing sang sung cantar
84. sink sank sunk hundir
85. sit sat sat sentarse
86. sleep slept slept dormir
87. slide slid slid deslizar
88. sow sowed sown/sowed sembrar
89. speak spoke spoken hablar
90. spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled deletrear
91. spend spent spent gastar
92. spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled derramar
93. split split split partir
94. spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled estropear
95. spread spread spread extenderse
96. stand stood stood estar de pie
97. steal stole stolen robar
98. sting stung stung picar
99. stink stank/stunk stunk apestar
100. strike struck struck golpear
101. swear swore sworn jurar
102. sweep swept swept barrer
103. swim swam swum nadar
104. take took taken tomar
105. teach taught taught enseñar
106. tear tore torn romper
107. tell told told decir
108. think thought thought pensar
109. throw threw thrown lanzar
110. tread trode trodden/trod pisar
111. understand understood understood entender
112. wake woke woken despertarse
113. wear wore worn llevar puesto
114. weave wove woven tejer
115. weep wept wept llorar
116. win won won ganar

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117. wring wrung wrung retorcer
118. write wrote written escribir

LISTA DE VERBOS REGULARES MÁS USADOS

Nº INFINITIVO PASADO Y PARTICIPIO TRADUCCIÓN

1. Act Acted Actuar

2. Add Added Añadir

3. Agree Agreed Estar de acuerdo

4. Answer Answered Responder

5. Arrive Arrived Llegar

6. Ask Asked Preguntar

7. Beg Begged Rogar

8. Believe Believed Creer

9. Belong Belonged Pertenecer

10. Brush Brushed Cepillar

11. Call Called Llamar

12. Carry Carried Llevar, transportar

13. Change Changed Cambiar

14. Clap Clapped aplaudir

15. Clean Cleaned Limpiar

16. Close Closed Cerrar

17. Charge Charged Cobrar; cargar

18. Cry Cried Llorar

19. Dance Danced Bailar

20. Decide Decided Decidir

21. Describe Described Describir

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Nº INFINITIVO PASADO Y PARTICIPIO TRADUCCIÓN

22. Die Died Morir

23. Dry Dried Secar

24. Enjoy Enjoyed Disfrutar

25. Explain Explained Explicar

26. Finish Finished Acabar

27. Happen Happened Ocurrir

28. Hate Hated Odiar

29. Help Helped Ayudar

30. Hope Hoped Esperar

31. Imagine Imagined Imaginar

32. Improve Improved Mejorar

33. Include Included Incluir

34. Invite Invited Invitar

35. Kiss Kissed Besar

36. Kill Killed Matar

37. Laugh Laughed Reír

38. Lie Lied Mentir

39. Like Liked Gustar

40. Live Lived Vivir

41. Look Looked Mirar

42. Love Loved Amar, querer

43. Miss Missed Fallar; extrañar

44. Move Moved Mover

45. Pass Passed Pasar; aprobar

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Nº INFINITIVO PASADO Y PARTICIPIO TRADUCCIÓN

46. Play Played Jugar

47. Practice Practiced Practicar

48. Prefer Preferred Preferir

49. Promise Promised Prometer

50. Rain Rained Llover

51. Receive Received Recibir

52. Remember Remembered Recordar

53. Repeat Repeated Repetir

54. Save Saved Ahorrar; salvar

55. Smoke Smoked Fumar

56. Study Studied Estudiar

57. Talk Talked Hablar

58. Touch Touched Tocar

59. Try Tried Intentar

60. Use Used Usar

61. Visit Visited Visitar

62. Wait Waited Esperar

63. Want Wanted Querer

64. Walk Walked Andar

65. Wash Washed Lavar

66. Watch Watched Mirar

67. Wish Wished Desear

68. Work Worked Trabajar

69. Worry Worried Preocupar

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